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North Carolina
Subcontractors for the Savannah River Laboratory (SRL) collected at least 6,666 stream-sediment, 295 surface-water, and 5,778 ground-water samples within 100 counties from North Carolina as part of the NURE Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance (HSSR) program. The sediment samples were collected during June - December 1976; July - August 1977; and April - May 1978, and water samples were collected during December 1976 - August 1977 and June - July 1978. Sample coverage included portions of the Beaufort, Charlotte, Chattanooga, Currituck Sound, Florence, Georgetown, Greensboro, Greenville, Johnson City, Knoxville, Manteo, Norfolk, Raleigh, Rocky Mount, Rome, Spartanburg, and Winston-Salem 1:250,000-scale quadrangles. (A total of 750 stream-sediment and 432 ground-water samples were collected within the Winston-Salem quadrangle.) These samples were sent to SRL for analysis of uranium and additional elements (16 in sediments and 9 in waters). SRL was able to analyze 6,597 sediments and 6,040 waters from North Carolina; this includes 697 sediment and 432 water samples from the Winston-Salem quadrangle. The analytical and site location data for all North Carolina samples were released in the North and South Carolina Data Report [GJBX-102(82)].

SRL sent 4,677 sediment samples from North Carolina to an unnamed contract laboratory for "Supplemental Analyses." Supplemental analytical determinations for up to 23 elements were reported for 4,660 of these samples in the North and South Carolina Data Report [GJBX-102(82)]. The digital data file accompanying this report include Supplemental Analyses for 743 North Carolina sediment samples within the Winston-Salem quadrangle.

Virginia
Subcontractors for the Savannah River Laboratory (SRL) collected at least 5,667 stream-sediment, 2,598 surface-water, and 4,834 ground-water samples within 96 counties from Virginia as part of the NURE Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance (HSSR) program. The sediment samples were collected during July - October 1976; August - September 1977; and April - November 1978, and water samples were collected during December 1976 - September 1977; April - October 1978; and June - August 1979. Sample coverage included portions of the Baltimore, Bluefield, Charlottesville, Chincoteague, Cumberland, Currituck Sound, Greensboro, Jenkins, Johnson City, Norfolk, Richmond, Roanoke, Salisbury, Washington, and Winston-Salem 1:250,000-scale quadrangles. (A total of 607 stream-sediment and 331 ground-water samples were collected within the Winston-Salem quadrangle.) These samples were sent to SRL for analysis of uranium and additional elements (16 in sediments and 9 in waters). SRL was able to analyze 5,522 sediments and 7,416 waters from Virginia; this includes 590 sediment and 331 water samples from the Winston-Salem quadrangle. The analytical and site location data for all Virginia samples were released in the Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia Data Report [GJBX-103(82)].

SRL sent 2,719 sediment samples from Virginia to an unnamed contract laboratory for "Supplemental Analyses." Supplemental analytical determinations for up to 23 elements were reported for 2,711 of these samples in the Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia Data Report [GJBX-103(82)]. The digital data file accompanying this report includes Supplemental Analyses for 526 Virginia sediment samples within the Winston-Salem quadrangle.

Tennessee
Subcontractors for the Savannah River Laboratory (SRL) collected at least 3,309 stream-sediment, 1,584 surface-water, and 3,574 ground-water samples within 58 counties from the eastern half and the northwestern corner of Tennessee as part of the NURE Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance (HSSR) program. The samples were collected during June - December, 1976 and March - November, 1978 and included portions of the Blytheville, Chattanooga, Columbia, Corbin, Dyersburg, Gadsden, Johnson City, Knoxville, Nashville, Rome, and Winston-Salem 1:250,000-scale quadrangles. (A total of 59 stream-sediment and 33 ground-water samples were collected within the Winston-Salem quadrangle.) These samples were sent to SRL for analysis of uranium and additional elements (16 in sediments and 9 in waters). SRL was able to analyze 2,450 sediments and 5,149 waters from Tennessee; this includes 59 of the sediment and 33 water samples from the Winston-Salem quadrangle. The analytical and site location data for all Tennessee samples were released in the Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio Data Report [GJBX-105(82)].

SRL sent 248 sediment samples from Tennessee to an unnamed contract laboratory for "Supplemental Analyses." Supplemental analytical determinations for up to 23 elements were reported for 247 of these samples in the Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio Data Report [GJBX-105(82)]. The digital data file accompanying this report includes Supplemental Analyses records for 6 of the sediment samples from Tennessee within the Winston-Salem quadrangle.

