Glaciers of North AmericaÑ

GLACIERS OF CANADA

INTRODUCTION

Contents
Introduction
	Figure 1.	Geographic locations of the currently glacierized regions of 
Canada
	2.	Glacierization of Canada (and Greenland and Iceland) during 
the Pleistocene Epoch
	Table 1.	Estimated glacier area in Canada
Topical Sections
Glaciers of the Arctic Islands
	Figure 3.	Optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the glaciers 
of the Arctic Islands of Canada
	Table 2.	Optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the glaciers 
of the Arctic Islands of Canada
Glaciers of Western Canada
	Figure 4.	Map of the major mountain ranges in the Interior Ranges of 
British Columbia
	 5.	Optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS images of the glaciers of the 
Canadian Rocky Mountains and Interior Ranges
	6.	Optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the 
glaciers of the Coast and St. Elias Mountains of Canada
	7.	Map of the major mountain ranges in the Yukon and Northwest 
Territories of Canada
	Table 3.	Optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS images of the glaciers of the 
Canadian Rocky Mountains and Interior Ranges
	4.	Optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of glaciers 
of the Coast and St. Elias Mountains of Canada
References Cited

INTRODUCTION

By RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, JR. and JANE G. FERRIGNO, Editors
SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD
Edited by RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, Jr., and JANE G. FERRIGNO
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1386ÐJÐ1 
Glaciers in Canada are situated in three principal locations: on several Arctic islands, in the Rocky Mountains and Interior Ranges, and along the Pacific Coast. Landsat MSS images are most useful in studying and monitoring changes in ice caps, ice fields, outlet glaciers, and valley glaciers


SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD
GLACIERS OF NORTH AMERICAÑ
GLACIERS OF CANADA
INTRODUCTION
By RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, JR. and JANE G. FERRIGNO, Editors

Figure captions and tables follow References Cited.
Manuscript approved for publication, 7 March 2002.
FN1: The names in this section conform to the usage authorized by the Secretariat of the Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (CPCGN) and found in the Canadian Geographical Names Data Base (CGNDB). Variant names and names not listed in the CPCGN/CGNDB are shown in italics. 

Glaciers in Canada are located principally in three geographic settings: on several Arctic islands in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories of northern Canada, in the Rocky Mountains and the Interior Ranges, and along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, where they are sometimes contiguous with glaciers of Alaska (fig. 1, and figs. 1 and 2 in the ÒHistory of Glacier Investigations in CanadaÓ). The area covered by glaciers is estimated to be 151,000 km2 in the Canadian Arctic and 50,000 km2 in the mountain ranges of Western Canada (table 1). During the Last Glacier Maximum (LGM) during the Pleistocene Epoch, the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered virtually all of Canada (fig. 2), so present-day glaciers in Canada are present only where the regional climates have temperature and (or) accumulation/melt regimes sufficient to maintain these ice masses. Some glaciers may, in fact, be relicts from the late Pleistocene Epoch, or from the late Holocene Epoch ÒLittle Ice Age,Ó and could not re-form under present, regional climatic conditions, if they were to completely melt. Because of the vastness and often inaccessibility of the glacierized regions of Canada, only 176 individual glaciers of the many thousands of glaciers have been studied in the field or with airborne and satellite remote sensing technology during the past 140 years. Between the 1940Õs and the present, 34 of these 176 glaciers or glacierized areas have been specially mapped one or more times, at scales ranging from 1:5,000 to 1:125,000. 
Dunbar and Greenway (1956) published an important book which included numerous trimetrogon aerial photographs of the glaciers of Arctic Canada; their pioneering work with available aerial photographs provided a regional overview of the most glacierized part of Canada and, in a sense, was a forerunner of the use of satellite images to document the areal extent of glacier ice in Canada. More than 120 years ago, the geologist Nathaniel Shaler and the physical geographer William Morris Davis (Shaler and Davis, 1881) pioneered in the use of ground photographs to provide a historical record of glaciers. As soon as new technology becomes available, scientists are quick to apply it to specific research needs. In the examples given, the successive technologies adopted to study glaciers were ground photography, aerial photography, and satellite imagery. 
The Glaciers of Canada section of this volume is divided into several sections; two main topical sections and one subsection follow this introduction. Three main sections and two subsections cover the glaciers of the Arctic Islands; three main sections and one subsection cover the glaciers of the Canadian Rockies, Coast Mountains, and St. Elias Mountains. It is obvious that the lack of scientific knowledge about most of the glaciers of Canada precludes a comprehensive discussion of all of the glacierized regions. However, the potential of satellite remote sensing, including the higher spatial and spectral resolution imagery of post-Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) images to investigate areal changes in CanadaÕs glaciers, is well documented in the following sections. The emphasis on 1970Õs images in this introduction and the following sections is due to the goal of compiling a global baseline of glacier area (in the 1970Õs time frame) in this Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World series.
The first field observations of glaciers in Canada were made in 1861, nine years before Clarence R. King, the first Director of the U.S. Geological Survey (established in 1879), discovered Whitney Glacier on Mt. Shasta, Calif., and three more glaciers on the north slope of the volcano in 1870 (Williams and Ferrigno, 1997). Since that time, 176 glaciers in CanadaÑ13 in the St. Elias Mountains, 63 in the Coast Mountains, 10 in the Interior Ranges, 27 in the Rocky Mountains, 41 in the High Arctic, 10 in the Low Arctic, 5 in the Torngat Mountains of Labrador (Newfoundland), and 7 outside these glacierized areasÑhave been studied. These studies, in the post-World War II to the 1980Õs period, were driven by scientific, economic, security, and sovereignty concerns, including the impetus from major cooperative international scientific programs, such as the International Geophysical Year and the International Hydrological Decade.
In 1999, the two Federal Departments having responsibilities in glaciology (Natural Resources Canada and Environment Canada) combined their glaciological expertise and resources to form a ÒNational Glaciology ProgrammeÓ (NGP). The NGP is housed at the Geological Survey of Canada [http://sts.gsc.nrcan.gc.ca] and is responsible, in part, for meeting CanadaÕs glacier-observation commitment to the World Meteorological OrganizationÕs (WMO) Global Climate Observing System and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural OrganizationÕs (UNESCO) International Hydrological Programme (IHP). This activity is complemented by participation in the ÒCRYSYSÓ program (to study variability and change of the Canadian CRYospheric SYStem) [http://www.crysys.uwaterloo.ca], whose academic and government partners conduct research on the Canadian cryosphere using conventional and remote sensing methods.
As part of the glacier investigations during the past 140 years, especially between the middle 1940Õs and 1990Õs, one 1:4,000,000-scale map of the height of the glaciation level in western Canada and southern Alaska (glaciers shown in green) (Anonymous, 1978), one 1:2,000,000-scale map of glaciers and moraines in southern British Columbia and Alberta (glaciers shown in gray) (¯strem and others, 1966), seven 1:1,000,000-scale, 52 1:500,000 scale (Glacier Atlas of Canada), and 114 miscellaneous scale (1:2,500 to 1:125,000) maps of selected glaciers of Canada were published by governmental agencies and academic institutions. Satellite images, combined with digital-elevation models (DEMs) using geographic information systems (GIS) technology, are being used to produce new types of maps of CanadaÕs glaciers. Roger D. Wheate, Robert W. Sidjak, and Garnet T. Whyte provide examples of the application of these technologies to two glaciers in the Interior Ranges and Rocky Mountains.
Until the preparation of this volume on the glaciers of Canada, the last effort to carry out a comprehensive review of the glacierized regions of Canada was done by William O. Field and his colleagues at the American Geographical Society (AGS) in the two-volume ÒMountain Glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere,Ó which also included an atlas containing 49 plates (Field, 1975c). The two volumes and atlas were produced by the AGS under contract with the Earth Sciences Division of the U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories and published by the Technical Information Analysis Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Hanover, New Hampshire). (An earlier, similar atlas was published in 1958 (Field and Associates, 1958).) They include a comprehensive collation of published reports and maps of the glaciers of Canada (and other glacierized regions of the Northern Hemisphere) and are an excellent source of information from a variety of historical and modern sources. For all of the glacierized regions of Canada, including those regions not addressed in this volume, relevant chapters in the 1975 volumes will be cited.
In 1998, the Royal Canadian Geographical Society published, in the November/December 1998 issue of Canadian Geographic, an article on CanadaÕs glaciers (Anonymous, 1998) and an 8-page color map foldout (Shilts and others, 1998). Several of the maps that appeared in the foldout map are reproduced, with permission and with some minor modifications, in the following sections of the ÒGlaciers of Canada.Ó Another modern reference map of Canada is the 1:6,000,000-scale ÒNew Century Map of CanadaÓ published by Canadian Geographic in 1999 [http://www.canadiangeographic.ca]. See also the National Atlas (of Canada) Web site at [http://atlas.gc.ca], which will, in the near future, carry maps from the previously noted plates of the Glacier Atlas of Canada and contain links to available glacier-related data bases residing in government and university archives.


