Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Bruce E. Jaffe Originator: Guy Gelfenbaum Originator: Mark L. Buckley Originator: Steve Watt Originator: Alex Apotsos Originator: Andrew W. Stevens Originator: Bruce Richmond Publication_Date: February 2010 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Am_Sam_tsu_inun_2009 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File report Issue_Identification: USGS OFR 2010-1018 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Western Coastal and Marine Geology, Santa Cruz, CA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr20101018 Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1018 Description: Abstract: U.S. Geological Survey scientists investigated the coastal impacts of the September 29, 2009 South Pacific tsunami in Tutuila, American Samoa in October and November 2009, including mapping the alongshore variation in the limit of inundation. Knowing the inundation limit is useful for planning safer coastal development and evacuation routes for future tsunamis and for improving models of tsunami hazards. This report presents field data documenting the limit of inundation at 18 sites around Tutuila collected in the weeks following the tsunami using Differential GPS (DGPS). In total, 15,703 points along inundation lines were mapped. Estimates of DGPS error and uncertainty in interpretation of the inundation line are provided as electronic files that accompany this report. Purpose: These data are intended for science researchers, students, and the general public. The data can be used with geographic information systems (GIS) software to display geologic and oceanographic information. Supplemental_Information: Information about October 2009 data collection field actvity L-6-09-SP at . Information about November 2009 data collection field actvity L-4-09-SP at . Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: October 9, 2009 Ending_Date: November 12, 2009 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Unknown Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -170.836786 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -170.564075 North_Bounding_Coordinate: -14.250375 South_Bounding_Coordinate: -14.359373 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: Tsunami Theme_Keyword: coastal hazards Theme_Keyword: tsunami inundation Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: American Samoa Place_Keyword: South Pacific Place: Place_Keyword: American Samoa Place_Keyword: South Pacific Access_Constraints: If physical samples or materials are available, constraints on their on-site access are described in "WR CMG Sample Distribution Policy" at URL: Use_Constraints: Not suitable for navigation. Read and fully comprehend the metadata prior to data use. Acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Originator, when using the data set as a source. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Share data products developed using the source data set with the Originator. Data should not be used beyond the limits of the source scale. This information is not intended for navigational purposes. The data set is NOT a survey document and should not be utilized as such. Some USGS information accessed through this means may be preliminary in nature and presented without the approval of the Director of the USGS. This information is provided with the understanding that it is not guaranteed to be correct or complete and conclusions drawn from such information are the responsibility of the user. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine geology Program Contact_Person: Bruce Jaffe Contact_Position: Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 400 Natural Bridges Drive City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4742 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 831-427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bjaffe@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: Am_Sam_tsu_inun_image.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Overview of inundation lines walked in Amercan Samoa Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Data_Set_Credit: The U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geology Program funded this research. We would like to thank Brian Peck (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, American Samoa) for transporting us in his boat and helping map in the areas difficult to reach by land on the north coast of American Samoa. Marie Chan Kau_ and Sharon Fanolua (American Samoa Community College) were translators and ambassadors for the early surveys. John Goeke (American Samoa Department of Homeland Security), Lauren Wetzell (American Samoa Community College), Don Vargo (American Samoa Community College), and many others in the American Samoa scientific community also helped by providing logistical support. Brenda Jones and Stephen Hammond (U.S. Geological Survey) made satellite images available to those responding to the tsunami as soon as possible. We would like to thank the people of American Samoa who welcomed tsunami response teams into their villages to collect this critical data. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.3000 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Logical_Consistency_Report: For an explanation of the fidelity of relationships in the data set and tests used, see Jaffe, B.E., Gelfenbaum, G., Buckley, M.L., Watt, S., Apotsos, A., Stevens, A.W., and Richmond, B.M., 2010, The Limit of Inundation of the September 29, 2009 Tsunami on American Samoa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1018. Completeness_Report: For information about omissions, selection criteria, generalization, definitions used, and other rules used to derive the data set, see Jaffe, B.E., Gelfenbaum, G., Buckley, M.L., Watt, S., Apotsos, A., Stevens, A.W., and Richmond, B.M., 2010, The Limit of Inundation of the September 29, 2009 Tsunami on American Samoa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1018. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: From Jaffe, B.E., Gelfenbaum, G., Buckley, M.L., Watt, S., Apotsos, A., Stevens, A.W., and Richmond, B.M., 2010, The Limit of Inundation of the September 29, 2009 Tsunami on American Samoa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1018. DGPS error report on accuracy of attribute H_95: The processing programs a statistically-derived error estimate for each DGPS measurement. The error estimate is associated with a confidence level which gives the probability that the true value of the measurement falls within the range generated by subtracting and adding the error estimate to the measured value. The 95% confidence level for the horizontal location is reported in the accompanying files. For example, a measurement for the location of the inundation limit of 50.5 meters from shore that has an error estimate of 1.1 meters at the 95% confidence level has a 95% probability that the true value is between 49.4 - 51.6 meters from shore (Magellan, 2008). The software documentation does not provide information for the algorithms used to calculate this estimate and it was therefore impossible to determine the quality of the estimate. Identification uncertainty report on accuracy of attribute Interp_ERR: A value of <2 m, <5 m, <10 m or <20 m was assigned to each data point as the uncertainty in the interpretation of the location of the limit of inundation. Although an attempt was made to standardize the estimates of how close the line we walked was to the actual inundation line, such standardization was not possible because not all scientists were present for each survey. The uncertainties reported in the files accompanying this report, therefore, are intrinsically subjective. Guiding principles for assigning horizontal uncertainty in the interpretation of the limit of inundation are that uncertainties are lower for: (1) fresher evidence (earlier surveys), (2) steeper slopes, (3) more debris-rich environments, and (4) where an eyewitness accompanied the survey team to point out the limit of inundation. The uncertainty is also not always symmetric, with locations where there was larger uncertainty landward of the reported location because evidence was interpreted conservatively and inland terrain was difficult to navigate in places (e.g., steep vegetated terrain). Often, but not always, the uncertainty in interpreting the location of the limit of inundation was greater than the DGPS error. Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: H_95 Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation: The processing programs a statistically derived error estimate for each DGPS measurement. The error estimate is associated with a confidence level which gives the probability that the true value of the measurement falls within the range generated by subtracting and adding the error estimate to the measured value. The 95% confidence level for the horizontal location is reported in the accompanying files. For example, a measurement for the location of the inundation limit of 50.5 meters from shore that has an error estimate of 1.1 meters at the 95% confidence level has a 95% probability that the true value is between 49.4 and 51.6 meters from shore (Magellan, 2008). The software documentation does not provide information for the algorithms used to calculate this estimate and it was therefore impossible to determine the quality of the estimate. Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: Interp_ERR Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation: A value of <2 m, <5 m, <10 m, or <20 m was assigned to each data point as the uncertainty in the interpretation of the location of the limit of inundation. Although an attempt was made to standardize the estimates of how close the line we walked was to the actual inundation line, such standardization was not possible because not all scientists were present for each survey. The uncertainties reported in the files accompanying this report, therefore, are intrinsically subjective. Guiding principles for assigning horizontal uncertainty in the interpretation of the limit of inundation are that uncertainties are lower for (1) fresher evidence (earlier surveys), (2) steeper slopes, (3) more debris-rich environments, and (4) where an eyewitness accompanied the survey team to point out the limit of inundation. Uncertainty in the location of the inundation line was typically greater landward of the reported position because evidence was interpreted conservatively and inland terrain was difficult to navigate in places (for example, steep vegetated terrain). Often, but not always, the uncertainty in interpreting the location of the limit of inundation was greater than the DGPS error. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Title: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, 2009, USGS CMG L-6-09-SP Metadata. Online_Linkage: http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/l/l609sp/html/l-6-09-sp.meta.html Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Citation_Abbreviation: L-6-09-SP Source_Contribution: October 2009 field activity collected a variety of water level and other field measurements. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Title: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, 2009, USGS CMG L-4-09-SP Metadata. Online_Linkage: http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/l/l409sp/html/l-4-09-sp.meta.html Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Citation_Abbreviation: L-4-09-SP Source_Contribution: November 2009 field activity collected data along shore-normal transects or at individual points. Process_Step: Process_Description: For details, see "Processing" section in Jaffe, B.E., Gelfenbaum, G., Buckley, M.L., Watt, S., Apotsos, A., Stevens, A.W., and Richmond, B.M., 2010, The Limit of Inundation of the September 29, 2009 Tsunami on American Samoa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-XXXX. Process_Date: Unknown Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Contact_Person: Bruce Jaffe Contact_Position: Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 400 Natural Bridges Drive City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4742 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 831-427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bjaffe2usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Entity point Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 15703 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.000000 Longitude_Resolution: 0.000000 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Am_Sam_tsu_inun_2009 Entity_Type_Definition: Data assembled for this report Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Attribute: Attribute_Label: FID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Loc Attribute_Definition: Name of site where inudation limits were measured Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Afao Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Afono Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Alega Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Asili Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Auma Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Fagafue Bay Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Fagaitua Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Fagamalo Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Fagatele Bay Area Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Leone Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Maloata Bay Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Masefau Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Massacre Bay Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Poloa Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Tula Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Vailoatai Attribute: Attribute_Label: East_UTM2S Attribute_Definition: Easting Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate in meters. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 517601 Range_Domain_Maximum: 547024 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Nrth_UTM2S Attribute_Definition: Northing Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) cooridnate in meters. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 8412517 Range_Domain_Maximum: 8424540 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Lon Attribute_Definition: Longitude geographic coordinate Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -170.83679 Range_Domain_Maximum: -170.56408 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.00001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Lat Attribute_Definition: Latitude geographic coordinate Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -14.35937 Range_Domain_Maximum: -14.25037 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.00001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: H_95 Attribute_Definition: Error estimate for DGPS measurment Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.07 Range_Domain_Maximum: 24.93 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sol Attribute_Definition: Indicates whether a solution is fixed or floating Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Fixed Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Floating Attribute: Attribute_Label: SVs Attribute_Definition: Number of satellites Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 26 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: count Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: PDOP Attribute_Definition: Position dilution of precision based on satellite geometry Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 200 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Interp_ERR Attribute_Definition: Inundation line interpretive error Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 20 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Evidence Attribute_Definition: Code indicates evidence used to interpret inundation line Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 1 - physical Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 2 - interviews Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 3 - both Attribute: Attribute_Label: Survey_dat Attribute_Definition: Calendar month-day-year date of the measurment location. There may be multiple dates noted. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 10-12-2009 Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 10-12-2009 and 11-6-2009 Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 10-14-2009 Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 10-14-2009 and 11-6-2009 Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 10-15-2009 Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 10-17-2009 Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 10-17-2009 and 11-7-2009 and 11-9-2009 Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 10-19-2009 Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 10-9-2009 Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 11-11-2009 Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 11-12-2009 Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 11-6-2009 Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 11-7-2009 Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 11-9-2009 and 11-11-2009 Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Bruce Jaffe Contact_Organization: United Stes Geological Survey Contact_Position: Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 400 Natural Bridges Drive City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4742 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 831-427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bjaffe@usgs.gov Resource_Description: Open-File Report 2010-1018 Distribution_Liability: This information is not intended for navigational purposes. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form, as well as in ArcInfo format, this metadata file may include some ArcInfo-specific terminology. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information. Physical materials are under controlled on-site access. Some USGS information accessed through this means may be preliminary in nature and presented without the approval of the Director of the USGS. This information is provided with the understanding that it is not guaranteed to be correct or complete and conclusions drawn from such information are the responsibility of the user. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: ASCII Transfer_Size: 0.419 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr20101018 Fees: none Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20100217 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Contact_Person: Steve Watt Contact_Position: Coastal geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 400 Natural Bridges Drive City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4743 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 831-427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: swatt@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time Metadata_Access_Constraints: If physical samples or materials are available, constraints on their on-site access are described in "WR CMG Sample Distribution Policy" at URL: Metadata_Use_Constraints: Not suitable for navigation Read and fully comprehend the metadata prior to data use. Acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Originator, when using the data set as a source. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Share data products developed using the source data set with the Originator. Data should not be used beyond the limits of the source scale. This information is not intended for navigational purposes. The data set is NOT a survey document and should not be utilized as such. Some USGS information accessed through this means may be preliminary in nature and presented without the approval of the Director of the USGS. This information is provided with the understanding that it is not guaranteed to be correct or complete and conclusions drawn from such information are the responsibility of the user. Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile