U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1173
SummaryA caldera is a large, usually circular volcanic depression formed when magma is withdrawn or erupted from a shallow underground magma reservoir. It is often difficult to visualize how calderas form. This simple experiment using flour, a balloon, tubing, and a bicycle pump, provides a helpful visualization for caldera formation.
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Venezky Dina, and Wessells, Stephen, 2010, Caldera demonstration model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1173 (video).