Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Davis, P.A. Originator: Hare, T.M. Publication_Date: 2007 Title: Q3672_14m_UTM_NC.tif Edition: DS 245, version 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: Natural-Color Image Mosaics of Afghanistan: Digital Databases and Maps Issue_Identification: Data Series 245 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Denver Federal Center Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested citation: Davis, P.A., and Hare, T.M., 2007, Natural-color image mosaics of Afghanistan; digital databases and maps: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 245. [available on the World Wide Web at URL http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2007/245/ ] Online_Linkage: \\IGSWZAWGWSAG091\I\GIS_E\afghan\afghan_dds\USGS_DS245_AFGHAN_Product_Num_036\UTM_Z43_14M\Q3672_14m_UTM_NC.tif Online_Linkage: \\IGSWZAWGWSAG091\I\GIS_E\afghan\afghan_dds\USGS_DS245_AFGHAN_Product_Num_036\UTM_Z43_14M\Q3672_14m_UTM_NC.tif Online_Linkage: \\IGSWZAWGWSAG091\I\GIS_E\afghan\afghan_dds\USGS_DS245_AFGHAN_Product_Num_036\UTM_Z43_14M\Q3672_14m_UTM_NC.tif Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Davis, P.A. Publication_Date: 2006 Title: Calibrated Landsat ETM+ nonthermal-band image mosaics of Afghanistan Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: Calibrated Landsat ETM+ nonthermal-band image mosaics of Afghanistan Issue_Identification: Open-File Report 2006-1345 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Denver Federal Center Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Davis, P. A., 2006, Calibrated Landsat ETM+ nonthermal-band image mosaics of Afghanistan. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2006-1345, 18 p. Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1345/ Description: Abstract: The 50 images in this published set are natural color renditions (Landsat bands 3, 2, 1) of the calibrated 6-band Landsat 7 ETM+ mosaics. We applied the hybrid MODIS-Munsell natural-color transform to the Landsat 28.5-m image data that were produced as 1º x 2º map-tile mosaics by Davis (2006). Purpose: The purpose of the dataset is to form a functional and consistent digital natural color image base to support the USGS and USAID natural resource assessments for the country of Afghanistan. Supplemental_Information: Reference: Davis, P. A., 2006, Calibrated Landsat ETM+ nonthermal-band image mosaics of Afghanistan. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2006-1345, 18 p. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1999 Ending_Date: 2001 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: 71.944709 East_Bounding_Coordinate: 74.028952 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 37.046596 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 35.953224 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NASA Theme_Keyword: Landsat 7 Theme_Keyword: ETM+ Theme_Keyword: Scene Theme_Keyword: Path Theme_Keyword: Orthorectified Theme_Keyword: Natural Color Theme_Keyword: Raster Theme_Keyword: Bands 3, 2, 1 = R,G,B Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Place: Place_Keyword: Afghanistan Access_Constraints: This data is in the public domain, but users of this data set should reference the USGS Data Series number. Use_Constraints: none Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Trent Hare Contact_Organization: U.S. Geologic Survey Contact_Position: IT/GIS Specialist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 2255 North Gemini Drive City: Flagstaff State_or_Province: AZ Postal_Code: 86001 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 928-556-7126 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 928-556-7014 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: thare@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: United States Geological Survey Security_Information: Security_Classification: Unclassified Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.1.0.722 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 2006 Title: Calibrated Landsat ETM+ nonthermal-band image mosaics of Afghanista Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Publication_Information: Publication_Place: South Dakota Publisher: USGS Other_Citation_Details: Davis, P. A. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2006-1345, 18 p Online_Linkage: http://www.usgs.gov Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: For natural color calibration, which only involves the blue, green, and red wavelength bands of Landsat, we could use ground photographs, Munsell color readings of ground surfaces, or another image base that accurately depicts the surface color. Logical_Consistency_Report: The 50 images in this published set are natural color renditions of the calibrated 6-band Landsat 7 ETM+ mosaics. Completeness_Report: All areas have been completed. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The map tiles retained the original 28.5-m spatial resolution and were constructed from orthorectified Landsat scenes that have a positional accuracy of 50 meters. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: USGS and NASA LandSat Program Publication_Date: 2001 Title: Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) Online_Linkage: http://www.usgs.gov Source_Scale_Denominator: 28.5-m spatial resolution Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1999 Ending_Date: 2001 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: LandSat ETM+ Source_Contribution: USGS and NASA LandSat Program Process_Step: Process_Description: The calibration of the Landsat ETM+ maps produced by Davis (2006) are relative reflectance and need to be "grounded" with ground reflectance data, but the difficulties in performing field work in Afghanistan precluded ground reflectance surveys. For natural color calibration, which only involves the blue, green, and red wavelength bands of Landsat, we could use ground photographs, Munsell color readings of ground surfaces, or another image base that accurately depicts the surface color. Ground photography is the least reliable of these three approaches. On four separate field trips to the north-central part of Afghanistan, we acquired ground photographs and Munsell color readings for a variety of ground surfaces, but the field areas did not include the wide range of surface colors found in Afghanistan, especially the desert areas. Therefore, we had to supplement our ground color-sample data with a less direct source of color information. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Davis, P. A., 2006, Calibrated Landsat ETM+ nonthermal-band image mosaics of Afghanistan. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2006-1345, 18 p. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Kalluri, S., Grant, D., Tucker, C., Policelli, F., Dykstra, J., and Bearden, P., 2000, NASA creates global archive of ortho-rectified Landsat data. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 81, no. 50, p. 609, 617-618. Process_Date: 2005-2007 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Escadafal, R., Girard, M.-C., and Courault, D., 1989, Munsell soil color and soil reflectance in the visible spectral bands of Landsat MSS and TM data. Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 27, p. 37-46. Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Goddard, E. N., Trask, P. D., De Ford, R. K., Rove, O. N., Singewald, J. T., and Overbeck, R. M., 1980, GSA Rock Color Chart, Munsell Corporation, 115 color chips,16 p. Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Munsell Color, 2000, Munsell Soil Color Chart, Baltimore, Maryland, 322 color chips, 22 p. Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Phil Davis Contact_Organization: USGS Contact_Position: Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 2255 North Gemini Drive City: Flagstaff State_or_Province: AZ Postal_Code: 86001 Country: USA Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pdavis@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite collects 36 spectral images at relatively low resolution (250 m to 1 km per picture element), but the instrument's spectral bands allow accurate atmospheric corrections. The MODIS science team has provided ground-calibration sites that allow the sensor data to be calibrated to ground reflectance. The MODIS science team has prepared "true color" image mosaics for many countries in the world, including Afghanistan, and these are posted on www.truecolorearth.com website by WeatherStreet.com. We obtained the "true color" image mosaic for Afghanistan from this website and registered the image to our Landsat image mosaic so we could determine the correspondence of the blue, green, and red band digital values in the Landsat mosaic with their respective color values in the MODIS "true color" mosaic. The relation between Landsat band value and MODIS color value is best modeled with a third-order polynomial, which we have also observed in "true color" calibrations for IKONOS satellite data. Previous studies have found a linear relation between surface reflectance values of Landsat visible bands and Munsell red, green, and blue values for various surfaces (Escadafal et al., 1989), but the surface reflectance values used in that study did not exceed 40 percent (a digital value of 102 in our Landsat dataset), which is near the change from the linear trend at lower reflectance to a third-order polynomial at higher reflectance. In addition, closer examination of the data collected by Escadafal et al. (1989) shows that their reflectance-Munsell "linear" relation becomes less distinct with increasing reflectance and may actually be better modeled by a second- or third-order polynomial. Process_Step: Process_Description: Our field studies were conducted after our Landsat-to-MODIS calibration was performed. During our field work, we recorded Munsell colors (Munsell Color, 1975; Goddard et al., 1995) for more than 100 rock and soil surfaces. The field work was not intended for this purpose, nor could field work be conducted in many parts of Afghanistan, so