Topical Sections
Two topical sections follow this introduction. The two sections, written by C. Simon L. Ommanney, give a comprehensive review of ÒHistory of Glacier Investigations in CanadaÓ and ÒMapping CanadaÕs Glaciers.Ó The latter review is followed by a subsection on ÒMapping Glaciers in the Interior Ranges and Rocky Mountains with Landsat Data,Ó by Roger D. Wheate, Robert W. Sidjak, and Garnet T. Whyte. 
Glaciers of the Arctic Islands
The glaciers of the Canadian Arctic represent the largest area (151,057 km2) and volume of glacier ice in Canada and include about 5 percent of the glacierized area of the Northern Hemisphere (fig. 1, and fig. 1 in ÒGlaciers of the High Arctic IslandsÓ). Ice caps and ice fields and associated outlet glaciers and smaller glaciers are present on several of the Queen Elizabeth Islands (Ellesmere, Axel Heiberg, Meighen, Coburg, Devon, and North Kent Islands, Nunavut, and in the western part of Melville Island, Northwest Territories) (Mercer, 1975b). Roy M. Koerner, in ÒGlaciers of the High Arctic Islands,Ó describes both dynamic and stagnant ice caps. These ice caps exhibit a very slow response to climate change. Even though the last 150 years have been the warmest in the past millennium, only very slight changes in area and volume of the ice caps can be discerned.
Martin O. Jeffries describes historic and modern changes in the section ÒEllesmere Island Ice Shelves and Ice Islands,Ó including the use of Landsat MSS, RADARSAT synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and SPOT haute resolution visible (HRV) images to document changes in the ice shelves and ice plugs (multiyear landfast sea ice) that are located on the northwestern coast of Ellesmere Island. Although the ice shelves have been present since the middle Holocene Epoch, they were much more extensive in the past. The 20th century warming interval has resulted in a significant reduction in their areal extent. 
The glaciers of the Canadian Low Arctic are located on Baffin and Bylot Islands (Mercer, 1975a). About 45 percent of Bylot Island (4,859 km2) is covered by glaciers (see the bookÕs cover). On Baffin Island, glaciers are found on the northern and eastern coasts, from the northeastern part of the Brodeur and Borden Peninsulas to the eastern part of the Hall and Meta Incognita Peninsulas, Nunavut (fig. 1 in ÒGlaciers of Baffin IslandÓ). John T. Andrews addresses the geographic distribution and types of glaciers (ice caps and ice fields and associated outlet glaciers and smaller glaciers) in ÒGlaciers of Baffin Island,Ó with specific reference to the two large ice caps, Barnes Ice Cap (5,935 km2) and Penny Ice Cap (5,960 km2); he concludes these two ice masses contain ice that represents the last remnants of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (fig. 2). He also concludes that the Barnes Ice Cap is slowly shrinking, a recession that could accelerate if significant regional climate warming were to occur. Gerald Holdsworth, in his discussion entitled ÒBarnes Ice Cap: Geomorphology and Thermodynamics,Ó confirms that a whitish marginal strip of ice at the ice-cap margin has a d18O isotope value that indicates a late Pleistocene Epoch (Wisconsinan) age of the ice. John D. Jacobs examines ÒLate 20th Century Change of the Barnes Ice Cap Margin,Ó using both Landsat and RADARSAT SAR images to document recession of Lewis Glacier and the calving ice-front in Gee Lake. Figure 3 and table 2 show the optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the glaciers of the Arctic Islands.
The southernmost glaciers in eastern North America are located in the Torngat Mountains, Labrador, Newfoundland (fig. 1), but are not discussed in this chapter. Fahn (1975) states that most of the glaciers are cirque glaciers that form clusters on the slopes of the highest peaks. She further notes that the 1975 climatic conditions in the Torngat Mountains are marginal and that the glaciers have been receding since the end of the ÒLittle Ice AgeÓ (LIA).
Unpublished work by Ommanney (written commun., 2001) summarized the body of knowledge on the distribution of a significant number of rock glaciers in Labrador. Ommanney (written commun., 2001) and his colleagues also mapped one glacieret on the QuŽbec side of the provincial border with Labrador, so there is (or was?) at least one glacier(et) in QuŽbec.



