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Sources: Blong, 1984; Kienle and Shaw, 1979; Kienle and Swanson,1985
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< % % R p @ "H e l v e t i c a T 8 RO`2 $O`2 v.1 'w.1 X ;. * H e l v e t c a D X 9'1 z%1 H dv % % % T d h lF@@ T L < T 1 9 7 6 3 3 3 3 T T h lF@@ T L < P - T X O h lF@@ T L < P 0 4 3 2 T T P h lF@@P T L < P 3 R p @ "H e l v e t i c a T 8 RO`2 $O`2 v.1 < 'w.1 X ;. * H e l v e t c a b(.1D X 9'1 z%1 H < dv % % % T T k 0 lF@@ L < P 1 T p ; lF@@ ( [ L < B 7 4 7 , o n e o f t w o p a s s e n g e r p l a n e s a l s o b o u n d f o r T o k y o a n d d e p a r t i n g w i t h i n a n h o u r o f 1 9 7 6 = 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 A 3 3 3 . . 3 2 4 2 3 3 3 3 . 3 . 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 9 2 / - 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 A 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 T T ; lF@@ ( L LVAL ՜. +,0 h p
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MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 9q t r a l = C : 8 8 R o x i o S h a r e d \ 9 . 0 \ R o x i o C e n t r a l 3 3 \ S E S S I O N N A M E = C o n s o l e S y s t e m D r i v e = C : S y s t e m R o o t = C : \ W I N D O W S T E M P = C : \ D O C U M E ~ 1 \ g u f f a n t i \ L O C A L S ~ 1 \ T e m p T @ @ @ N o r m a l CJ _HaJ mH sH tH D A D D e f a u l t P a r a g r a p h F o n t R i R T a b l e N o r m a l 4
l 4 a ( k ( N o L i s t t z t } ~ g h v $ s $ s $ s $ s $ s $ s $ s $ s $ s } ~ g h v 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LVAL t t t z L" { " | " } d ~ L/ a Ԙa 4a </ a
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< % R p @ "H e l v e t i c a ;& z H e l v e t c a @ XM$ \ R e g i s 0 Ln0 dv % T d h g@ \@ T L < T 1 9 8 0 3 3 3 3 T T h g@ \@ T L < P - T X P h g@ \@ LVAL T L < P 0 1 3 3 T T Q h g@ \@Q T L < P 2 R p @ "H e l v e t i c a ;& z H e l v e t c a < 0 Ln0 dv % T T k 0 g@ \@ L < P 1 T t 7 ; g@ \@ ( \ L < E n c o u n t e r o c c u r r e d ~ 3 h o u r s a f t e r t h e e r u p t i o n a t 1 0 . 7 k m b e t w e e n P a s c o a n d S p o k a n e ; l a s t e d = 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 . . 3 3 3 6 3 2 3 3 . 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 / L 3 2 A 3 3 3 = 3 . . 3 3 3 3 = 3 2 / 3 3 2 3 - 3 3 T > g@ \@ L < | n o m o r e t h a n 4 m i n u t e s . 3 3 3 M 2 3 3 3 3 2 M 3 3 3 . T T >
g@ \@ L < P 1 T T 0 g@ \@ L < P 3 1 T ; w g@ \@ d e L < T h e S e a t t l e a i r r o u t e t r a f f i c c o n t r o l c e n t e r a d v i s e d t h e p i l o t o f t h e c l o u d , a n d h e t h o u g h t h e c o u l d S 9 3 2 = 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 . . 3 3 3 . 3 3 2 3 3 - . 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 . 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 T z l g@ \@ L < f l y a b o v e i t , F A A s a i d . S h o r 3 - 3 3 3 - 3 8 = = . 3 3 < 3 3 T l z
g@ \@l @ L < t l y a f t e r w a r d , t h e p i l o t r e p o r t e d e n t e r i n g c i r r u s c l o u d s , w h i c h - 2 2 A 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 . 3 . . 3 3 3 . A 3 . 3 T ; J g@ \@ 7 b L < s u d d e n l y b e g a n t o g r o w d a r k e r w h i l e a s u l f u r i c o d o r w a s n o t i c e d i n t h e c o c k p i t . T h e p i l o t t u r n e d . 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 A 3 3 / 3 A 3 3 3 . 3 2 . 3 2 3 A 3 . 3 3 . 3 3 2 3 2 . 3 - / 3 9 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 T | M m g@ \@ ] L < t o t h e e a s t , t o w a r d L e w i s t o n , b e f o r e r e s u m i n g t h e f l i g h t t o C a l g a r y , F A A s a i d . T h e r e i t w a s 3 3 3 3 3 - LVAL ! 3 A 3 3 3 3 A . 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 . 2 M 3 3 3 2 4 3 2 B 3 4 2 - 8 = = . 3 3 9 3 3 2 A 3 . T T 2 g@ \@
L < P n 3 T h 3 % g@ \@3
Z L < o t i c e d t h a t t h e w i n d s h i e l d h a d a ' m i l k y a p p e a r a n c e ' , t h e F A A s a i d . T h e r e t u r n f l i g h t w a s 3 . 3 3 3 2 3 2 A 3 3 . 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 M / - 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 . 3 3 2 8 = = . 3 3 8 3 3 3 3 2 4 2 A 3 . T g@ \@ s L < d c o m p l e t e d . . 3 M 3 3 3 2 T T # g@ \@ s L < P \0 T T 0 g@ \@ L < P 3 1 R p @ T i m e s N e w R o m a n O5 0 \05 0G z T i m e s e w R o m a n 3 0P0 3 0 Ln0 dv % % T D Y g@ \@ F ) L < A f t e r t h e p l a n e l a n d e d i n P h o e n i x , d a m a g e % = 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 = 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 M 3 4 2 T h Y g@ \@ F L < t o t h e a i r c r a f t w a s a s s e s s e d . 3 3 3 3 . 2 A 3 . 3 . . 3 - . 3 3 % T X i [ g@ \@i F L < P % T y
Y g@ \@ F L < d T h e e n g i n e X 8 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 T \ O g@ \@ D L < c o m p r e s s o r b l a d e s s h o w e d s o m e a b r a s i o n . A f t e r l a n d i n g a t P h o e n i x , e . 3 M 3 3 - . 3 3 3 3 3 . . 3 3 A 3 3 . 3 M 2 3 3 2 . 3 3 < 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 = 3 3 3 3 - 3 T P \ g@ \@P L < x n g i n e o i l w a s c h a n g e d 2 4 3 3 3 A 3 . . 3 3 3 4 3 2 R & WMFC x x, T , g@ \@ ^ L < a s a p r e c a u t i o n , a n d w h e n a n a l y z e d , t h e o i l s h o w e d a b n o r m a l l y h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f s u l f u r . 3 . 3 2 3 . 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 A 3 3 3 3 3 3 - - 3 3 3 3 3 . 3 2 A 3 3 3 3 3 3 M 3 - 3 4 3 . 3 2 . 3 3 2 3 3 . 2 . 3 3 T / g@ \@ LVAL " ` L < T h e w i n g l e a d i n g e d g e s s h o w e d t h e s a n d b l a s t i n g e f f e c t s o f p a r t i c l e s . A f t e r l a n d i n g a t P h o e n i x , 9 3 2 A 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 4 2 . . 3 3 A 3 3 3 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 . 2 3 2 3 . - 2 3 2 . 3 . < 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 = 3 3 3 3 - T T g@ \@ , L < a l l t h r e e w i n d s h i e l d s w e r e c h a n g e d , a s w e l l 3 3 3 3 A 3 3 . 3 3 3 . A 3 3 . 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 - A 3 T
g@ \@ L < | a s t h e s l i d i n g w i n d o w s . , 3 . 3 3 . 3 3 4 A 3 3 4 A . T T
g@ \@
L < P T T g@ \@ L < P , T T
g@ \@ L < P 3 1 T T 0 h g@ \@ U L < P 1 T k g@ \@ L < S o u r c e s : A W S T , 5 / 2 6 / 8 0 : 1 8 = 3 3 . 3 . : Z < 8 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 T T k g@ \@ L < P - T k | g@ \@ : L < 2 0 ; B l o n g , 1 9 8 4 ; Y a k i m a A i r p o r t M a n a g e r , p e r s . c o m m . , 6 / 8 0 3 2 = 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 < 3 / M 2 = 3 3 K 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 . . 2 M L 3 3 2 T T } k ; g@ \@} L < P 6 T T g@ \@< L < P / 1 % %; . "System - @ "Helvetica - 2
;%1980
2
;%- 2
" ;%01
2
1 ;% @ "Helvetica -
2
;% 2
+ \ ;%Encounter occurred ~3 hours after the eruption at 10.7 km between Pasco and Spokane; lasted
. 2
; ;%no more than 4 minutes.
2
; ;%
2
J ;% 2
Y e ;%The Seattle air route traffic control center advised the pilot of the cloud, and he thought he could 7 2
i ;%fly above it, FAA said. Shor. k 2
i @ ;%tly afterward, the pilot reported entering cirrus clouds, which 2
x b ;%suddenly began to gro LVAL # w darker while a sulfuric odor was noticed in the cockpit. The pilot turned
2
] ;%to the east, toward Lewiston, before resuming the flight to Calgary, FAA said. There it was x
2
;%n 2
Z ;%oticed that the windshield had a 'milky appearance', the FAA said. The return flight was 2
;%completed.
2
I ;%
2
;% @ Times New Roman - - I 2
) ;%After the plane landed in Phoenix, damagel 8 2
;% to the aircraft was assessed. - 2
;% - 2
;%The engine q 2
D ;%compressor blades showed some abrasion. After landing at Phoenix, e , 2
;%ngine oil was changed 2
^ ;%as a precaution, and when analyzed, the oil showed abnormally high concentrations of sulfur.
2
` ;%The wing leading edges showed the sandblasting effects of particles. After landing at Phoenix,
M 2
, ;%all three windshields were changed, as well
. 2
;%as the sliding windows.
2
;% )
2
;% ,
2
;%
2
;% 5 2
" ;%Sources: AWST, 5/26/80: 18
2
" ;%- b 2
" : ;%20; Blong, 1984; Yakima Airport Manager, pers. comm., 6/80
2
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2
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Y Y Y Y r r r $ r r r 1980-01
Encounter occurred ~3 hours after the eruption at 10.7 km between Pasco and Spokane; lasted no more than 4 minutes.
The Seattle air route traffic control center advised the pilot of the cloud, and he thought he could fly above it, FAA said. Shortly afterward, the pilot reported entering cirrus clouds, which suddenly began to grow darker while a sulfuric odor was noticed in the cockpit. The pilot turned to the east, toward Lewiston, before resuming the flight to Calgary, FAA said. There it was noticed that the windshield had a 'milky appearance', the FAA said. The return flight was completed.
After the plane landed in Phoenix, damage to the aircraft was assessed. The engine compressor blades showed some abrasion. After landing at Phoenix, engine oil was changed as a precaution, and when analyzed, the oil showed abnormally high concentrations of sulfur. The wing leading edges showed the sandblasting effects of particles. After landing at Phoenix, all three windshields were changed, as well as the sliding windows.