our Munsell color samples do not cover the wide range of colors that exist within Afghanistan. We extracted the blue, green, and red digital values from the MODIS-calibrated Landsat data for the sites that we sampled in the field. We converted the sample Munsell values to blue, green, and red values using a Munsell conversion program (http://colorpro.com/info/software/munsell.htm). The relations between the MODIS-calibrated Landsat blue, green, and red image values and those values derived from the Munsell samples. The red and green values correspond quite well, but the blue values in the MODIS-calibrated Landsat data are lower than that of the ground-surface Munsell values. We performed a linear least-squares regression analysis on the set of blue values and applied the resulting equation to the Landsat blue-band data and displayed it with the MODIS-calibrated Landsat green- and red-band data. The resulting color-composite image had too much red in many areas of Afghanistan. Therefore, we applied a transformation that is halfway between the MODIS calibration and the Munsell calibration, which produced much better results. This hybrid calibration replaced the subtle green tint in the MODIS-calibrated images of the alluvium and deserts with more realistic shades of gray, yellow, and red and its colors also more closely correspond to the colors of the rock outcrops that we sampled and photographed during our field studies in the Khamard district of the Bamian Province. Process_Step: Process_Description: We applied the hybrid MODIS-Munsell natural-color transform to the Landsat 28.5-m and 14.25-m image data that were produced as 1º x 2º map-tile mosaics in UTM projection by Davis (2006). The resulting natural-color map tiles were then reprojected to the WGS84 geographic reference system using a second-order polynomial transformation and over 5,000 grid control points for the 28.5-m data and over 20,000 grid control points for the 14.25-m data in order to retain the 50-m positional accuracy of each dataset. Each map tile overlaps adjacent tiles by at least 100 picture elements. The digital map files begin with the map tile name, which starts with the letter "Q" (for quadrangle) and four digits that designate the lower-left corner latitude and longitude coordinates of the 1º x 2º map tile (as shown in Figure 5). The map tile index is followed by the map's resolution and coordinate system (UTM for Universal Transverse Mercator or GEOG for WGS84 geographic coordinates) and the designation "NC" for natural color. The following shows the two filename examples for map tile Q3460 from this Data Series publication. Q3460_14m_UTM_NC.tif Q3460_28m_GEOG_NC.tif All of the 28.5-m and 14.25-m map tiles for Afghanistan (in both UTM projection and WGS84 geographic reference system) are stored as lossless-compressed, embedded geotiff files (with associated world files). The files can be downloaded from http://gisdata.usgs.net/website/afghan. Only the 14.25-m UTM and 28.5-m WGS84 geographic Geotiff data sets are available on this Data Series publication to decrease the number of DVDs needed. Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Row_Count: 8248 Column_Count: 12934 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 43 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: 75.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 14.250000 Ordinate_Resolution: 14.250000 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geologic Survey Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-ask-usgs Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: USGS Earth Science Information Center Resource_Description: USGS Digital Series (DS) Publication Distribution_Liability: none Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: TIFF Format_Specification: GeoTiff File_Decompression_Technique: no compression applied Transfer_Size: 0.000 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ Network_Resource_Name: http://gisdata.usgs.net/website/afghan Offline_Option: Offline_Media: DVD-ROM Recording_Format: ISO/UDF Ordering_Instructions: Please visit http://pubs.usgs.gov/of , http://gisdata.usgs.net/website/afghan , or call 1-888-ask-usgs Custom_Order_Process: http://www.usgs.gov http://gisdata.usgs.net/website/afghan Technical_Prerequisites: These are georeferenced Tiffs (GeoTiffs) and is best used in remote sensing or GIS application. Although simple image processing applications should work. Available_Time_Period: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2007 Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20070215 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Trent Hare Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: IT/GIS Specialist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 2255 North Gemini Drive City: Flagstaff State_or_Province: AZ Postal_Code: 86001 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 928-556-7126 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: thare@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile