ICELANDIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY OF SELECTED GEOSCIENCE TERMS

Richard S. Williams, Jr.
U.S. Geological Survey
Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 02543 U.S.A.

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN-FILE REPORT 95-807

October 1995

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards.  Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms

Introduction

	When dealing with Icelandic names of physical geographic features on maps and in journal articles it is important for students of the geology of Iceland to recognize that most place-names are compound words.  For example, the volcanic island Surtsey is a compound word derived from the root ey, the Icelandic word for island, and Surts, the genitive case of Surtur, a mythological Norse giant of fire (world destroyer).  Svartifoss, the beautiful cascade which flows over columnar basalts along the course of Bæjargil in Skaftafell National Park, is a compound word derived from foss, the Icelandic word for waterfall, and svarti, the definite nominative case form of svartur, the Icelandic adjective for the color black.  Snæfellsjökull, an imposing stratovolcano at the tip of the Snæfellsnes peninsula on the north side of Faxaflói (named after the small ice cap (11 km2) on its summit), is a compound word derived from snæ, the root of snær,  an Icelandic word for snow; and fells, the genitive case of the Icelandic word for a usually isolated mountain, plus the word jökull, the Icelandic word for glacier (etymologically the same origin as the word icicle in English).
	Icelandic is rich in words which describe natural features and phenomena often in a very poetic way, such as Snæfellsjökull (described above), Skjaldbreiður ("broad shield"), and Herðubreið ("broad shoulders").  Because Icelandic and English are derivations of an older parent Germanic language, some words have retained a similar spelling and usage even after the passage of more than a thousand years or more (for example, fingur-finger, frost, mýri-mire (swamp), land, norður-north, bull (nonsense),  etc.).   Icelandic (Old Norse)  has remained virtually unchanged, while English has evolved through several well defined stages:  "Old English" (pre-1100 A.D.),  "Middle English" (1100 A.D. to 1500 A.D.), and "Modern English" (post-1500 A.D.)  and has been strongly influenced by the Latin and French languages.
	Icelandic and English share a generally common alphabet except for three Icelandic letters, eth (ð,Ð), thorn (þ, Þ),  and ae (æ, Æ), three letters once used in English and four English letters not used in Icelandic.  The letters  c, q, w are not used in Icelandic except in a few foreign loanwords.  The letter z was used in place of the s in some Icelandic words until a few years ago (for example, Íslenzk, now Íslensk).  Icelandic also uses  diacritical marks to denote independent vowel sounds. Modern Icelandic has 33 letters in its alphabet:  a,  á,  b,  d, ð , e,  é,  f,  g,  h,  i,  í,  j,  k,  l,  m,  n,  o,  ó,  p,  r,  s,  t,  u,  ú,  v,  x,  y,  ý, z, þ,  æ, and ö (note that words beginning with þ, æ,  and ö are listed as the last three letters in Icelandic dictionaries).  There are 14 discrete vowels (printed and spoken) used in Icelandic versus 6 printed vowels (and many more spoken) used in modern English.  The transliteration of the Icelandic alphabet  into the English alphabet usually results in the deletion of all diacritical notations over the vowels and the use of a d or D for ð and Ð, th or Th for þ and Þ, and ae or Ae for æ and Æ.
	As noted before, in the past 1,100 years English has undergone profound changes;  Icelandic is little changed;  English has lost most of its inflexions (case endings);  Icelandic has retained its inflexions (it employs four singular and plural case endings for the three grammatical genders:  masculine, feminine, and neuter).  Also, the Northern  Branch (Icelandic, Færoese, Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish) of the Germanic Language uses a post-positive article, in which the definite article (the) generally follows and is  attached to the noun, such as in the title of the Icelandic scientific journal Náttúrufræðingurinn  (The Naturalist).  The definite article can precede the noun if an intervening adjective is used, however, as in Hið íslenska náttúrufræðifélag (The Icelandic Natural History Society).  Hinn hvíti jökull (the white glacier) can also be expressed as hvíti jökullinn.  In addition, the definite article must agree in gender number and case with the noun.  No indefinite article (a or an)  is used in Icelandic; the absence of the definite article indicates the sense of an indefinite article.

	The following masculine,  feminine, and neuter nouns are declined in the singular and plural for each of the four cases:  nominative (subject), accusative (direct object),  dative (indirect object), and genitive (possessive), first without and then with the definite article.

jökull (glacier) - masculine noun

		(a glacier)						(glaciers)

sg.	nom.	jökull					pl.	nom.	jöklar
	acc.	jökul						acc.	jökla
	dat.	jökli						dat.	jöklum
	gen.	jökuls						gen.	jökla

		(the glacier)						(the glaciers)

sg.	nom	jökullinn				pl.	nom.	jöklarnir
	acc.	jökulinn					acc.	jöklana
	dat.	jöklinum					dat.	jöklunum
	gen.	jökulsins					gen.	jöklanna

				borg (rocky hill) - feminine noun

		(a rocky hill)						(rocky hills)

sg.	nom.	borg					pl.	nom.	borgir
	acc.	borg						acc.	borgir
	dat.	borg						dat.	borgum
	gen.	borgar					gen.	borga

		(the rocky hill)					(the rocky hills)

sg.	nom.	borgin					pl.	nom.	borgirnar
	acc.	borgina					acc.	borgirnar
	dat.	borginni					dat.	borgunum
	gen.	borgarinnar					gen.	borganna

				vatn   (lake) - neuter noun

		(a lake)						(lakes)

sg.	nom.	vatn					pl.	nom.	vötn
	acc.	vatn						acc.	vötn
	dat.	vatni						dat.	vötnum
	gen.	vatns						gen.	vatna

		(the lake)						(the lakes)

sg.	nom.	vatnið					pl.	nom.	vötnin
	acc.	vatnið						acc.	vötnin
	dat.	vatninu					dat.	vötnunum
	gen.	vatnsins					gen.	vatnanna

	Jökull, borg, and vatn appear frequently as compounds in Icelandic geographic place-names, such as in Snæfellsjökull, Vatnajökull, Jökulsá á Fjöllum, etc.; Eldborg, Vikraborgir, Þrengslaborgir, etc.; and Vatnaöldur, Grænavatn, Veiðivötn, etc., respectively.
	Another grammatical characteristic that Icelandic shares with English is radical changes in spelling of words in different grammatical cases and from singular to plural forms.  For example, the Icelandic word for mountain, fjall, becomes fjöll in the nominative (and accusative) plural (mountains) as in Hverfjall, Hlíðarfjall, Fögrufjöll, and Dyngjufjöll.  A usually isolated mountain in Icelandic is called a fell, as in Búrfell or Snæfellsjökull.  The  Icelandic word for island, ey, such as in Surtsey, becomes eyjar in the genitive singular, as in Eldeyjarboði, or when used in the plural for a group of islands (Vestmannaeyjar).  The genitive singular case is commonly used in the first part of compound place-names in Icelandic.  

