ICELANDIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY OF SELECTED GEOSCIENCE TERMS

Richard S. Williams, Jr.

U.S. Geological Survey

Quissett Campus

Woods Hole, MA 02543 U.S.A.

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN-FILE REPORT 95-807

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms

Introduction

When dealing with Icelandic names of physical geographic features on maps and in journal articles it is important for students of the geology of Iceland to recognize that most place- names are compound words. For example, the volcanic island Surtsey is a compound word derived from the root ey , the Icelandic word for island, and Surts , the genitive case of Surtur , a mythological Norse giant of fire (world destroyer). Svartifoss , the beautiful cascade which flows over columnar basalts along the course of Bæjargil in Skaftafell National Park, is a compound word derived from foss , the Icelandic word for waterfall, and svarti , the definite nominative case form of svartur , the Icelandic adjective for the color black. Snæfellsjökull , an imposing stratovolcano at the tip of the Snæfellsnes peninsula on the north side of Faxaflói (named after the small ice cap (11 km2 ) on its summit), is a compound word derived from snæ , the root of snær , an Icelandic word for snow; and fells, the genitive case of the Icelandic word for a usually isolated mountain, plus the word jökull , the Icelandic word for glacier (etymologically the same origin as the word icicle in English).

Icelandic is rich in words which describe natural features and phenomena often in a very poetic way, such as Snæfellsjökull (described above), Skjaldbreiður ("broad shield"), and Herðubreið ("broad shoulders"). Because Icelandic and English are derivations of an older parent Germanic language, some words have retained a similar spelling and usage even after the passage of more than a thousand years or more (for example, fingur -finger, frost, mýri -mire (swamp), land, norður -north, bull (nonsense), etc.). Icelandic (Old Norse) has remained virtually unchanged, while English has evolved through several well defined stages: "Old English" (pre- 1100 A.D.), "Middle English" (1100 A.D. to 1500 A.D.), and "Modern English" (post-1500 A.D.) and has been strongly influenced by the Latin and French languages.

Icelandic and English share a generally common alphabet except for three Icelandic letters, eth ( ð,Ð ), thorn ( þ , Þ ), and ae ( æ , Æ ), three letters once used in English and four English letters not used in Icelandic. The letters c, q, w are not used in Icelandic except in a few foreign loanwords. The letter z was used in place of the s in some Icelandic words until a few years ago (for example, Íslenzk , now Íslensk ). Icelandic also uses diacritical marks to denote independent vowel sounds. Modern Icelandic has 33 letters in its alphabet: a, á , b, d, ð , e, é , f, g, h, i , í , j, k, l, m, n, o, ó , p, r, s, t, u, ú , v, x, y, ý , z, þ , æ , and ö (note that words beginning with þ , æ , and ö are listed as the last three letters in Icelandic dictionaries). There are 14 discrete vowels (printed and spoken) used in Icelandic versus 6 printed vowels (and many more spoken) used in modern English. The transliteration of the Icelandic alphabet into the English alphabet usually results in the deletion of all diacritical notations over the vowels and the use of a d or D for ð and Ð , th or Th for þ and Þ , and ae or Ae for æ and Æ .

As noted before, in the past 1,100 years English has undergone profound changes; Icelandic is little changed; English has lost most of its inflexions (case endings); Icelandic has retained its inflexions (it employs four singular and plural case endings for the three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter). Also, the Northern Branch (Icelandic, Færoese , Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish) of the Germanic Language uses a post-positive article, in which the definite article (the) generally follows and is attached to the noun, such as in the title of the Icelandic scientific journal Náttúrufræðingurinn (The Naturalist). The definite article can precede the noun if an intervening adjective is used, however, as in Hið íslenska náttúrufræðifélag (The Icelandic Natural History Society). Hinn hvíti jökull (the white glacier) can also be expressed as hvíti jökullinn . In addition, the definite article must agree in gender number and case with the noun. No indefinite article (a or an) is used in Icelandic; the absence of the definite article indicates the sense of an indefinite article.

The following masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns are declined in the singular and plural for each of the four cases: nominative (subject), accusative (direct object), dative (indirect object), and genitive (possessive), first without and then with the definite article.

jökull (glacier) - masculine noun

(a glacier)	(glaciers)

sg.	nom.	jökull	pl.	nom.	jöklar

acc.	jökul	acc.	jökla

dat.	jökli	dat.	jöklum

gen.	jökuls	gen.	jökla

(the glacier)	(the glaciers)

sg.	nom	jökullinn	pl.	nom.	jöklarnir

acc.	jökulinn	acc.	jöklana

dat.	jöklinum	dat.	jöklunum

gen.	jökulsins	gen.	jöklanna

borg (rocky hill) - feminine noun

(a rocky hill)	(rocky hills)

sg.	nom.	borg	pl.	nom.	borgir

acc.	borg	acc.	borgir

dat.	borg	dat.	borgum

gen.	borgar	gen.	borga

(the rocky hill)	(the rocky hills)

sg.	nom.	borgin	pl.	nom.	borgirnar

acc.	borgina	acc.	borgirnar

dat.	borginni	dat.	borgunum

gen.	borgarinnar	gen.	borganna

vatn (lake) - neuter noun

(a lake)	(lakes)

sg.	nom.	vatn	pl.	nom.	vötn

acc.	vatn	acc.	vötn

dat.	vatni	dat.	vötnum

gen.	vatns	gen.	vatna

(the lake)	(the lakes)

sg.	nom.	vatnið	pl.	nom.	vötnin

acc.	vatnið	acc.	vötnin

dat.	vatninu	dat.	vötnunum

gen.	vatnsins	gen.	vatnanna

Jökull , borg , and vatn appear frequently as compounds in Icelandic geographic place- names, such as in Snæfellsjökull , Vatnajökull , Jökulsá á Fjöllum , etc.; Eldborg , Vikraborgir , Þrengslaborgir , etc.; and Vatnaöldur , Grænavatn , Veiðivötn , etc., respectively.

Another grammatical characteristic that Icelandic shares with English is radical changes in spelling of words in different grammatical cases and from singular to plural forms. For example, the Icelandic word for mountain, fjall , becomes fjöll in the nominative (and accusative) plural (mountains) as in Hverfjall , Hlíðarfjall , Fögrufjöll , and Dyngjufjöll . A usually isolated mountain in Icelandic is called a fell, as in Búrfell or Snæfellsjökull . The Icelandic word for island, ey , such as in Surtsey , becomes eyjar in the genitive singular, as in Eldeyjarboði , or when used in the plural for a group of islands ( Vestmannaeyjar ). The genitive singular case is commonly used in the first part of compound place-names in Icelandic.

