DESCRIPTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS

INDEX MAP

1. Index map of photographic sites

I.  SAN FRANCISCO

2. Cars crushed by collapsing brick facade near Fifth and 
Townsend Streets.  At this locality, five people were killed 
while leaving from work.  [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]

3. Crushed car near the intersection of Fifth and Townsend 
Streets, South of Market.  [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]

4. Aerial view of collapsed buildings and burned-out section at 
Beach and Divisadero Streets, Marina District.  [C.E. Meyer, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

5. Demolition of collapsed building and watering down of burned 
area, October 18, 1989, Beach and Divisadero Streets, Marina 
District.  [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]

6. Ground view of collapsed building and burned area shown in 
photot 3, Beach and Divisadero Streets, Marina District.  [C.E. 
Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]

7. Absence of adequate shear walls on the garage level 
exacerbated damage to this structure at the corner of Beach and 
Divisadero Streets, Marina District.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

8. Entrance and garage level of a Beach Street apartment complex 
in danger  of collapse, Marina District.  [C.E. Meyer, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

9. An automobile lies crushed under the third story of this 
apartment building in the Marina District.  The ground levels are 
no longer visible because of structural failure and sinking due 
to liquefaction.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

10. Collapsed brickwork from a corner apartment building, Marina 
District.  [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]

11. Smoldering remains of the apartment complex at the corner of 
Beach and Divisadero Streets, the Marina District.  [J.K. Nakata, 
U.S. Geological Survey]

12. A search-and-rescue team in the Marina District wait for a 
building to be buttressed before entering the structure.  [J.K. 
Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

13. Tom Brokaw of NBC News prepares script for a live broadcast 
from the Marina District.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

14. Electric wires being removed from unstable towers by city 
utility workers.  Arresting sparks from broken wires was a 
priority in those areas with broken gas mains.  [J.K. Nakata, 
U.S. Geological Survey]

II. BAY BRIDGE

15. Aerial view of roadbed collapse near the interface of the 
cantilever and truss sections of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay 
Bridge.  View northwestward.  [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological 
Survey]

16. Aerial view of the collapsed section of the San Francisco-
Oakland Bay Bridge.  View westward.  [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological 
Survey]

17. ÒSand boilÓ or sand volcano measuring 2 m (6.6 ft) in length 
erupted in median of Interstate Highway 80 west of the Bay Bridge 
toll plaza when ground shaking transformed loose water-saturated 
deposit of subsurface sand into a sand-water slurry 
(liquefaction).  Vented sand contains-marine shell fragments.  
[J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]

III. OAKLAND

18. Aerial view of collapsed sections of the Cypress viaduct of 
Interstate Highway 880.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]

19. Aerial view of collapsed sections of the Cypress viaduct of 
Interstate Highway 880.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]

20. Reinforcement bars exposed  at the base of the Cypress 
viaduct near 14th Street.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

21. Remnant portion of the north- and south-bound Cypress viaduct 
exposing box girders near 14th Street.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

22. Side view of support-column failure and collapsed upper deck, 
Cypress viaduct.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]

23. Support-column failure and collapsed upper deck, Cypress 
viaduct.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]

24. Bent reinforcement bars in failed support column, Cypress 
viaduct.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]

25. Closeup of damaged reinforcement bars from a Cypress viaduct 
support column.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]

26. Pancaked upper deck, Cypress viaduct.  Guard rail at right is 
on lower deck.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]

27. Sheared reinforcement bar, Cypress viaduct.  [H.G. Wilshire, 
U.S. Geological Survey]

28. Temporary support structures emplaced to prevent further 
collapse, Cypress viaduct.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological 
Survey]

29. Demolition of Cypress structure near 14th Street.  [J.K. 
Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

30. A downtown building at the corner of Alice and 13th Streets 
lost part of its unreinforced facade and brick masonry.  [J.K. 
Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

IV.  SAN FRANCISCO AND SAN MATEO COUNTY COAST

31. Cliff failure just south of San Gregorio Beach.  Slide is 
18.3 meters (60 ft) high and displaces approximately 6881 cubic 
meters (9,000 cubic yards) of material.  Large boulders are 1 m 
(3 ft) across.  [D.M. Peterson, U.S. Geological Survey] 

32. Cliff failure north of Tunitas Creek.  This face continued to 
slide for a few days after the earthquake.  The event in progress 
exposed dark cliff material.  [D.M. Peterson, U.S. Geological 
Survey] 

33. Landslide north of Fort Funston.  Slide mass contains 
approximately 2,830 cubic meters (3,700 cubic yards) and is 30 m 
(100 ft) high.  Photo 35 provides an aerial view of this slide.  
[D.M. Peterson, U.S. Geological Survey] 

34. Head scarp of small slide at Redondo Beach.  Scale is 
provided by the red-handled rock hammer, which is 30.5 cm (12 
in.) long.  [D.M. Peterson, U.S. Geological Survey] 