Glaciers of Western Canada 
The glaciers of the Rocky Mountains of Canada were discussed by Denton (1975a) in ÒMountain Glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere.Ó In this volume, C. Simon L. Ommanney provides a comprehensive review entitled ÒGlaciers of the Canadian Rockies.Ó He subdivides the Canadian Rockies into four mountain ranges, Border, Continental, Hart, and Muskwa Ranges, and discusses the extent of glacierization within the many smaller ranges and mountain groups that comprise these ranges. The Continental Ranges are heavily glacierized and include a number of major ice fields and outlet glaciers; the Columbia Icefield, with an area of 325 km2, is the largest glacier in the Rocky Mountains. In addition to the large ice fields and associated outlet glaciers, many smaller mountain glaciers are distributed throughout the ranges. 
The Interior Ranges (fig. 4) of British Columbia, situated between the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Coast Mountains on the west, are not discussed in this volume, except with reference to glaciological research and glacier mapping in the ÒHistory of Glacier Investigations in CanadaÓ and in ÒMapping CanadaÕs Glaciers,Ó by C. Simon L. Ommanney and for an analysis of the Illecillewaet Glacier and Illecillewaet NŽvŽ in the Selkirk Mountains within the Columbia Mountains in the section on ÒMapping Glaciers in the Interior Ranges and Rocky Mountains with Landsat Data,Ó by Roger D. Wheate, Robert W. Sidjak, and Garnet T. Whyte. Figure 5 and table 3 provide a list and assessment of the optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS images of the glaciers of the Canadian Interior Ranges and Rocky Mountains.

	

A brief review of the ÒInterior Ranges of British ColumbiaÓ by Denton (1975c) will provide some perspective, however. Denton (1975c) stated that the Selkirk, Purcell, Cariboo, and Monashee Mountains within the Columbia Mountains are glacierized. Part of the Omineca and Cassiar Mountains, including the Swannell Ranges, the Skeena Mountains, and the Stikine Plateau, also contain glaciers (fig. 4). Denton (1975c) concluded that the Finlay, Hogem, Stikine, and Kechika Ranges of the Omineca and Cassiar Mountains and the Hazelton Mountains did not have glaciers (fig. 4).
The ÒGlaciers of the Coast Mountains (Pacific Ranges and Cascade Mountains) and Coast Ranges of British ColumbiaÓ were previously discussed by Denton (1975b). Ommanney (1972) provided comprehensive information about glaciers on Vancouver Island [Canada: Environment: Inland Waters Branch (1971a, b)], considered to be part of the Coast Ranges (fig. 1). Field (1975a) also addressed the ÒGlaciers of the Coast Mountains: Boundary Ranges (Alaska, British Columbia, and Yukon Territory.)Ó In this volume, Garry K.C. Clarke and Gerald Holdsworth discuss some aspects of the ÒGlaciers of the Coast Mountains,Ó with special emphasis on glaciological hazards, such as jškulhlaups, the use of small glaciers as recreational resources, and the special problems associated with carrying out mining operations in glacierized regions.
The St. Elias Mountains are considered to be the most spectacular series of mountain ranges in North America. They are heavily glacierized and include three of the six highest mountain peaks on the continent. Mt. Logan, Yukon Territory, Canada, at 5,959 m [http://www.ice2001.com], is second only to Mt. McKinley (6,194 m), Alaska, in elevation. The St. Elias Mountains lie along the international border of the United States and Canada, between Alaska and Yukon Territory (fig. 1 in ÒHistory of Glacier Investigations in Canada,Ó and fig. 1 in ÒGlaciers of the St. Elias MountainsÓ). Field (1975b) described the St. Elias Mountains in his compilation. Garry K.C. Clarke and Gerald Holdsworth, in the ÒGlaciers of the St. Elias MountainsÓ section of this volume, describe some of the valley glaciers, plateau glaciers, ice fields and associated outlet glaciers, and piedmont glaciers that characterize the region. The glaciers are classified as temperate, subpolar, and cold; at least 136 of the subpolar glaciers are surge-type glaciers. In a special section, ÒQuantitative Measurements of Tweedsmuir Glacier and Lowell Glacier Imagery,Ó Gerald Holdworth, Philip J. Howarth, and C. Simon L. Ommanney discuss the application of sequential Landsat images to two surging glaciers. Figure 6 and table 4 provide a list and assessment of the optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the Coast and St. Elias Mountains of Canada.
Several mountain groups in the Yukon and Northwest Territories (fig. 7) have glaciers according to Horvath (1975), including the Hess and Wernecke Mountains in the Selwyn Mountains, the Ogilvie Mountains, and the Backbone and Canyon Ranges of the Mackenzie Mountains. The Logan Mountains, located in the Selwyn Mountains, have glaciers according to provisional (as of 1985) NTS 1:50,000-scale map sheets (Demuth, written commun., 2001). Demuth (written commun., 2001) is evaluating the feasibility of establishing a glacier mass-balance-monitoring site near the Cirque of the Unclimbables in the Logan Mountains. The Yukon Plateau and the Kluane Ranges may also have glaciers (Ommanney, written commun., 2001). None of the these mountains are covered in this volume. Ommanney (1993) reported on an inventory of Yukon glaciers based on hydrologic basins. Glaciers on the Alaska side of the hydrologic divide account for about 7,250 km2 of ice; those within the Yukon divide, feeding the Yukon River, about 3,000 km2, and those within the Alsek River basin, draining through the Panhandle into the Pacific Ocean, account for about 3,800 km2 of ice. 
Landsat MSS images are most useful in the study of changes in large glaciers, ice caps and ice fields, and associated outlet glaciers in Arctic Canada, and of ice fields and associated outlet glaciers, and valley glaciers in western Canada. The retreat of glaciers in western Canada can be delineated on Landsat images, time-lapse image coverage that now spans three decades of data acquisition beginning in 1972 with Landsat 1, followed by Landsats 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7. The trend toward an increase in the number of spectral bands and spatial resolution (15 m with the Landsat 7 enhanced thematic mapper (ETM+) and multispectral stereoscopic sensor on the advanced thermal emission and reflectance radiometer (ASTER) on the Terra Spacecraft); the surface-elevation profile capability of the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), estimated to be ±1 m; the all-weather radar sensors, such as the Canadian RADARSAT; and high-resolution panchromatic IKONOS and QuickBird-2 images [1-m picture elements (pixels) and 61-cm pixels, respectively) will provide new opportunities for glaciologists to use satellite remote sensing and GIS technologies to monitor changes in the area and volume of glaciers in the future (Williams and others, 1997; Williams and Hall, 1998). The following sections are directed primarily at an analysis and evaluation of Landsat MSS (and RBV) images of selected Canadian glaciers, in the context of the history of glacier investigations and glacier mapping in Canada, as a contribution to the objective of establishing a global baseline of glacier area during the 1970Õs. Although the pixel resolution of Landsat MSS images (79 m) generally precluded analysis of changes in small glaciers, the MSS images do provide an objective historical, time-precise record of the areal extent of large glaciers (that comprise most of the glacier area in Canada) during the 1970Õs.