Sources: AWST, 5/26/80: 18-20; Blong, 1984; Yakima Airport Manager, pers. comm., 6/80
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METAFILEPICT ~@ ? ~@ ! & " WMFC B x x, l ; }@ ! EMF x, J (
< % R p @ "H e l v e t i c a ;& z H e l v e t c a @ XM$ \ R e g i s 0 Ln0 dv % T d h g@ \@ T L < T 1 9 8 0 3 3 3 3 T T h g@ \@ T L < P - T X P h g@ \@ T L < P 0 1 3 3 T T Q h g@ \@Q T L < P 2 R p @ "H e l v e t i c a ;& z H e l v e t c a < 0 Ln0 dv % T T k 0 g@ \@ L < P 1 T t 7 ; g@ \@ ( \ L < E n c o u n t e r o c c u r r e d ~ 3 h o u r s a f t e r t h e e r u p t i o n a t 1 0 . 7 k m b e t w e e n P a s c o a n d S p o k a n e ; l a s t e d = 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 . . 3 3 3 6 3 2 3 3 . 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 / L 3 2 A 3 3 3 = 3 . . 3 3 3 3 = 3 2 / 3 3 2 3 - 3 3 T > g@ \@ L < | n o m o r e t h a n 4 m i n u t e s . 3 3 3 M 2 3 3 3 3 2 M 3 3 3 . T T >
g@ \@ L < P 1 T T 0 g@ \@ L < P 3 1 T ; w g@ \@ d e L < T h e S e a t t l e a i r r o u t e t r a f f i c c o n t r o l c e n t e r a d v i s e d S
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< i % R p @ "H e l v e t i c a ;& z H e l v e t c a @ XM$ \ R e g i s 0 Ln0 dv % T d h g@ \@ T L < i T 1 9 8 0 3 3 3 3 T T h g@ \@ T L < i P - T X LVAL / P h g@ \@ T L < i P 0 1 3 3 T T Q h g@ \@Q T L < i P 2 R p @ "H e l v e t i c a ;& z H e l v e t c a < 0 Ln0 dv % T T k 0 g@ \@ L < i P 1 T @
; g@ \@ ( S L < i E n c o u n t e r o c c u r r e d ~ 3 h o u r s a f t e r t h e e r u p t i o n a t 1 0 . 7 k m b e t w e e n P a s c o a n d S p o k a n e = 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 . . 3 3 3 6 3 2 3 3 . 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 / L 3 2 A 3 3 3 = 3 . . 3 3 3 3 = 3 2 / 3 3 2 T l
; g@ \@
( L < i X a n d 3 3 3 T > g@ \@ L < i l a s t e d n o m o r e t h a n 4 m i n u t e s . 3 . 3 3 3 3 M 2 3 3 3 3 2 M 3 3 3 . T T > g@ \@ L < i P 0 T T 0 g@ \@ L < i P 1 T ; w g@ \@ d e L < i T h e S e a t t l e a i r r o u t e t r a f f i c c o n t r o l c e n t e r a d v i s e d t h e p i l o t o f t h e c l o u d , a n d h e t h o u g h t h e c o u l d 9 3 2 = 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 . . 3 3 3 . 3 3 2 3 3 - . 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 . 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 T z g@ \@ L < i f l y a b o v e i t , F A A s a i d . S - 3 3 3 - 3 8 = = . 3 3 < T z
g@ \@ C L < i h o r t l y a f t e r w a r d , t h e p i l o t r e p o r t e d e n t e r i n g c i r r u s c l o u d s , w h i c h 3 3 - 2 2 A 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 . 3 . . 3 3 3 . A 3 . 3 T ; J g@ \@ 7 b L < i s u d d e n l y b e g a n t o g r o w d a r k e r w h i l e a s u l f u r i c o d o r w a s n o t i c e d i n t h e c o c k p i t . T h e p i l o t t u r n e d . 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 A 3 3 / 3 A 3 3 3 . 3 2 . 3 2 3 A 3 . 3 3 . 3 3 2 3 2 . 3 - / 3 9 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 T , M g@ \@ % L < i t o t h e e a s t , t o w a r d L e w i s t o n , b e f o r e 3 3 3 3 3 LVAL 0 - 3 A 3 3 3 3 A . 3 3 3 2 2 3 T M m
g@ \@ L < i r e s u m i n g t h e f l i g h t t o C a l g a r y 3 . 2 M 3 3 3 2 4 3 2 B 3 4 2 - T n
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g@ \@
V L < i w i n d s h i e l d h a d a ' m i l k y a p p e a r a n c e ' , t h e F A A s a i d . T h e r e t u r n f l i g h t w a s c o m p l e t e d . B 3 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 M / - 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 . 3 3 3 8 = < . 3 3 9 3 3 3 2 3 4 2 A 3 . . 3 M 3 3 3 2 T T
g@ \@
L < i P 0 T T 0 g@ \@ s L < i P 1 R p @ T i m e s N e w R o m a n O5 0 \05 0G z T i m e s e w R o m a n 3 0P0 3 0 Ln0 dv % % T D g@ \@ ) L < i A f t e r t h e p l a n e l a n d e d i n P h o e n i x , d a m a g e = 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 = 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 M 3 4 2 T h g@ \@ L < i t o t h e a i r c r a f t w a s a s s e s s e d . 3 3 3 3 . 2 A 3 . 3 . . 3 - . 3 3 % T X i g@ \@i L < i P % T y
g@ \@ L < i d T h e e n g i n e 8 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 T D Y g@ \@ F ) L < i c o m p r e s s o r b l a d e s s h o w e d s o m e a b r a s i o n . . 3 M 3 3 - . 3 3 3 3 3 . . 3 3 A 3 3 . 3 M 2 3 3 2 . 3 3 T T X Y g@ \@ F L < i P E = T Y Y g@ \@Y F ! L < i n g i n e o i l w a s c h a n g e d a s a p r e c a u 2 4 3 3 3 A & ~ WMFC \ \+ 3 . . 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 . 2 3 3 . 3 3 T ; Y g@ \@ F L < i l t i o n , a n d w h e n 3 3 3 3 2 A 3 3 3 T p \ g@ \@ [ L < i a n a l y z e d , t h e o i l s h o w e d a b n o r m a l l y h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f s u l f u r . T h e w i n g l e a d i n g e d g e s 3 3 3 . - 3 3 3 3 3 . 3 3 A 3 3 3 3 3 3 M 3 - 3 LVAL 1 4 3 . 3 3 . 3 2 3 3 3 . 2 . 3 3 9 3 3 A 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 4 2 . T , g@ \@ _ L < i s h o w e d t h e s a n d b l a s t i n g e f f e c t s o f p a r t i c l e s . A f t e r l a n d i n g a t P h o e n i x , a l l t h r e e w i n d s h i e l d s . 3 3 A 3 3 3 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 . 2 3 2 3 . - 2 3 2 . 3 . < 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 = 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 3 A 3 3 . 3 3 3 . T \ / N g@ \@ - L < i w e r e c h a n g e d , a s w e l l a s t h e s l i d i n g w i n d o w s . A 3 3 . 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 - A 3 4 . 3 2 . 3 3 4 A 3 3 3 A . T T O / 3 g@ \@O L < i P T T 4 / _ g@ \@4 L < i P , T T ` / g@ \@` L < i P 1 T T 0 g@ \@ L < i P 1 T p " h g@ \@ U L < i X S o u r c e = 3 3 . 3 T # h g@ \@# U L < i | s : A W S T 5 / 2 6 / 8 0 ; B l o n g . : Z < 8 2 3 3 3 2 = 3 2 4 T T ' h g@ \@ U L < i P , T l (
h g@ \@( U L < i X 1 9 8 4 3 3 3 3 T T = h g@ \@ U L < i P 0 % ; . "System - @ "Helvetica - 2
;1980
2
;- 2
" ;01
2
1 ; @ "Helvetica -
2
; 2
+ S ;Encounter occurred ~3 hours after the eruption at 10.7 km between Pasco and Spokane.
2
+ ; and e 8 2
; ;lasted no more than 4 minutes.
2
; ;
2
J ; 2
Y e ;The Seattle air route traffic control center advised the pilot of the cloud, and he thought he could 2 2
i ;fly above it, FAA said. S p 2
i C ;hortly afterward, the pilot reported entering cirrus clouds, which 2
x b ;suddenly began to grow darker while a sulfuric odor was noticed in the cockpit. The pilot turned
LVAL 2 C 2
% ;to the east, toward Lewiston, before
8 2
;resuming the flight to Calgary / 2
;. There it was noticed
2
;that the 2
V ;windshield had a 'milky appearance', the FAA said. The return flight was completed.
2
;
2
; @ Times New Roman - - I 2
) ;After the plane landed in Phoenix, damage 8 2
; to the aircraft was assessed. - 2
; - 2
;The engine I 2
) ;compressor blades showed some abrasion.
2
;E = 2
! ;ngine oil was changed as a precauo
" 2
;tion, and when
2
[ ;analyzed, the oil showed abnormally high concentrations of sulfur. The wing leading edges
2
_ ;showed the sandblasting effects of particles. After landing at Phoenix, all three windshields
O 2
- ;were changed, as well as the sliding windows.
2
; !
2
3 ; ,
2
_ ;
2
; 2
;Source . 2
+ ;s: AWST 5/26/80; Blong
2
;, 2
; 1984e
2
; - NANI '` bjbjDD 4 & & r * $
h J q q q " q q q q l2 * ; q 0 * q K q q 8 h | q d H [ * LVAL 3 r r r $ r r r 1980-01
Encounter occurred ~3 hours after the eruption at 10.7 km between Pasco and Spokane and lasted no more than 4 minutes.
The Seattle air route traffic control center advised the pilot of the cloud, and he thought he could fly above it, FAA said. Shortly afterward, the pilot reported entering cirrus clouds, which suddenly began to grow darker while a sulfuric odor was noticed in the cockpit. The pilot turned to the east, toward Lewiston, before resuming the flight to Calgary. There it was noticed that the windshield had a 'milky appearance', the FAA said. The return flight was completed.
After the plane landed in Phoenix, damage to the aircraft was assessed. The engine compressor blades showed some abrasion. Engine oil was changed as a precaution, and when analyzed, the oil showed abnormally high concentrations of sulfur. The wing leading edges showed the sandblasting effects of particles. After landing at Phoenix, all three windshields were changed, as well as the sliding windows.
Sources: AWST 5/26/80; Blong, 1984
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; g@ \@ ( S L < i E n c o u n t e r o c c u r r e d ~ 3 h o u r s a f t e r t h e e r u p t i o n a t 1 0 . 7 k m b e t w e e n P a s c o a n d S p o k a n e = 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 . . 3 3 3 6 3 2 3 3 . 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 / L 3 2 A 3 3 3 = 3 . . 3 3 3 3 = 3 2 / 3 3 2 T l
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g@ \@ C L < i h o r t l y a f t e r w a r d , t h e p i l o t r e p o r t e d e n t e r i n g c i r r u s c l o u d s , w h i c h 3 3 - 2 2 A 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 . 3 . . 3 3 3 . A 3 . 3 T ; J g@ \@ 7 b L < i s u d d e n l y b e g a n t o g r o w d a r k e r w h i l e a s u l f u r i c o d o r w a s n o t i c e d i n t h e c o c k p i t . T h e p i l o t t u r n e d . 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 A 3 3 / 3 A 3 3 3 . 3 2 . 3 2 3 A 3 . 3 3 . 3 3 2 3 2 . 3 - / 3 9 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 T , M g@ \@ % L < i t o t h e e a s t , t o w a r d L e w i s t o n , b e f o r e 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 A 3 3 3 3 A . 3 3 3 2 2 3 T M m
g@ \@ L < i r e s u m i n g t h e f l i g h t t o C a l g a r y 3 . 2 M 3 3 3 2 4 3 2 B 3 4 2 - T n
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g@ \@
L < i P 0 T T 0 g@ \@ s L < i P 1 R p @ T i m e s N e w R o m a n O5 0 \05 0G z T i m e s e w R o m a n 3 0P0 3 0 Ln0 dv % % T D g@ \@ ) L < i A f t e r t h e p l a n e l a n d e d i n P h o e n i x , d a m a g e = 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 = 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 M 3 4 2 T h g@ \@ L < i t o t h e a i r c r a f t w a s a s s e s LVAL 8 s e d . 3 3 3 3 . 2 A 3 . 3 . . 3 - . 3 3 % T X i g@ \@i L < i P % T y
g@ \@ L < i d T h e e n g i n e 8 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 T D Y g@ \@ F ) L < i c o m p r e s s o r b l a d e s s h o w e d s o m e a b r a s i o n . . 3 M 3 3 - . 3 3 3 3 3 . . 3 3 A 3 3 . 3 M 2 3 3 2 . 3 3 T T X Y g@ \@ F L < i P E = T Y Y g@ \@Y F ! L < i n g i n e o i l w a s c h a n g e d a s a p r e c a u 2 4 3 3 3 A & ~ WMFC \ \+ 3 . . 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 . 2 3 3 . 3 3 T ; Y g@ \@ F L < i l t i o n , a n d w h e n 3 3 3 3 2 A 3 3 3 T p \ g@ \@ [ L < i a n a l y z e d , t h e o i l s h o w e d a b n o r m a l l y h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f s u l f u r . T h e w i n g l e a d i n g e d g e s 3 3 3 . - 3 3 3 3 3 . 3 3 A 3 3 3 3 3 3 M 3 - 3 4 3 . 3 3 . 3 2 3 3 3 . 2 . 3 3 9 3 3 A 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 4 2 . T , g@ \@ _ L < i s h o w e d t h e s a n d b l a s t i n g e f f e c t s o f p a r t i c l e s . A f t e r l a n d i n g a t P h o e n i x , a l l t h r e e w i n d s h i e l d s . 3 3 A 3 3 3 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 . 2 3 2 3 . - 2 3 2 . 3 . < 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 = 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 3 A 3 3 . 3 3 3 . T \ / N g@ \@ - L < i w e r e c h a n g e d , a s w e l l a s t h e s l i d i n g w i n d o w s . A 3 3 . 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 - A 3 4 . 3 2 . 3 3 4 A 3 3 3 A . T T O / 3 g@ \@O L < i P T T 4 / _ g@ \@4 L < i P , T T ` / g@ \@` L < i P 1 T T 0 g@ \@ L < i P 1 T p " h g@ \@ U L < i X S o u r c e = 3 3 . 3 T # h g@ \@# U L < i | s : A W S T 5 / 2 6 / 8 0 ; B l o n g . : Z < 8 2 3 3 3 2 = 3 2 4 T T ' h g@ \@ U L < i P , T l (
h g@ \@( U L < i X 1 9 8 4 3 3 3 3 T T = h g@ \@ U L < i P 0 % ; . "System - LVAL K @ "Helvetica - 2
;1980
2
;- 2
" ;01
2
1 ; @ "Helvetica -
2
; 2
+ S ;Encounter occurred ~3 hours after the eruption at 10.7 km between Pasco and Spokane.
2
+ ; and e 8 2
; ;lasted no more than 4 minutes.
2
; ;
2
J ; 2
Y e ;The Seattle air route traffic control center advised the pilot of the cloud, and he thought he could 2 2
i ;fly above it, FAA said. S p 2
i C ;hortly afterward, the pilot reported entering cirrus clouds, which 2
x b ;suddenly began to grow darker while a sulfuric odor was noticed in the cockpit. The pilot turned
C 2
% ;to the east, toward Lewiston, before
8 2
;resuming the flight to Calgary / 2
;. There it was noticed
2
;that the 2
V ;windshield had a 'milky appearance', the FAA said. The return flight was completed.
2
;
2
; @ Times New Roman - - I 2
) ;After the plane landed in Phoenix, damage 8 2
; to the aircraft was assessed. - 2
; - 2
;The engine I 2
) ;compressor blades showed some abrasion.
2
;E = 2
! ;ngine oil was changed as a precauo
" 2
;tion, and when
2
[ ;analyzed, the oil showed abnormally high concentrations of sulfur. The wing leading edges
2
_ ;showed the sandblasting effects of particles. After landing at Phoenix, all three windshields
O 2
- ;were changed, as well as the sliding windows.