35. Aerial view of large slides north of Fort Funston.  A ground 
perspective of this slide is shown in photo 33.  [S.D. Ellen, 
U.S. Geological Survey]

36. Aerial view of slide at Daly City.  This is the largest slide 
triggered by the earthquake in San Mateo County, displacing 
approximately 36,700 cubic meters (48,000 cubic yards) of 
material.  The base is about 152 me (500 ft) across at its widest 
point.   [S.D. Ellen, U.S. Geological Survey]

V.  FREMONT BAYLANDS

37. KGO radio transmission towers, built on bay mud in a salt-
evaporation pond used by the Leslie Salt Company.  Note 
progressively less damage to towers away from viewer.  [H.G. 
Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]

38. KGO radio transmission towers.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

VI.  MENLO PARK

39. Unfastened bookcases in an office building fell during the 
primary shock.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

40. Books and air-conditioning duct were dislodged during the 
earthquake.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

41. Seismographs at the U.S. Geological Survey record (1) north-
south horizontal, (2) east-west horizontal, and (3) vertical 
components of the earthquake.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological 
Survey]

VII.  LOS ALTOS

42. Aerial view of collapsed five-story tower, St. JosephÕs 
Seminary.  One person working in tower was killed.  [H.G. 
Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]

43. Aerial view of collapsed five-story tower, St. JosephÕs 
Seminary.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]

44. Nontectonic surface rupture across Highway 280 at the 
interface of a roadcut and fill area 2.5 km (1.5 mi) north of 
Foothill Expressway.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

45. The cement retaining walls along Highway 280 deformed in 
accordion-like pattern as a result of lateral compression.  [J.K. 
Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

VIII. LOS GATOS

46. Failure of unreinforced brick masonry caused collapse of the 
upper floor in downtown Los Gatos.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological 
Survey]

47. Photograph taken in a ceramics shop during an aftershock.  
[J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

48. Books lie scattered in aisles of a downtown bookstore.  [J.K. 
Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

49. Many residents camped in their yards after the earthquake.  
[J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

50. Personal messages posted on van at Emergency Center.  [C.E. 
Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]

51. Vehicle crushed by collapse of  unreinforced-brick masonry.  
[C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]

52. Failure of porch on frame house.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

53. Drain grating shows the effects of lateral compression.  
[R.A. Haugerud, U.S. Geological Survey]

54. Downtown sidewalk buckled due to compression.  [J.K. Nakata, 
U.S. Geological Survey]

IX. SUMMIT ROAD AREA, SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS

55. Crack system with 1.2 m (4 ft) of vertical displacement 
across a clay tennis court; fracture passes across retaining wall 
and up slope beyond view.  West of Summit Road, southeast of 
Highway 17.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]

56. A crack system destroys driveway adjacent to summit road 0.8 
km (1/2 mi) southeast of Highway 17.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

57. A geologist traces surface cracks in a corral adjacent to 
summit road approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) southeast of Highway 17.  
[J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

58.  Northwest-trending extensional crack where dam fill settled 
about 0.6 m (2 ft) and pulled away from concrete spillway and 
north abutment of Austrian Dam.  [R.J. McLaughlin, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

59.  Prominent N. 15o W.-trending extensional cracks up to 12 cm 
(4.7 in.) wide in concrete spillway to Austrian Dam, north 
abutment.  [G.R. Fisher, U.S. Geological Survey]

X.  REDWOOD GROVE, SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS

60. Geologist exchanging information with rescue personnel.  
[J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

61. Bedroom showing effects of the earthquake.  [J.K. Nakata, 
U.S. Geological Survey]

62. House destroyed by failure of downslope support piers.  [J.K. 
Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

63. House moved laterally off cement foundation.  [J.K. Nakata, 
U.S. Geological Survey]

XI. BOULDER CREEK,  SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS

64. Collapsed garage built on fill.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

65. Construction on fill and the absence of adequate shear walls 
contributed to the failure of this structure.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

66. House torn off its foundation by the main shock.  [J.K. 
Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

XII. HIGHWAY 17, SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS

67. Landslide debris blocks both eastbound lanes of Highway 17 
near Summit Road.  [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]

68. Landslide debris blocks both eastbound lanes of Highway 17 
near Summit Road. Foreground material is damaged lane separators.  
[C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]

69. This roadcut near Summit Road failed during the initial 
earthquake and subsequent aftershocks.  To mitigate further 
sliding, Caltrans decreased the slope angle.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

70. Damaged lane separators, Highway 17.  [C.E. Meyer, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

71. Broken concrete divider near the intersection of Summit Road 
and Highway 17.  [R.A. Haugerud, U.S. Geological Survey]

XIII. SANTA CRUZ AREA

72. Clock tower near north end of Pacific Garden Mall.  Not known 
if clock was fast or if it ran for about 6 minutes after the 
earthquake.  [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]