References Cited

Anonymous, 1978, Height of the glaciation level in western Canada and southern Alaska: Oslo, 1:4,000,000-scale map, in Height of the glaciation level in northern British Columbia and southeastern Alaska: Geografiska Annaler, v. 54A, p. 76Ð84.
ÑÑÑ1998, Rivers of ice: Canadian Geographic, v. 118, no. 7, p. 34Ð39.
Canada: Environment: Inland Waters Branch, 1971a, 8.8.1Ñ South Vancouver Island, glacier inventory, area 4*8H: Ottawa, Ontario, produced by the Inland Waters Branch, Department of the Environment; printed by the Surveys and Mapping Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, map. (Glacier Atlas of Canada IWB 1137, scale 1:500,000.)
Canada: Environment: Inland Waters Branch, 1971b, 8.8.2Ñ Northern Vancouver Island, glacier inventory, area 4*8H: Ottawa, Ontario, produced by the Inland Waters Branch, Department of the Environment; printed by the Surveys and Mapping Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, map. (Glacier Atlas of Canada IWB 1139, scale 1:500,000.)
Denton, G.H., 1975a, Glaciers of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 1: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 603Ð653.
ÑÑÑ1975b, Glaciers of the Coast Mountains (Pacific Ranges and Cascade Mountains) and Coast Ranges of British Columbia, in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 1: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 671Ð687.
ÑÑÑ1975c, Glaciers of the Interior Ranges of British Columbia, in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 1: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 655Ð670.
Dunbar, M., and Greenway, K.R., 1956, Arctic Canada from the air: Ottawa, QueenÕs Printer, 541 p.
Fahn, C., 1975, Glaciers of northern Labrador, in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 2: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 673Ð682.
Field, W.O., Jr., 1975a, Glaciers of the Coast MountainsÑBoundary Ranges (Alaska, British Columbia, and Yukon Territory), in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 2: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 11Ð141.
ÑÑÑ1975b, Glaciers of the St. Elias Mountains, in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 2: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 143Ð297.
ÑÑÑ1975c, Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., v. 1, 698 p., v. 2, 932 p., atlas, 49 plates.
Field, W.O, and Associates, 1958, Atlas of mountain glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere: Natick, Mass., Headquarters Quartermaster Research and Engineering Command, U.S. Army Research and Engineering Center, Environmental Protection Research Division, Technical Report EPÐ92, unpaginated, various plates.
Henoch, W.E.S., 1967, Surface measurements of glacierized area in Canada: Ottawa, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Water Research Branch, Glaciology Section, unpublished manuscript, 4 p.
Horvath, Eva, 1975, Glaciers of the Yukon and Northwest Territories (excluding the Queen Elizabeth Islands and St. Elias Mountains), in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 1: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 689Ð698.
Koerner, R.M., 1968, Fabric analysis of a core from the Meighen Ice Cap, Northwest Territories, Canada: Journal of Glaciology, v. 7, no. 51, p. 421Ð430.
Mercer, J.H., 1975a, Glaciers of Baffin and Bylot Islands, in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 2: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 683Ð721.
ÑÑÑ1975b, Glaciers of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, N.W.T., Canada, in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 2: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 723Ð752.
Ommanney, C.S.L., 1969, Glacier inventory of Canada-Axel Heiberg Island, Northwest Territories: Ottawa, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Inland Waters Branch Technical Bulletin No. 37, 97 p.
Ommanney, Simon, 1970, The Canadian glacier inventory, in Glaciers, Proceedings of Workshop Seminar, 1970; Ottawa Canadian National Committee, the International Hydrological Decade, p. 23Ð30.
Ommanney, C.S.L., 1972, Application of the Canadian glacier inventory to studies of the static water balance. 1. The glaciers of Vancouver Island, in Adams, W.P., and Helleiner, F.M., eds., International Geography 1972, v. 2: Toronto, University of Toronto Press, p. 1266Ð1268.
ÑÑÑ1993, Yukon glaciers, in Prowse, T.D., Ommanney, C.S.L., and Ulmer, K.E., eds., International Northern Research Basins Symposium/Workshop, 9th, Whitehorse, Dawson City, Eagle Plains, Yukon; Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 1992, Proceedings: Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canada, v. 1, p. 373Ð382. (NHRI Symposium 10.)
¯strem, Gunnar, Arnold, K.C., and Simpson, K., compilers, 1966, Glaciers and moraines in southern British Columbia and Alberta, 1:2,000,000-scale map, in ¯strem, G., and Arnold, K., 1970, Ice-cored moraines in southern British Columbia and Alberta, Canada: Geografiska Annaler, v. 52A, p. 120Ð128.
Shaler, N.S., and Davis, W.M., 1881, Illustrations of the EarthÕs surface: Glaciers: Boston, J.R. Osgood and Co., 198 p. 
Shilts, Elizabeth, Fick, Steven, Murray, Andrew, and McLean, Janice, 1998, The glaciers of Canada: Canadian Geographic, v. 118, no. 7, p. 51Ð52 (8-page foldout, color map).
Williams, R.S., Jr., and Ferrigno, J.G., workshop coordinators, 1997, Final Report of the Workshop on Long-Term Monitoring of Glaciers of North America and Northwestern Europe: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98Ð31, 144 p. 
Williams, R.S., Jr., Garvin, J.B., SigurÄsson, O., Hall, D.K., and Ferrigno, J.G., 1997, Measurement of changes in the area and volume of the EarthÕs large glaciers with satellite sensors, in Williams, R.S., Jr., and Ferrigno, J.G., workshop coordinators, Final Report of the Workshop on Long-Term Monitoring of Glaciers of North America and Northwestern Europe: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98Ð31, p. 74Ð76. 
Williams, R.S., Jr., and Hall, D.K., 1998, Use of remote sensing techniques, in Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M., and Suter, S., eds., Into the 2nd century of world glacier monitoring: Prospects and strategies: A contribution to the International Hydrological Programme (IHP), and the Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS), World Glacier Monitoring Service: Paris, UNESCO Publishing, Studies and Reports in Hydrology, Publication 56, p. 97Ð111.