LVAL : t h e p i l o t o f t h e c l o u d , a n d h e t h o u g h t h e c o u l d S 9 3 2 = 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 . . 3 3 3 . 3 3 2 3 3 - . 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 . 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 T z l g@ \@ L < f l y a b o v e i t , F A A s a i d . S h o r 3 - 3 3 3 - 3 8 = = . 3 3 < 3 3 T l z
g@ \@l @ L < t l y a f t e r w a r d , t h e p i l o t r e p o r t e d e n t e r i n g c i r r u s c l o u d s , w h i c h - 2 2 A 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 . 3 . . 3 3 3 . A 3 . 3 T ; J g@ \@ 7 b L < s u d d e n l y b e g a n t o g r o w d a r k e r w h i l e a s u l f u r i c o d o r w a s n o t i c e d i n t h e c o c k p i t . T h e p i l o t t u r n e d . 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 A 3 3 / 3 A 3 3 3 . 3 2 . 3 2 3 A 3 . 3 3 . 3 3 2 3 2 . 3 - / 3 9 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 T | M m g@ \@ ] L < t o t h e e a s t , t o w a r d L e w i s t o n , b e f o r e r e s u m i n g t h e f l i g h t t o C a l g a r y , F A A s a i d . T h e r e i t w a s 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 A 3 3 3 3 A . 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 . 2 M 3 3 3 2 4 3 2 B 3 4 2 - 8 = = . 3 3 9 3 3 2 A 3 . T T 2 g@ \@
L < P n 3 T h 3 % g@ \@3
Z L < o t i c e d t h a t t h e w i n d s h i e l d h a d a ' m i l k y a p p e a r a n c e ' , t h e F A A s a i d . T h e r e t u r n f l i g h t w a s 3 . 3 3 3 2 3 2 A 3 3 . 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 M / - 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 . 3 3 2 8 = = . 3 3 8 3 3 3 3 2 4 2 A 3 . T g@ \@ s L < d c o m p l e t e d . . 3 M 3 3 3 2 T T # g@ \@ s L < P \0 T T 0 g@ \@ L < P 3 1 R p @ T i m e s N e w R o m a n O5 0 \05 0G z T i m e s e w R o m a n 3 0P0 3 0 Ln0 dv % % T D Y g@ \@ F ) L LVAL ; < A f t e r t h e p l a n e l a n d e d i n P h o e n i x , d a m a g e % = 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 = 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 M 3 4 2 T h Y g@ \@ F L < t o t h e a i r c r a f t w a s a s s e s s e d . 3 3 3 3 . 2 A 3 . 3 . . 3 - . 3 3 % T X i [ g@ \@i F L < P % T y
Y g@ \@ F L < d T h e e n g i n e X 8 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 T \ O g@ \@ D L < c o m p r e s s o r b l a d e s s h o w e d s o m e a b r a s i o n . A f t e r l a n d i n g a t P h o e n i x , e . 3 M 3 3 - . 3 3 3 3 3 . . 3 3 A 3 3 . 3 M 2 3 3 2 . 3 3 < 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 = 3 3 3 3 - 3 T P \ g@ \@P L < x n g i n e o i l w a s c h a n g e d 2 4 3 3 3 A 3 . . 3 3 3 4 3 2 R & WMFC x x, T , g@ \@ ^ L < a s a p r e c a u t i o n , a n d w h e n a n a l y z e d , t h e o i l s h o w e d a b n o r m a l l y h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f s u l f u r . 3 . 3 2 3 . 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 A 3 3 3 3 3 3 - - 3 3 3 3 3 . 3 2 A 3 3 3 3 3 3 M 3 - 3 4 3 . 3 2 . 3 3 2 3 3 . 2 . 3 3 T / g@ \@ ` L < T h e w i n g l e a d i n g e d g e s s h o w e d t h e s a n d b l a s t i n g e f f e c t s o f p a r t i c l e s . A f t e r l a n d i n g a t P h o e n i x , 9 3 2 A 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 4 2 . . 3 3 A 3 3 3 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 . 2 3 2 3 . - 2 3 2 . 3 . < 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 = 3 3 3 3 - T T g@ \@ , L < a l l t h r e e w i n d s h i e l d s w e r e c h a n g e d , a s w e l l 3 3 3 3 A 3 3 . 3 3 3 . A 3 3 . 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 - A 3 T
g@ \@ L < | a s t h e s l i d i n g w i n d o w s . , 3 . 3 3 . 3 3 4 A 3 3 4 A . T T
g@ \@
L < P T T g@ \@ L < P , T T
g@ \@ L < P 3 1 T T 0 h g@ \@ U L < P 1 T k g@ \@ L < S o u r c e s : A W S T , 5 / 2 6 / 8 0 : 1 8 = 3 3 . 3 . : Z < 8 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 T T k g@ \@ L LVAL < < P - T k | g@ \@ : L < 2 0 ; B l o n g , 1 9 8 4 ; Y a k i m a A i r p o r t M a n a g e r , p e r s . c o m m . , 6 / 8 0 3 2 = 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 < 3 / M 2 = 3 3 K 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 . . 2 M L 3 3 2 T T } k ; g@ \@} L < P 6 T T g@ \@< L < P / 1 % %; . "System - @ "Helvetica - 2
;%1980
2
;%- 2
" ;%01
2
1 ;% @ "Helvetica -
2
;% 2
+ \ ;%Encounter occurred ~3 hours after the eruption at 10.7 km between Pasco and Spokane; lasted
. 2
; ;%no more than 4 minutes.
2
; ;%
2
J ;% 2
Y e ;%The Seattle air route traffic control center advised the pilot of the cloud, and he thought he could 7 2
i ;%fly above it, FAA said. Shor. k 2
i @ ;%tly afterward, the pilot reported entering cirrus clouds, which 2
x b ;%suddenly began to grow darker while a sulfuric odor was noticed in the cockpit. The pilot turned
2
] ;%to the east, toward Lewiston, before resuming the flight to Calgary, FAA said. There it was x
2
;%n 2
Z ;%oticed that the windshield had a 'milky appearance', the FAA said. The return flight was 2
;%completed.
2
I ;%
2
;% @ Times New Roman - - I 2
) ;%After the plane landed in Phoenix, damagel 8 2
;% to the aircraft was assessed. - 2
;% - 2
;%The engine q 2
D ;%compressor blades showed some abrasion. After landing at Phoenix, e , 2
;%ngine oil was changed 2
^ ;%as a precaution, and when
LVAL
analyzed, the oil showed abnormally high concentrations of sulfur.
2
` ;%The wing leading edges showed the sandblasting effects of particles. After landing at Phoenix,
M 2
, ;%all three windshields were changed, as well
. 2
;%as the sliding windows.
2
;% )
2
;% ,
2
;%
2
;% 5 2
" ;%Sources: AWST, 5/26/80: 18
2
" ;%- b 2
" : ;%20; Blong, 1984; Yakima Airport Manager, pers. comm., 6/80
2
" ;%
2
"; ;% - 6 QΙ͙uLQK+J'JIGFEDqmC]BQAC@?@ H = d 1 HeklaIceland2 / 2 0 0 0 2000E-1.1 } } } } r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f ] V V T T = 2 @ @ c TungurahuaEcuador1 2 / 1 9 9 9 1999E-3.1 w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ` T T T T = 0 @ b Guagua PichinchaEcuador1 2 / 1 9 9 9 1999E-4.2 } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o f T T T T = 0 @ ` U K Pacaya (or Fuego)Guatemala? 5 / 2 1 / 1 9 9 9 Guatemala City Intl Airport? 1999E-1..1while landing, no further detailsUnknown x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x v k X X T T = r @ AD X _ PopocatepetlMexico1 1 / 1 9 9 8 1998E-2.3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j b T T T T = 0 @ W ^ PopocatepetlMexico1 1 / 1 9 9 8 1998E-2.2 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j b T T T T = 0 @ V ] PopocatepetlMexico1 1 / 1 9 9 8 1998E-2.1 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j b T T T T = 0 @ 7 \ PacayaGuatemala5 / 1 9 9 8 1998E-1.1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g \ T T T T = 0 @ @ X RabaulPapua New Guinean/a3 / 1 9 9 5 1994E-3.3 s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s n n \ T T T T B 0@ V RabaulPapua New Guinean/a3 / 1 9 9 5 1994E-3.1 s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s n n \ T T T T B 0@ U ? Sakura-jimaJapann/a1 1 / 1 9 9 4 1994E-2.1 } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o j j c V V T T B 2@ T ? KliuchevskoiRussian/a9 / 1 9 9 4 1994E-1.1 } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q l l d V V T T B 2@ < b j e c E R E P a T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T , @ < b j e c E R E P a T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T , @ < 2002-01MicronesiaUnknownIndonesia2 0 0 2 Micronesia } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } r i ] ] T , = P LVAL ? 3 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 T ` u ; lF@@u ( L n T 9 9 6 3 3 2 T T
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, m '
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2
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bjbjVV 4 < < | | . 4 b J y y y y y y y @ep
y 0 . y N N y N y D " y W " . N | : 1986-01
On March 29, a DC-10 on descent into Anchorage flew through a cloud of disseminated ash, causing minor damage to engine parts and light frosting of its windshield.
Sources: Yount and others, 1987; SEAN 1986 (11:03)
SEAN 1986 (11:03)
A series of powerful explosions 27-31 March sent eruptions clouds into the stratosphere.international air traffic was disrupted.
On 29 and 30 March, a continuous eruptive plume with varying ash content rose to elevations of 3-4.5 km; eruptive events with high ash columns were less frequent than on 27 March.
On 29 March, a DC-10 suffered significant abrasion of windshield and turbine parts while descending to Anchorage airport in near visibility conditions caused by ash in the atmosphere.
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d r discharge, blue
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d r -l % 2
d r green light over 4 2
d r Vietnam. Ground inspection
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d r rev 7 2
d r ealed no significant damage, @ 2
# d r and aircraft continued in service.
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91-05 in Casadevall and others, 1996
No. Date Time Location Lat. Long. Alt Aircraft Comments
UTC
91-056/15/911547Over Vietnam on route from Hong Kong to Singapore; in Bangkok FIR.1300'10800'uk747-SPAsh and sulfur odor, electrostatic discharge, blue-green light over Vietnam. Ground inspection revealed no significant damage, and aircraft continued in service.
uk = unknown
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91-116/15/911730Approx. 1,050 km from volcano; between way points SUKAR and CAVOI, 120 nautical miles from CAVOI.1515'11030'29,000DC-10 series 40Flight from Kuala Lumpur to Tokyo; crew observed a discharge phenomena on windshield for 25 min. Ground inspection at Narita revealed no damage. Encounters 3 91991-05) and 11 (1991-07) involved same aircraft.
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& hd rash. There was no abnormal indication A 2
$ hd rin the cockpit. The crew observed a
D 2
& hd rgreen echo, which seemed to be ash on
2
hd rweather
2
hd r : 2
hd rradar, but it disappeared when
@ 2
# hd rthey were clear of the ash. Flight o
J 2
* hd rattendants reported thin (whitish) fog in G 2
)( hd rthe cabin, most dense in the upper decLVAL k C 2
8% hd rcompartment, followed by the forward c
@ 2
H# hd rcabin. The flight was continued to d : 2
W hd rTokyo, where engine inspection
2
f hd rreve ; 2
f hd raled that all four engines were ; 2
u hd rdamaged and were replaced. First
2
uM hd r- A 2
$ hd rstage nozzle guide vane cooling air 2
hd rholes were 70
2
hd r- ( 2
hd r80% blocked. Other s
: 2
hd rdamage occurred to the cockpit t C 2
% hd rwindows, cabin windows, Pitot static
I 2
) hd rprobes, landing light covers, navigation 2
hd rlights, and a , 2
hd rll leading edge areas.