SRL: Winston-Salem Quadrangle
SRL released a separate quadrangle report for the Winston-Salem NTMS quadrangle, which includes data for 1,399 stream-sediment and 784 ground-water samples. SRL released the analytical data as the Winston-Salem Quadrangle GJBX-58(78) Preliminary Basic Data Report for ground water and the Winston-Salem Quadrangle GJBX-66(77) Preliminary Raw Data Report for sediments. The water sample analytical data in the Winston-Salem Quadrangle GJBX-58(78) Preliminary Basic Data Report for ground water are essentially the same as the that for corresponding records found in the North and South Carolina State reports. The sediment sample analytical data found the Winston-Salem Quadrangle GJBX-66(77) Preliminary Raw Data Report for sediments was very different from that found for corresponding records found in the North and South Carolina State reports. The site coding information for this data set is summarized within the text of this report.

Gold Analyses
Data for gold analyses of sediments by SRL neutron activation were released in the GJBX-135(82) summary report. The introduction of that report states:

"This report contains previously unreported neutron-activation analyses of gold in sediment samples determined at SRL. These data were not included in the standard SRL NURE data reports because the gold spectrum was not measured in the original analytical procedure and the report format was designed without the gold analyses being included. Gold analyses became available as the analytical procedure was refined, but the report format was not modified to incorporate these data."

Only those sediment samples that had detectable concentrations of gold by neutron activation analysis were given in the GJBX-135(82) report. Sediment samples with concentrations below detection limits were not reported and can only be ascertained by identifying which samples were actually analyzed by neutron activation at SRL.

Summary Tables
Because of the various laboratories and analytical methods used, some SRL samples may have been analyzed once, twice, or not at all. The following table summarizes the analysis of Winston-Salem quadrangle samples.

The following is a list of all sediment and water sample types collected and reported for NURE studies in the Winston-Salem quadrangle.

These Winston-Salem quadrangle samples were analyzed by one or more of the following methods:

Sediment Samples

• SR1: Savannah River Neutron Activation Analysis - Neutron Counting of sediments for U.
• SR2: Savannah River Neutron Activation Analysis of sediments for Al, Ce, Dy, Eu, Fe, Hf, La, Lu, Mn, Na, Sc, Sm, Th, Ti, V, and Yb. (Note: Au values were reported later for this method.)
• SR2-A: Savannah River Neutron Activation Analysis of sediments for Al, Ce, Cs, Dy, Eu, F, Fe, Hf, Mn, Sc, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, and V.
• SR3-AA: Savannah River (Supplemental Analysis by contract Laboratory) Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Analysis of sediments for Ag, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Sr, Y, and Zn.
• SR3-CA: Savannah River (Supplemental Analysis by contract Laboratory) Colorimetric Analysis of sediments for Nb, P, and W.
• SR3-FE: Savannah River (Supplemental Analysis by contract Laboratory) Flame Emission Analysis of sediments for K and Li.
• SR3-XU: Savannah River (Supplemental Analysis by contract Laboratory) Analysis of sediments for hot acid extractable U. (Exact method undetermined)
• SR3-XX: Savannah River (Supplemental Analysis by contract Laboratory) Analysis of sediments for As, Se, and Ca. (Exact method undetermined)

Water Samples

• SR4: Savannah River Neutron Activation Analysis - Neutron Counting of waters for U.
• SR5: Savannah River Neutron Activation Analysis of waters for Al, Br, Cl, Dy, F, Mn, Na, and V. (Note: Mg may also be reported by this method.)

Discussion of the Reformatting Process for Winston-Salem Quadrangle

Sediment Records
The Winston-Salem quadrangle sediment data consist of reformatted records from the North Carolina portion of the North and South Carolina [GJBX-102(82)] Data Report; sample records from the Tennessee portion of the Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio [GJBX-105(82)] Data Report; and sample records from the Virginia portion of the Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia [GJBX-103(82)] Data Report; plus records from the Winston-Salem Quadrangle GJBX-66(77) Data Report. The following problems were found and addressed during the comparison and reformatting stages for the Winston-Salem quadrangle sediment data:

1. For 1,345 records, Winston-Salem quadrangle Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) values were significantly different from those found in the corresponding records from the North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee State files and appear to represent a separate analytical determination. For all of these affected records, the differences between Winston-Salem quadrangle files and North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee State files required the creation of two separate records for each sample to preserve all the data.
2. Eleven supplemental data sediment records from Pulaski County, Virginia were found that have SRLID values with a suffix of S2. No corresponding NAA records were found for these samples in either the quadrangle or state files. There were, however, 11 NAA sediments sample records with the same SRLID but with a suffix of S1. None of these samples had corresponding supplemental data records. It may be possible that the 11 'S2' supplemental samples should have been labeled 'S1' but this could not be confirmed in the published reports. To preserve all the data, the affected supplemental records were kept as separate data records and were commented in the REFORMAT field.
3. One stream-sediment sample was collected at a latitude of exactly 37°N, the dividing line between the Bluefield quadrangle and the Winston-Salem quadrangle and reported in the Virginia State files. The two records for this sample were assigned to the Bluefield quadrangle.
4. During reformatting, contamination codes for "residential" and "recreation" were found to be missing from the state CONTAMC field. These codes were present in the quadrangle format and were added to the final digital data file.
5. Five stream-sediment samples were identified with a SRLID in the 300's. All of these samples were missing latitude and longitude coordinates. Evidence from original sample site field notes strongly suggests that these are duplicate samples collected later from a previously sampled 000's series site (i.e. SRLID site number ABCD318S1 is the same location as ABCD018S1). The coordinates from the original 000's series sites were added to the matching 300's records and this change was noted in the REFORMAT and COORDPRB comment fields.
6. One sediment record was found that only contained supplemental data - no corresponding NAA data record was found. Site information was not included with the supplemental record. The record also has an unlikely SRLID number of 000. The affected record was noted in the REFORMAT comment field. Since this record does not contain latitude and longitude coordinates, it cannot be retrieved on a geographical basis.
7. An analysis of latitude-longitude site coordinates identified several stream-sediment samples that were missing coordinates, did not plot within expected state, county, or map boundaries, or had differing coordinates in corresponding records. To correct or confirm sample coordinates, the original field collection maps for Caldwell, Davidson, and Forsyth Counties, North Carolina were obtained and re-digitized. The newly re-digitized coordinates were added to the database and the coordinates from the original file(s) were recorded in the COORDPRB comment field. When the newly re-digitized coordinates were not significantly different, that confirmation of the site location was also noted in the COORDPRB comment field.
8. The latitude and longitude coordinates for one stream-sediment sample collected within Grayson County, Virginia were not found in the data during the reformatting process. The record for this sample cannot be retrieved on a geographical basis.
9. Gold concentrations from the GJBX-135(82) report were added to the appropriate sediment records. A value of -0.01 (<0.01 ppm Au) was added to all other sediment samples determined to have been analyzed by SRL neutron activation. This value was chosen because 0.01 is the lowest reported gold concentration in the entire report.

Water Records
The Winston-Salem quadrangle water data consist of reformatted records from the Winston-Salem Quadrangle GJBX-58(78) Data Report. These records were compared with corresponding sample records from the North Carolina portion of the North and South Carolina [GJBX-102(82)] Data Report, sample records from the Tennessee portion of the Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio [GJBX-105(82)] Data Report, and sample records from the Virginia portion of the Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia [GJBX-103(82)] Data Report. The following problems were found and addressed during the comparison and reformatting stages for the Winston-Salem quadrangle water data:

1. The analytical values for many Al, Br, Dy, Mn, and U determinations differed slightly between the Winston-Salem quadrangle files and the North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee State files. These variations are apparently due only to differences in rounding versus truncation of reported values or to differences in the number of recorded significant digits. Since the variation was insignificant, only one set of the values was retained for the affected elements.
2. For 5 records, analytical values for Mn were found in the Winston-Salem quadrangle file but were missing in the corresponding records from the North Carolina State files. These missing values were noted for each affected record in the REFORMAT comment field.
3. For 42 records, analytical values for U, Al, Br, Cl, Dy, F, Mn, Na, and V were found in the North Carolina and Virginia State files but were missing in the corresponding records from the Winston-Salem quadrangle files. These state records were added to the final digital data file in place of the equivalent Winston-Salem quadrangle records. This change was noted for each affected record in the REFORMAT comment field.
4. One well water sample was collected at a latitude of exactly 36°N, the dividing line between the Charlotte quadrangle and the Winston-Salem quadrangle and reported in the Virginia State files. The data record for this sample was assigned to the Winston-Salem quadrangle.
5. Twelve ground-water samples were identified with a SRLID in the 700's. All of these samples were missing latitude and longitude coordinates. Evidence from original sample site field notes strongly suggests that these are duplicate samples collected later from a previously sampled 500's series site (i.e. SRLID site number ABCD718R is the same location as ABCD518R). The coordinates from the original 500's series sites were added to the matching 700's records and this change was noted in the REFORMAT and COORDPRB comment fields.
6. An analysis of latitude-longitude site coordinates identified several ground-water samples that were missing coordinates, did not plot within expected state, county, or map boundaries, or had differing coordinates in corresponding records. To correct or confirm sample coordinates, the original field collection maps for Guilford, Iredell, and Stokes Counties, North Carolina; and Grayson County, Virginia were obtained and re-digitized. The newly re-digitized coordinates were added to the database and the coordinates from the original file(s) were recorded in the COORDPRB comment field. When the newly re-digitized coordinates were not significantly different, that confirmation of the site location was also noted in the COORDPRB comment field.