Figure 1.ÑGeographic locations of the currently glacierized regions of Canada (and Greenland and Iceland), by S. Fick and A. Murray (see also Shilts and others, 1998), from the 1998 Canadian Geographic, v. 118, no. 7, Sources: Geomatics Canada, Glacier Atlas of Canada, National Hydrology Research Centre. Used with permission.
Figure 2.ÑGlacierization of Canada (and Greenland and Iceland) during the Pleistocene Epoch, by S. Fick and A. Murray (see also Shilts and others, 1998), from the 1998 Canadian Geographic, v. 118, no. 7, Sources: Geomatics Canada, Glacier Atlas of Canada, National Hydrology Research Centre. Used with permission.
Figure 3.ÑOptimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the glaciers of the Arctic Islands of Canada.
Figure 4.ÑMap of the major mountain ranges in the Interior Ranges of British Columbia. Glacierized ranges indicated in green, non-glacierized in black.
Figure 5.ÑOptimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS images of the glaciers of the Canadian Rocky Mountains and Interior Ranges. 
Figure 6.ÑOptimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the glaciers of the Coast and St. Elias Mountains of Canada.
Figure 7.ÑMap of the major mountain ranges in the Yukon and Northwest Territories of Canada. Glacierized ranges indicated in green.



Table 1.ÑEstimated glacier area in Canada (from Ommanney, 1970)
[1, Approximation from previous estimates; 2, Ommanney (1969); 3, Koerner (1968); 4, Measured value from National Topographic System (NTS) 1:250,000-scale maps; 5, Henoch (1967)]
Location of Glaciers	Estimated Glacier Area (square kilometers)	
ARCTIC ISLANDS		
Ellesmere				80,000	1
Ice Shelves (Ellesmere)				500	1
Axel Heiberg				11,735	2
Devon				16,200	1
Coburg				225	1
Meighen				85	3
Melville				160	4
North Kent				152	4
	Subtotal		109,057
Baffin				37,000	1
Bylot				5,000	1
	Subtotal Arctic		151,057
MAINLAND DRAINAGE BASINS		
Pacific				37,659	5
Nelson				328	5
Great Slave				626	5
Yukon				10, 564	5
Arctic Ocean				840	5
Labrador				24	5
	Subtotal Mainland		50,041
	Total Canada		201,098




Table 2.ÑOptimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the glaciers of the Arctic Islands of Canada
[The images archived by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) are not identified on the CCRS Website (http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca) by Landsat identification number but can be located by path (track), row (frame), and date. The images archived by the EROS Data Center (EDC) (http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov) are no longer located or ordered by the Landsat identification number on the image but by a different entity number that incorporates satellite number, path, row, and date]