	The Icelandic desire to maintain the "purity" of its spoken and written language is shown in its resistance to acceptance of foreign loanwords.  Hence, there is a great lack of cognates in the modern technical and scientific literature.  Rather than accept foreign words, most new technical and scientific words are coined from existing Icelandic words.  In addition to the challenge of learning Icelandic, the serious student of the geoscience literature of  Iceland is faced with also learning a specialized scientific vocabulary with few cognates.
	The appendix on Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms will assist the reader in making a smoother transition to and a better understanding of Icelandic place-names and other geoscience terms commonly used on maps and in the geoscience literature of Iceland.  For those readers interested in the origin of Icelandic geographic place-names, the publications of Örnefnastofnun Þjóðminjasafns, Suðurgötu 41, IS-101 Reykjavík, are expecially usefull.  In 1980 and 1983, respectively, the Director of Örnefnastofnun Þjóðminjasafns, Dr. Þórhallur Vilmundarson, edited and published the first two volumes of Grímnir (Rit um nafnfræði), a  periodical devoted to scholarly research into the origin of geographic place-names in Iceland (Þórhallur Vilmundarson, 1980 and 1983).  The best reference work to Icelandic geographic place-names is the two-volume set "Landið þitt", later expanded into six volumes by Þorsteinn Jósepsson and Steindór Steindórsson (1981, 1983, and 1984) and Þorsteinn Jósepsson and others (1982,1984, and 1985).
	The Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms  has been compiled from a variety of published sources, including glossaries or indexes included in various scientific  publications, map legends or explanations, guidebooks, textbooks, journal articles, and selected dictionaries.  A list of these appears at the end of the glossary  in Glossary sources.
	The following Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms is organized into four columns:  Icelandic word (nominative singular); class of word and gender (nm, noun-masculine; nf, noun-feminine; nn, noun-neuter; am, adjective-masculine; af, adjective-feminine; an, adjective-neuter; ad, adverb; p, preposition; and c, conjunction); Icelandic word (nominative plural); and equivalent word(s) in English.  Synonyms of Icelandic words are given in parentheses in the first column.  Icelandic words are given for most of the subdisciplines of geology, geophysics, and geochemistry, and related subdisciplines in the geosciences.  In most cases the addition of the -ingur suffix to the Icelandic word for a scientific discipline will yield the correct word for the scientist active in that discipline.  For example, jarðfræði is the Icelandic word for geology; jarðfræðingur is the Icelandic word for  a geologist.
	Superscripts (asterisks or numbers) and dashes are used throughout the glossary to assist the reader.  A single asterisk (*) signifies a loanword, a word borrowed intact or slightly naturalized from another language.  It is either used independently or in a compound word (combined with an Icelandic word).  A double asterisk (**) indicates that the plural form is not used in the same context.   A triple asterisk (***) signifies that a plural form exists but is not commonly used .  In many instances, the plural form exists in a “grammatical” sense but is not necessarily used in a “geological” sense.  A dash (-) indicates either that there is no plural form or the plural form is not used - or that there is no singular form or the singular form is not used.  All other superscripts are defined in Glossary notes.

Icelandic-English Glossary 

ICELANDIC 				ENGLISH

	Class/
  Singular	Gender	Plural 

afflæði		nn	   	-		regression
afrétt(ur)		nm	afréttir	highland pasture(s)
akur		nm	akrar	field(s)
alda		nf	öldur	rounded "smooth" ridge(s), 						waves(s)
almenn jarðfrædi 	  af+nf		-		general or physical geology
andhverfa		nf	andhverfur	anticline(s)
andhverfuás		nm	andhverfuásar	anticlinal axis (es)
apalhraun		nn	apalhraun	aa lava/blocky lava
aska		nf		-	tephra/volcanic ash
  (gosmöl, gjóska,
  gosaska, & vikur)
askja		nf	öskjur	caldera(s)
aur		nm		-	mud
  -		nm	aurar	glacial outwash
  (sandur)			  (sandar)	  area/sandur
aurkeila		nf	aurkeilur	alluvial fan(s)
austur1	 nn/ad		-	east
á		nf	ár		river(s)/stream(s)
áflæði		nn		-	transgression
   -		nm	áraurar	fluvial sediments
árbugða		nf	árbugður	meander(s)
árset		nn	árset	fluvial deposit(s)
ás		nm	ásar	small ridge(s)

bakki		nm	bakkar	the bank of a brook/stream/
						river or the sea; the edge of
					  	a gjá, the land  along the coast						or a river; a hill or lowlying 						ridge	
basalthraun*		nn	basalthraun*	basaltic lava flows
basískur*4		am	basískir*4	basic
berg (steinn)		nn	berg	rock(s)
bergásýnd		nf	bergásýndir	facies

bergfræði 		nf		-	petrology
  (bergtegundafræði)
berggangur		nm	berggangar	dike(s)
berggeitill		nm	berggeitlar	laccolith(s)
berggrunnur		nm		**	bedrock
berghlaup 		nn	berghlaup	rockslide(s)
  (bergskriða/skriðuhlaup)				
berghleifur		nm	berghleifar	batholith(s)
bergkvika		nf	bergkvikur	magma
bergskriða		nf	bergskriður	rockslide(s) [less common,     	(berghlaup/skriðuhlaup)				bergskrið (nn)]
bergsprunga		nf	bergsprungur	tectonic fracture(s), eruption 							fissure(s)
bergtegundafræði		nf		-	petrology
  (bergfræði)
bergæð		nf	bergæðar	vein(s)
bjarg		nn	björg	cliff(s)/rock(s)/crag(s)
blágrýti		nn		-	basalt (fine-grained) (usually 							Tertiary-age)
borg		nf	borgir	rocky hill(s)/city(ies)/
					 		 fortification(s)/castle(s)
borhola		nf	borholur	borehole(s)
botn		nm	botnar	bottom/head of a valley or fjord
bólstraberg		nn		-	pillow lava
brekka		nf	brekkur	slope(s)
breksía* (brotaberg)		nf	breksíur*	breccia(s)
brennisteinn		nm		-	sulphur
brennisteinnshver3		nm	brennissteinshverir3	solfatara(s)
brotaberg		nn		-	breccia
brotakerfi		nn	brotakerfi	fracture systems(s)
bruni		nm	brunar	burning; in the singular form it 							also means a lava field
brunnur		nm	brunnar	wells(s)/spring(s), usually 							manmade
brú		nf	brýr	bridge(s)
brún		nf	brúnir	edge(s)/border(s)
brúnkol (surtarbrandur)	nn	brúnkol	lignite
bunga		nf	bungur	rounded hill(s)
byggð		nf	byggðir	inhabited district(s)
bær		nm	bæir	farm(s)/town(s)/
					 		 farmhouse(s)/borough(s)

