Debris-flow and flooding hazards associated with the December 1999 storm
in coastal Venezuela and strategies for mitigation
Open File Report 01-0144
Table 3. Comparison of depositional volume of debris flows worldwide. Magnitude M, equal to the logarithm of depositional volume in cubic meters, as proposed by Keaton et al. (1988) used for comparison.
|
Location (Year) |
M |
Trigger |
Reference |
|
Rudd Canyon, Utah (1983) Whitehouse Creek, California (1982)1 Fountain Green, Utah (1983) Ophir Creek, Nevada (1983)2 Wollinitzbach, Austria (1966) Campania, Italy (1998)3 Casita, El Salvador (1998) Caraballeda, Venezuela (1999) Malaya Almatinka River, Kazakstan (1921) Nevados del Ruiz, Colombia (1985) Mt. Ontake, Japan (1984) Nevados Huascaron, Peru (1970) Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines (1991) Mt. St. Helens, Washington (1980) |
4.8 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.5 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.5 7.2 7.5 7.7-8.0 8.9 9.4 |
Snowmelt Rain Snowmelt Snowmelt Rain Rain Rain Rain Rain Volcanic explosion Earthquake Earthquake Volcanic eruption and rain4 Volcanic eruption |
Keaton et al. (1983) Wieczorek et al. (1987) Lips and Wieczorek (1990) Glancy and Bell (2000) United Nations (1996) Calcaterra et al. (2000) Scott (2000) This report United Nations (1996) United Nations (1996) United Nations (1996) Plafker and Ericksen (1978) Newhall and Punongbayan (1996) United Nations (1996) |
1Evaluation of magnitude is based on volume of source landslide. Depositional volume is a minimum because of potential additional erosional contribution from channel.
2The trigger of this event was extremely complex involving landslide-induced flooding of a small lake and subsequent stream channel erosion (Glancy and Bell, 2000). The cited volume is only that part deposited on the fan.
3The volume represents the total deposition from debris flows onto about a half dozen fans.
4Volume represents total of lahar deposition within drainages of Mt. Pinatubo within first two months following major eruption. Typhoon Yunya during the eruption and subsequent typhoons and monsoons continued to generate flows with voluminous sediment deposits on fans for the next several years, so this figure represents only the initial debris flow volume from Typhoon Yunya.