Path-Row	Nominal scene center (lat-long)	Landsat identification number	Date	Solar elevation angle (degrees)	Code	Cloud cover (percent)	Remarks
16Ð13		66¡40'N.
	60¡28'W.	20202Ð14590	12 Aug 75	37			0	Baffin Island
16Ð14		65¡20'N.
	61¡57'W.	20202Ð14592	12 Aug 75	38			5	
17Ð13		66¡40'N.
	61¡55'W.	20185Ð15051	26 Jul 75	42			0	Image used for AndrewsÕ figure 17
17Ð14		65¡20'N.
	63¡23'W.	20185Ð15053	26 Jul 75	43			0	
17Ð15		63¡59'N.
	64¡44'W.	1747Ð15083	09 Aug 74	40			10	EDC1; image used for AndrewsÕ figure 18
17Ð16		62¡38'N.
	65¡58'W.	1747Ð15090	09 Aug 74	41			10	EDC; Terra Nivea and Grinnell Glacier; image used for AndrewsÕ figure 19
18Ð13		66¡40'N.
	63¡21'W.	20186Ð15105	27 Jul 75	42			45	
18Ð14		65¡20'N.
	64¡49'W.	20186Ð15112	27 Jul 75	43			15	
18Ð15		63¡59'N.
	66¡10'W.	20204Ð15111	14 Aug 75	39			0	
18Ð16		62¡38'N.
	67¡24'W.	1712Ð15160	05 Jul 74	47			0	EDC
19Ð12		67¡59'N.
	63¡08'W.	21663Ð15101	12 Aug 79	34			0	
19Ð13		66¡40'N.
	64¡47'W.	21663Ð15103	12 Aug 79	35			10	Penny Ice Cap; image used for AndrewsÕ figure 16
19Ð13		66¡40'N.
	64¡47'W.	30156Ð15172
A, B, C, D	08 Aug 78	38Ð39			5Ð30	Landsat 3 RBV1
19Ð14		65¡20'N.
	66¡15'W.	21663Ð15110	12 Aug 79	36		0	
19Ð14		65¡20'N.
	66¡15'W.	30156Ð15174
A, B, C, D	08 Aug 78	39Ð40		0	
19Ð16		62¡38'N.
	68¡50'W.	21303Ð14584	17 Aug 78	~39		0	
20Ð12		67¡59'N.
	64¡34'W.	11488Ð14431	19 Aug 76	32		0	Penny Ice Cap; extensive snow cover
20Ð13		66¡40'N.
	66¡13'W.	11488Ð14434	19 Aug 76	33		0	Extensive snow cover
21Ð12		67¡59'N.
	66¡00'W.	11453Ð14515	15 Jul 76	41		0	Penny Ice Cap
21Ð13		66¡40'N.
	67¡39'W.	11453Ð14521	15 Jul 76	42		0	
22Ð11		69¡17'N.
	65¡37'W.	11829Ð14232	26 Jul 77	37		40	
22Ð12		67¡59'N.
	67¡26'W.	11829Ð14234	26 Jul 77	37		30	
23Ð11		69¡17'N.
	67¡03'W.	20911Ð15163	21 Jul 77	40		30	
23Ð12		67¡59'N.
	68¡52'W.	20911Ð15165	21 Jul 77	41		0	
24Ð10		70¡35'N.
	66¡28'W.	20912Ð15214	22 Jul 77	39		0	
24Ð11		69¡17'N.
	68¡29'W.	20912Ð15221	22 Jul 77	40		0	
25Ð10		70¡35'N.
	67¡54'W.	11850Ð14380	16 Aug 77	30		0	
25Ð11		69¡17'N.
	69¡55'W.	11850Ð14382	16 Aug 77	31		5	Southeastern end of Barnes Ice Cap
26Ð10		70¡35'N.
	69¡20'W.	21292Ð15355	06 Aug 78	~36		0	
26Ð11		69¡17'N.
	71¡21'W.	21328Ð15380	11 Sep 78	22		10	Southeastern end of Barnes Ice Cap
26Ð11		69¡17'N.
	71¡21'W.	30721Ð15514 A, B	24 Feb 80	10		30	Landsat 3 RBV; subscene B used for AndrewsÕ figure 15
27Ð10		70¡35'N.
	70¡46'W.	1379Ð16124	06 Aug 73	36		0	Barnes Ice Cap
27Ð11		69¡17'N.
	72¡48'W.	1379Ð16130	06 Aug 73	37		0	Barnes Ice Cap
27Ð11		69¡17'N.
	72¡48'W.	30722Ð15572
B, C	25 Feb 80	~11		0	Barnes Ice Cap; Landsat 3 RBV
28Ð09		71¡50'N.
	69¡54'W.	10380Ð16180	07 Aug 73	35		0	
28Ð10		70¡35'N.
	72¡12'W.	10380Ð16182	07 Aug 73	36		0	Barnes Ice Cap; image used for AndrewsÕ figure 5
28Ð10		70¡35'N.
	72¡12'W.	30525Ð16065	12 Aug 79	32		0	Barnes Ice Cap; image used for AndrewsÕ figure 8A
28Ð11		69¡17'N.
	74¡14'W.	10380Ð16185	07 Aug 73	37		0	Barnes Ice Cap
28Ð11		69¡17'N.
	74¡14'W.	30525Ð16071	12 Aug 79	33		0	Barnes Ice Cap
29Ð09		71¡50'N.
	71¡20'W.	30526Ð16120	13 Aug 79	31		20	
29Ð10		70¡35'N.
	73¡38'W.	11119Ð15585	16 Aug 75	33		0	
29Ð10		70¡35'N.
	73¡38'W.	30526Ð16122
B, D	13 Aug 79	30		0Ð20	Landsat 3 RBV
30Ð09		71¡50'N.
	72¡46'W.	11855Ð15054	21 Aug 77	28		0	Extensive snow cover
30Ð09		71¡50'N.
	72¡46'W.	30491Ð16174 D	09 Jul 79	41		0	Landsat 3 RBV
30Ð10		70¡35'N.
	75¡04'W.	11855Ð15060	21 Aug 77	29		5	Barnes Ice Cap
30Ð10		70¡35'N.
	75¡04'W.	30491Ð16181 B	09 Jul 79	41		0	Landsat 3 RBV
30Ð10		70¡35'N.
	75¡04'W.	30725Ð16141 D	28 Feb 80	11		20	Landsat 3 RBV 
31Ð09		71¡50'N.
	74¡13'W.	11463Ð15471	25 Jul 76	37		15	
31Ð09		71¡50'N.
	74¡13'W.	30546Ð16232 C, D	02 Sep 79	26		15Ð20	Landsat 3 RBV
31Ð10		70¡35'N.
	76¡30'W.	11463Ð15473	25 Jul 76	37		0	
32Ð08		73¡04'N.
	73¡03'W.	11464Ð15522	26 Jul 76	36		0	
32Ð09		71¡50'N.
	75¡39'W.	11857Ð15170	23 Aug 77	27		40	
32Ð09		71¡50'N.
	75¡39'W.	30547Ð16290
A, B, C, D	03 Sep 79	25Ð26		0Ð10	Landsat 3 RBV
33Ð08		73¡04'N.
	74¡29'W.	1403Ð16455	30 Aug 73	26		0	
33Ð09		71¡50'N.
	77¡05'W.	1403Ð16461	30 Aug 73	27		0	Image used for AndrewsÕ figure 4
33Ð09		71¡50'N.
	77¡05'W.	30548Ð16345
A, B, C, D	04 Sep 79	25Ð26		20Ð30	Landsat 3 RBV
34Ð08		73¡04'N.
	75¡55'W.	11841Ð15294	07 Aug 77	32		50	
34Ð09		71¡50'N.
	78¡31'W.	1404Ð16515	31 Aug 73 	27		0	
34Ð09		71¡50'N.
	78¡31'W.	30549Ð16403
A, B	05 Sep 79	25		20Ð50	Landsat 3 RBV
35Ð08		73¡04'N.
	77¡21'W.	11842Ð15352	08 Aug 77	31		15	
35Ð08		73¡04'N.
	77¡21'W.	30586Ð16445
C, D	12 Oct 79	10		10Ð20	Landsat 3 RBV