2
I hd r ' - - -
2
u - - h LVAL y C N 1 e N @ X @ U n k n o w n G * T i m e s N e w R o m a n 5 S y m b o l 3. * A r i a l ;. * H e l v e t i c a A B C a m b r i a M a t h " A h b:d: M M ! r4 2 HX ? G6 2 ! x x 1 9 9 1 - g u f f a n t i g u f f a n t i [ r P L . " % % % T T I lF@@ L n P ( 1 T T I V lF@@ C L n P em1 T T Z I lF@@ L n P 1 % % ( v . C o m p O b j y O l e P r e s 0 0 0 L W o r d D o c u m e n t B > A c c e s s O b j S i t e D a t a & 8 B ZL -& & " WMFC Ҩ 4 47 l
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! $ % & ' 6 * . 3 4 5 1 P r o p D a t a ] P r o p D a t a
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-
! " # $ \ & ' ( ) . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N P Q R S T U V W X BECABECA41"
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&H00000001={3832D640-CF90-11CF-8E43-00A0C911005A};VBE;&H00000000
00
ͬ [ &UAbɏMb Detail m . Order d / Label1 m 0 I K ` [ g[$aBV9C u r r e n c y 6VL룒z g[$aBV9$ U S T o d a y ϭ>+D } 3 g[$aBV9C o s t T y p e 6. B۪6 g[$aBV9D a m a g e R e p o r t 77F"o1Q' g[$aBV9E N C D u r a t i o n YFwBe6* B g[$aBV9V L A T Z.K
"b g[$aBV9V L O N G ~PՅBԖ g[$aBV9E r u p t T i m e l o c a l /2*CSE g[$aBV9E r u p t T i m e U T C OJMrO s? g[$aBV9D e l t a D i s t k m _ DBLҩ@ g[$aBV9D e l t a T i m e h r 6zuDeh6NKW g[$aBV9M o r e E r u p t i o n I n f o 1 l LXD g[$aBV9M o r e E r u p t i o n I n f o o(Gtdǘ g[$aBV9I m a g e s yxo_13'L#SK g[$aBV9W a r n i n g s xK;8NTd 5U`x ax bc L a b e l 1
O r d e r dFC\m 7UF`ab efk I n c i d e n t # I n c i d e n t # I n c i d e n t _ _ Hc!5bMy}d 5U`x ab9c L a b e l 3 I n c i d e n t # Ԙ~ @M< #m 7UF`aHb ek E N C S e v e r i t y E N C S e v e r i t y E N C _ S e v e r i t y ploJ}.v&d 5U`x aHbc L a b e l 5 E N C S e v e r i t y oCBig;Plm 7UF`ab ek E N C D a t e E N C D a t e E N C _ D a t e E6J7u얍d 5U`x abc L a b e l 7 E N C D a t e 7W+Gl֘Mym 7UF`ab ek E N C L o c a t i o n E N C L o c a t i o n E N C _ L o c a t i o n @Cc6fd 5U`x abc L a b e l 9 E N C L o c a t i o n
_#l MG'Tm 7UF`ab eUk V o l c a n o V o l c a n o QW aF<#d 5U`x abvc L a b e l 1 1 V o l c a n o e=m 7UF`aXb eVk F l i g h t R o u t e F l i g h t R o u t e F l i g h t _ R o u t e 'myN>% d 5U`x aXbc L a b e l 2 5 F l i g h t R o u t e ^0 7I& jE!m 7UF`ab eWk
E N C L a t E N C L a t E N C _ L a t '98K|+wUd 5U`x abc L a b e l 2 7 E N C L a t N-@F|n? m 7UF`a(b ek E N C L o n g E N C L o n g E N C _ L o n g ;q t@f d 5U`x a(bc L a b e l 2 9 E N C L o n g )
qFL$$!m 7UF`ab eIk R p r t d E N C T i m e R p r t d E N C T i m e R p r t d _ E N C _ T i m e FD}sQd 5U`x abc L a b e l 3 1 R p r t d E N C K ` [ T i m e %f]Hmlm 7UF`ab euk T i m e U n i t T i m e U n i t T i m e _ U n i t ^lNP d 5U`x abc L a b e l 3 3 T i m e U n i t
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k R p r t d E N C A l t R p r t d E N C A l t R p r t d _ E N C _ A l t շaG'C1d 5U`x ab)c L a b e l 3 7 R p r t d E N C A l t pHD`ym 7UF`a0b ek A l t U n i t A l t U n i t A l t _ U n i t BamTIs;d 5U`x a0bXc L a b e l 3 9 A l t U n i t ȨTAumm 7UF`a b eGk A l t k m A l t k m A l t _ k m ]a[D"sd 5U`x a bc L a b e l 4 1 A l t k m /DœNCV( $m 7UF`a b eGk A i r c r a f t T y p e A i r c r a f t T y p e A i r c r a f t _ T y p e }!eG*d 5U`x a bc L a b e l 4 3 A i r c r a f t T y p e wkmC&洙m 7UF`ah b eek E n g i n e T y p e E n g i n e T y p e E n g i n e _ T y p e *+AfGBnǧd 5U`x ah bc L a b e l 4 5 E n g i n e T y p e r>NE3m 7UF`a b e*k # C r e w A b o a r d # C r e w A b o a r d C t l _ _ C r e w _ A b o a r d k>4NxREd 5U`x a bc L a b e l 4 7 # C r e w A b o a r d
"W@2t#m 7UF`a8"b ek &# P a s s e n g e r s A b o a r d &# P a s s e n g e r s A b o a r d ,C t l _ _ P a s s e n g e r s _ A b o a r d VoȬDZ Dd 5U`x a8"bcc L a b e l 4 9 &# P a s s e n g e r s A b o a r d R&3N,sOm 7UF`a#b ek # P e o p l e A b o a r d # P e o p l e A b o a r d $C t l _ _ P e o p l e _ A b o a r d >/yJQs9,d 5U`x a#b
c L a b e l 5 1 # P e o p l e A b o a r d iOu)D Im 7UF`a%ek O r i g C o s t O r i g C o s t
F i x e d O r i g _ C o s t ugCGS@a@d 5U`x a%bc L a b e l 5 3 O r i g C o s t ɨzƥK x{3m 7UF`ap&b eWk C u r r e n c y C u r r e n c y yy|DL kЕd 5U`x ap&bc L a b e l 5 5 C u r r e n c y rG
AKՕ}m 7UF`a'ek $ U S T o d a y $ U S T o d a y *$ # , # # 0 . 0 0 ; ( $ # , # # 0 . 0 0 ) C t l _ U S _ T o d a y gA
H&Y !#d 5U`x a'bWc L a b e l 5 7 $ U S T o d a y p.OIw m 7UF`a@)b ek C o s t T y p e C o s t T y p e C o s t _ T y p e ]~B
F߮#d 5U`x a@)b*c L a b e l 5 9 C o s t T y p e %{G@E{~l 5U`a*e9i D a m a g e R e p o r t D a m a g e R e p o r t D a m a g e _ R e p o r t mBM_K$]gd 5U`x a*bc L a b e l 6 1 D a m a g e R e p o r t 09DĿEH@CAm 7UF`a`6b ek E N C D u r a t i o n E N C D u r a t i o n E N C _ D u r a t i o n qMGOd 5U`x a`6b c L a b e l 6 3 E N C D u r a t i o n 0 J"J a,%4m 7UF`a7b euk V L A T V L A T
髽@^B,лd 5U`x a7bc L a b e l 6 5 V L A T @O#^A%gg;m 7UF`a09b ek!
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V L O N G "hBPɞd 5U`x a09b:c L a b e l 6 7
V L O N G d]HxLK~ym 7UF`a:k" E r u p t T i m e l o c a l E r u p t T i m e l o c a l S h o r t T i m e E r u p t _ T i m e _ l o c a l zت 3C |d 5U`x a:bc L a b e l 6 9 E r u p t T i m e l o c a l @[%CJCLm 7UF`a ek% D e l t a T i m e h r D e l t a T i m e h r
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! # $ % & ' 8 * . " - / 7 + A c e s s V B A D a t a + F o r m s 0S 6NW?~ 0 V V B l o b
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6 a % (
" ! R p @ "H e l v e t i c a RO`2 x d $O`2 x v.1x . 'w.1 X ;. * H e l v e t c a b(.1 L 9'1 z%1 . dv % % % LVAL T X t ; lF@@ * L P 9 1 . . T T u ; lF@@u * L P - T X @ u lF@@ L P 0 8 . / T T v @ lF@@v L P . " ! % % % T x ; lF@@ * L \ 6 / 1 5 / 9 1 . . . . / T T ; lF@@ * L P . " ! I % % % T X A ; lF@@ * L I P u k . * T T B H ; lF@@B * L I P . " ! U u % % % T ; lF@@ *
L U u h < 2 0 0 k m f r o m 0 . / . * G - G T @ lF@@ L U u d v o l c a n o ; o n ) / * . . . . . T lF@@ L U u d a p p r o a c h t o . . . / . * . . T Z lF@@ I L U u d M a n i l a f r o m E . / . - G T p _ lF@@ L U u X s o u t h . * . . . T T _ lF@@ L U u P . " ! % % % T X ; lF@@ * L P u k . * T T ; lF@@ * L P . " ! X % % % T X Q ; lF@@ * L X P u k . & jWMFC H H/ * T T R W ; lF@@R * L X P . " ! e % % % T X k ; lF@@k * L e P u k . * T T ; lF@@ * L e P . " ! % % % T X ; lF@@ * L P D C < < T T ; lF@@ * L P - T ` @ lF@@ L T 1 0 . . T x lF@@ L \ s e r i e s * . . * T X z Z lF@@ I L P 3 0 . / T T { Z lF@@{ I L P . " ! [ % % % T \ c ; lF@@c * - L [ F l i g h t f r o m S y d n e y t o M a n i l a e n c o u n t e r e d a s h 3 / . . G 8 ' / . 0 ( / E / . . . . * / . . . . . . * / T ` c @ 5 lF@@c . L [ o n a p p r o a c h t o M a n i l a f r o m s o u t h . E LVAL n g i n e s s e t . . / . . . . * / . E . / . . F * . . . 7 / . / . * * . T c lF@@c L [ t a t l o w p o w e r b u t f o . / ; / / ; . / . . T lF@@ L [ u n d t o c o n t a i n " l o t s o f a s h " . / . . + . . / . . * . . * . T l b C Z lF@@c I 0 L [ w h e n i n s p e c t e d a f t e r l a n d i n g . E x t e r i o r a b r a s i o n < . . . . * / . * . . . . . / . / . 7 * . . / . . * / . T c _ lF@@c ! L [ v i s i b l e , i n c l u d i n g e n g i n e c o w l s . ) * . . . * / . . . / . / . . * / < * T T _
lF@@ L [ P . " % % % T T D 7 lF@@ $ L n P , T T E u 7 lF@@E $ L n P 1 % % % T T ; F lF@@ L n P u . T X G ; lF@@G L n P k + T ; lF@@ L n ` = u n k n o w n 0 . . + . . < / T T ; J lF@@ L n P - T T E lF@@ L n P - % % ( v . "System - - @ "Helvetica - - - 2
u 1991
2
$ u - 2
) u 12
2
9 u @ "Helvetica - - -
2
u 2
/ u 91
2
/ u - 2
/ u 08 ins
2
/ 9 u 2
/ = u Casadevall
2
/ u and others, 2
/ u 1996
2
/ u
2
@ u
2
Q u @ "Helvetica - - - 2
`
u No. Date 2
` D u 2
` J u Time
2
` l u 2
` u u Locat 2
`
u ion 2
` u
2
` u 2
`
u Lat/Long/Alt 2
` u 2
` % u Aircraft
2
` J u
2
` R u 2
` V u Comments
2
` u + 2
m u
2
m J u 2
m M u UTC
2
m o u , u - @ ! qq - - q q s - LVAL ' , u @ "Helvetica - - - 2
u 91
2
u - 2
u 08
2
u ' , K u - - - 2
u K 6/15/91s
2
J u K ' , ] u M - - - 2
N M u ] uk
2
\ M u ] ' , u _ - - - 2
u
_ u <200 km from 2
u _ u volcano; on 2
u _ u approach to 2
u _ u Manila from 2
u _ u south.
2
_ u ' , u - - - 2
u uk
2
u ' , u - - - 2
u uk
2
u ' , u - - - 2
u uk
2
u ' , Gu ! - - - 2
" !u G DC
2
5 !u G - 2
" !u G 10 2
" !u G series s 2
" !u G 30
2
1 !u G ' , ru I - - - O 2
V- Iu r Flight from Sydney to Manila encountered ash P 2
V. Iu r on approach to Manila from south. Engines set ( 2
V Iu r at low power but fo 7 2
Iu r und to contain "lots of ash" S 2
V0 Iu r when inspected after landing. Exterior abrasion = 2
V! Iu r visible, including engine cowls.
2
Iu r ' - - -
2
u 0
2
4 u - - -
2
u u 2
u k 2
u = unknown
2
V u
2
u - - NANI (
B
S ? c p 3 3 ) , - J bjbjT~T~ > 6 6 % 4 A A A A A / T A A
R A A
OOKJEA'@ L -
d R e f e r e n c 2008-080 OkmokUSAJ u l y 2 0 0 8 Kodiak Island2008E-2.1OkmokUSAOkmokUSAunknownKodiak IslandKodiak Island4 | u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u j j j j j j j j j j j j [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I D = = ; 2 w 3 -
d R e f e r e n c 2001-03ISDSoufriere HillsUK, MontserratA 7 / 2 9 / 2 0 0 1 1 6 . 7 2 - 6 2 . 1 8 M i a m i t o S a n J u a n At night over CaribbeannightASRS Database #5197612001E-1.23 1600-058 ? WashingtonY ? Soufriere HillsUK, Montserrat8 ? Soufriere HillsUK, Montserrat8 B727j D (۞At night over CaribbeanB727At night over Caribbean enroute to San Juan PR3 3 B7273 B727 ASRS Database #519761ASRS Database #519761 NASA ASRS Database #519761++++++hh\VVVVTD31/
u c a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a Q @ @ ; 2 y 3
&F?
-
d R e f e r e n c 2001-024 Soufriere HillsUK, MontserratA 7 / 2 9 / 2 0 0 1 1 6 . 7 2 - 6 2 . 1 8 t o S a n J u a n P R 75 mi NW of San Juan, PRnight2001E-1.13 1600-05? B747WashingtonY Soufriere HillsUK, Montserrat? Soufriere HillsUK, MontserratB747B767-400 ' 〞75 mi NW of San Juan, PRB767-40075 mi NW of San Juan PR3 3 B767-4003 B767-400 NASA ASRS Database #519761uukQQE;5555% | r ` ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ N = = ; 2 y 3
& bd - -
d R e f e r e n c 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 S d - -
d R e f e r e n c 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 S -
d R e f e r e n c 2008E-1.6= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 S 1
-
d R e f e r e n c 2008E-1.5= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 S 0
-
d R e f e r e n c 2008-040 ChaitenChileA 5 / 0 7 / 2 0 0 8 4 2 . 8 3 S - 7 1 . 1 7 F a l k l a n d I s l a n d s t o S a n t i a g o Over ArgentinaR. Kruger emails of May 20082008E-1.44 + 1508-04111.5-13~20B727-200Buenos Aires~20ChaitenChile11.5-13~20ChaitenChile11.5-13~20DC-6B727-200B727-200 1Over ArgentinaB727-200Over Argentina4 + 4 + B727-2005 B727-200 R. Kruger emails of May 2008R. Kruger emails of May 2008 R. Kruger emails of May 2008 AAAAA?yoe_ZQJA<3,# y y y y y m a O M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F = = ; 2 y 3
f d - -
d R e f e r e n c 2008E-1. < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 S LVAL
A @%"f n
0
% ^ %
% l
( % : 1991-12
91-08 in Casadevall and others, 1996
No. Date Time Location Lat/Long/Alt Aircraft Comments
UTC
91-086/15/91uk<200 km from volcano; on approach to Manila from south.ukukukDC-10 series 30Flight from Sydney to Manila encountered ash on approach to Manila from south. Engines set at low power but found to contain "lots of ash" when inspected after landing. Exterior abrasion visible, including engine cowls.