The Icelandic desire to maintain the "purity" of its spoken and written language is shown in its resistance to acceptance of foreign loanwords. Hence, there is a great lack of cognates in the modern technical and scientific literature. Rather than accept foreign words, most new technical and scientific words are coined from existing Icelandic words. In addition to the challenge of learning Icelandic, the serious student of the geoscience literature of Iceland is faced with also learning a specialized scientific vocabulary with few cognates

The appendix on Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms will assist the reader in making a smoother transition to and a better understanding of Icelandic place-names and other geoscience terms commonly used on maps and in the geoscience literature of Iceland. For those readers interested in the origin of Icelandic geographic place-names, the publications of Örnefnastofnun Þjóðminjasafns , Suðurgötu 41, IS-101 Reykjavík , are expecially usefull . In 1980 and 1983, respectively, the Director of Örnefnastofnun Þjóðminjasafns , Dr. Þórhallur Vilmundarson , edited and published the first two volumes of Grímnir (Rit um nafnfræði ), a periodical devoted to scholarly research into the origin of geographic place-names in Iceland ( Þórhallur Vilmundarson , 1980 and 1983). The best reference work to Icelandic geographic place-names is the two-volume set " Landið þitt ", later expanded into six volumes by Þorsteinn Jósepsson and Steindór Steindórsson (1981, 1983, and 1984) and Þorsteinn Jósepsson and others (1982,1984, and 1985).

The Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms has been compiled from a variety of published sources, including glossaries or indexes included in various scientific publications, map legends or explanations, guidebooks, textbooks, journal articles, and selected dictionaries. A list of these appears at the end of the glossary in Glossary sources.

The following Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms is organized into four columns: Icelandic word (nominative singular); class of word and gender ( nm , noun- masculine; nf , noun-feminine; nn , noun-neuter; am, adjective-masculine; af , adjective-feminine; an, adjective-neuter; ad, adverb; p, preposition; and c, conjunction); Icelandic word (nominative plural); and equivalent word(s) in English. Synonyms of Icelandic words are given in parentheses in the first column. Icelandic words are given for most of the subdisciplines of geology, geophysics, and geochemistry, and related subdisciplines in the geosciences . In most cases the addition of the - ingur suffix to the Icelandic word for a scientific discipline will yield the correct word for the scientist active in that discipline. For example, jarðfræði is the Icelandic word for geology; jarðfræðingur is the Icelandic word for a geologist.

Superscripts (asterisks or numbers) and dashes are used throughout the glossary to assist the reader. A single asterisk (*) signifies a loanword, a word borrowed intact or slightly naturalized from another language. It is either used independently or in a compound word (combined with an Icelandic word). A double asterisk (**) indicates that the plural form is not used in the same context. A triple asterisk (***) signifies that a plural form exists but is not commonly used . In many instances, the plural form exists in a "grammatical" sense but is not necessarily used in a "geological" sense. A dash (-) indicates either that there is no plural form or the plural form is not used - or that there is no singular form or the singular form is not used. All other superscripts are defined in Glossary notes.

Icelandic-English Glossary

ICELANDIC	ENGLISH

Class/

Singular	Gender	Plural

afflæði	nn	-	regression

afrétt ( ur )	nm	afréttir	highland pasture(s)

akur	nm	akrar	field(s)

alda	nf	öldur	rounded "smooth" ridge(s),
waves(s)

almen n jarðfræd i	a f +n f	-	general or physical geology

andhverf a	n f	andhverfu r	anticlin e(s)

andhverfuá s	n m	andhverfuása r	anticlinal axis (es)

apalhrau n	n n	apalhrau n	a a lava/blocky lava

ask a	n f	-	tephr a/volcanic ash

(gosmö l, gjósk a,

gosask a, & viku r)

askj a	n f	öskju r	caldera(s)

au r	n m	-	mud

-	n m	aura r	glacial outwas h

(sandu r)	(sanda r)	area /sandu r

aurkeil a	n f	aurkeilu r	alluvial fan(s)

austur 1	n n/ad	-	east

á	n f	á r	river(s)/stream(s)

áflæð i	n n	-	transgression

-	n m	áraura r	fluvial sediments

árbugð a	n f	árbugðu r	meander(s)

árse t	n n	árse t	fluvial deposit(s)

á s	n m	ása r	small ridge(s)

bakk i	n m	bakka r	the bank of a brook/stream/

river or the sea; the edge of

a gj á, the land along the coast
or a river; a hill o r lowlyi ng	ridg e

basalthr aun *	nn	basalthr aun*	basaltic lava flo ws

basís kur*4	am	basís kir*4	basic

ber g (ste inn )	nn	berg	rock( s)

bergás ýn d	nf	bergásýn dir	facies

bergfræði	nf	-	petrology

( bergtegundafræði )

berggangur	nm	berggangar	dike(s)

berggeitill	nm	berggeitlar	laccolith (s)

berggrunnur	nm	**	bedrock

berghlaup	nn	berghlaup	rockslide(s)

( bergskriða / skriðuhlaup )

berghleifur	nm	berghleifar	batholith(s)

bergkvika	nf	bergkvikur	magma

bergskriða	nf	bergskriður	rockslide(s) [less common,
(berghlau p /skriðuhlau p)	bergskri ð (n n)]

bergsprung a	n f	bergsprungu r	tectonic fracture(s), eruption
fissure(s )

bergtegundafræ ði	nf	-	petrology

(bergfræ ði )

berg æð	n f	bergæð ar	vein(s )

bja rg	n n	bjö rg	cliff(s)/rock(s)/crag(s )

blágrý ti	nn	-	basalt (fine-grained) (usually
Tertiary-ag e)

b or g	nf	bor gir	rocky hill(s)/ci ty( ies)/

fortification(s)/castle( s)

borh ol a	nf	borho lur	borehole( s)

b ot n	nm	bot nar	bottom/head of a valley or fjo rd

bólstrab er g	nn	-	pillow la va

bre kk a	nf	brek kur	slope( s)

brek sía * (brotab erg )	nf	breks íur*	breccia( s)

brenniste in n	nm	-	sulph ur

brennisteinnshv er 3	nm	brennissteinshver i r3	solfat ara( s)

brotab er g	nn	-	brecc ia

brotake rf i	nn	brotake rfi	fracture systems( s)

br un i	nm	bru nar	burning; in the singular form it
also means a lava fi eld

bru nn ur	nm	bru nnar	wells(s)/spring(s), usually
man mad e

br ú	nf	brýr	bridg e(s)

b rú n	nf	b rúnir	edge(s)/borde r(s)

br ún kol (surtarbr an du r )	nn	br únkol	lig nite

bu ng a	nf	b ungur	rounded hil l(s)

by gg ð	nf	by ggðir	inhabited distric t(s )

bæ r	nm	bæir	farm(s)/town(s)/

farmhouse(s)/borough( s)

dalj ök ul l	nm	dalj öklar	valley glacier(s)

dalur	nm	dalir	valley(s)/dale(s)

dasít *	nn	-	dacite

díabas *	nn	-	dolerite

( dólerít */ grágrýti )

dílótt storkuberg	an+ nn	-	porphyritic igneous rock

djúp	nn	djúp	deep/part of the sea/long inlet

djúpberg	nn	-	plutonic rock

dólerít *	nn	-	dolerite

( díabas */ grágrýti )

drag	nn	drög	shallow or indistinct water
course(s)

drag á	n f	dragá r	direct run-off river(s)

drang i /drangu r	n m	dranga r	isolated column(s) or pillars of
roc k

dyng ja	n f	dyngj ur	shield volcano(es)/lava
shield(s)/dome( s)