35Ð09		71¡50'N.
	79¡57'W.	11125Ð16323	22 Aug 75	30		20	
35Ð09		71¡50'N.
	79¡57'W.	30586Ð16452
A, B	12 Oct 79	10		20Ð40	Landsat 3 RBV
36Ð08		73¡04'N.
	78¡47'W.	20204Ð16513	14 Aug 75	31		0	Bylot Island
36Ð08		73¡04'N.
	78¡47'W.	30173Ð16525 D	25 Aug 78	28		20	Landsat 3 RBV
36Ð09		71¡50'N.
	81¡23'W.	11468Ð16152	30 Jul 76	35		0	
37Ð07		74¡16'N.
	77¡14'W.	20943Ð16332	22 Aug 77	27		0	
37Ð07		74¡16'N.
	77¡14'W.	30516Ð16572 D	03 Aug 79	33		50	Landsat 3 RBV
37Ð08		73¡04'N.
	80¡13'W.	20943Ð16335	22 Aug 77	28		0	Image used for AndrewsÕ figure 3
37Ð09		71¡50'N.
	82¡49'W.	20943Ð16341	22 Aug 77	29		0	
38Ð06		75¡25'N.
	75¡14'W.	20944Ð16384	23 Aug 77	26		0	
38Ð07		74¡16'N.
	78¡40'W.	20926Ð16400	05 Aug 77 	32		50	Eastern end of Devon Island
38Ð08		73¡04'N.
	81¡39'W.	11827Ð15540	24 Jul 77	35		10	
38Ð08		73¡04'N.
	81¡39'W.	30589Ð17020 C, D	15 Oct 79	9		10Ð20	Landsat 3 RBV
38Ð09		71¡50'N.
	84¡15'W.	30589Ð17023 A, B	15 Oct 79	9		0	Landsat 3 RBV
39Ð06		75¡25'N.
	76¡40'W.	11147Ð16525	13 Sep 75	19		0	
39Ð07		74¡16'N.
	80¡06'W. 	20207Ð17081	17 Aug 75	29		15	
39Ð08		73¡04'N.
	83¡05'W.	1733Ð17123	26 Jul 74	36		10	
39Ð08		73¡04'N.
	83¡05'W.	30482Ð17091
A, B, C, D	30 Jun 79	40		0	Landsat 3 RBV
40Ð05		76¡31'N.
	74¡08'W.	11130Ð16591	27 Aug 75	24		0	
40Ð06		75¡25'N.
	78¡06'W.	11130Ð16593	27 Aug 75	25		10	Eastern end of Devon Island
40Ð07		74¡16'N.
	81¡32'W.	11130Ð17000	27 Aug 75	26		0	Eastern end of Devon Island
40Ð08		73¡04'N.
	84¡31'W.	11130Ð17002	27 Aug 75	27		15	
41Ð05		76¡31'N.
	75¡34'W.	20209Ð17184	19 Aug 75	26		40	Southeastern corner of Ellesmere Island
41Ð06		75¡25'N.
	79¡33'W.	20551Ð17124	26 Jul 76	34		5	Devon Ice Cap
41Ð07		74¡16'N.
	82¡58'W.	20551Ð17130	26 Jul 76	35		0	Extensive snow cover
41Ð08		73¡04'N.
	85¡57'W.	21307Ð17015	21 Aug 78	~28		5	
42Ð05		76¡31'N.
	77¡00'W.	20948Ð17010	27 Aug 77	24		10	Southeastern corner of Ellesmere Island
42Ð06		75¡25'N.
	80¡59'W.	20948Ð17012	27 Aug 77	25		25	Devon Ice Cap
42Ð07		74¡16'N.
	84¡24'W.	1376Ð17372	03 Aug 73	33		10	EDC
43Ð04		77¡33'N.
	73¡49'W.	20553Ð17231	28 Jul 76	31		5	
43Ð05		76¡31'N.
	78¡26'W.	20553Ð17234	28 Jul 76	32		10	
43Ð06		75¡25'N.
	82¡25'W.	20553Ð17240	28 Jul 76	34		30	Devon Ice Cap
43Ð07		74¡16'N.
	85¡50'W.	20553Ð17243	28 Jul 76	35		0	Extensive snow cover
44Ð03		78¡29'N.
	69¡53'W.	20554Ð17283	29 Jul 76	30		5	
44Ð04		77¡33'N.
	75¡15'W.	11458Ð17000	20 Jul 76	33		0	Extensive snow cover
44Ð05		76¡31'N.
	79¡53'W.	11458Ð17003	20 Jul 76	34		10	Extensive snow cover
44Ð06		75¡25'N.
	83¡51'W.	30523Ð17365	10 Aug 79	28		20	Image used for KoernerÕs figure 2
44Ð07		74¡16'N.
	87¡17'W.	1378Ð17485	05 Aug 73	32		0	EDC
45Ð03		78¡29'N.
	71¡19'W.	20555Ð17341	30 Jul 76	30		25	
45Ð04		77¡33'N.
	76¡41'W.	11459Ð17054	21 Jul 76	33		0	Extensive snow cover
45Ð05		76¡31'N.
	81¡19'W.	11459Ð17060	21 Jul 76	34		10	Extensive snow cover
45Ð06		75¡25'N.
	85¡17'W.	20951Ð17183	30 Aug 77	23		10	Extensive snow cover
45Ð07		74¡16'N.
	88¡43'W.	30524Ð17430	11 Aug 79	29		0	
46Ð03		78¡29'N.
	72¡45'W.	11514Ð17063	14 Sep 76	15		0	Eastern side of Ellesmere Island
46Ð04		77¡33'N.
	78¡07'W.	1758Ð17500	20 Aug 74	25		0	Eastern side of Ellesmere Island; image used for KoernerÕs figure 5
46Ð05		76¡31'N.
	82¡45'W.	1758Ð17503	20 Aug 74	26		0	Southeastern corner of Ellesmere Island
46Ð05		76¡31'N.
	82¡45'W.	30561Ð17473 A, B, D	17 Sep 79	15Ð16		10Ð20	Landsat 3 RBV
46Ð06		75¡25'N.
	86¡43'W.	1758Ð17505	20 Aug 74	27		0	
46Ð07		74¡16'N.
	90¡09'W.	1758Ð17512	20 Aug 74	28		0	
47Ð02		79¡19'N.
	67¡56'W.	2520Ð17403	25 Jun 76	33		20	EDC; Landsat 2 RBV
47Ð03		78¡29'N.
	74¡11'W.	11461Ð17163	23 Jul 76	32		0	Extensive snow cover
47Ð04		77¡33'N.
	79¡33'W.	11854Ð16411	20 Aug 77	25		10	Southeastern Ellesmere Island
47Ð05		76¡31'N.
	84¡11'W.	11497Ð17142	28 Aug 76	23		15	
47Ð06		75¡25'N.
	88¡09'W.	30184Ð17552	05 Sep 78	~20		40	Devon Island
47Ð07		74¡16'N.
	91¡35'W.	1399Ð18054	26 Aug 73	26		0	Extensive snow cover
48Ð02		79¡19'N.
	69¡22'W.	2558Ð17505	02 Aug 76	27		30	EDC; Landsat 2 RBV
48Ð03		78¡29'N.
	75¡37'W.	1760Ð18010	22 Aug 74	23		0	Ellesmere Island; Prince of Wales Icefield; image used for KoernerÕs figure 5
48Ð04		77¡33'N.
	81¡00'W.	1760Ð18013	22 Aug 74	24		0	Ellesmere Island; Prince of Wales Icefield
48Ð05		76¡31'N.
	85¡37'W.	1760Ð18015	22 Aug 74	25		10	Ellesmere Island; Sydkap Ice Cap; image used for KoernerÕs figure 4
48Ð06		75¡25'N.
	89¡35'W.	1760Ð18022	22 Aug 74	26		40	
49Ð02		79¡19'N.
	70¡48'W.	2559Ð17563	03 Aug 76	27		0	EDC