daljökull		nm	daljöklar	valley glacier(s)
dalur		nm	dalir	valley(s)/dale(s)
dasít*		nn		-	dacite
díabas*		nn		-	dolerite
  (dólerít*/grágrýti)
dílótt storkuberg	an+nn		-	porphyritic igneous rock
djúp		nn	djúp	deep/part of the sea/long inlet
djúpberg		nn		-	plutonic rock
dólerít*		nn		-	dolerite
  (díabas*/grágrýti)					
drag		nn	drög	shallow or indistinct water 							course(s)
dragá		nf	dragár	direct run-off river(s)
drangi/drangur		nm	drangar	isolated column(s) or pillars of 							rock
dyngja		nf	dyngjur	shield volcano(es)/lava 							shield(s)/dome(s)
dyngjuhvirfill		nm	dyngjuhvirflar	top of shield volcano(es) or
					 		 lava shield(s)
dyngjuröð		nf	dyngjuraðir	lava shield row(s)

eftir ísöld (nútími)	p+nf		-	Post-Pleistocene/postglacial/ 							Holocene
eldborg		nf	eldborgir	lava ring(s)/lava cone(s)
eldborgaröð		nf	eldborgaraðir	lava cone row(s)
eldfjall (eldstöð)		nn	eldfjöll	volcano(es)
eldgjá		nf	eldgjár	lava fissure(s)
eldgos		nf	eldgos	volcanic eruption(s)
eldhryggur		nm	eldhryggir	stratified ridge(s)/composite 							ridge(s)
eldkeila		nf	eldkeilur	stratovolcano(es)/composite 							cone(s)
eldstöð (eldfjall)		nf	eldstöðvar	volcano(es)/eruption crater(s) or 							site(s)
eldur		nm	eldar	fire(s), volcanic eruption(s)
eldvirkni		nf		-	volcanism, volcanic activity
engi		nn	engi	meadow(s)/grassland(s)
ey		nf	eyjar	island(s)/isle(s)
eyri		nf	eyrar	sandspit(s)/gravel bank(s)/ 							delta(s)/sand
eystri1		ad		-	farther east

falljökull		nm	falljöklar	ice fall(s)
fasajafnvægi		nn		-	phase equilibria
fell		nn	fell	hill(s)/mountain(s), generally, but 						not in all cases, isolated
felling		nf	fellingar	fold(s)
fjall		nn	fjöll	mountain(s)
fjallgarður		nm	fjallgarðar	mountain range(s)
fjalljökull		nm	fjalljöklar	mountian glacier(s)
fjara (strönd)		nf	fjörur	beach(es)/ebb/ebb-tide/low water
fjarkönnun		nf		-	remote sensing
fjörður		nm	firðir	fjord(s)
flikruberg		nn	flikruberg	ignimbrite(s)/welded ash-flow 						tuff(s)
flöguberg		nn	flöguberg	shale(s)
flóð		nn	flóð	flood(s)
fljót		nn	fljót	large river(s)
flói		nm	flóar	large bay(s)/marsh(es)/fens
fokjarðvegur		nm		-	loess
foksandur		nm	forksandar	eolian sand
fornlífsöld		nf		-	Paleozoic Era
fornsegulmagn		nn		-	paleomagnetism
forsögulegur4		am	forsögulegir4	prehistoric
forsöguleg4		af	forsöguleg4	prehistoric
forsögulegt4		an	forsöguleg4	prehistoric
foss		nm	fossar	waterfall(s)
framskrið		nn	framskrið	glacier advance
frumlífsöld		nf		-	Proterozoic Era

gabbró*		nn	gabbró*	gabbro
gangur		nm	gangar	dike(s)
garður		nm	garðar	garden(s)/yard(s)/dike or low 
					 		 wall of earth or stone
geislasamsæta		nf	gelslasamsætur	radioisotopes
geislasteinn		nm	geislasteinar	zeolite(s)
gervigígur		nm	gervigígar	pseudocrater(s)/rootless cone(s)
gil		nn	gil		ravine(s)/gorge(s)/gully(ies)
gígur		nm	gígar	crater(s)
gjall		nn	gjall	scoria/cinder
gjallgígur		nm	gjallgígar	scoria cone(s)
gjallgígaröð		nf	gjallgígaraðir	scoria  cone row(s)
gjallkenndur4		am	gjallkenndir	scoriaceous
gjallkennd4		af	gjallkenndar4	scoriaceous
gjallkennt4		an	gjallkennd4	scoriaceous
gjá		nf	gjár	tectonic  fissure(s)/chasm(s)/ 							cleft(s)
gjóska		nf	gjóskur	tephra/pyroclastics [infrequently 
  (gosmöl/gosaska/ 						used]
   aska/vikur)
gjóskuberg		nn	gjóskuberg	tuff (indurated)
gljúfur		nn	gljúfur	rocky ravine(s)/canyon(s)/gorge(s)
gnípa		nf	gnípur	pinnacle(s)/peak(s)/mountain 							summit(s)
gnúpur		nm	gnúpar	peak(s)/steep mountain(s)
  (núpur/hnjúkur)
gos2		nn	gos2	eruption(s) of volcanoes and 							geysers
gosaska		nf	gosöskar	tephra/volcanic ash [infrequently 
  (aska/gosmöl/						used]
  gjóska/vikur)
gosbelti		nn	gosbelti	volcanic zone(s)
gosberg		nn		-	extrusive (volcanic) rock(s)
goshver3		nm	goshverir3	geyser
gosketill (askja)		nm	goskatlar	caldera(s)
gosmöl		nf		-	tephra
  (gjóska/vikur/
  gosaska/aska)
gossprunga		nf	gossprungur	eruptive fissure(s)
grágrýti 		nn	grágrýti	dolerite(s)
  (dólerít*/díabas*)
granít*		nn		-	granite
granófýr*		nn		-	granophyre
grettistak		nn	grettistök	glacial erratic(s)
  (grjót)
grjót		nn		**	stones/glacial erratic(s)
  (grettistak/stórgrýti)
    **		nn	grjót	rocky area
grop		nn		-	porosity
grunn		nn	grunn	shoal(s)/shallows
grunnvatn		nn	grunnvötn	ground water
grunnvatnsborð		nn	grunnvatnsborð	groundwater table(s)
grunnvatnsskil		nn	grunnvatnsskil	groundwater divide(s)
grænn4		am	grænir4	green
græn4		af	grænar4	green
grænt4		an	græn4	green
gufa		nf	gufur	steam/vapor(s)
gufuhver3		nm	gufuhverir3	fumerole(s), solfatara(s) steam 						vent (s)

haf (sjór)		nn	höf	sea(s)/ocean(s)
hafís		nm		***	sea ice
hagi		nm	hagar	pasture(s)
háhitasvæði3		nn		-	high-temperature geothermal area
					 		 (+200o C. at 1 km depth)
hálendi		nn		-	highlands
halli (jarðlagahalli)		nm	hallar	geologic dip(s)
háls		nm	hálsar	ridge(s)
hamar		nm	hamrar	crag(s)/cliff(s)/precipice(s)/rock(s)
haugur		nm	haugar	hummock(s)
heiði		nf	heiðar	heath(s)
hellir		nm	hellar	cave(s)/cavern(s)
helluhraun		nn	helluhraun	pahoehoe lava(s)/smooth lava(s)
hérað		nn	héruð	region(s)/district(s)/locality(ies)
hitaveita		nf	hitaveitur	district-heat distribution systems(s) 						(geothermal)
hjalli		nm	hjallar	terrace(s)
hjarn		nn		***	firn
hlíð		nf	hlíðar	slope(s)/mountainside(s)
hljóðbrot		nn	hljóðbrot	seismic refraction(s)
hljóðhraðamæling		nf	hljóðhraðamælingar	exploration seismology/seismic 						survey(s)
hljóðspeglun		nf	hljóðspeglanir	seismic reflection(s)
hlýskeið		nn	hlýskeið	interglacial
hnjúkur (núpur/gnúpur)	nm	hnjúkar	peak(s)
hnullungur		nm	hnullungar	cobble(s)/boulder(s)
hnyðlingur		nm	hnyðlingar	xenolith(s)
hnyklaberg		nn	hnyklaberg	pillow lava(s) [infrequently used]
holt		nn	holt	hill(s)/wood(s)-(archaic meaning)
hop		nn	hop	glacier retreat(s) or recession(s)
hóll		nm	hólar	rounded hill(s)/hillock(s)/knoll(s)
hólmur		nm	hólmar	islet(s)
hóp (lónavötn)		nn	hóp	land-locked inlet(s) still influenced 
					  by tides
hrafntinna		nf		-	obsidian
hraun		nn	hraun	lava/lava flow(s), rock avalanche (rarely 						used; e.g., hrun)
hraundrýli		nn	hraundrýli	hornito(es)
(hraun) flæði		nn		-	effusive lava flows [term only 						used during an eruption]
hraunhellir		nm	hraunhellar	lava tube(s)
hreppur		nm	hreppar	rural community(ies)/districts(s)
hringrás vatnsins	nf+nn		-	hydrologic cycle
hrunskriða (skriður)		nf	hrunskriður	talus
hryggur		nm	hryggir	ridge(s)
hús		nn	hús	house(s)/building(s)
hvalbak		nn	havalbök	roche(s) moutonnée(s)
hvammur		nm	hvammar	grassy hollow(s)/dell(s)
hvarfleir		nm		-	glacial varve(s)
hver3		nm	hverir3	hot spring(s) - (boiling or almost 
						boiling water)
hverahrúður		nn	hverahrúður	hot-spring deposit(s)
hverfjall (öskugígur)		nn	hverfjöll	tephra ring(s)
hvítur4		am	hvítir4	white
hyrna		nf	hyrnur	mountain peak(s) (derived from 						horn)
hæð		nf	hæðir	height(s)/hill(s)
höfði		nm	höfðar	promontory(ies)/cape(s)/point(s)/
						 headland(s)
höfn		nf	hafnir	harbor(s)/port(s)

innri5		 a		-	inner
innskotsberg		nn	innskotsberg	intrusion(s)
innskotslag		nn	innskotslög	sill(s)
ís6		nm	ísar6	ice (singular); sea, lake, river ice 						(plural)
ísöld		nf		**	Pleistocene Epoch
ísrák (jökulrák)		nf	ísrákir	glacial stria(ae)
ísúr4		am	ísúrir4	intermediate silica composition
						(52-65 percent)

jafnskjálftalína		nf	jafnskjálftalínur	isoseism(s)
jarðeðlisfræði		nf		-	geophysics
jarðefnafræði		nf		-	geochemistry
jarðeldasvæði		nn	jarðeldasvæði	volcanic zone(s)
jarðfræði		nf		**	geology
  **		nf	jarðfræði	geosciences
jarðfræðikort		nn	jarðfræðikort	geologic map(s)
jarðgas		nn	jarðgös	natural gas(es)
jarðgrunnskort		nn	jarðgrunnskort	surficial geologic map(s)
jarðgrunnur		nm		-	surficial deposits
jarðhitaleit		nf		-	geothermal exploration
jarðhiti		nm		-	geothermal heat, activity
jarðlag		nn	jarðlög	geologic stratum(a) or rock(s)
jarðlagafræði		nf		-	stratigraphy
jarðlagahalli (halli)		nm	jarðlagahallar	geologic dip(s)
jarðlagastrik (strik)		nn	jarðlagastrik	geologic strikes(s)
jarðmyndun (myndun)	nf	jarðmyndanir	geologic formations
jarðolía		nf	jarðolíur	petroleum (plural: several types of 						oil)
jarðsaga		nf		-	historical geology
jarðskjálftafræði		nf		-	seismology
jarðskjálftamælir		nf	jarðskjálftamælar	seismograph(s)
jarðskjálfti 		nf	jarðskjálftar	earthquake(s)
  (landskjálfti)
jarðskorpuhreyfing		nf	jarðskorpuhreyfingar	tectonics
jarðskorpa		nf		-	lithosphere, crust
jarðskrið		nn	jarðskrið	solifluction(s)
jarðtrog		nn	jarðtrog	geosyncline(s)
jarðvatn		nn		-	subsurface water
jarðvegur		nm		-	soil(s)
  -		nf	jöklabreytingar	glacier variation
			  (jökulbreytingar)
jökulá (jökulsá)		nf	jökulár	glacier river(s)
jökulalda		nf	jökulöldur	terminal
  (jökulgarður/jökulurð)					moraine(s)/drumlin(s)
jökulárset		nn	jökulárset	fluvioglacial deposit(s)
jökulberg		nn		-	tillite
jökulbreiða		nf	jökulbreiður	ice sheet(s)
  -		nf	jökulbreytingar	glacier variation
			  (jöklabreytingar)
jökuleyðing		nf		-	deglaciation
jökulgap		nn		-	bergschrund
jökulgarður 		nm	jökulgarðar	terminal moraine(s)
  (jökulalda/jökulurð)						(moraines)
jökulhetta		nf	jökulhettur	ice cap(s)
jökulhlaup		nn	jökulhlaup	glacier outburst flood(s)
jökulkast		nn	jökulköst	calving(s) of glacier terminus
jökulkemba		nf	jökulkembur	fluted moraine(s)
jökulker		nn	jökulker	ice kettle(s)/ice cauldron(s)
jökull		nm	jöklar	glacier(s)
jökulrák (ísrák)		nf	jökulrákir	glacial stria(ae)
jökulruðningur		nm	jökulruðningar	glacial till(s)/ground
						moraine/glacial drift
jökulrönd		nf	jökulrendur/	margin(s) of a glacier
			  jökulrandir
jökulröst		nf	jökulrastir	ice stream(s)
jökulá (jökulsá)		nf	jökulár	glacier river(s)
jökulskál		nf	jökulskálar/	cirque(s)			  jökulskálir
jökulskeið		nn	jökulskeið	glacial epoch(s)
jökulsker		nn	jökulsker	nunatak(s)
jökulsprunga		nf	jökulsprungur	glacier crevasse(s)
jökulsvarf		nn		-	glacial abrasion (e.g., fine 						particles)
jökulsvörfun		nf		-	glacial erosion (the process)
jökultunga		nf	jökultungur	glacier tongue(s)
jökulurð		nf	jökulurðir	moraine(s)
  (jökulalda/jökulgarður)  			
jörð		nf	jarðir	earth/soil/Earth/farm(s)