73. Bicycles crushed by falling unreinforced brick facade, 
Pacific Garden Mall.  [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]

74. Collapsed unreinforced-brick facade, Pacific Garden Mall.  
[C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]

75. Rescue efforts, Pacific Garden Mall.  [C.E. Meyer, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

76. Removal of debris while searching for victims, Pacific Garden 
Mall.  [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]

77. Searching for victims at collapsed department store, Pacific 
Garden Mall.  [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]

78. Storefront damage, Pacific Garden Mall.  [C.E. Meyer, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

79. ÒUnsafe to occupy" signs were posted by the Governor's Office 
of Emergency Services.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

80. Collapsed outer wall of the Medico Dental Building, Pacific 
Garden Mall.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

81. Close-up of collapsed wall of unreinforced masonry, Medico 
Dental Building in the Pacific Garden Mall.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

82. Liquefaction in recent deposits of San Lorenzo River caused 
cracking and differential settling of river levee southeast of 
Riverside Avenue Bridge.  Bridge piers and the north abutment 
area were also damaged by liquefaction.  [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

83. Landslide-displaced trees reflect earthquake-triggered slope 
failure along coastal bluff, New Brighton Beach area, Santa Cruz 
County.  [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]

XIV.  WATSONVILLE  AREA

84. Liquefaction in recent deposits of the Pajaro River formed 
these sand volcanoes along extensional fissures in a field 
prepared for autumn planting  near Pajaro, across the Pajaro 
River from Watsonville.  Furrows are spaced about 1.2 m (4 ft) 
apart.  [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]

85. Vent of sand volcano produced by liquefaction is about 4 ft 
across in strawberry field near Watsonville.  Strip spanning vent 
is conduit for drip irrigation system.  Furrow spacing is about 
1.2 m (4 ft) on center.  [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]

86. Liquefaction in recent deposits of the Pajaro River formed 
sand volcanoes along a fissure 6-7 m (19.7-23 ft) long.  
Variation in grain size and  partial erosion of the conical 
deposits of sand show that venting of the slurry of sand and 
water was a complex series of depositional and erosional events 
triggered by the main shock and renewed  in some instances by 
principal aftershocks.  [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]

87.  Ground shaking triggered liquefaction in a subsurface layer 
of sand, producing differential lateral and vertical movement in 
a overlying carapace of unliquified sand and silt, which moved 
from right to left toward the Pajaro River.  This mode of ground 
failure, termed Òlateral spreading," is a principal cause of 
liquefaction-related earthquake damage.  [S.D. Ellen, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

88. Crack down front of FordÕs Department Store, downtown 
Watsonville.  Although this fracture appears minor, the building 
was significantly damaged.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological 
Survey]

89. Houses not bolted down securely were easily dislodged from 
their foundations in downtown Watsonville.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

90. Many homeowners buttressed their foundations to prevent 
further damage from aftershocks in downtown Watsonville.  [J.K. 
Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

91. Broken utility lines in house that shifted off its 
foundation, downtown Watsonville.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

92. Collapsed porch, downtown Watsonville.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

93. This house was dislodged from its foundation and moved  0.75 
m (2.5 ft) from the cement stairway, downtown Watsonville.  [J.K. 
Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

94. Structural failure of twin bridges carrying Highway 1 across 
Struve Slough near Watsonville.  [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological 
Survey]

95. Closeup of collapsed bridge section on Highway 1 at Struve 
Slough.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]

96. Failure at joist/columns interface contributed to the 
collapse of elevated roadbed on Highway 1.  [J.K. Nakata, U.S. 
Geological Survey]

97. Support columns of Highway 1 bridge across Struve Slough 
protrude through roadbed.  This resulted from collapse of the 
roadbed after the effects of lateral shaking shown in photo 98.  
[H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]

98. Support column of bridge across Struve Slough, Highway 1.  
Enlargement of hole where support enters the ground is an effect 
of lateral shaking, which  caused the concrete to break up where 
the column joined the bridge and was instrumental in the roadbed 
collapse.  [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]

99. A fracture cuts the roadbed, curbs, and railings on the 
collapsed section of Highway 1 at Struve Slough.  [J.K. Nakata, 
U.S. Geological Survey]

XV. MOSS LANDING

100. Liquefaction and subsequent strong tidal action destroyed a 
causeway carrying the Moss Beach access road across tidewater 
basin near Moss Landing.  [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]

101. Ground cracking and differential settlement dueg to 
liquefaction of beach and Salinas River deposits damaged approach 
and abutment of bridge linking Moss Landing spit to the mainland, 
near Moss Landing Marine Laboratory.  [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. 
Geological Survey] 

102. Differential settlement due to liquefaction caused cracking 
of paved road on Pauls Island.  [S.D. Ellen, U.S. Geological 
Survey]

XVI. SALINAS 

103. Partially razed earthquake-damaged unreinforced-masonry 
buildings in Old Town historical district, City of Salinas.  
[J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]