uk = unknown
) - . / 0 E H M n ĸvjvjv^O@4h>\ CJ OJ QJ aJ h, hN CJ OJ QJ aJ h
9n hLk CJ OJ QJ aJ h1m CJ OJ QJ aJ h
9n CJ OJ QJ aJ h2 h1m CJ OJ QJ aJ h1m CJ OJ QJ aJ hLk CJ OJ QJ aJ h, hLk CJ OJ QJ aJ h i CJ OJ QJ aJ h^ CJ OJ QJ aJ h:n CJ OJ QJ aJ h, h CJ OJ QJ aJ h, h 5CJ OJ QJ aJ h, h>\ 5CJ OJ QJ aJ . / 0
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4 @
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METAFILEPICT RA B RAD ! & " WMFC UA H H/ l
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n % % R p @ "H e l v e t i c a T 8 RO`2 $O`2 v.1 < 'w.1 X ;. * H e l v e t c a q D X 9'1 z%1 H < dv % % % T d h lF@@ T L n T 1 9 9 1 3 3 3 3 T T h lF@@ T L n P - T X h h lF@@ T L n P 1 2 3 2 T T i h lF@@i T L n P 3 R p @ "H e l v e t i c a T 8 RO`2 $O`2 v.1 \ 'w.1 X ;. * H e l v e t c a b(.1D X 9'1 z%1 H \ dv % % % T T k I lF@@ L n P 1 T X ~ ; lF@@ ( L n P 9 1 3 3 T T ; lF@@ ( L n P - T l d ; lF@@ ( L n X 0 8 i n 3 3 3 T T e ~ ; lF@@e ( L n P T \ ; lF@@ ( L n d C a s a d e v a l l B 3 . 3 3 3 - 3 T ] A ; lF@@] ( L n d a n d o t h e r s , 3 3 3 3 3 3 - T d B ; lF@@B ( L n T 1 9 9 6 3 3 3 2 T T
= ; lF@@
( L n P 1 T T > I lF@@ L n P 1 T T I lF@@ L n P 1 R p @ "H e l v e t i c a LVAL T 8 RO`2 $O`2 v.1 | 'w.1 X ;. * H e l v e t c a b(.1D X 9'1 z%1 H | dv % % % T d lF@@ U
L n h N o . D a t e 6 * 6 * ) T X d lF@@ U L n P T p d lF@@ U L n X T i m e - ? ) T ` d lF@@ U L n T T l d lF@@ U L n X L o c a t * * % * T d lF@@ U
L n h i o n ) * T p J d lF@@ U L n X T T K _ d lF@@K U L n P T ` d lF@@` U
L n h L a t / L o n g / A l t * * * * ) * 2 T X . d lF@@ U L n P T | / d lF@@/ U L n \ A i r c r a f t 2 & * T T L d lF@@ U L n P 1 T T M a d lF@@M U L n P T | b d lF@@b U L n \ C o m m e n t s 6 * ? > * * % T T d lF@@ U L n P ( T h lF@@ L n x T T h lF@@ L n P T p h lF@@ L n X U T C 6 - 6 T T h lF@@ L n P ( ! n
' % L d
`
T ! ? ? % & %
6 a % (
" ! R p @ "H e l v e t i c a RO`2 x d $O`2 x v.1x . 'w.1 X ;. * H e l v e t c a b(.1 L 9'1 z%1 . dv % % % T X t ; lF@@ * L P 9 1 . . T T u ; lF@@u * L P - T X @ u lF@@ L P 0 8 . / T T v @ lF@@v L P . " ! % % % T x ; lF@@ * L \ 6 / 1 5 / 9 1 . . . . / T T ; lF@@ * L P . " ! I % % % T X A ; lF@@ * L LVAL I P u k . * T T B H ; lF@@B * L I P . " ! U u % % % T ; lF@@ *
L U u h < 2 0 0 k m f r o m 0 . / . * G - G T @ lF@@ L U u d v o l c a n o ; o n ) / * . . . . . T lF@@ L U u d a p p r o a c h t o . . . / . * . . T Z lF@@ I L U u d M a n i l a f r o m E . / . - G T p _ lF@@ L U u X s o u t h . * . . . T T _ lF@@ L U u P . " ! % % % T X ; lF@@ * L P u k . * T T ; lF@@ * L P . " ! X % % % T X Q ; lF@@ * L X P u k . & jWMFC H H/ * T T R W ; lF@@R * L X P . " ! e % % % T X k ; lF@@k * L e P u k . * T T ; lF@@ * L e P . " ! % % % T X ; lF@@ * L P D C < < T T ; lF@@ * L P - T ` @ lF@@ L T 1 0 . . T x lF@@ L \ s e r i e s * . . * T X z Z lF@@ I L P 3 0 . / T T { Z lF@@{ I L P . " ! [ % % % T \ c ; lF@@c * - L [ F l i g h t f r o m S y d n e y t o M a n i l a e n c o u n t e r e d a s h 3 / . . G 8 ' / . 0 ( / E / . . . . * / . . . . . . * / T ` c @ 5 lF@@c . L [ o n a p p r o a c h t o M a n i l a f r o m s o u t h . E n g i n e s s e t . . / . . . . * / . E . / . . F * . . . 7 / . / . * * . T c lF@@c L [ t a t l o w p o w e r b u t f o . / ; / / ; . / . . T lF@@ L [ u n d t o c o n t a i n " l o t s o f a s h " . / . . + . . / . . * . . * . T l b C Z lF@@c I 0 L [ w h e n i n s p e c t e d a f t e r l a n d i n g . E x t e r i o r LVAL a b r a s i o n < . . . . * / . * . . . . . / . / . 7 * . . / . . * / . T c _ lF@@c ! L [ v i s i b l e , i n c l u d i n g e n g i n e c o w l s . ) * . . . * / . . . / . / . . * / < * T T _
lF@@ L [ P . " % % % T T D 7 lF@@ $ L n P , T T E u 7 lF@@E $ L n P 1 % % % T T ; F lF@@ L n P u . T X G ; lF@@G L n P k + T ; lF@@ L n ` = u n k n o w n 0 . . + . . < / T T ; J lF@@ L n P - T T E lF@@ L n P - % % ( v . "System - - @ "Helvetica - - - 2
u 1991
2
$ u - 2
) u 12
2
9 u @ "Helvetica - - -
2
u 2
/ u 91
2
/ u - 2
/ u 08 ins
2
/ 9 u 2
/ = u Casadevall
2
/ u and others, 2
/ u 1996
2
/ u
2
@ u
2
Q u @ "Helvetica - - - 2
`
u No. Date 2
` D u 2
` J u Time
2
` l u 2
` u u Locat 2
`
u ion 2
` u
2
` u 2
`
u Lat/Long/Alt 2
` u 2
` % u Aircraft
2
` J u
2
` R u 2
` V u Comments
2
` u + 2
m u
2
m J u 2
m M u UTC
2
m o u , u - @ ! qq - - q q s - ' , u @ "Helvetica - - - 2
u 91
2
u - 2
u 08
2
u ' , K u - - - 2
u K 6/15/91s
2
J u K ' , ] u M - - - 2
N M u ] uk
2
\ M u ] ' , u _ - - - 2
u
_ u <200 km from 2
u _ u volcano; on 2
u _ u approach to 2
u _ u MaLVAL nila from 2
u _ u south.
2
_ u ' , u - - - 2
u uk
2
u ' , u - - - 2
u uk
2
u ' , u - - - 2
u uk
2
u ' , Gu ! - - - 2
" !u G DC
2
5 !u G - 2
" !u G 10 2
" !u G series s 2
" !u G 30
2
1 !u G ' , ru I - - - O 2
V- Iu r Flight from Sydney to Manila encountered ash P 2
V. Iu r on approach to Manila from south. Engines set ( 2
V Iu r at low power but fo 7 2
Iu r und to contain "lots of ash" S 2
V0 Iu r when inspected after landing. Exterior abrasion = 2
V! Iu r visible, including engine cowls.
2
Iu r ' - - -
2
u 0
2
4 u - - -
2
u u 2
u k 2
u = unknown
2
V u
2
u - - T LVAL T L < < P 0 1 3 3 T T Q h g@ \@Q T L < < P 2 R p @ "H e l v e t i c a ;& z H e l v e t c a 8 4 < H 8 08 Ln0P dv % T T k 0 g@ \@ L < < P 1 % T l ; g@ \@ ( L < < X B G V N = H = B T p ! ; g@ \@ ( L < < X 1 9 9 4 ( 3 3 3 3 T x " ? ; g@ \@" ( L < < \ 1 9 : 0 9 ) 3 3 3 2 ' % L d 2 % 8 2 & ! ? ? % ( T T @ o ; g@ \@@ ( L < < P 0 T T > 0 g@ \@ L < < P 1 T | g@ \@ ] L < < E r u p t i v e a c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e d o n t h e a f t e r n o o n o f 3 0 S e p t e m b e r . A s h b u r s t s r o s e 3 k m a b o v e t h e = 3 3 - 3 3 . - - 3 . 3 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 = 3 3 3 M 3 2 = . 3 3 2 . . 3 . 3 3 . L 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 T h w g@ \@ d Z L < < c r a t e r a n d t h e a s h c o l u m n r e a c h e d a n e s t i m a t e d a l t i t u d e o f 1 0 k m a n d e x t e n d e d S E f o r > 1 0 0 . 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 . 2 . 3 3 L 3 3 3 . 3 3 2 3 3 2 . M 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 / L 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 3 3 = = 2 6 3 3 3 T T z v g@ \@ , L < < k m . L a v a f l o w s o n t h e N W a n d S W s l o p e s o f t h . M 3 3 - 3 3 A . 3 3 3 2 A Y 2 3 2 ; Z . 3 3 3 - 2 3 T \ w z g@ \@w - L < < e v o l c a n o r e m a i n e d a c t i v e , a n d m u d f l o w s w e r e 3 - 3 . 3 3 3 3 M 3 3 3 3 3 - - 3 3 3 3 M 3 2 3 A . A 3 3 T g J g@ \@ 7 L < < x n o t e d o n t h e N s l o p e . 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 B . 3 3 3 T X h J g@ \@h 7 L < < P T J g@ \@ 7 L < < x A t 0 6 0 0 o n 1 O c t o b e r g= 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 H - 3 3 3 T \ J g@ \@ 7 ! L < < [ p r e s u m a b l y l o c a l t i m e a n d d a t e ] 2 3 - 3 M 3 3 - 3 . 3 M 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 LVAL T ] Y J g@ \@] 7
L < < h t h e e r u p t i o n . 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 T d M 5 g@ \@ Y L < < e n t e r e d a p a r o x y s m a l s t a g e w i t h l a v a b u r s t s r i s i n g 4 , 5 0 0 m a b o v e t h e c r a t e r r i m . T h e a s h 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 - - . M 3 . 3 4 2 A 3 3 - 3 3 3 . . . 3 3 3 3 3 2 L 3 3 3 - 3 3 2 . 2 3 M 9 3 3 2 . 3 T p g@ \@
L < < c o l u m n w a s e s t i m a t e d a t 1 5 . 3 3 M 3 A 3 . 3 . L 3 3 2 3 3 3 T T q g@ \@q
L < < P - / T l g@ \@
L < < X 2 0 k m 3 2 / L T g@ \@
8 L < < a l t i t u d e a n d e x t e n d e d > 1 0 0 k m S E . P h r e a t i c e x p l o s i o n s 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 - 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 3 . L = = < 3 3 3 . 3 - 3 3 . 3 3 . T h g@ \@ s Z L < < a l o n g t h e m a r g i n o f t h e f l a n k l a v a f l o w s g e n e r a t e d s t e a m c l o u d s > 1 k m h i g h . A v a l a n c h e s o f 3 3 3 4 3 3 M 3 4 2 2 3 2 3 3 . 3 - 3 3 A . 4 3 3 3 2 3 2 . 3 2 M . 3 3 3 . 6 2 . M 3 3 3 = - 3 3 3 . 3 3 . 2 T d * g@ \@ Y L < < i n c a n d e s c e n t b l o c k s w e r e o b s e r v e d d e s c e n d i n g t h e N s l o p e . B e t w e e n 0 9 0 0 a n d 1 1 0 0 , a s h a n d 3 . 3 3 3 3 . . 3 3 3 3 - / - A 3 3 3 3 . 3 - 3 3 3 3 . . 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 B . 3 3 3 = 3 A 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 . 2 3 3 2 T l Y g@ \@ F L < < x l a v a b u r s t s p r o d u c e d 3 - 3 3 3 . . 2 3 3 3 . 3 2 T m 2 Y g@ \@m F L < < d a d a r k , a s h 3 2 3 / 3 . 3 T T 3 Q Y g@ \@3 F L < < P - T
& .WMFC 4 $ R
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g@ \@ L < < d 1 1 k m ( F L 3 0 0 3 3 . M 8 3 3 3 3 T T
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L < < h 3 7 , 0 0 0 f e e t ) . 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 T h g@ \@ U J L < < A 7 4 7 a i r c r a f t r e p o r t e d a n a s h e n c o u n t e r a t 1 1 k m a l t i t u d e , b u t a v o i d e d t h = 3 3 3 3 - 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 . 3 3 3 . 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 . M 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 3 3 T % h g@ \@ U L < < | e c l o u d b y c l i m b i n g t o 43 . 3 3 3 3 - . M 3 3 3 2 T k LVAL # !İe ? a 0 U ^ X - 4 " 8 L w w " : 1993-01
Ash on 10 Jan. 1993 caused some damage to jet aircraft turbines.
Source: BGVN 1993 (18:11)
BGVN 1993 (18:11)
On 10 January 1993, a large explosive eruption lasting 4 hours was accompanied by collapse of the S rim of MacKenney crater, producing a hot avalanche that traveled 3.5 km to the SW, cutting the road between El Caracol and Los Pocitos.. Column collapse produced a nue ardente that traveled 2 km SE to 1,600 m elevation, leaving a deposit just 7-10 cm thick. The color of ash in the 4-km-high eruption column changed from gray to red as it passed through a rain cloud. Ashfall was distributed NW to a depth of 6 cm at a distance of 5 km from the crater. Traces of ash fell in Guatemala City and beyond, causing some damage to jet aircraft turbines.