dyngjuhvirf il l	nm	dyngjuhvirf lar	top of shield volcano(es) or

lava shield( s)

dyngju rö ð	nf	dyngjura ðir	lava shield row(s)

ef t ir ís öl d (nút ími)	p +nf	-	Post-Pleistoce ne/postglac ial/
Holoc ene

eld bo rg	nf	eldbo rgir	lava ring(s)/lava cone (s)

eldborg ar öð	nf	eldborgar aðir	lava cone row (s)

eldf ja ll (eld stö ð)	nn	eldf jöll	volcano( es)

el dg já	nf	eld gjár	lava fissure (s)

el dg os	nf	el dgos	volcanic eruption (s)

eldhry gg ur	nm	eldhry ggir	stratified ridge(s)/composite
ridg e(s)

eld ke il a	nf	eldk e ilur	stratovo lcano(es)/composite
co ne(s)

e ld stöð (el dfj al l )	nf	elds töðvar	volcano(es)/eruption crater(s) or
s ite(s )

el d ur	n m	eldar	fire(s), volcanic erupt ion(s)

el dv ir kni	nf	-	volcanism, volcanic ac tivi ty

e n gi	nn	engi	meadow(s)/grassl an d( s)

ey	n f	eyjar	island(s)/i sle( s)

e y ri	n f	eyrar	s andspit(s)/gravel bank(s)/
delta( s)/sand

eystri1	ad	-	farther east

fa ll jö k ull	nm	fa lljöklar	ice fall(s)

fasajafnvægi	nn	-	phase equilibria

fell	nn	fell	hill(s)/mountain(s), generally, but
not in all cases, isolated

felling	n f	fellinga r	fold(s)

fjal l	n n	fjöl l	mountain(s)

fjallgarðu r	n m	fjallgarða r	mountain range(s)

fjalljökul l	n m	fjalljökla r	mountia n glacier(s)

fjar a (strön d)	n f	fjöru r	beach(es)/ebb/ebb-tide/low water

fjarkönnu n	n f	-	remote sensing

fjörðu r	n m	firði r	fjord(s)

flikruber g	n n	flikruber g	ignimbrit e(s)/welded ash-flow
tu ff(s )

flögube rg	n n	flögube rg	shale(s )

fl óð	n n	fl óð	flood(s )

flj ót	n n	flj ót	large river(s )

fl ói	n m	fló ar	large bay(s)/marsh(es)/fen s

fokjarðveg ur	nm	-	loes s

foksand ur	n m	forksand a r	eoli an san d

fornlífsö ld	nf	-	Paleozoic Er a

fornsegulma gn	nn	-	paleomagneti s m

forsögulegu r4	a m	forsögulegi r4	prehistori c

forsögule g4	a f	forsögule g4	prehistori c

forsöguleg t4	a n	forsögule g4	prehistori c

fo ss	n m	foss ar	waterfall(s )

framskr ið	n n	framskr ið	glacier advanc e

frumlífsö ld	nf	-	Proterozoic Era

gabb ró*	n n	gabb ró*	gabbr o

gang ur	n m	gang ar	dike(s )

garð ur	n m	garð ar	garden(s)/yard(s)/dike or low

wall of earth or ston e

geislasamsæ ta	n f	gelslasamsæt ur	radioisotope s

geislastei nn	n m	geislastein ar	zeolite(s )

gervigíg ur	n m	gervigíg a r	pseudocrat er(s)/rootless cone(s )

g il	n n	g il	ravine(s)/gorge(s)/gull y(i es )

gíg ur	n m	gíg ar	crater(s )

gja ll	n n	gja ll	scoria/cinde r

gjallgíg ur	n m	gjallgíg ar	scoria cone(s )

gjallgígar öð	n f	gjallgígarað ir	scoria cone row(s )

gjallkenndu r4	a m	gjallkennd i r	scoriaceo u s

gjallkenn d4	a f	gjallkennda r 4	scoriaceo u s

gjallkenn t4	a n	gjallkenn d 4	scoriaceo u s

g já	n f	gj ár	tectonic fissure(s)/chasm(s)/
cleft(s)

gjóska	nf	gjóskur	tephra / pyroclastics [infrequently

( gosmöl / gosaska /	used]

aska / vikur )

gjóskuberg	nn	gjóskuberg	tuff (indurated)

gljúfur	nn	gljúfur	rocky ravine(s)/canyon(s)/gorge(s)

gnípa	nf	gnípur	pinnacle(s)/peak(s)/mountain
summit(s)

gnúpu r	n m	gnúpa r	peak(s)/steep mountain(s)

(núpu r /hnjúku r)

gos 2	n n	gos 2	eruption(s) of volcanoes and
geyser s

gosas ka	n f	gosösk a r	teph ra/volcanic ash [infrequently

(as k a/gosm öl/	used]

gjós k a/vik ur )

gosbel ti	n n	gosbel ti	volcanic zone(s )

gosbe rg	nn	-	extrusive (volcanic) rock(s )

goshve r3	n m	goshveri r3	geyse r

gosketi ll (ask ja)	n m	goskatl ar	caldera(s )

gosm öl	nf	-	teph ra

(gjós k a/vik ur/

gosas k a/as ka )

gossprun ga	n f	gossprung ur	eruptive fissure(s )

grágrý ti	n n	grágrý t i	doleri te(s)

(dóler ít */díab as* )

gran ít*	nn	-	granit e

granóf ýr*	nn	-	granophy r e

grettist ak	n n	grettist ök	glacial erratic(s)

(grj ót )

grj ót	nn	**	stones/glacial erratic(s)

(grettist a k/stórgrý ti)

**	n n	grj ót	rocky are a

gr op	nn	-	porosit y

gru nn	n n	gru nn	shoal(s)/shallow s

grunnva tn	n n	grunnvö tn	ground wate r

grunnvatnsbo rð	n n	grunnvatnsbo rð	groundwater table(s )

grunnvatnssk il	n n	grunnvatnssk il	groundwater divide(s )

græn n4	a m	græni r4	gree n

græ n4	a f	græna r4	gree n

græn t4	a n	græ n4	gree n

gu fa	n f	guf ur	steam/vapor(s )

gufuhve r3	n m	gufuhveri r 3	fumero le(s) , solfata ra(s) steam
vent (s)

haf ( sjór )	nn	höf	sea(s)/ocean(s)

hafís	nm	***	sea ice

hagi	nm	hagar	pasture(s)

háhitasvæði3	nn	-	high-temperature geothermal area

(+ 200o C. at 1 km depth)

hálendi	nn	-	highlands

halli ( jarðlagahalli )	nm	hallar	geologic dip(s)

háls	nm	hálsar	ridge(s)

hamar	nm	hamrar	crag(s)/cliff(s)/precipice(s)/rock(s)

haugur	nm	haugar	hummock(s)

heiði	nf	heiðar	heath(s)

hellir	nm	hellar	cave(s)/cavern(s)

helluhraun	nn	helluhraun	pahoehoe lava(s)/smooth lava(s)

hérað	nn	héruð	region(s)/district(s)/locality( ies )

hitaveita	nf	hitaveitur	district-heat distribution systems(s)	(geothermal)