kalkhrúður		nn	kalkrúður	calcium carbonate deposit(s) from
						a hot spring
kambur		nm	kambar	crest of hill
kaupstaður		nm	kaupstaðir	Icelandic town(s) with a special 						legal and administrative status:
					  	Reykjavík and 22 others
kauptún		nn	kauptún	village(s)
keilugangur		nf	keilugangar	inclined sheet(s) (intrusions), cone sheets
kelda		nf	keldur	pool(s), bottomless pit(s)
ker (sprengigígur)		nn	ker	maar(s)
kirkja		nf	kirkjur	church(es)
kísilgúr		nm		-	diatomite
kísilhrúður		nn		-	silica deposit(s) from a hot spring
kleif		nf	kleifar	very steep slope(s)/narrow (steep) 
						passage(s)/narrow glen(s) on a 				  		mountainside/rock(s), slanted on 						top 
klepragígur		nm	klepragígar	spatter cone(s)/scoria cones
klepragígaröð		nf	klepragígaraðir	spatter cone row(s)/crater row(s)/
						mixed cone row(s)
klettur		nm	klettar	cliff(s)/crag(s)/rock(s)

klif		nn	klif	very narrow path(s) or passage(s)/
						mountain pass(es)/steep rock(s)
kol		nn	kol	coal (singular: coil in electric motor)
kornastærð		nf	kornastæðir	grain size(s)
kort (landabréf/		nn	kort	map(s)
   landkort/	           
   uppdráttur)
krókur		nm	krókar	crook/sharp bend/nook/corner or 
						enclosed area hidden from view 						in the landscape
kubbaberg		nn		-	cube-jointed basalt
kvarter*		nn		-	Quaternary Period
kviksynði		nn	kviksyndir	quagmire(s)
kvikuþró		nf	kvikuþrær	magma chamber(s)
kvísl		nf	kvíslir	river(s)/tributary(ies)

lag		nn	lög	layer(s)/stratum(a) 
lagskipting		nf		***	stratification
lághitasvæði3		nn	lághitasvæði3	low-temperature geothermal 						area(s) (+150o C. at 1 km 						depth)
land		nn	lönd	land(s)/area(s)
landabréf (kort/		nn	landabréf	map(s)
  landkort/uppdráttur)
landabréfabók		nf	landabréfabækur	atlas(es)
landafræði		nf		-	geography
landkort(kort/		nn	landkort	map(s)
  landabréf/uppdráttur)
landmæling		nf	landmælingar	geodetic surveying
landmótunarfræði		nf		-	geomorphology
landrek		nn		-	continental drift/plate tectonics
landskjálfti		nm	landskjálftar	earthquake(s)
  (jarðskjálfti)
laug3		nf	laugar	warm spring(s)
leir		nm		**	clay
leira		nf	leirur	a muddy area, periodically 						flooded, in rivers or along 						shores of lakes
leirhver3		nm	leirhverir3	mudpot, boiling mudpot
leirsteinn		nm		-	mudstone, siltstone
lekt		nf		-	permeability
leysing		nf	leysingar	ablation
leysingarvatn		nn		-	meltwater
lind		nf	lindir	spring(s)
lindá		nf	lindár	spring-fed river(s)
lindakalk		nn		-	travertine
líparít* (ljósgrýti)		nn	líparít*	rhyolite
ljósgrýti (líparít*)		nn	ljósgrýtí	rhyolite
ljósgrýtistúff*		nn	ljósgrýtistúff*	rhyolitic tuff(s)
loftslag		nn		-	climate
loftsteinn		nm	loftsteinar	meteorite(s)
lón		nn	lón	lagoon(s)/inlet(s)
lónavatn (hóp)		nn	lónavötn	land-locked inlet(s) still influenced
						by tides
lækur		nm	lækir	brook(s)

malarás		nm	malarásar	esker(s)
málmgrýti		nn		-	ore
megineldstöð		nf	megineldstöðvar	central volcano(es)
melur		nm	melar	gravel(s)
miðlífsöld		nf		-	Mesozoic Era
misgengi		nn	misgengi	fault(s)
misgengisstallur		nm	misgengisstallar	fault scarp(s)
mislægi		nn	mislægi	unconformity(ies)
móberg		nn		-	tuff(s)/hyaloclastite(s)/ 						palagonite(s)
   -		nf	móbergsbreksíur	hyaloclastite breccia
móbergshryggur		nm	móbergshryggir	hyaloclastite/palagonite ridges(s)
móbergsmyndun		nf	móbergsmyndanir	palagonite formation(s)
móbergsset		nn	móbergsset	tuffaceous sediment(s)
móbergsstapi (stapi)		nm	móbergsstapar	table mountain(s)
móbergsþursi		nm		-	palagonitic breccia
múli		nm	múlar	low, rounded mountain(s)/ 						headland(s)
myndbreyting		nf	myndbreytingar	metamorphism
myndbreytt berg	 an+nn	mydnbreytt berg	metamorphic rock(s)
myndun (jarðmyndun) 	nf	myndanir	geologic formation(s)
mynni		nn	mynni	mouth(s)/outlet(s)
mýri		nf	mýrar	bog(s)/mire(s)
mælikvarði		nm	mælikvarðar	scale(s)
möl		nf		-	gravel(s)/pebble(s)

náma		nf	námur	quarry(ies)/pit(s)/mine(s)
náttúrlegt umhverfi	an +nn	natturleg umhverfi	natural environment(s)
nes (skagi)		nn	nes	peninsula(s)/headland(s)/
						point(s)/cape(s)
norður1	 nn/ad		-	north
núpur 		nm	núpar	peak(s)
  (hnjúkur/gnúpur)
nútími		nm		-	Holocene or 
  (eftir ísöld)						Recent Epoch
nyrðri1		a		-	northern
nýlífsöld		nf		-	Cenozoic Era

oddi		nm	oddar	promontory(ies)/point(s)/
						tongue(s) of land
ós		nm	ósar	mouth(s) of a river/estuary(ies)
óseyri		nf	óseyrar	delta(s)

perlusteinn		nm		-	perlite

rafsegulmæling		nf	rafsegulmælingar	electromagnetic survey(s)
rauður4		am	rauðir4	red
rekbelti		nn	rekbelti	rift zone(s)
rétt segulmögnun	an+nn		-	normal polarity
reykur		nm	reykir	smoke/steam
rif		nn	rif		reef(s)/bank(s)
rishryggur		nm	rishryggir	horst(s)
rof		nn	rof	denudation
rofabarð		nn	rofabörð	soil patch(es)
rúst		nf	rústir	palsa(en)/ruin(s)
rönd á	 nf+p	randir/rendur	medial moraine(s)
  skriðjökli	 +nm	  á skriðjökli	
röst		nf	rastir	strong ocean (tidal) current(s)