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J ] ;4Eruptive activity increased on the afternoon of 30 September. Ash bursts rose 3 km above the 2
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+ 2
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bjbjT~T~ 4 6 6 c | | 4 Q J p p p " p p p p =e : p 0 p = * = p = p < p F * = | : 2003-01
At 1745 UTC 8 March 2003, an aircraft reported volcanic ash at FL330 (approximately 10 km altitude) to the Oakland, USA, air traffic control centre. The position was given as within 60 nautical miles (1 LVAL 1994-01
BGVN 1994 (19:09)
Eruptive activity increased on the afternoon of 30 September. Ash bursts rose 3 km above the crater and the ash column reached an estimated altitude of 10 km and extended SE for >100 km. Lava flows on the NW and SW slopes of the volcano remained active, and mudflows were noted on the N slope. At 0600 on 1 October [presumably local time and date] the eruption entered a paroxysmal stage with lava bursts rising 4,500 m above the crater rim. The ash column was estimated at 15-20 km altitude and extended >100 km SE. Phreatic explosions along the margin of the flank lava flows generated steam clouds >1 km high. Avalanches of incandescent blocks were observed descending the N slope. Between 0900 and 1100, ash and lava bursts produced a dark, ash-laden plume rising to a height of 15-18 km and moving ESE. GMS satellite imagery showed ash ~565 km SE moving at ~140 km/hour. By 1400 the dark ash plume reached 15 km altitude. Lava and ash explosions continued from the central crater at 1500, when the ash column rose to 12-14 km above sea level and moved ESE at an altitude of 10-11 km. Pilot reports indicated that the ash was at 9-11 km (FL300-370 = 30,000-37,000 feet). A 747 aircraft reported an ash encounter at 11 km altitude, but avoided the cloud by climbing to ~12 km (FL390).
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8 L < < a l t i t u d e a n d e x t e n d e d > 1 0 0 k m S E . P h r e a t i c e x p l o s i o n s 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 - 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 3 . L = = < 3 3 3 . 3 - 3 3 . 3 3 . T h g@ \@ s Z L < < a l o n g t h e m a r g i n o f t h e f l a n k l a v a f l o w s g e n e r a t e d s t e a m c l o u d s > 1 k m h i g h . A v a l a n c h e s o f 3 3 3 4 3 3 M 3 4 2 2 3 2 3 3 . 3 - 3 3 A . 4 3 3 3 2 3 2 . 3 2 M . 3 3 3 . 6 2 . M 3 3 3 = - 3 3 3 . 3 3 . 2 T d * g@ \@ Y L < < i n c a n d e s c e n t b l o c k s w e r e o b s e r v e d d e s c e n d i n g t h e N s l o p e . B e t w e e n 0 9 0 0 a n d 1 1 0 0 , a s h a n d 3 . 3 3 3 3 . . 3 3 3 3 - / - A 3 3 3 3 . 3 - 3 3 3 3 . . 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 B . 3 3 3 = 3 A 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 . 2 3 3 2 T l Y g@ \@ F L < < x l a v a b u r s t s p r o d u c e d 3 - 3 3 3 . . 2 3 3 3 . 3 2 T m 2 Y g@ \@m F L < < d a d a r k , a s h 3 2 3 / 3 . 3 T T 3 Q Y g@ \@3 F L < < P - T
& .WMFC 4 $ R
Y g@ \@R F $ L < < l a d e n p l u m e r i s i n g t o a h e i g h t o f 1 5 3 3 3 2 3 3 M 3 . 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 2 T T
Y g@ \@
F L < < P - T Y g@ \@ F L < < x 1 8 k m a n d m o v i n g E S E . 3 3 . M 3 3 2 M 3 - 3 3 = = = T d \ 5 g@ \@ Y L < < G M S s a t e l l i t e i LVAL m a g e r y s h o w e d a s h ~ 5 6 5 k m S E m o v i n g a t ~ 1 4 0 k m / h o u r . B y 1 4 0 0 t h e d a r k a s h H K = . 3 3 3 M 2 4 3 - . 2 3 A 3 3 3 . 3 6 3 3 3 . M = < L 3 - 3 4 3 6 3 3 3 . L 3 3 3 < - 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 . 3 . 3 T p , g@ \@ [ L < < p l u m e r e a c h e d 1 5 k m a l t i t u d e . L a v a a n d a s h e x p l o s i o n s c o n t i n u e d f r o m t h e c e n t r a l c r a t e r a t 3 3 M 3 3 2 . 3 3 3 3 2 / L 3 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 2 3 . 3 3 - 3 3 . 3 3 . . 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 L 2 3 . 3 3 3 - 3 2 2 T l / g@ \@ L < < X 1 5 0 0 , 3 3 3 3 T / g@ \@ L < < w h e n t h e a s h c o l u m n r o s e t o 1 2 A 3 3 3 3 2 3 . 3 . 3 2 M 3 3 . 3 3 3 2 T T / 1 g@ \@ L < < P - T 2 / g@ \@2 6 L < < 1 4 k m a b o v e s e a l e v e l a n d m o v e d E S E a t a n a l t i t u d e o f 3 2 / L 3 3 2 - 3 . 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 3 M 3 - 3 3 = = = 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 T X e g@ \@ L < < P 1 0 3 3 T T f g@ \@f L < < P - T g@ \@ 4 L < < 1 1 k m . P i l o t r e p o r t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e a s h w a s a t 9 3 3 . M = 3 3 3 3 . 2 3 . 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 . 3 A 3 . 3 2 T T g@ \@ L < < P - T
g@ \@ L < < d 1 1 k m ( F L 3 0 0 3 3 . M 8 3 3 3 3 T T
g@ \@
L < < P - T
g@ \@
L < < d 3 7 0 = 3 0 , 0 0 0 3 2 3 5 3 3 3 3 2 T T
5
g@ \@
L < < P - T 6
; g@ \@6
L < < h 3 7 , 0 0 0 f e e t ) . 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 T h g@ \@ U J L < < A 7 4 7 a i r c r a f t r e p o r t e d a n a s h e n c o u n t e r a t 1 1 k m a l t i t u d e , b u t a v o i d e d t h = 3 3 3 3 - 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 . 3 3 3 . 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 . M 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 3 3 T % h g@ \@ U L < < | e c l o u d b y c l i m b i n g t o 43 . 3 3 3 3 - . M 3 3 3 2 T k LVAL g@ \@ L < < l ~ 1 2 k m ( F L 3 9 0 ) . 6 3 3 . M 8 3 3 3 3 T T k g@ \@ L < < P 0 T T 0 ; g@ \@ ( L < < P nt1 % 4; . "System - @ "Helvetica - 2
;41994
2
;4- 2
" ;401
2
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+ ;4BGVN )
2
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+ P ;419:09)
- @ ! v - -
2
+ z ;4
2
; ;4 2
J ] ;4Eruptive activity increased on the afternoon of 30 September. Ash bursts rose 3 km above the 2
Y Z ;4crater and the ash column reached an estimated altitude of 10 km and extended SE for >100 M 2
i , ;4km. Lava flows on the NW and SW slopes of th
O 2
i - ;4e volcano remained active, and mudflows were + 2
x ;4noted on the N slope.
2
x ;4 + 2
x ;4At 0600 on 1 October
= 2
x
! ;4[presumably local time and date] 2
x
;4the eruption 2
Y ;4entered a paroxysmal stage with lava bursts rising 4,500 m above the crater rim. The ash
2 2
;4column was estimated at 15
2
;4- 2
;420 km) _ 2
8 ;4 altitude and extended >100 km SE. Phreatic explosions 2
Z ;4along the margin of the flank lava flows generated steam clouds >1 km high. Avalanches of 2
Y ;4incandescent blocks were observed descending the N slope. Between 0900 and 1100, ash and
+ 2
;4lava bursts produced 2
;4a dark, ash
2
;4- A 2
$ ;4laden plume rising to a height of 15
2
;4- , 2
;418 km and moving ESE. 2
Y ;4GMS satelli r Y $W X N Y l F i e l d 0 @ @ LVAL = - 3 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 . 3 3 2 = 3 . . 3 3 . 3 3 2 M 3 3 3 3 2 T / D g@ \@ L <
l p i t o t / e p r t u b e s 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 - T T E / ^ g@ \@E L <
P T ` _ / g@ \@_ L <
T a n d 3 3 3 T T / g@ \@ L <
P T d / g@ \@ L <
T p r e s 2 3 . T / g@ \@ L <
s u r i z a t i o n / e n v i r o n m e n t a l s y s t e m . - 3 - 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 M 3 3 3 - - . 3 M T T / * g@ \@ L <
P 1 T T 0 g@ \@ L <
P 1 T h g@ \@ U L <
l S o u r c e s : L C D R = 3 3 . 3 . 3 B B B T T h g@ \@ U L <
P J - T V h g@ \@ U L <
` . R . S m i t h B = L 3 T W h g@ \@W U L <
l , o r a l c o m m u n . , 2 3 . 2 M M 3 2 T d h g@ \@ U L <
T 1 9 8 9 3 3 3 2 T X h g@ \@ U L <
P ; T
h g@ \@ U
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h D . J . H a r r i g a n B . B 3 4 3 2 T
h g@ \@
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h g@ \@ U L <
T 1 9 9 4 3 3 3 3 T x a
h g@ \@a
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\ ; S E A N = = = B T k g@ \@ L <
d 1 9 8 9 ( 1 4 : 0 8 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 T T k g@ \@ L <
P ) T T k W g@ \@ L <
P P T T X k g@ \@X L <
P 1 T T 0 ; g@ \@ ( L <
P 1 % % % T > g@ \@ L <
h S E A N 1 9 8 9 ( 1 4 : = = = B 3 3 3 3 3 2 T X > g@ \@ L <
P 0 8 3 3 T T > g@ \@ L <
P ) ' % L d ! ? ? % ( T T > K g@ \@ L <
P 1 T T 0 g@ \@ L <
P 1 T X V w g@ \@ d L <
P S t = T @ W
w g@ \@W d S L <
r o n g S t r o m b o l i a n a c t i v i t y f r o m L a V o r a g i n e a n d S o u t h e a s t C r a t e r w a s f o l l o w e d b y a n lLVAL | M i c h a e l D o l a n , p e r s . c o m . , 1 2 / 9 3 ; T h o m a s M u r r a y , p e r s . c o m . , 1 1 / 9 3 @ LVAL te imagery showed ash ~565 km SE moving at ~140 km/hour. By 1400 the dark ash 2
[ ;4plume reached 15 km altitude. Lava and ash explosions continued from the central crater at 2
;41500,) : 2
" ;4 when the ash column rose to 12
2
;4- \ 2
6 ;414 km above sea level and moved ESE at an altitude of 2
;410
2
;4- Y 2
4 ;411 km. Pilot reports indicated that the ash was at 9
2
@ ;4- 2
E ;411 km (FL300
2
;4- 2
;4370 = 30,000
2
;4- 2
;437,000 feet). z 2
J ;4A 747 aircraft reported an ash encounter at 11 km altitude, but avoided th . 2
;4e cloud by climbing to # 2
" ;4~12 km (FL390).
2
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2
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0 9 J ( 0 * * * * * * * r * * * 9 * * * * B B B B B B LVAL 1994-01
BGVN 1994 (19:09)
Eruptive activity increased on the afternoon of 30 September. Ash bursts rose 3 km above the crater and the ash column reached an estimated altitude of 10 km and extended SE for >100 km. Lava flows on the NW and SW slopes of the volcano remained active, and mudflows were noted on the N slope. At 0600 on 1 October [presumably local time and date] the eruption entered a paroxysmal stage with lava bursts rising 4,500 m above the crater rim. The ash column was estimated at 15-20 km altitude and extended >100 km SE. Phreatic explosions along the margin of the flank lava flows generated steam clouds >1 km high. Avalanches of incandescent blocks were observed descending the N slope. Between 0900 and 1100, ash and lava bursts produced a dark, ash-laden plume rising to a height of 15-18 km and moving ESE. GMS satellite imagery showed ash ~565 km SE moving at ~140 km/hour. By 1400 the dark ash plume reached 15 km altitude. Lava and ash explosions continued from the central crater at 1500, when the ash column rose to 12-14 km above sea level and moved ESE at an altitude of 10-11 km. Pilot reports indicated that the ash was at 9-11 km (FL300-370 = 30,000-37,000 feet). A 747 aircraft reported an ash encounter at 11 km altitude, but avoided the cloud by climbing to ~12 km (FL390).
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4 @ H P X guffanti LVAL Normal.dot guffanti 2 Microsoft Office Word @ @ J!@ J! d D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 G LVAL ՜. +,0 h p
U.S. Geological Survey ' ' Title LVAL
METAFILEPICT ~@ #J ~@" =% & " WMFC wI 4 l ; ; }@ " EMF 4 Z (
< < % R p @ "H e l v e t i c a ;& z H e l v e t c a @ H$ \ R e g i s 8 08 Ln0P dv % T d h g@ \@ T L < < T 1 9 9 4 3 3 3 3 T T h g@ \@ T L < < P - T X P h g@ \@ T L < < P 0 1 3 3 T T Q h g@ \@Q T L < < P 2 R p @ "H e l v e t i c a ;& z H e l v e t c a 8 4 < H 8 08 Ln0P dv % T T k 0 g@ \@ L < < P 1 % T l ; g@ \@ ( L < < X B G V N = H = B T p ! ; g@ \@ ( L < < X 1 9 9 4 ( 3 3 3 3 T x " ? ; g@ \@" ( L < < \ 1 9 : 0 9 ) 3 3 3 2 ' % L d 2 % 8 2 & ! ? ? % ( T T @ o ; g@ \@@ ( L < < P 0 T T > 0 g@ \@ L < < P 1 T | g@ \@ ] L < < E r u p t i v e a c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e d o n t h e a f t e r n o o n o f 3 0 S e p t e m b e r . A s h b u r s t s r o s e 3 k m a b o v e t h e = 3 3 - 3 3 . - - 3 . 3 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 = 3 3 3 M 3 2 = . 3 3 2 . . 3 . 3 3 . L 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 T h w g@ \@ d Z L < < c r a t e r a n d t h e a s h c o l u m n r e a c h e d a n e s t i m a t e d a l t i t u d e o f 1 0 k m a n d e x t e n d e d S E f o r > 1 0 0 . 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 . 2 . 3 3 L 3 3 3 . 3 3 2 3 3 2 . M 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 / L 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 3 3 = = 2 6 3 3 3 T T z v g@ \@ , L < < k m . L a v a f l o w s o n t h e N W a n d S W s l o p e s o f t h . M 3 3 - 3 3 A . 3 3 3 2 LVAL A Y 2 3 2 ; Z . 3 3 3 - 2 3 T \ w z g@ \@w - L < < e v o l c a n o r e m a i n e d a c t i v e , a n d m u d f l o w s w e r e 3 - 3 . 3 3 3 3 M 3 3 3 3 3 - - 3 3 3 3 M 3 2 3 A . A 3 3 T g J g@ \@ 7 L < < x n o t e d o n t h e N s l o p e . 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 B . 3 3 3 T X h J g@ \@h 7 L < < P T J g@ \@ 7 L < < x A t 0 6 0 0 o n 1 O c t o b e r g= 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 H - 3 3 3 T \ J g@ \@ 7 ! L < < [ p r e s u m a b l y l o c a l t i m e a n d d a t e ] 2 3 - 3 M 3 3 - 3 . 3 M 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 T ] Y J g@ \@] 7
L < < h t h e e r u p t i o n . 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 T d M 5 g@ \@ Y L < < e n t e r e d a p a r o x y s m a l s t a g e w i t h l a v a b u r s t s r i s i n g 4 , 5 0 0 m a b o v e t h e c r a t e r r i m . T h e a s h 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 - - . M 3 . 3 4 2 A 3 3 - 3 3 3 . . . 3 3 3 3 3 2 L 3 3 3 - 3 3 2 . 2 3 M 9 3 3 2 . 3 T p g@ \@
L < < c o l u m n w a s e s t i m a t e d a t 1 5 . 3 3 M 3 A 3 . 3 . L 3 3 2 3 3 3 T T q g@ \@q
L < < P - / T l g@ \@
L < < X 2 0 k m 3 2 / L T g@ \@
8 L < < a l t i t u d e a n d e x t e n d e d > 1 0 0 k m S E . P h r e a t i c e x p l o s i o n s 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 - 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 3 . L = = < 3 3 3 . 3 - 3 3 . 3 3 . T h g@ \@ s Z L < < a l o n g t h e m a r g i n o f t h e f l a n k l a v a f l o w s g e n e r a t e d s t e a m c l o u d s > 1 k m h i g h . A v a l a n c h e s o f 3 3 3 4 3 3 M 3 4 2 2 3 2 3 3 . 3 - 3 3 A . 4 3 3 3 2 3 2 . 3 2 M . 3 3 3 . 6 2 . M 3 3 3 = - 3 3 3 . 3 3 . 2 T d * g@ \@ Y L < < i n c a n d e s c e n t b l o c k s w e r e o b s e r v e d d e s c e n d i n g t h e N s l o p e . B e t w e e n 0 9 0 0 a n d 1 1 0 0 , a s h a n d 3 . 3 3 3 3 . . 3 3 3 3 - / - A 3 3 3 3 . 3 - 3 3 3 3 . . 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 B . 3 3 3 = 3 A 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 LVAL 3 . 2 3 3 2 T l Y g@ \@ F L < < x l a v a b u r s t s p r o d u c e d 3 - 3 3 3 . . 2 3 3 3 . 3 2 T m 2 Y g@ \@m F L < < d a d a r k , a s h 3 2 3 / 3 . 3 T T 3 Q Y g@ \@3 F L < < P - T
& .WMFC 4 $ R
Y g@ \@R F $ L < < l a d e n p l u m e r i s i n g t o a h e i g h t o f 1 5 3 3 3 2 3 3 M 3 . 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 2 T T
Y g@ \@
F L < < P - T Y g@ \@ F L < < x 1 8 k m a n d m o v i n g E S E . 3 3 . M 3 3 2 M 3 - 3 3 = = = T d \ 5 g@ \@ Y L < < G M S s a t e l l i t e i m a g e r y s h o w e d a s h ~ 5 6 5 k m S E m o v i n g a t ~ 1 4 0 k m / h o u r . B y 1 4 0 0 t h e d a r k a s h H K = . 3 3 3 M 2 4 3 - . 2 3 A 3 3 3 . 3 6 3 3 3 . M = < L 3 - 3 4 3 6 3 3 3 . L 3 3 3 < - 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 . 3 . 3 T p , g@ \@ [ L < < p l u m e r e a c h e d 1 5 k m a l t i t u d e . L a v a a n d a s h e x p l o s i o n s c o n t i n u e d f r o m t h e c e n t r a l c r a t e r a t 3 3 M 3 3 2 . 3 3 3 3 2 / L 3 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 2 3 . 3 3 - 3 3 . 3 3 . . 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 L 2 3 . 3 3 3 - 3 2 2 T l / g@ \@ L < < X 1 5 0 0 , 3 3 3 3 T / g@ \@ L < < w h e n t h e a s h c o l u m n r o s e t o 1 2 A 3 3 3 3 2 3 . 3 . 3 2 M 3 3 . 3 3 3 2 T T / 1 g@ \@ L < < P - T 2 / g@ \@2 6 L < < 1 4 k m a b o v e s e a l e v e l a n d m o v e d E S E a t a n a l t i t u d e o f 3 2 / L 3 3 2 - 3 . 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 3 M 3 - 3 3 = = = 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 T X e g@ \@ L < < P 1 0 3 3 T T f g@ \@f L < < P - T g@ \@ 4 L < < 1 1 k m . P i l o t r e p o r t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e a s h w a s a t 9 3 3 . M = 3 3 3 3 . 2 3 . 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 . 3 A 3 . 3 2 T T g@ \@ L < < P - T
g@ \@ L < < d 1 1 k m ( F L 3 0 0 3 3 . M 8 3 3 3 3 T T
g@ \@ LVAL
L < < P - T
g@ \@
L < < d 3 7 0 = 3 0 , 0 0 0 3 2 3 5 3 3 3 3 2 T T
5
g@ \@
L < < P - T 6
; g@ \@6
L < < h 3 7 , 0 0 0 f e e t ) . 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 T h g@ \@ U J L < < A 7 4 7 a i r c r a f t r e p o r t e d a n a s h e n c o u n t e r a t 1 1 k m a l t i t u d e , b u t a v o i d e d t h = 3 3 3 3 - 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 . 3 3 3 . 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 . M 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 3 3 T % h g@ \@ U L < < | e c l o u d b y c l i m b i n g t o 43 . 3 3 3 3 - . M 3 3 3 2 T k g@ \@ L < < l ~ 1 2 k m ( F L 3 9 0 ) . 6 3 3 . M 8 3 3 3 3 T T k g@ \@ L < < P 0 T T 0 ; g@ \@ ( L < < P nt1 % 4; . "System - @ "Helvetica - 2
;41994
2
;4- 2
" ;401
2
1 ;4 @ "Helvetica -
2
;4 - 2
+ ;4BGVN )
2
+ * ;41994 ( 2
+ P ;419:09)
- @ ! v - -
2
+ z ;4
2
; ;4 2
J ] ;4Eruptive activity increased on the afternoon of 30 September. Ash bursts rose 3 km above the 2
Y Z ;4crater and the ash column reached an estimated altitude of 10 km and extended SE for >100 M 2
i , ;4km. Lava flows on the NW and SW slopes of th
O 2
i - ;4e volcano remained active, and mudflows were + 2
x ;4noted on the N slope.
2
x ;4 + 2
x ;4At 0600 on 1 October
= 2
x
! ;4[presumably local time and date] 2
x
;4the eruption 2
Y ;4entered a paroxysmal stage with lava bursts rising 4,500 m above the crater rim. The ash
2 2
;4column was estimated at 15
2
;4- 2
;420 km) _ 2
8 ;4 altitLVAL ude and extended >100 km SE. Phreatic explosions 2
Z ;4along the margin of the flank lava flows generated steam clouds >1 km high. Avalanches of 2
Y ;4incandescent blocks were observed descending the N slope. Between 0900 and 1100, ash and
+ 2
;4lava bursts produced 2
;4a dark, ash
2
;4- A 2
$ ;4laden plume rising to a height of 15
2
;4- , 2
;418 km and moving ESE. 2
Y ;4GMS satellite imagery showed ash ~565 km SE moving at ~140 km/hour. By 1400 the dark ash 2
[ ;4plume reached 15 km altitude. Lava and ash explosions continued from the central crater at 2
;41500,) : 2
" ;4 when the ash column rose to 12
2
;4- \ 2
6 ;414 km above sea level and moved ESE at an altitude of 2
;410
2
;4- Y 2
4 ;411 km. Pilot reports indicated that the ash was at 9
2
@ ;4- 2
E ;411 km (FL300
2
;4- 2
;4370 = 30,000
2
;4- 2
;437,000 feet). z 2
J ;4A 747 aircraft reported an ash encounter at 11 km altitude, but avoided th . 2
;4e cloud by climbing to # 2
" ;4~12 km (FL390).
2
"g ;4
2
1 ;4 - ޭ LVAL ՜. +,0 h p
U.S. Geological Survey ' ' Title LVAL
METAFILEPICT ~@ #J ~@" =% & " WMFC wI 4 l ; ; }@ " EMF 4 Z (
< < % R p @ "H e l v e t i c a ;& z H e l v e t c a @ H$ \ R e g i s 8 08 Ln0P dv % T d h g@ \@ T L < < T 1 9 9 4 3 3 3 3 T T h g@ \@ T L < < P - T X P h g@ \@ T L < < P 0 1 3 3 T T Q h g@ \@Q T L < < P 2 R p @ "H e l v e t i c a ;& z H e l v e t c a 8 4 < H 8 08 Ln0P dv % T T k 0 g@ \@ L < < P 1 % T l ; g@ \@ ( L < < X B G V N = H = B T p ! ; g@ \@ ( L < < X 1 9 9 4 ( 3 3 3 3 T x " ? ; g@ \@" ( L < < \ 1 9 : 0 9 ) 3 3 3 2 ' % L d 2 % 8 2 & ! ? ? % ( T T @ o ; g@ \@@ ( L < < P 0 T T > 0 g@ \@ L < < P 1 T | g@ \@ ] L < < E r u p t i v e a c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e d o n t h e a f t e r n o o n o f 3 0 S e p t e m b e r . A s h b u r s t s r o s e 3 k m a b o v e t h e = 3 3 - 3 3 . - - 3 . 3 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 = 3 3 3 M 3 2 = . 3 3 2 . . 3 . 3 3 . L 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 T h w g@ \@ d Z L < < c r a t e r a n d t h e a s h c o l u m n r e a c h e d a n e s t i m a t e d a l t i t u d e o f 1 0 k m a n d e x t e n d e d S E f o r > 1 0 0 . 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 . 2 . 3 3 L 3 3 3 . 3 3 2 3 3 2 . M 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 / L 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 3 3 = = 2 6 3 3 3 T T z v g@ \@ , L < < k m . L a v a f l o w s o n t h e N W a n d S W s l o p e s o f t h . M 3 3 - 3 3 A . 3 3 3 2 LVALs - Document Word.Document.8 Word.Document.8 v ࡱ >
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No. Date Time Location Lat. Long. Alt (ft) Aircraft Comments
UTC
91-03 6/12/911630Approx. 1,0 LVAL 00 km from volcano; between way points ADPIM and LAVEN.1110'11210'33,000DC-10 series 40Flight from Kuala Lumpur to Tokyo; crew observed a discharge phenomena on windshield for 20 min. Ground inspection at Narita revealed no damage. Encounters 3 (1991-05) and 11 (1991-07) involved same aircraft.
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s W mextended from top of mountain (approximately 11,000' MSL) on angle up to approximately
G 2
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8 mmained at 15,000' and flew under plume of smoke on east
2
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m 2
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DC-6 flew through an ash cloud from Irazu and was forced to land in Panama. This plane had problems with its windows and engines.
Source: Barquero 1994
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No. Date Time Location Lat. Long. Alt (ft) Aircraft Comments
UTC
91-016/12/910420170 km from volcano; 60 nautical miles from LUBANG along air route B460.1400'11930'37,000747-300During a 3-min encounter with volcanic ash, crew experienced thin haze inside aircraft that smelled like a burning electrical wire. Aircraft landed safely at Manila Airport. Aircraft and engines were inspected and serviced at Manila in accordance with recommended procedures. When aircraft attempted to depart, its four engines had a strong vibration, and aircraft was grounded at Manila for detailed maintenance [including for other known problems likely unrelated to ash, per D. Hyde, written commun., 2010].
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lF@@ L < X S o , a $ = 3 3 T
> lF@@
L < ` t l e a s t 2 3 3 . 3 T > lF@@ L < p i n c i d e n t s o c c u r r e d 3 . 3 3 3 - 3 . . 2 3 2 T T > lF@@ L < P F T 0 lF@@ L < h ( o t h e r i s 1 9 9 9 3 3 2 . 3 3 3 2 T T 1 O lF@@1 L < P - _ T T P lF@@P L < P 0 . 3 T T lF@@ L < P 4 ( 3 T T lF@@ L < P ) 8 T T lF@@ L < P . k T T lF@@ L < P I 1 % % T n . "System - - @ "Helvetica - - - 2
mT 1999
2
mT -= 2
% mT 05
2
5 mT = @ "Helvetica - - -
2
mT = & 2
/ mT This incident is l 5 2
/ h mT isted as one of 1+ Pichincha
2
/ mT -= U 2
/ $1 mT related encounter encounters on 12/99 in Table 3a
2
/ k mT = % 2
@ mT of Appendix G in l
2
@ p mT 200
2
@ mT 7=
2
@ mT = F 2
@ ' mT ICAO Manual. No further information.