Download The Data

The NURE HSSR data are now available online in two databases: The sediment database (also includes data for soils and some rocks) at http://tin.er.usgs.gov/nure/sediment/ and the water database at http://tin.er.usgs.gov/nure/water/. From these two web sites, NURE HSSR data can be selected, examined, summarized, and downloaded by political boundaries (State and County), by quadrangle (1:250,000-scale, 1:100,000-scale, and 1:63,360-scale for Alaska or 1:24,000-scale for the Lower 48 States), and by hydrologic unit (drainage region, subregion, river basin, or sub-basin). Selected data can be downloaded as a dBase file, a shapefile, an HTML table, or ASCII text (tab- or comma-delimited).

Winston-Salem Quadrangle Sediment Data - 2,759 records
Winston-Salem Quadrangle Water Data - 796 records

Notes for Data Users

In the eastern United States, SRL collected samples primarily by county. Often, not all counties within a quadrangle were completely sampled. Sample coverage in the Winston-Salem quadrangle is complete and includes Alexander, Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Caldwell, Davidson, Davie, Forsyth, Guilford, Iredell, Rockingham, Stokes, Surry, Watauga, Wilkes, and Yadkin Counties in North Carolina; Carter, Johnson, and Sullivan Counties in Tennessee; and Bland, Carroll, Floyd, Franklin, Grayson, Henry, Patrick, Pulaski, Russell, Smyth, Tazewell, Washington, and Wythe Counties in Virginia. The laboratory and analytical methods used also may vary by county such that adjacent counties often have very different analytical coverage.

One stream-sediment sample in Stokes County, North Carolina within the Winston-Salem quadrangle was not analyzed by any of the various laboratories.

Other NURE Geochemical Data for the Winston-Salem Quadrangle

Crystalline Rock Areas of Southeastern United States
A study of the Crystalline Rock Areas of Southeastern United States [GJBX-9(76)] was undertaken as part of a series of orientation studies conducted by SRL in the Eastern States. In 1975, SRL collected stream-sediment, suspended sediment, ground-water, and stream-water samples from Lamar County Area in Georgia (Athens, Atlanta, Macon and Phenix City quadrangles), Oconee County Area in South Carolina (Greenville and Knoxville quadrangles), and the Brush Creek and North Harper Areas in North Carolina (Charlotte, Johnson City, Knoxville, and Winston-Salem quadrangles). These four areas were selected for orientation studies to aid in the design of the geochemical reconnaissance program for uranium being conducted in the eastern United Sates by SRL. Water samples were analyzed by Neutron Activation for uranium. Sediment samples were analyzed for uranium by Neutron Activation and for Ag, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, La, Nb, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn by semi-quantitative emission spectroscopy. Data tables of analytical results are included within the report. No digital data files were available for reformatting.

Geochemical Anomaly Evaluation Study
The University of Georgia, under subcontract to Bendix Field Engineering Corp., evaluated uranium anomalies in the Charlotte, Greenville, Spartanburg, and Winston-Salem quadrangles of the southeastern United States and in the Tallahassee Creek area of the Pueblo quadrangle in Colorado. During this study, 170 stream-sediment samples were collected at 26 sites. Up to four different subsets of these samples were analyzed: Fe, Mn, and U in oxalic acid residues derived from boulder coatings; U and Fe in oxalic acid residues derived from -80 mesh stream sediment; total U, Th, and Fe in -80 mesh stream sediments with heavy minerals removed; and total U and Th in -80 mesh stream sediments. The analytical data for these samples were released as appendices in the GJBX-114(80) report.

Dan River - Danville Triassic Basin Detailed Study
A surface geochemical reconnaissance survey was conducted by SRL in the Dan River - Danville Triassic Basin of north-central North Carolina and south central Virginia [GJBX-204(82)]. In 1979, SRL collected rock samples from 380 sites from the Winston-Salem, Greensboro, and Roanoke NTMS quadrangles. Sedimentary rock samples were analyzed for uranium by Neutron Activation and for Al, Ce, Dy, Eu, Fe, Hf, La, Lu, Mn, Na, Sc, Sm, Th, Ti, V, and Yb by an unspecified method. In addition, a detailed four-channel spectrometric survey was conducted over the Dan River-Danville Triassic Basin and the adjacent Piedmont. Data tables of analytical results are included within the report. No digital data files were available for reformatting.