hjalli	nm	hjallar	terrace(s)

hjarn	nn	***	firn

hlíð	nf	hlíðar	slope(s)/mountainside(s)

hljóðbrot	nn	hljóðbrot	seismic refraction(s)

hljóðhraðamæling	nf	hljóðhraðamælingar	exploration seismology/seismic
survey(s)

hljóðspeglu n	n f	hljóðspeglani r	seismic reflection(s)

hlýskei ð	n n	hlýskei ð	interglacia l

hnjúku r (núpu r /gnúpu r)	n m	hnjúka r	peak(s)

hnullungu r	n m	hnullunga r	cobble(s)/boulder(s)

hnyðlingu r	n m	hnyðlinga r	xenolith(s)

hnyklaber g	n n	hnyklaber g	pillow lava(s) [infrequently used]

hol t	n n	hol t	hill(s)/wood(s)-(archaic meaning)

hop	n n	hop	glacier retreat(s) or recession(s)

hól l	n m	hóla r	rounded hill(s)/hillock(s)/knoll(s)

hólmu r	n m	hólma r	islet(s)

hó p (lónavöt n)	n n	hó p	land-locked inlet(s) still influenced

by tides

hrafntinn a	n f	-	obsidian

hrau n	n n	hrau n	lava/lava flow(s), rock avalanche (rarely	used; e.g., hru n)

hraundrýl i	n n	hraundrýl i	hornit o(es)

(hrau n) flæð i	n n	-	effusive lava flows [term only
used during an eruption ]

hraunhell ir	n m	hraunhell ar	lava tube(s )

hrepp ur	n m	hrepp ar	rural communit y(i es)/districts(s )

hringr á s vatnsi n s	n f+ nn	-	hydrolog ic cycl e

hrunskri ða (skrið ur)	n f	hrunskrið ur	talus

hryggur	nm	hryggir	ridge(s)

hús	nn	hús	house(s)/building(s)

hvalbak	nn	havalbök	roche (s) moutonnée (s)

hvammur	nm	hvammar	grassy hollow(s)/dell(s)

hvarfleir	nm	-	glacial varve (s)

hver3	nm	hverir3	hot spring(s) - (boiling or almost

boiling water)

hverahrúður	nn	hverahrúður	hot-spring deposit(s)

hverfjall ( öskugígur )	nn	hverfjöll	tephra ring(s)

hvítur4	am	hvítir4	white

hyrna	nf	hyrnur	mountain peak(s) (derived from
horn)

hæ ð	n f	hæði r	height(s)/hill(s)

höfð i	n m	höfða r	promontory (ie s)/cape(s)/point(s)/

headland(s)

höf n	n f	hafni r	harbor(s)/port(s)

innri 5	a	-	inner

innskotsber g	n n	innskotsber g	intrusion(s)

innskotsla g	n n	innskotslö g	sill(s)

ís 6	n m	ísar 6	ice (singular); sea, lake, river ice
(plural )

ísö ld	nf	**	Pleistocene Epoc h

ísr ák (jökulr ák)	n f	ísrák ir	glacial stri a( ae )

ísú r4	a m	ísúri r4	intermediate silica composition

(52-65 percent)

jafnskjálftalí na	n f	jafnskjálftalín u r	isosei sm(s )

jarðeðlisfræ ði	nf	-	geophysic s

jarðefnafræ ði	nf	-	geochemistr y

jarðeldasvæ ði	n n	jarðeldasvæ ði	volcanic zone(s )

jarðfræ ði	nf	**	geology

**	n f	jarðfræ ð i	geoscienc e s

jarðfræðiko rt	n n	jarðfræðiko rt	geologic map(s )

jarðg as	n n	jarðg ös	natural gas(es )

jarðgrunnsko rt	n n	jarðgrunnsko rt	surficial geologic map(s )

jarðgrunn ur	nm	-	surficial deposit s

jarðhitale it	nf	-	geothermal exploratio n

jarðhi ti	nm	-	geothermal heat, activit y

jarðl ag	n n	jarðl ög	geologic stratum(a) or rock(s )

jarðlagafræ ði	nf	-	stratigraph y

jarðlagahal li (hal li)	n m	jarðlagahall ar	geologic dip(s)

jarðlagastrik ( strik )	nn	jarðlagastrik	geologic strikes(s)

jarðmyndun ( myndun )	nf	jarðmyndanir	geologic formations

jarðolía	nf	jarðolíur	petroleum (plural: several types of
oil)

jarðsag a	n f	-	historical geology

jarðskjálftafræð i	n f	-	seismology

jarðskjálftamæli r	n f	jarðskjálftamæla r	seismograph(s)

jarðskjálft i	n f	jarðskjálfta r	earthquake(s)

(landskjálft i)

jarðskorpuhreyfin g	n f	jarðskorpuhreyfinga r	tectonics

jarðskorp a	n f	-	lithosphere, crust

jarðskri ð	n n	jarðskri ð	solifluctio n(s)

jarðtro g	n n	jarðtro g	geosynclin e(s)

jarðvat n	n n	-	subsurface water

jarðvegu r	n m	-	soil(s)

-	n f	jöklabreytinga r	glacier variation

(jökulbreytinga r)

jökul á (jökuls á)	n f	jökulá r	glacier river(s)

jökulald a	n f	jökulöldu r	terminal

(jökulgarðu r /jökulur ð)	moraine(s)/drumlin(s)

jökulárse t	n n	jökulárse t	fluvioglacia l deposit(s)

jökulber g	n n	-	tillit e

jökulbreið a	n f	jökulbreiðu r	ice sheet(s)

-	n f	jökulbreytinga r	glacier variation

(jöklabreytinga r)

jökuleyðin g	n f	-	deglaciatio n

jökulga p	n n	-	bergschrun d

jökulgarðu r	n m	jökulgarða r	terminal moraine(s)

(jökulald a /jökulur ð)	(moraines)

jökulhett a	n f	jökulhettu r	ice cap(s)

jökulhlau p	n n	jökulhlau p	glacier outburst flood(s)

jökulkas t	n n	jökulkös t	calving(s) of glacier terminus

jökulkemb a	n f	jökulkembu r	fluted moraine(s)

jökulke r	n n	jökulke r	ice kettle(s)/ice cauldron(s)

jökul l	n m	jökla r	glacier(s)

jökulrá k (ísrá k)	n f	jökulráki r	glacial stria (a e)

jökulruðningu r	n m	jökulruðninga r	glacial till(s)/ground

moraine/glacial drift

jökulrön d	n f	jökulrendu r/	margin(s) of a glacier

jökulrandi r

jökulrös t	n f	jökulrasti r	ice stream(s)

jökul á (jökuls á)	n f	jökulá r	glacier river(s)

jökulská l	n f	jökulskála r/	cirque(s)
jökulskál ir

jökulskeið	nn	jökulskeið	glacial epoch(s)

jökulsker	nn	jökulsker	nunatak (s)

jökulsprunga	nf	jökulsprungur	glacier crevasse(s)

jökulsvarf	nn	-	glacial abrasion (e.g., fine
particles)

jökulsvörfu n	n f	-	glacial erosion (the process)

jökultung a	n f	jökultungu r	glacier tongue(s)

jökulur ð	n f	jökulurði r	moraine(s)

(jökulald a /jökulgarðu r)

jör ð	n f	jarði r	earth/soil/Earth/farm(s)

kalkhrúðu r	n n	kalkrúðu r	calcium carbonate deposit(s) from

a hot spring

kambu r	n m	kamba r	crest of hill

kaupstaðu r	n m	kaupstaði r	Icelandic town(s) with a special
legal and administrative status:

Reykjav ík and 22 other s

kaupt ún	n n	kaupt ún	village(s )

keilugang ur	n f	keilugang ar	inclined sheet(s) (intrusions), cone sheet s

kel da	n f	keld ur	pool(s), bottomless pit(s )

k er (sprengigíg ur)	n n	k e r	ma ar(s )

kirk ja	n f	kirkj ur	church(es )

kísilg úr	nm	-	diatomit e

kísilhrúð ur	nn	-	silica deposit(s) from a hot sprin g

kle if	n f	kleif ar	very steep slope(s)/narrow (steep)

passage(s)/narrow glen(s) on a	mountainside/rock(s), slanted on	to p

klepragí gu r	nm	klepragí gar	spatter cone(s)/scoria con es

klepragíga rö ð	nf	klepragígara ðir	spatter cone row(s)/crater row(s)/

mixed cone row( s)

klet tu r	nm	klet tar	cliff(s)/crag(s)/rock(s )

k li f	nn	k lif	very narrow path(s) or passage(s)/

mountain pass(es)/steep rock( s)

ko l	nn	kol	coal (singular: coil in electric moto r)

kornast ær ð	nf	kornastæ ðir	grain size( s)

k or t (landab réf /	nn	k ort	map(s)

landk ort/

uppdrát tu r)

kró ku r	nm	kró kar	crook/sharp bend/nook/corner or

enclosed area hidden from view	in the landscape

kubbaberg	nn	-	cube-jointed basalt

kvarter *	nn	-	Quaternary Period

kviksynði	nn	kviksyndir	quagmire(s)

kvikuþró	nf	kvikuþrær	magma chamber(s)

kvísl	nf	kvíslir	river(s)/tributary( ies )

lag	nn	lög	layer(s)/stratum(a)

lagskipting	nf	***	stratification

lághitasvæði3	nn	lághitasvæði3	low-temperature geothermal
area(s) ( +150 o C. at 1 km
depth)

land	n n	lö nd	land(s)/area(s )

landabr éf (ko rt/	n n	landabr éf	map(s)

landko r t/uppdrátt ur )

landabréfab ók	n f	landabréfabæk ur	atlas(es )

landafræ ði	nf	-	geograph y

landko r t(ko rt/	n n	landko rt	map(s)

landabr é f/uppdrátt ur )

landmæli ng	n f	landmæling ar	geodetic surveyin g

landmótunarfræ ði	nf	-	geomorpholog y

landr ek	nn	-	continental drift/plate tectonic s

landskjálf ti	n m	landskjálft ar	earthquake(s)

(jarðskjálf ti )

lau g3	n f	laug ar	warm spring(s )

le ir	nm	**	cla y

lei ra	n f	leir ur	a muddy area, periodically
flooded, in rivers or along	shores of la kes

leirh ve r3	nm	leirhve r ir3	mu dpot, boil ing mu d pot

leirst ei nn	nm	-	muds to ne, silts t one

le kt	nf	-	permeabil ity

ley si ng	nf	leysi ngar	ablat ion

leysingar va tn	nn	-	meltwa ter

li nd	nf	li ndir	spring (s)

l in dá	nf	li ndár	spring-fed river (s)

linda ka lk	nn	-	travert ine

líp arí t* (ljósg rýt i)	nn	líp arít*	rhyol ite

ljósg rý ti (líp arít *)	nn	ljósg rýtí	rhyol ite

ljósgrýtis túf f*	nn	ljósgrýtis tú ff*	rhyol i tic tuff (s)

loft sl ag	nn	-	clim ate

loftst ei nn	nm	loftste inar	meteorite(s)

lón	nn	lón	lagoon(s)/inlet(s)

lónavatn ( hóp )	nn	lónavötn	land-locked inlet(s) still influenced

by tides

lækur	nm	lækir	brook(s)

malarás	nm	malarásar	esker (s)

málmgrýti	nn	-	ore

megineldstöð	nf	megineldstöðvar	central volcano(es)

melur	nm	melar	gravel(s)

miðlífsöld	nf	-	Mesozoic Era

misgengi	nn	misgengi	fault(s)

misgengisstallur	nm	misgengisstallar	fault scarp(s)

mislægi	nn	mislægi	unconformity( ies )

móberg	nn	-	tuff (s)/ hyaloclastite (s)/
palagonit e(s)

-	n f	móbergsbreksíu r	hyaloclastit e breccia

móbergshryggu r	n m	móbergshryggi r	hyaloclastit e /palagonit e ridges(s)

móbergsmyndu n	n f	móbergsmyndani r	palagonit e formation(s)

móbergsse t	n n	móbergsse t	tuffaceou s sediment(s)

móbergsstap i (stap i)	n m	móbergsstapa r	table mountain(s)

móbergsþurs i	n m	-	palagoniti c breccia

múl i	n m	múla r	low, rounded mountain(s)/
headland(s )

myndbreyti ng	n f	myndbreyting ar	metamorphis m

myndbrey tt berg	a n+ n n	mydnbrey tt berg	metamorphic rock(s )

mynd un (jarðmynd un)	n f	myndan ir	geologic formation(s )

myn ni	n n	myn ni	mouth(s)/outlet(s )

mý ri	n f	mýr ar	bog(s)/mire(s )

mælikvar ði	n m	mælikvarð ar	scale(s )

m öl	nf	-	gravel(s)/pebble(s)

ná ma	n f	nám ur	quarr y(i es)/pit(s)/mine(s )

náttúrle g t umhver fi	an + n n	natturl e g umhver fi	natural environment(s )

n es (ska gi)	n n	n es	peninsula(s)/headland(s)/

point(s)/cape(s )

norðu r1	nn/ad	-	nort h

núp ur	n m	núp ar	peak(s)

(hnjúk u r/gnúp ur )

nútí mi	nm	-	Holocene or

(eft i r ísö ld)	Recent Epoc h

nyrðr i1	a	-	norther n

nýlífsö ld	nf	-	Cenozoic Era

oddi	nm	oddar	promontory( ies )/point(s)/

tongue(s) of land

ós	nm	ósar	mouth(s) of a river/estuary( ies )

óseyri	nf	óseyrar	delta(s)

perlusteinn	nm	-	perlite

rafsegulmæling	nf	rafsegulmælingar	electromagnetic survey(s)

rauður4	am	rauðir4	red

rekbelti	nn	rekbelti	rift zone(s)

rétt segulmögnun	an+ nn	-	normal polarity

reykur	nm	reykir	smoke/steam

rif	nn	rif	reef(s)/bank(s)

rishryggur	nm	rishryggir	horst (s)

rof	nn	rof	denudation

rofabarð	nn	rofabörð	soil patch(es)

rúst	nf	rústir	palsa (en)/ruin(s)

rönd á	nf +p	randir / rendur	medial moraine(s)

skriðjökli	+ nm	á skriðjökli

röst	nf	rastir	strong ocean (tidal) current(s)

samhverfa	nf	samhverfur	syncline (s)

samhverfuás	nm	samhverfuásar	synclinal axis(es)

samsætuhlutfall	nn	samsætuhlutföll	isotopic ratio(s)

sandalda	nf	sandöldur	dune(s)

sandsteinn	nm	-	sandstone

sandur	nm	sandar ( aurar )	sand/area(s) of sand/glacial

outwash plain(s)

segulmagn	nn	-	magnetic polarity

segulmæling	nf	segulmælingar	geomagnetic survey(s)

set	nn	set	sediment(s)

setberg	nn	-	sedimentary rocks

setlag	nn	setlög	sedimentary deposit(s)/ clastic
sediment(s)

setmyndu n	n f	setmyndani r	sedimentation

sífrer i	n m	-	permafrost

sigdalu r /sigdæl d	n f	sigdali r /sigdældi r	grabe n(s)

siggeng i	n n	siggeng i	normal fault(s)

sigketil l	n m	sigkatla r	collapse cauldron(s) on a glacier
or a volcano

sjávarrof	nn	-	wave abrasion or erosion

sjór ( haf )	nm	sjóir	sea(s)/ocean(s)/seawater/waves

or breakers; [ sjóir (large	waves)]

skag i (ne s)	n m	skaga r	peninsula(s)/headland(s)/cape(s)

skar ð	n n	skör ð	mountain pass(es)

skálarjökul l	n m	skálarjökla r	cirque glacier(s)

ske r	n n	ske r	skerry (ie s)

-	n n	ski l	geologic contact(s)

skjálftamiðj a	n f	skjálftamiðju r	epicenter(s)

**	n f	skjálftaupptö k	hypocente r

skjálftavirkn i	n f	-	seismicity

skógu r	n m	skóga r	wood(s)/forest(s)

skriðjökul l	n m	skriðjökla r	outlet glacier(s)/valley glacier(s)

skriðuhlau p	n n	skriðuhlau p	rock avalanche(s)

(bergskri ð /berghlau p)

skrið a (hrunskrið a)	n m	skriðu r	talus

skriðukeil a	n f	skriðukeilu r	alluvial cone(s)

slétt a	n f	sléttu r	plain(s)/field(s)/an area of level
groun d

snefilef ni	nn +	snefilef ni	trace element distribution(s)

útbreiðs la	nf	utbreiðsl ur

sniðgen gi	n n	sniðgen gi	strike-slip fault(s )

snjófl óð (skjóskri ða)	n n	snjófl óð	snow avalanche(s )

snjó r8	n m	snjóa r8	snow/lots of snow/layers of snow/

snowfall(s )

snjóskri ða (snjofl ód)	n f	snjóskrið ur	snow avalanche(s )

snælí na	n f	snælín ur	snow line(s )

snæ r8	nm	-	snow

sprengigígar öð	n m	sprengígarað i r	teph ra ring row(s)

(öskugírar öð)

sprengigíg ur (k er)	n m	sprengigíg a r	ma ar(s )

sprengig já	n f	sprengigj ár	explosion fissure(s )/ma ar row(s)
explosion chasm (s)spru n ga
nf	spr ungur	fissure(s)/crack(s)/fractur e(s)

s ta ðu r	nm	s taðir	place(s)/spo t(s)

st api (móbergs sta pi )	nm	s tapar	rocky hill(s)/bluff(s)/table
mounta in(s)

stein af ræ ði	nf	-	miner alogy

steingerving af ræ ði	nf	-	paleont ology

steinger vi ng u r	nm	steinger vingar	foss il(s)

steinn (b er g )	nm	s teinar	stone(s)/rock(s)

steind	nf	steindir	mineral(s)

steintegund	nf	steintegundir	rock type(s)

stórgrýti	nn	stórgrýti	large rock(s)/boulder(s)

storkuberg	nn	storkuberg	igneous rock(s)

strandlína	nf	strandlínur	raised
beach(es)/coastline(s)/	terrace(s )

str ik (jarðlagastr ik)	n n	str ik	geologic strik e

strö nd (fja ra)	n f	strend u r/strand ir	coast(s)/shore(s )/beac he(es)/
strand( s)

s tö ð	nf	stöð var	station( s)

stö ð ug sams æta	a f+	stöðu gar	stable isotopes

nf	samsæ t ur

s uð a	nf	su ður	boiling(s ); su ður is
infrequently u sed

su ð ur 1	nn/ad	-	so uth

súr4	am	sú rir4	acidic (more than 65
per cent SiO2) rocks

(also applies to pH of	liq uids)

surtarb ra nd ur	nm	-	lign ite

(b rúnkol)

sv artur 4	am	sv artir4	black

s ve i t	nf	s veitir	countryside/rural distri ct(s)

s væ ð i	nn	svæði	area(s)/place(s)/region(s)/
tract(s) o f land

sv ör fun	nf	-	e rosion

syðri1	a	-	so uther n

sý s la	nf	sýslur	cou nt y(ies)

sæ lu h ús	nn	sæluhús	hut(s), emergency hu t(s)

ta n gi	nm	tangar	narrow peninsula(s)/
pro mon tory(ies)/

point(s) of land

te rt íer*	nn	-	Tertiary Period

t ím a bil	nn	tímabil	pe riod(s )

ti n dur	n m	tindar	pinnacle(s)/su mmit( s)

t j örn	nf	tjarnir	small lake(s)/pond(s)/
pool(s)/ tarn (s )

t unga	nf	tungur	tongue(s) of land usually
between sever al ri ve r s

t ún	nn	tún	fertilized farm field(s)

undir jökli	p+ nm	undir jöklum	subglacial , beneath glaciers

uppblástur ( vindrof )	nm	-	denudation/wind erosion

uppdráttur ( kort /	nm	uppdrættir	map(s)

landkort / landabréf )

upphafsöld	nf	-	Archeozoic Era

útkulnaður4	am	útkulnaðir4	inactive/extinct

vað	nn	vöð	ford(s)

varða	nf	vörður	cairn(s)

vatn	nn	vötn	lake(s)/water

vatnafræði	nf	-	hydrology

vatnaset	nn	vatnaset	alluvium

vatnaskil	nn	vatnaskil	water divide(s)

vatnasvið	nn	vatnasvið	drainage basin(s)

vatnsgildi	nn +	-	water equivalent of snow

snævar8	nm

vatnshver3	nm	vatnshverir3	hot spring(s)

veðrun	nf	-	weathering

veður	nn	-	weather

vegur	nm	vegir	road(s)/path(s)/way(s)/route(s)

ver	nn	ver	wet area(s)/highland bog(s)/
nesting area(s)/ fishing	station(s) or place(s )

vestu r 1	nn/ad	wester n

viðnámsmæli ng	n f	viðsnámsmæling ar	electrical resistance
measurement(s)/	survey( s)

v ik ur ( a ska/go smö l/	nn	vi krar	pum ice/lap illi/pumice flats
g jóska/g osaska)	or pumice-covered ar ea( s)

v í k	nf	víkur	bay(s)/cove(s)/cre ek(s)

v in drof (uppb lástu r)	nn	v indrof	defl ation

v irkur 4	am	v irkir4	a ctiv e

vi t i	nm	vitar	lighthou se(s )

ví t i	n n	víti	hell/also used for explosive
volcanic crat ers o r maar s

vo g ur	n m	vogar	inlet(s)/cove(s)/cr eek(s)

vo lg r a3	nf	v olgrur3	lukewarm spr ing(s)

v öl l ur	nm	vellir	field(s)/pl ain(s)

v öl ub erg	nn	-	conglome rate

yfirb or ðs l ag	nn	yfirb orðslög	surficial layer(s)

yfirborðsvatn	nn	-	surface water

ytri5	am	ytri5	outer

ytri5	af	ytri5	outer

ytra5	an	ytru5	outer

þelaurð	nf	þelaurðir	rock glacier(s)