2
@ mT So, a 2
@
mT t least 2 & 2
@ mT incidents occurred
2
@ a mT = 2
Q mT (other is 1999
2
Q Y mT -=
2
Q ^ mT 0=
2
Q f mT 4=
2
Q n mT )=
2
Q s mT .=
2
Q w mT = - - NANI ՜. +,0 h p
U.S. Geological Survey ' Title LVAL bjbjT~T~ > 6 6 | | Q 4 ' J H H H
H H H H Fe
H ! 0 Q H q 4 q H q H H : Q q | : 1999-05
This incident is listed as one of 1+ Pichincha-related encounter encounters on 12/99 in Table 3a of Appendix G in 2007 ICAO Manual. No further information. So, at least 2 incidents occurred (other is 1999-04).
i { ~ иĩđ h CJ OJ QJ aJ h" CJ OJ QJ aJ hY_ CJ OJ QJ aJ hg N hj CJ OJ QJ aJ hmE CJ OJ QJ aJ h|Rh CJ OJ QJ aJ hg N hQ CJ OJ QJ aJ hg N hQ 5CJ OJ QJ aJ hg N he 5CJ OJ QJ aJ < P 1h:p
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U.S. Geological Survey Title LVAL
METAFILEPICT ~@ I ~@ & zWMFC n& X X l ; ~@ EMF X 1 P @ 1 ,
< % % R p @ "H e l v e t i c a T 8 RO`2 $O`2 v.1 'w.1" X ;. * H e l v e t c a d D X 9'1 z%1 H dv % % % T d h lF@@ T L < T 1 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 T T h lF@@ T L < P - 9 T X O h lF@@ T L < P 0 5 3 2 T T P h lF@@P T L < P F 3 R p @ "H e l v e t i c a T 8 RO`2 $O`2 v.1
'w.1" X ;. * H e l v e t c a b(.1D X 9'1 z%1 H
dv % % % T T k 0 lF@@ L < P K 1 T ; lF@@ ( L < p T h i s i n c i d e n t i s l 9 3 . 3 . 3 3 3 . T ; lF@@ ( L < i s t e d a s o n e o f 1 + P i c h i n c h a . 3 2 3 . 3 3 3 2 3 5 = . 3 3 . 3 3 T T
( ; lF@@
( L < P - U T t ) . ; lF@@) ( 1 L < r e l a t e d e n c o u n t e r e n c o u n t e r s o n 1 2 / 9 9 i n T a b l e 3 a U 3 3 3 3 3 3 . 3 3 3 2 3 2 . 3 3 3 2 - 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 9 3 3 2 3 3 T T / ; ; lF@@/ ( L < P F T > lF@@ L < p o f A p p e n d i x G i n - 2 = 3 3 3 3 3 - G 3 T ` > X lF@@ L < T 2 0 0 F 3 3 3 T T Y > lF@@Y L < P 7 ` 3 T T > lF@@ L < P J T 8 > lF@@ ' L < I C A O M a n u a l . N o f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n . . B = H K 3 3 3 3 B 3 3 3 3 2 3 M 3 3 2 LVAL T l >
lF@@ L < X S o , a $ = 3 3 T
> lF@@
L < ` t l e a s t 2 3 3 . 3 T > lF@@ L < p i n c i d e n t s o c c u r r e d 3 . 3 3 3 - 3 . . 2 3 2 T T > lF@@ L < P F T 0 lF@@ L < h ( o t h e r i s 1 9 9 9 3 3 2 . 3 3 3 2 T T 1 O lF@@1 L < P - _ T T P lF@@P L < P 0 . 3 T T lF@@ L < P 4 ( 3 T T lF@@ L < P ) 8 T T lF@@ L < P . k T T lF@@ L < P I 1 % % T n . "System - - @ "Helvetica - - - 2
mT 1999
2
mT -= 2
% mT 05
2
5 mT = @ "Helvetica - - -
2
mT = & 2
/ mT This incident is l 5 2
/ h mT isted as one of 1+ Pichincha
2
/ mT -= U 2
/ $1 mT related encounter encounters on 12/99 in Table 3a
2
/ k mT = % 2
@ mT of Appendix G in l
2
@ p mT 200
2
@ mT 7=
2
@ mT = F 2
@ ' mT ICAO Manual. No further information.
2
@ mT So, a 2
@
mT t least 2 & 2
@ mT incidents occurred
2
@ a mT = 2
Q mT (other is 1999
2
Q Y mT -=
2
Q ^ mT 0=
2
Q f mT 4=
2
Q n mT )=
2
Q s mT .=
2
Q w mT = - - S LVALq - Document Word.Document.8 Word.Document.8 r ࡱ >
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lF@@
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@ @ U n k n o w n G * T i m e s N e w R o m a n 5 LVAL and its landing gear down. Around this point in their descent, pilots saw bright d
2
N e m]yellow sparks through the windshield lasting a few seconds, a display unlike static electricity, but
V 2
_ 2 m]rather like that from a grinding wheel. This occur
S 2
_80 m]red again at 2,500 m (8,200 feet) altitude, but - - - > 2
p " m]was more intense yet intermittent.
2
p m] H
2
p m][H @ "Helvetica - - -
2
p m]PH
2
p m]acaya ash - - -
2
p/ m]]H
2
p3 m] H
2
m] H % 2
m]At this time, air
2
a m]-H 2
e S m]traffic control announced to the pilots that the aircraft landing in front of them " 2
m][encounter 1999
2
j m]-H J 2
n * m]01] had encountered volcanic particulate; A 2
|$ m]they instructed the pilots to abort 2
Z m]their landing and climb to 3,350 m (11,000 feet) altitude. Discussions of options and ash F 2
' m]avoidance ensued between pilots and air
2
m]-H [ 2
5 m]traffic control; ash had by this time accumulated on
C 2
% m]the runway, further complicating landi
_ 2
8 m]ing, even for approaches in the opposite direction. The 2
_ m]pilots retracted the landing gear, accelerated to ~410 km/hour (~250 mph), began to climb, and a 8 2
m]after some discussion with air
2
m]-H j 2
? m]traffic control, held on a course NE of the airport. They were
2
m]subsequentl 2
O R m]y cleared to climb to 6,700 m (22,000 feet) altitude and advised to proceed to an LVAL L s [ P - T # v : lF@@# L s [ m i n e n c o u n t e r w i t h v o l c a n i c G . . . * . . . . < . ) / * . / * T 8 : 1 lF@@ ' L s [ a s h , c r e w e x p e r i e n c e d t h i n h a z e i n s i d e . * . * / ; . * / . . . * / . . / . / ) . . * / . T 6
lF@@ L s [ ` a i r c r a f t . * . T
6 { lF@@
L s [ t h a t s m e l l e d l i k e a b u r n i n g . . * G . . . + . . / . . / . T P + lF@@ + L s [ e l e c t r i c a l w i r e . A i r c r a f t l a n d e d s a f e l y a t . . * * / < . 7 * . . / / . . * . . ( . T , Q lF@@ @ % L s [ M a n i l a A i r p o r t . A i r c r a f t a n d e n g i n e s E . / . 8 . . 8 * . . . . . . / . . * T 0 V ' lF@@ & L s [ w e r e i n s p e c t e d a n d s e r v i c e d a t M a n i l a < . . . * . . * / . . / . * . * * / . . E . / . T { lF@@ L s [ i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h r e c o m m e n d e d . . * * . / . . * . < . . + . F E . . . / . T 8 B p lF@@ _ ' L s [ p r o c e d u r e s . W h e n a i r c r a f t a t t e m p t e d t o . . * . . . . * R . . . . * . . . G . . . . T 0 u lF@@ & L s [ d e p a r t , i t s f o u r e n g i n e s h a d a s t r o n g . . . . * . . / . . . . * / . / . * . . . T X 0 lF@@ L s [ P v i ) T 0 ' 0 lF@@ & L s [ b r a t i o n , a n d a i r c r a f t w a s g r o u n d e d a t . . . . . . / . * . ; . * / . . . / . . / T 5 # lF@@ L s [ M a n i l a f o r d e t a i l e d m a i n t e n a n c e E . / . . . . / . . G . . / / . . * . T T $ 5 ; lF@@$ L s [ P T $ lF@@ $ L s [ [ i n c l u d i n g f o r o t h e r k n o w n p r o b l e m s . * . . . . . . . . + . . < . / . . . G * T $ O lF@@ > $ L s [ l i k e l y u n r e l LVAL ( 2
m]alternate airfield.
2
l m] H
2
* m] H ^ 2
: 7 m]During the climb, at ~5,800 m (19,000 feet) altitude en
2
:] m]-H O 2
:b- m]route to the alternate airport, the aircraft u - - - U 2
K 1 m]encountered volcanic particulate for 10 minutes [u - - - 2
K: m]likely from
2
K m]FH % 2
K m]uego rather than d
2
K m]PH 2
K m]acayal - - - 2
K( m]]. Within 2
\ b m]that interval the plane spent 2 minutes during ascent engulfed in denser and heavier particulate. 2
m _ m]During that period, window arcing was constant and the beam of their landing lights revealed a
( 2
~ m]conspicuous cloud o w 2
~ H m]f reflecting particles. During ash ingestion the engines's speed lacked 2
c m]noticeable fluctuations. The aircraft exited the plume at about 6,100 m (20,000 feet) altitude and L 2
+ m]landed without encountering additional ash.
2
m] H
2
m] H G 2
( m]Upon landing, the pilots noticed reduced
2
m] H M 2
, m]visibility through abraded windshields. Post
2
m]-H 2
# m]flight 2
\ m]examination of the airplane revealed heavy damage, requiring the replacement of the engines
> 2
" m](US $2 million each) and auxiliary
2
m]-H 2
m]powert
2
m]-H \ 2
6 m]unit engine. (Note, however, that no deterioration in # 2
m]engine power or z 2
m J m]performance was noticed during the flight.) Other replaced parts included
LVAL a t e d t o a s h , p e r D . H y d e + . ( . . / . . . . . * . . . < = ( / . T X O lF@@ > L s [ P , T T lF@@ L s [ p w r i t t e n c o m m u n . , ; . / * . F G . . T l T lF@@ L s [ X 2 0 1 0 ] . . . . T T T lF@@ L s [ P . T T
T -
lF@@
L s [ P . " % % % T T I , lF@@ L n P 1 T T / 1 lF@@ L n P , T T 2 / b lF@@2 L n P 1 % % ( _v . "System - - @ "Helvetica - - - 2
u`1991
2
$ u`-l 2
) u`04
2
9 u` l @ "Helvetica - - -
2
u` l 2
/ u`91
2
/ u`-l 2
/ u`01 in 2
/ =
u`Casadevall
2
/ u` l 2
/
u`and others, 1 2
/ u`996
2
/ u` l - - -
2
@ u` l @ "Helvetica - - - 2
O u`No. 2
O u` " 2
O ! u`Date Time
2
O l u` # 2
O r u`Location 2
O u` 2
O u` 2
O u`Lat 2
O u`. 2
O u` 2
O u`Long 2
O u`.
2
O u` l
2
O u` l 2
O !
u`Alt (ft)
2
O G u` l
2
O J u` l 2
O N u`Aircraft
2
O s u` l
2
O u` l 2
O u`Comments
2
O u` l , 2
] u` 2
] M u`UTC
2
] o u` l , `u - @ ! qa - - a a s - ' , ; d @ "Helvetica - - - 2
q d ;91
2
q d ;-l 2
d ;01
2
d ; l ' , ;J d - - - 2
q d J ;6/12/91s
2
q I d J ; l ' , ;k d L - - - 2
q M L d k ;0420
2
q j L d k ; l ' , ; d m - - - 2
q n m d ;170 km from 2
n m d ;volcano; 60 " 2
n m d ;nautical miles 2
n m d ;from 9 2
n m d ;LUBANG s
2
n
m d ;along LVAL air 2
n m d ;route B460.l
2
m d ; l ' , ; d - - - 2
q d ;1400'
2
q d ; l ' , ; d - - - 2
q d ;11930's
2
q d ; l ' , ;Jd - - - 2
q ! d J;37,000
2
q I d J; l ' , ;jd L - - - 2
q M Ld j;747
2
q c Ld j;-l 2
M Ld j;300
2
c Ld j; l ' , ;rd l - - - 2
q
ld r;During a 3
2
q ld r;-l 5 2
q ld r;min encounter with volcanic F 2
' ld r;ash, crew experienced thin haze inside
2
ld r;aircraft 5 2
ld r;that smelled like a burning L 2
+ ld r;electrical wire. Aircraft landed safely at
C 2
% ld r;Manila Airport. Aircraft and engines e D 2
& ld r;were inspected and serviced at Manila
: 2
ld r;in accordance with recommended
F 2
' ld r;procedures. When aircraft attempted to
D 2
& ld r;depart, its four engines had a strong 2
ld r;vi D 2
& ld r;bration, and aircraft was grounded at : 2
ld r;Manila for detailed maintenance
2
@ ld r; l A 2
$ ld r;[including for other known problems
A 2
)$ ld r;likely unrelated to ash, per D. Hyde 2
)R ld r;, % 2
8 ld r;written commun.,
2
8 ld r;2010]0
2
8 ld r;.l
2
8 ld r; l ' - - -
2
L u` l
2
] u`,l
2
] u` l - - ߭ LVAL 2
[ m]windshields, a heat exchanger, and coalescer bags. Minor damage was seen on the horizontal
4 2
m]stabilizer and wing leadinga
2
m]-H 2
m]edges.
2
m] H
2
' m] H 2
8
m]During ATC
2
8L m]-H M 2
8Q , m]directed climb from aborted approach to Guat
C 2
8w% m]. City, A/C in ash for 10 min (2 min c
d 2
H ; m]ascending in very heavy ash); window arcing constant, light
2
H m]-H 2
H m]reflect
2
H m]iH 4 2
H m]ng particulates obvious in a V 2
Y 2 m]front of A/C. Exited at 20,000 ft, landed safely.
2
Y. m] H - - NANI R bjbjT~T~ 4 6 6 R | | 4 h j j j j j j J j j ^ h h PĎe , . T 0 Z d P j j F LVAL D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 ( ՜. +,0 h p
U.S. Geological Survey ' Title