North America and Africa Plutonic Rocks Special Study
The SRL in contract with the Department of Geology of the University of North Carolina conducted a special study to investigate the association of uranium deposits with granitic source or host rocks. The analytical results from 441 samples of 92 plutons were released in the North America and Africa Plutonic Rocks Special Study GJBX-221(82) report. See the North America and Africa Plutonic Rocks Special Study for the data and a more detailed description of this study. Plutons that were apparently sampled in the Winston-Salem quadrangle include the Mt. Airy (3 samples).

Characteristics of the Southeastern Piedmont
Bendix Field Engineering Corporation released a report that contains stream-sediment, hydrogeochemical, and aeromagnetic data for 16 contiguous NTMS quadrangles in the eastern United States [GJBX-40(83)]. This compilation report is limited in scope to features that have specific interest to the geoscience community. Included in the report are aeromagnetic and geochemical maps, and tectonic and igneous rock distribution maps. When used together, these maps show geochemical, tectonic, and magnetic features unique to many of the geologic and physiographic provinces in the region. This report primarily covers the Southeastern Piedmont region and includes the Athens, Augusta, Bluefield, Charlotte, Florence, Georgetown, Greensboro, Greenville, Knoxville, Norfolk, Raleigh, Richmond, Roanoke, Rocky Mount, Spartanburg and Winston-Salem 1:250,000-scale quadrangles. The color maps are in 35mm-slide format. No digital data files accompany this report.

Winston-Salem Quadrangle NURE Bibliography

• Baucom, E.I., Price, Van, and Ferguson, R.B., 1977, Preliminary raw data release, Winston-Salem 1° x 2° NTMS area, North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, S.C., SRL Internal Doc. DPST-77-146-1, U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction, Colo., GJBX-66(77), 124 p.
• Carpenter, R.H., 1980, Evaluation of selected geochemical anomalies in Colorado and the southeastern U.S.; final report: U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction, Colo., GJBX-114(80), 73 p.
• Fay, W.M., and Cook, J.R., 1982, Gold analyses by neutron activation from SRL NURE samples: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, S.C., SRL Internal Doc. DPST-81-141-38, U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction, Colo., GJBX-135(82), 45 p.
• Fay, W.M., Sargent, K.A., and Cook, J.R., 1982, Data report: Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, S.C., SRL Internal Doc. DPST-81-146-23, U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction, Colo., GJBX-103(82), 43 p.
• Fay, W.M., Sargent, K.A., and Cook, J.R., 1982, Data report: Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, S.C., SRL Internal Doc. DPST-81-146-25, U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction, Colo., GJBX-105(82), 41 p.
• Madson, M.E., Rush, S.F., Hardy, L.C., LaBonte, N.E., and Ludlam, J.R., 1983, NURE stream-sediment, hydrogeochemical, and aeromagnetic data characteristics of the Piedmont Region, eastern United States: A data release: Bendix Field Engineering Corporation, U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction, Colo., GJBX-40(83), 18 p.
• Price, Van, 1976, Raw data from orientation studies in crystalline rock areas of the southeastern United States: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, S.C., SRL Internal Doc. DPST-76-141-1, U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction, Colo., GJBX-9(76), 123 p.
• Price, Van, and Ferguson, R.B., 1978, Preliminary basic data release, ground water in Winston-Salem 1° x 2° NTMS area, North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, S.C., SRL Internal Doc. DPST-78-146-3, U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction, Colo., GJBX-58(78), 79 p.
• Price, Van, Fay, W.M., and Cook, J.R., 1982, Neutron activation and other analytical data for plutonic rocks from North America and Africa: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, S.C., SRL Internal Doc., U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction, Colo., GJBX-221(82), 47 p.
• Sargent, K.A., Cook, J.R., and Fay, W.M., 1982, Data report: North and South Carolina: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, S.C., SRL Internal Doc. DPST-81-146-22, U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction, Colo., GJBX-102(82), 45 p.
• Thayer, P.A., and Cook, J.R., 1982, Detailed geochemical study of the Dan River - Danville Triassic Basin, North Carolina and Virginia: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, S.C., SRL Internal Doc. DPST-81-141-11, U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction, Colo., GJBX-204(82), 175 p.

Links Within Open-File Report 97-492

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Page written by Bryan G. Moravec and Steven M. Smith.
Contact: Steven M. Smith (smsmith@usgs.gov)
Version 1.30: September 11, 2001
Version 1.41: February 23, 2006

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