þing	nn	þing	meeting(s)/parliament(s)

þorp	nn	þorp	village(s)

þúfa	nf	þúfur	frost mound(s)/small hillock(s)/

mound(s)/knoll(s)

þursaberg	nn	þursaberg	breccia

þyngdarafl jarðar	nn + nf	-	gravity

þyngdarmæling	nf	þyngdarmælingar	gravity survey(s)

öfugt segulmagn	an+ nn	-	reverse polarity

ölkelda	nf	ölkeldur	cold, carbon dioxide
spring(s)

-	n m	öræf i	wasteland/desert/wilderness

öskufal l	n n	-	tephr a fall

öskugígarö ð	n f	öskugígaraði r	tephr a ring row(s)

(sprengigígarö ð)

öskulagatímata l	n n	öskulagatímatö l	tephrochronolog y (ie s)

öskugígu r (hverfjal l)	n m	öskugíga r	tephr a ring(s)

öxi 9	n f	axir 9	axe(s)

Glossary notes

1.	Austur (east), vestur (west), norður (north), and suður (south) can be nouns (neuter) as well as adverbs; it all depends on the context in which they are used. As in English, the	above adverbial form is the positive one; they also exist as adjectives in the comparative	and superlative forms:

Positive (Adv.)	Comparative (Adj.)	Superlative (Adj.)

austur	eystri or austari	austastur

vestur	vestri or vestari	vestastur

norður	nyrðri or norðari	nyrstur

suður	syðri	syðstur

2.	Gos is also used in the vernacular as an abbreviation for gosdrykkur , the Icelandic word for soda pop or a soft drink.

3.	Geothermal activity in Iceland is divided into two types of areas on the basis of water temperature at a depth of 1 kilometer: (1) háhitasvæði (high-temperature areas	(+ 200oC )) which have leirhverir or brennissteinshverir ( solfataras ), gufuhverir ( fumeroles ), goshverir (geysers), etc.; and lághitasvæði (low-temperature areas (+ 150oC )) which have a variety of types of vatnshverir (springs), such as hverir (hot springs; > 70oC ), laugar (warm springs; 30oC -70oC ), and volgrur (lukewarm springs; < 30oC ). The distinction between hver and laug is not based solely on the water temperature; it varies throughout Iceland, depending on what is considered to be "warm" or "hot" in each district.

4.	Adjectives usually have different forms in the singular and plural of masculine, feminine, and neuter grammatical genders; for example, the word green:

Singular	Plural

masculine	grænn	grænir

feminine	græn	grænar

neuter	grænt	græn

5.	Inner in Icelandic only exists as comparative ( innri ) and superlative ( innstur ) adjectives; the same holds true for outer, with ytri the comparative and ystur the superlative form of	the adjective.

6.	Ís is also used in the vernacular as the Icelandic word for ice cream; in the plural ( ísar ) it means ice cream cones, but it can also mean ice from a meteorological standpoint.

7.	Deglaciation can also be expressed as eyðing jökla .

8.	Snjór (snow) is a masculine noun which has very irregular declensions, including	multiple spelling variations within the singular cases:

singular:	nominative	snjór , snær , snjár

accusative	snjó , snæ , snjá

dative	snjó , snæ (vi), snjá (vi)

genitive	snjós / snjóar , snævar , snjávar , snjóvar

plural:	nominative	snjóar

accusative	snjóa

dative	snjóum

genitive	snjóa

9.	Axar (ax) is the form of the genitive case or declension; for example, Axarfjörður.Glossary sources

The Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms was derived from a variety of publications. In addition, I would like to give special acknowledgement to fifteen Icelandic geoscientists who critically reviewed the glossary and accompanying text and who also recommended terms for inclusion in the glossary: Helgi Björnsson , geophysicist (glaciology) and Professor, University of Oslo (Norway); Páll Einarsson , geophysicist (seismology); and Leó Kristjánsson , geophysicist (geomagnetism) - Science Institute, University of Iceland; Gylfi Már Guðbergsson , geographer (land use/botany); and Sigurður Steinþórsson , geologist (petrology), all professors in the Department of Geosciences , University of Iceland; Karl Grönvold , geologist (petrology); and Guðrun Larsen, geologist ( tephrochronology ) - Nordic Volcanological Institute, University of Iceland; Haukur Tómasson , geologist (regional geology) - Icelandic Museum of Natural History; the late Sigurjón Rist , hydrologist (surface water/glaciology); Jón Jónsson , geologist (regional geology); Kristján Sæmundsson , geologist (regional geology); Guðmundur Pálmason , geophysicist (heat flow); Oddur Sigurðsson , glaciologist; and Helgi Torfason , geologist (regional geology) - Icelandic Natural Energy Authority; Jón Benjamínsson , geologist - Icelandic National Center for Hygiene, Food Quality, and Environmental Protection; and and Haraldur Sigurðsson , geologist (volcanology/marine geology) - School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island; and the late U.S. Icelandic language scholar, John G. Allee , Jr., Professor Emeritus, Department of English, George Washington University. I am especially grateful to my very good friend and colleague, Gylfi Már Guðbergsson , for his superb comprehensive (and educational) review of the glossary and for his extraordinary patience in trying, for nearly three decades, to teach me the fascinating idiosyncracies of the Icelandic language.

The following were the principal published sources used to compile the glossary:

Armstrong, T.E. , Roberts, B.B., and Swithinbank , C.W.M. , 1973, Illustrated glossary of
snow and ice: Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, 60 p.

Arngrímur Sigurðsson , 1975, Íslensk - ensk orðabók : Prentsmiðjan Leiftur , Reykjavík , 942 p.

Árni Böðvarsson , editor, 1985, Íslensk orðabók ( handa skólum og almenningi ): Bókaútgáfa
Menningarsjóðs , Reykjavík , 1263 p.

Barth, T.F.W. , 1950, Volcanic geology, hot springs, and geysers of Iceland: Carnegie
Institution of Washington, Publication 587, Washington, D.C., 175 p.

Einar B. Pálsson , editor, 1983, Orðanefnd byggingarverkfræðinga : Orðasafn um fráveitur
[Section 1]: Tímarit Verkfræðingafélags Íslands , v. 68, no. 6, p. 98-101.