samhverfa		nf	samhverfur	syncline(s)
samhverfuás		nm	samhverfuásar	synclinal axis(es)
samsætuhlutfall		nn	samsætuhlutföll	isotopic ratio(s)
sandalda		nf	sandöldur	dune(s)
sandsteinn		nm		-	sandstone

sandur		nm	sandar (aurar)	sand/area(s) of sand/glacial 
						outwash plain(s)
segulmagn		nn		-	magnetic polarity
segulmæling		nf	segulmælingar	geomagnetic survey(s)
set		nn	set		sediment(s)
setberg		nn		-	sedimentary rocks
setlag		nn	setlög	sedimentary deposit(s)/clastic 						sediment(s)
setmyndun		nf	setmyndanir	sedimentation
sífreri		nm		-	permafrost
sigdalur/sigdæld		nf	sigdalir/sigdældir	graben(s)
siggengi		nn	siggengi	normal fault(s)
sigketill		nm	sigkatlar	collapse cauldron(s) on a glacier 						or a volcano
sjávarrof		nn		-	wave abrasion or erosion
sjór (haf)		nm	sjóir	sea(s)/ocean(s)/seawater/waves
						or breakers; [sjóir (large 						waves)]
skagi (nes)		nm	skagar	peninsula(s)/headland(s)/cape(s)
skarð		nn	skörð	mountain pass(es)
skálarjökull		nm	skálarjöklar	cirque glacier(s)
sker		nn	sker	skerry(ies)
  -		nn	skil	geologic contact(s)
skjálftamiðja		nf	skjálftamiðjur	epicenter(s)
 **		nf	skjálftaupptök	hypocenter
skjálftavirkni		nf		-	seismicity
skógur		nm	skógar	wood(s)/forest(s)
skriðjökull		nm	skriðjöklar	outlet glacier(s)/valley glacier(s)
skriðuhlaup		nn	skriðuhlaup	rock avalanche(s)
  (bergskrið/berghlaup)
skriða (hrunskriða)		nm	skriður	talus
skriðukeila		nf	skriðukeilur	alluvial cone(s)
slétta		nf	sléttur	plain(s)/field(s)/an area of level 						ground
snefilefni 		nn+	snefilefni	trace element distribution(s) 
  útbreiðsla		nf		utbreiðslur		 
sniðgengi		nn	sniðgengi	strike-slip fault(s)
snjóflóð (skjóskriða)		nn	snjóflóð	snow avalanche(s)
snjór8 		nm	snjóar8	snow/lots of snow/layers of snow/
					 		snowfall(s)
snjóskriða (snjoflód)		nf	snjóskriður	snow avalanche(s)
snælína		nf	snælínur	snow line(s)
snær8		nm		-		snow
sprengigígaröð		nm	sprengígaraðir	tephra ring row(s)
  (öskugíraröð)					 
sprengigígur (ker)		nm	sprengigígar	maar(s)
sprengigjá		nf	sprengigjár	explosion fissure(s)/maar row(s)							explosion chasm(s)sprunga		nf	sprungur	fissure(s)/crack(s)/fracture(s)
staður		nm	staðir	place(s)/spot(s)
stapi (móbergsstapi)		nm	stapar	rocky hill(s)/bluff(s)/table 							mountain(s)
steinafræði		nf		-		mineralogy
steingervingafræði		nf		-		paleontology
steingervingur		nm	steingervingar	fossil(s)
steinn (berg)		nm	steinar	stone(s)/rock(s)
steind		nf	steindir	mineral(s)
steintegund		nf	steintegundir	rock type(s)
stórgrýti		nn	stórgrýti	large rock(s)/boulder(s)
storkuberg		nn	storkuberg	igneous rock(s)
strandlína		nf	strandlínur	raised 						beach(es)/coastline(s)/ 							terrace(s)
strik (jarðlagastrik)		nn	strik	geologic strike
strönd (fjara)		nf	strendur/strandir	coast(s)/shore(s)/beache(es)/ 							strand(s)
stöð		nf	stöðvar	station(s)
stöðug samsæta	    af+	stöðugar	stable isotopes
		nf	  samsætur
suða		nf	suður	boiling(s); suður is 							infrequently used
suður1	nn/ad		-		south
súr4		am	súrir4	acidic (more than 65 							percent SiO2) rocks
							(also applies to pH of 							liquids)
surtarbrandur		nm		-		lignite
	(brúnkol)	 					
svartur4		am	svartir4	black
sveit		nf	sveitir	countryside/rural district(s)
svæði		nn	svæði	area(s)/place(s)/region(s)/ 								tract(s) of land
svörfun		nf		-		erosion
syðri1		a		-		southern
sýsla		nf	sýslur	county(ies)
sæluhús		nn	sæluhús	hut(s), emergency hut(s)

tangi		nm	tangar	narrow peninsula(s)/ 								promontory(ies)/
					 			point(s) of land
tertíer*		nn		-		Tertiary Period
tímabil		nn	tímabil	period(s)
tindur		nm	tindar	pinnacle(s)/summit(s)
tjörn		nf	tjarnir	small lake(s)/pond(s)/ 								pool(s)/ tarn(s)
tunga		nf	tungur	tongue(s) of land usually 								between several rivers
tún		nn	tún	fertilized farm field(s)

undir jökli	 p+nm	undir jöklum	subglacial, beneath glaciers
uppblástur (vindrof)		nm		-		denudation/wind erosion
uppdráttur (kort/		nm	uppdrættir	map(s)
  landkort/landabréf)
upphafsöld		nf		-		Archeozoic Era
útkulnaður4		am	útkulnaðir4	inactive/extinct

vað		nn	vöð	ford(s)
varða		nf	vörður	cairn(s)
vatn		nn	vötn	lake(s)/water
vatnafræði		nf		-		hydrology
vatnaset		nn	vatnaset	alluvium
vatnaskil		nn	vatnaskil	water divide(s)
vatnasvið		nn	vatnasvið	drainage basin(s)
vatnsgildi 		nn+		-		water equivalent of snow
  snævar8		nm
vatnshver3		nm	vatnshverir3	hot spring(s)
veðrun		nf		-		weathering
veður		nn		-		weather
vegur		nm	vegir	road(s)/path(s)/way(s)/route(s)
ver		nn	ver	wet area(s)/highland bog(s)/ 								nesting area(s)/ fishing 								station(s) or place(s)
vestur1	nn/ad				western
viðnámsmæling		nf	viðsnámsmælingar	electrical resistance 								measurement(s)/ 								survey(s)

vikur (aska/gosmöl/		nn	vikrar	pumice/lapilli/pumice flats 	   gjóska/gosaska)							or pumice-covered area(s)
vík		nf	víkur	bay(s)/cove(s)/creek(s)
vindrof (uppblástur)	  	nn	vindrof	deflation
virkur4		am	virkir4	active
viti		nm	vitar	lighthouse(s)
víti		nn	víti	hell/also used for explosive 								volcanic craters or maars
vogur		nm	vogar	inlet(s)/cove(s)/creek(s)
volgra3		nf	volgrur3	lukewarm spring(s)
völlur		nm	vellir	field(s)/plain(s)
völuberg		nn		-		conglomerate

yfirborðslag		nn	yfirborðslög	surficial layer(s)
yfirborðsvatn		nn		-		surface water
ytri5		am	ytri5	outer
ytri5		af	ytri5	outer
ytra5		an	ytru5	outer

þelaurð		nf	þelaurðir	rock glacier(s)
þing		nn	þing	meeting(s)/parliament(s)
þorp		nn	þorp	village(s)
þúfa		nf	þúfur	frost mound(s)/small hillock(s)/
								mound(s)/knoll(s)
þursaberg		nn	þursaberg	breccia
þyngdarafl jarðar	nn+nf		-		gravity
þyngdarmæling		nf	þyngdarmælingar	gravity survey(s)

öfugt segulmagn	an+nn		-		reverse polarity
ölkelda		nf	ölkeldur	cold, carbon dioxide 								spring(s)
  -		nm	öræfi	wasteland/desert/wilderness
öskufall		nn		-		tephra fall

öskugígaröð		nf	öskugígaraðir	tephra ring row(s)
  (sprengigígaröð)					 
öskulagatímatal		nn	öskulagatímatöl	tephrochronology(ies)
öskugígur (hverfjall)		nm	öskugígar	tephra ring(s)
öxi9		nf	axir9	axe(s)

Glossary notes

1.	Austur (east), vestur (west), norður (north), and suður (south) can be nouns (neuter) as 	well as adverbs;  it all depends on the context in which they are used.  As in English, the 	above adverbial form is the positive one;  they also exist as adjectives in the comparative 	and superlative forms:
	Positive (Adv.)			Comparative (Adj.)			Superlative (Adj.)
	austur				eystri or austari			austastur
	vestur				vestri or vestari			vestastur
	norður				nyrðri or norðari			nyrstur
	suður				syðri					syðstur
2.	Gos is also used in the vernacular as an abbreviation for gosdrykkur, the Icelandic word for soda pop or a soft drink.
3.	Geothermal activity in Iceland is divided into two types of areas on the basis of water temperature at a depth of 1 kilometer:  (1) háhitasvæði (high-temperature areas 	(+200oC)) which have leirhverir or brennissteinshverir (solfataras), gufuhverir (fumeroles), goshverir (geysers), etc.; and lághitasvæði (low-temperature areas (+150oC)) which have a variety of types of vatnshverir (springs), such as hverir (hot springs; >70oC), laugar (warm springs; 30oC-70oC), and volgrur (lukewarm springs; <30oC).  The distinction between hver and laug is not based solely on the water temperature; it varies throughout Iceland, depending on what is considered to be “warm” or “hot” in each district.
4.	Adjectives usually have different forms in the singular and plural of masculine, feminine, and neuter grammatical genders; for example, the word green:

				Singular		Plural
		masculine	grænn			grænir
		feminine	græn			grænar
		neuter		grænt			græn
5.	Inner in Icelandic only exists as comparative (innri) and superlative (innstur) adjectives; 	the same holds true for outer, with ytri the comparative and ystur the superlative form of 	the adjective.
6.	Ís is also used in the vernacular as the Icelandic word for ice cream; in the plural (ísar) 	it means ice cream cones, but it can also mean ice from a meteorological standpoint.
7.	Deglaciation can also be expressed as eyðing jökla.
8.	Snjór (snow) is a masculine noun which has very irregular declensions, including 	multiple spelling variations within the singular cases:
	singular:	nominative		snjór, snær, snjár
		accusative		snjó, snæ, snjá
		dative		snjó, snæ (vi), snjá (vi)
		genitive		snjós/snjóar, snævar, snjávar, snjóvar

	plural:	nominative		snjóar
		accusative 		snjóa
		dative		snjóum
		genitive		snjóa
9.	Axar (ax) is the form of the genitive case or declension; for example, Axarfjörður.

Glossary sources

	The Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms was derived from a variety of publications.  In addition, I would like to give special acknowledgement  to fifteen Icelandic geoscientists who  critically reviewed the glossary and accompanying text and who also recommended terms for inclusion in the glossary:  Helgi Björnsson, geophysicist (glaciology) and Professor, University of Oslo (Norway); Páll Einarsson, geophysicist (seismology); and Leó Kristjánsson, geophysicist (geomagnetism) - Science Institute, University of Iceland; Gylfi Már Guðbergsson, geographer (land use/botany); and Sigurður Steinþórsson, geologist (petrology), all professors in the Department of Geosciences, University of Iceland; Karl Grönvold, geologist (petrology); and Guðrun Larsen, geologist (tephrochronology) - Nordic Volcanological Institute,  University of Iceland;  Haukur Tómasson, geologist (regional geology) - Icelandic Museum of Natural History; the late Sigurjón Rist, hydrologist (surface water/glaciology); Jón Jónsson, geologist (regional geology); Kristján Sæmundsson, geologist (regional geology); Guðmundur Pálmason, geophysicist (heat flow);  Oddur Sigurðsson, glaciologist; and Helgi Torfason, geologist (regional geology) - Icelandic Natural Energy Authority; Jón Benjamínsson, geologist - Icelandic National Center for Hygiene, Food Quality, and Environmental Protection; and  and Haraldur Sigurðsson, geologist (volcanology/marine geology) - School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island; and the late U.S. Icelandic language scholar, John G. Allee, Jr., Professor Emeritus, Department of English, George Washington University.  I am especially grateful to my very good friend and colleague, Gylfi Már Guðbergsson, for his superb comprehensive (and educational) review of the glossary and for his extraordinary patience in trying, for nearly three decades, to teach me the fascinating idiosyncracies of the Icelandic language.

	The following were the principal published sources used to compile the glossary:

Armstrong, T.E., Roberts,  B.B., and Swithinbank, C.W.M.,  1973, Illustrated glossary of 	snow and ice:  Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, 60 p.

Arngrímur Sigurðsson, 1975, Íslensk-ensk orðabók:  Prentsmiðjan Leiftur, Reykjavík, 942 p.

Árni Böðvarsson, editor, 1985, Íslensk orðabók (handa skólum og almenningi):  Bókaútgáfa 	Menningarsjóðs, Reykjavík, 1263 p.

Barth, T.F.W., 1950, Volcanic geology, hot springs, and geysers of Iceland:   Carnegie 	Institution of Washington, Publication 587, Washington, D.C., 175 p.

Einar B. Pálsson, editor, 1983, Orðanefnd byggingarverkfræðinga:  Orðasafn um fráveitur 	[Section 1]:  Tímarit Verkfræðingafélags Íslands, v. 68, no. 6, p. 98-101.

Einar B. Pálsson, editor, 1984, Orðanefnd byggingarverkfræðinga:  Orðasafn um fráveitur 	[Sections 2 and 3]: Tímarit Verkfræðingafélags Íslands, v. 69, no. 2-4, p. 5-8.