Einar B. Pálsson , editor, 1984, Orðanefnd byggingarverkfræðinga : Orðasafn um fráveitur
[Sections 2 and 3]: Tímarit Verkfræðingafélags Íslands , v. 69, no. 2-4, p. 5-8.

Escritt , Tony, 1985, Iceland. A handbook for expeditions: London, the Iceland Information
Centre , Ltd., 243 p.

Gylfi Már Guðbergsson , 1984, Landafræði : 1 hefti , Almenn landafræði Ísland ,
Námsgagnastofnun , Reykjavík , 160 p.

Hálfdánarson , Örlygur , 1981, Iceland road guide: Örn og Örlygur hf., Travel Books, third
edition, Reykjavík , 440 p.

Haukur Jóhannesson , 1980, Jarðlagaskipan og þróun rekbelta á Vesturlandi :
Náttúrufræðingurinn , v. 50, no. 1, p. 13-31.

Ingibjörg Kaldal and Skúli Víkingsson , 1979, Jökulsár í Skagafirði ; II, jarðgrunnskort :
Orkustofnun , Raforkudeild Report No. OS79044 / ROD16 , October, Reykjavík , 3	sheets; scale, 1:50,000.

Jóhannesson , Haukur , Jakobsson , Sveinn P., and Sæmundsson , Kristján , compilers, 1982,
South Iceland: Sheet 6 in the Geological Map of Iceland series; scale, 1:250,000,
Icelandic Museum of Natural History-Iceland Geodetic Survey, Reykjavík .

Jón Benjamínsson , 1992, Orðaskrá í jarðfræði og skyldum greinum : Reykjavík , útgefandi ,
Jón Benjamínsson , 191 p.

Jón Eyþórsson , 1963, Orðasafn ( Helztu heiti á ís og snjó á landi ): Jökull , v. 13, p. 24-28.

Jón Eyþórsson , 1964, Orðasafn ( Helztu heiti á hafísum ): Jökull , v. 14, p. 90-94.

Kidson , Peter, 1966, Iceland. A traveller 's guide: Ferðahandbækur s/f, Reykjavík , 216 p.

Kidson , Peter, 1971, Iceland in a nutshell. Complete reference guide: Iceland Travel Books,
Reykjavík , 240 p.

Kjartansson , Guðmundur , compiler, 1960, South-West Iceland: Sheet 3 in the Geological
Map of Iceland series; scale, 1:250,000, Museum of Natural History, Department of
Geology and Geography; Distributed by the Iceland Geodetic Survey, Reykjavík .

Landmælingar Íslands , n. d. (1980?), Vogar , Iceland- Ísland : Fjórðungsblöðin series, Sheet
No. 1512-I; scale, 1:50,000. Also published by the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency's
Hydrographic/Topographic Center in A.M.S. Series C761 .

Preusser , Hubertus , 1976, The landscapes of Iceland: Types and regions: Dr. W. Junk b. v., Publishers, The Hague, 363 p.

Rannsóknastofnun landbúnaðarins , 1968, Hafnir , Gullbringusýsla : Sheet 75 in the
Vegetation Map of Iceland series; scale, 1:40,000, Agricultural Research Institute-Iceland Geodetic Survey, Reykjavík .

Schutzbach , Werner, 1976, Island. Feuerinsel am Polarkreis : Ferdinand Dümmlers Verlag ,
Bonn, 269 p.

Schutzbach , Werner, 1985, Island. Feuerinsel am Polarkreis : second edition, Ferdinand
Dümmlers Verlag , Bonn, 272 p.

Sigbjarnarson , Guttormur , Albertsson , Kristinn , and Einarsson , Kristinn , n. d., Geological
Map of Krepputunga og Brúardalir : National Energy Authority, Electrical Power	Division; scale, 1:83,333. Reykjavík .

Sigurður Örn Bogason , 1972, Ensk - íslenzk orðabók : Ísafoldarprentsmiðja hf., Reykjavík ,
862 p.

Sæmundsson , Kristján , compiler, 1977, North East Iceland: Sheet 7 in the Geological Map
of Iceland series; scale, 1:250,000, Museum of Natuaral History-Iceland Geodetic Survey, Reykjavík .

Sören Sörenson , 1984, Ensk - íslensk orðabók ( með alfræðilegu ívafi ): Örn og Örlygur hf.,
Reykjavík , 1241 p.

Thorarinsson , Sigurður , and Sæmundsson , Kristján , 1980, Volcanic activity in historical time:
Jökull , v. 29 (1979), p. 29-32.

Thorarinsson , Sigurður , editor, Einarsson , Trausti , and Kjartansson , Gudmundur , 1959, On
the geology and geomorphology of Iceland: Geografiska Annaler , v. 41, no. 2-3, p. 135-169.

Tómas Tryggvason and Jón Jónsson , 1958, Jarðfræðikort af nágrenni Reykjavíkur :
Iðnaðardeildar Atvinnudeildar Háskólans og Skrifstofu bæjarverkfræðings ; scale,	1:40,000, Reykjavík .

Wood, C. A., Whitford -Stark, J. L., and Head, J.W. , compilers, n. d., Iceland field
itinerary: Basaltic Volcanism Study Project, Team 5, Distribution and Morphology of Basalt Deposits on Planets; Planetary Geology Group, Department of Geological
Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, Lunar Science Institute, 55 p.

Þórhallur Vilmundarson , editor, 1980, Grímnir (Rit um nafnfræði ): Örnefnastofnun
Þjóðminjasafns , Reykjavík , v. 1, 143 p.

Þórhallur Vilmundarson , editor, 1983, Grímnir (Rit um nafnfræði ): Örnefnastofnun
Þjóðminjasafns , Reykjavík , v. 2, 144 p.

Þorleifur Einarsson , 1968, Jarðfræði . Saga bergs og lands: Mál og menning , Reykjavík ,	335 p.

Þorleifur Einarsson , 1973, Jarðfræði : Heimskringla , Reykjavík , 254 p.

Þorsteinn Jósepsson and Steindór Steindórsson , 1981, Landið þitt . Ísland : v. 2 (H-K), Örn
og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík , 288 p.

Þorsteinn Jósepsson and Steindór Steindórsson , 1983, Landið þitt . Ísland : v. 4 (S-T), Örn og
Örlygur hf., Reykjavík , 280 p.

Þorsteinn Jósepsson and Steindór Steindórsson , 1984, Landið þitt . Ísland : v. 1 (A-G), Örn
og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík , 278 p.

Þorsteinn Jósepsson , Steindór Steindórsson , and Páll Líndal , 1982, Landið þitt . Ísland : v. 3
(L-R), Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík , 340 p.

Þorsteinn Jósepsson , Steindór Steindórsson , Björn Þorsteinsson , og Guðjón Ármann
Eyjólfsson , 1984, Landið þitt . Ísland : v. 5 (U-O), Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík ,

271 p.

Þorsteinn Jósepsson , Steindór Steindórsson , and Einar Laxness, 1985, Landið þitt . Ísland : Lykilbók , Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík , 416 p.