Escritt, Tony, 1985, Iceland.  A handbook for expeditions:  London, the Iceland Information 	Centre, Ltd.,  243 p.

Gylfi Már Guðbergsson, 1984, Landafræði:  1 hefti, Almenn landafræði Ísland, 		Námsgagnastofnun, Reykjavík,   160 p.

Hálfdánarson, Örlygur, 1981,  Iceland road guide:  Örn og Örlygur hf., Travel Books, third 	edition, Reykjavík, 440 p.

Haukur Jóhannesson, 1980, Jarðlagaskipan og þróun rekbelta á Vesturlandi:  			Náttúrufræðingurinn, v. 50,  no. 1,  p. 13-31.

Ingibjörg Kaldal and Skúli Víkingsson, 1979, Jökulsár í Skagafirði;  II, jarðgrunnskort:  	Orkustofnun, Raforkudeild  Report No. OS79044/ROD16, October, Reykjavík, 3 	sheets; scale, 1:50,000.

Jóhannesson, Haukur, Jakobsson, Sveinn P., and Sæmundsson, Kristján, compilers, 1982, 	South Iceland:  Sheet 6 in the Geological Map of Iceland series; scale, 1:250,000, 	Icelandic Museum of Natural History-Iceland Geodetic Survey, Reykjavík.

Jón Benjamínsson, 1992, Orðaskrá í jarðfræði og skyldum greinum:  Reykjavík, útgefandi, 	Jón Benjamínsson, 191 p.

Jón Eyþórsson, 1963,  Orðasafn (Helztu heiti á ís og snjó á landi):  Jökull, v. 13, p. 24-28.

Jón Eyþórsson, 1964,  Orðasafn (Helztu heiti á hafísum):  Jökull, v. 14,  p. 90-94.

Kidson, Peter, 1966, Iceland.  A traveller's guide:  Ferðahandbækur s/f, Reykjavík, 216 p.

Kidson, Peter, 1971, Iceland in a nutshell.  Complete reference guide:  Iceland Travel 	Books, 	Reykjavík, 240 p.

Kjartansson, Guðmundur, compiler, 1960, South-West Iceland:  Sheet 3 in the Geological 	Map of Iceland series; scale, 1:250,000, Museum of Natural History, Department of 	Geology and Geography; Distributed by the Iceland Geodetic Survey, Reykjavík.

Landmælingar Íslands, n. d. (1980?), Vogar, Iceland-Ísland:  Fjórðungsblöðin series, Sheet 	No. 1512-I; scale, 1:50,000.   Also published by the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency's 	Hydrographic/Topographic Center in A.M.S. Series C761.

Preusser, Hubertus, 1976, The landscapes of Iceland:  Types and regions:  Dr. W. Junk 
	b. v., Publishers, The Hague, 363 p.

Rannsóknastofnun landbúnaðarins, 1968, Hafnir, Gullbringusýsla:  Sheet 75 in the 		Vegetation Map of Iceland series; scale, 1:40,000, Agricultural Research Institute-	Iceland Geodetic Survey, Reykjavík.

Schutzbach, Werner, 1976, Island.  Feuerinsel am Polarkreis:  Ferdinand Dümmlers Verlag, 	Bonn, 269 p.

Schutzbach, Werner, 1985, Island.  Feuerinsel am Polarkreis:  second edition, Ferdinand 	Dümmlers Verlag, Bonn, 272 p.

Sigbjarnarson, Guttormur, Albertsson, Kristinn, and Einarsson, Kristinn, n. d., Geological 	Map of Krepputunga og Brúardalir:  National Energy Authority, Electrical Power 	Division; scale, 1:83,333. Reykjavík.

Sigurður Örn Bogason, 1972, Ensk-íslenzk orðabók: Ísafoldarprentsmiðja hf., Reykjavík, 	862 p.
Sæmundsson, Kristján, compiler, 1977, North East Iceland:  Sheet 7 in the Geological Map 	of Iceland series; scale, 1:250,000, Museum of Natuaral History-Iceland Geodetic 	Survey, Reykjavík.

Sören Sörenson, 1984, Ensk-íslensk orðabók (með alfræðilegu ívafi):  Örn og Örlygur hf., 	Reykjavík, 1241 p.

Thorarinsson, Sigurður, and Sæmundsson, Kristján, 1980, Volcanic activity in historial time:  	Jökull, v. 29 (1979), p. 29-32.

Thorarinsson, Sigurður, editor, Einarsson, Trausti, and Kjartansson, Gudmundur, 1959, On 	the geology and geomorphology of Iceland:  Geografiska Annaler, v. 41, no. 2-3, p. 	135-169.

Tómas Tryggvason and Jón Jónsson, 1958, Jarðfræðikort af nágrenni Reykjavíkur:  		Iðnaðardeildar Atvinnudeildar Háskólans og Skrifstofu bæjarverkfræðings; scale, 	1:40,000, Reykjavík.

Wood, C. A., Whitford-Stark, J. L., and Head, J.W., compilers, n. d., Iceland field 		itinerary:  Basaltic Volcanism Study Project, Team 5, Distribution and Morphology of 	Basalt Deposits on Planets; Planetary Geology Group, Department of Geological 		Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; National Aeronautics and Space 	Administration, Lunar Science Institute, 55 p.

Þórhallur Vilmundarson, editor, 1980, Grímnir (Rit um nafnfræði):  Örnefnastofnun 		Þjóðminjasafns, Reykjavík, v. 1, 143 p.

Þórhallur Vilmundarson, editor, 1983, Grímnir (Rit um nafnfræði):  Örnefnastofnun 		Þjóðminjasafns, Reykjavík,  v. 2, 144 p.

Þorleifur Einarsson, 1968, Jarðfræði.  Saga bergs og lands:  Mál og menning, Reykjavík, 	335 p.

Þorleifur Einarsson, 1973, Jarðfræði:  Heimskringla, Reykjavík, 254 p.

Þorsteinn Jósepsson and Steindór Steindórsson, 1981, Landið þitt. Ísland:  v. 2 (H-K), Örn 	og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík, 288 p.

Þorsteinn Jósepsson and Steindór Steindórsson, 1983, Landið þitt. Ísland:  v. 4 (S-T), Örn og 	Örlygur hf., Reykjavík, 280 p.

Þorsteinn Jósepsson and Steindór Steindórsson, 1984, Landið þitt. Ísland:  v. 1 (A-G), Örn  	og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík,  278 p.

Þorsteinn Jósepsson, Steindór Steindórsson, and Páll Líndal, 1982, Landið þitt. Ísland:  v. 3 	(L-R), Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík, 340 p.

Þorsteinn Jósepsson, Steindór Steindórsson, Björn Þorsteinsson, og Guðjón Ármann 		Eyjólfsson, 1984, Landið þitt. Ísland: v. 5 (U-O), Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík,
	 271 p.	
Þorsteinn Jósepsson, Steindór Steindórsson, and Einar Laxness, 1985, Landið þitt. Ísland: Lykilbók, Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík, 416 p.