49Ð03		78¡29'N.
	77¡03'W.	20559Ð17570	03 Aug 76	 29		10	Ellesmere Island; Prince of Wales Icefield
49Ð04		77¡33'N.
	82¡26'W.	20559Ð17573	03 Aug 76	30		40	Ellesmere Island; Prince of Wales Icefield
49Ð04		77¡33'N.
	82¡26'W.	30546Ð18043 D	02 Sep 79	21		30	Landsat 3 RBV
49Ð05		76¡31'N.
	87¡03'W.	11463Ð17284	25 Jul 76	33		0	Ellesmere Island; Sydkap Ice Cap
49Ð05		76¡31'N.
	87¡03'W.	30546Ð18050 B, D	02 Sep 79	21Ð22		10	Landsat 3 RBV
50Ð01		80¡01'N.
	65¡04'W.	2614Ð18002	27 Sep 76	6		50	EDC
50Ð02		79¡19'N.
	72¡14'W.	2597Ð18070	10 Sep 76	14		50	EDC
50Ð03		78¡29'N.
	78¡29'W.	30511Ð18100	29 Jul 79	28		10	Ellesmere Island; Prince of Wales Icefield
50Ð04		77¡33'N.
	83¡52'W.	11839Ð17000	05 Aug 77	29		10	Ellesmere Island; Sydkap Ice Cap
50Ð04		77¡33'N.
	83¡52'W.	30187Ð18114
A, B	08 Sep 78	18		10Ð50	Landsat 3 RBV
50Ð05		76¡31'N.
	88¡29'W.	11839Ð17002	05 Aug 77	30		0	
51Ð01		80¡01'N.
	66¡30'W.	2548Ð18361	23 Jul 76	27		10	EDC; northeastern Ellesmere Island; Landsat 2 RBV
51Ð02		79¡19'N.
	73¡40'W.	2543Ð18083	18 Jul 76	31		0	EDC; northeastern Ellesmere Island; Landsat 2 RBV
51Ð03		78¡29'N.
	79¡55'W.	11465Ð17391	27 Jul 76	31		5	Ellesmere Island; Prince of Wales Icefield
51Ð04		77¡33'N.
	85¡18'W.	11465Ð17394	27 Jul 76	32		5	
51Ð04		77¡33'N.
	85¡18'W.	30206Ð18174 B, D	27 Sep 78	11		20	Landsat 3 RBV
51Ð05		76¡31'N.
	89¡55'W.	11465Ð17400	27 Jul 76	33		10	
52Ð01		80¡01'N.
	67¡56'W.	2544Ð18135	19 Jul 76	29		0	EDC; northeastern Ellesmere Island; Landsat 2 RBV
52Ð02		79¡19'N.
	75¡06'W.	20544Ð18142	19 Jul 76	31		10	
52Ð02		79¡19'N.
	75¡06'W.	30531Ð18211 D	18 Aug 79	24		70	Landsat 3 RBV
52Ð03		78¡29'N.
	81¡21'W.	20904Ð17595	14 Jul 77	33		0	
52Ð03		78¡29'N.
	81¡21'W.	30521Ð18213 B	18 Aug 79	24		20	Landsat 3 RBV
52Ð04		77¡33'N.
	86¡44'W.	20904Ð18002	14 Jul 77	34		10	
52Ð04		77¡33'N.
	86¡44'W.	30207Ð18232
B, D	28 Sep 78	10		20Ð30	Landsat 3 RBV
52Ð05		76¡31'N.
	91¡21'W.	20904Ð18004	14 Jul 77	35		0	
53Ð01		80¡01'N.
	69¡22'W.	2550Ð18474	25 Jul 76	27		5	EDC; Landsat 2 RBV
53Ð02		79¡19'N.
	76¡32'W.	11860Ð17141	26 Aug 77	21		5	
53Ð03		78¡29'N.
	82¡47'W.	11860Ð17144	26 Aug 77	22		0	
53Ð03		78¡29'N.
	82¡47'W.	21265Ð18063	10 Jul 78	~34		0	Ablation area visible
53Ð03		78¡29'N.
	82¡47'W.	30208Ð18284
C, D	29 Sep 78	9		10Ð40	Landsat 3 RBV
53Ð04		77¡33'N.
	88¡10'W.	30514Ð18274	01 Aug 79	28		30	
53Ð04		77¡33'N.
	88¡10'W.	30208Ð18291 D	29 Sep 78	10		20	Landsat 3 RBV
53Ð05		76¡31'N.
	92¡47'W.	30514Ð18280	01 Aug 79	29		0	
54Ð01		80¡01'N.
	70¡48'W.	2583Ð18295	27 Aug 76	18		0	EDC; Ellesmere Island; eastern Agassiz Ice Cap; Landsat 2 RBV
54Ð02		79¡19'N.
	77¡58'W.	11843Ð17214	09 Aug 77	26		5	
54Ð02		79¡19'N.
	77¡58'W.	30191Ð18335
C, D	12 Sep 78	14		10Ð20	Landsat 3 RBV
54Ð03		78¡29'N.
	84¡13'W.	21644Ð18270	24 Jul 79	29		20	
54Ð03		78¡29'N.
	84¡13'W.	30191Ð18342
B, D	12 Sep 78	15		10Ð30	Landsat 3 RBV
54Ð04		77¡33'N.
	89¡36'W.	20546Ð18263	21 Jul 76	33		0	
54Ð05		76¡31'N.
	94¡13'W.	20924Ð18111	03 Aug 77	31		0	
55Ð01		80¡01'N.
	72¡14'W.	2601Ð18292	14 Sep 76	11		0	EDC; Ellesmere Island; Agassiz Ice Cap; Landsat 2 RBV
55Ð02		79¡19'N.
	79¡24'W.	11109Ð18251	06 Aug 75	27		0	
55Ð02		79¡19'N.
	79¡24'W.	30192Ð18394 C, D	13 Sep 78	14		20Ð50	Landsat 3 RBV
55Ð03		78¡29'N.
	85¡39'W.	30516Ð18384	03 Aug 79	27		10	Southern Axel Heiberg Island
55Ð03		78¡29'N.
	85¡39'W.	30516Ð18384
B, C, D	03 Aug 79	27		0Ð5	Southern Axel Heiberg Island; Landsat 3 RBV
55Ð04		77¡33'N.
	91¡02'W.	30516Ð18391	03 Aug 79	28		0	
55Ð04		77¡33'N.
	91¡02'W.	30516Ð18391
A, D	03 Aug 79	28		0	Landsat 3 RBV
55Ð05		76¡31'N.
	95¡39'W.	1371Ð18511	29 Jul 73	~31		50	EDC
56Ð01		80¡01'N.
	73¡40'W.	2591Ð19151	04 Sep 76	14		10	EDC; Ellesmere Island; Agassiz Ice Cap; Landsat 2 RBV
56Ð02		79¡19'N.
	80¡50'W.	20548Ð18371	23 Jul 76	30		0	
56Ð03		78¡29'N.
	87¡05'W.	20926Ð18214	05 Aug 77	28 		20	Southern Axel Heiberg Island
56Ð03		78¡29'N.
	87¡05'W.	20548Ð18373	23 Jul 76	31		0	Southern Axel Heiberg Island
56Ð04		77¡33'N.
	92¡28'W.	30517Ð18445	04 Aug 79	27		0	
57Ð01		80¡01'N.
	75¡06'W.	2548Ð18364	23 Jul 76	29		0	EDC; Ellesmere Island; Agassiz Ice Cap; Landsat 2 RBV
57Ð01		80¡01'N.
	75¡06'W.	2609Ð19144	22 Sep 76	7		10	EDC; Ellesmere Island; Agassiz Ice Cap; Landsat 2 RBV
57Ð02		79¡19'N.
	82¡16'W.	11864Ð17364	30 Aug 77	20		10	
57Ð03		78¡29'N.
	88¡31'W.	20945Ð18262	24 Aug 77	22		0	Southern Axel Heiberg Island
58Ð01		80¡01'N.
	76¡32'W.	2550Ð18480	25 Jul 76	28		0	EDC; Ellesmere Island; Agassiz Ice Cap; Landsat 2 RBV; image used for KoernerÕs figure 8
58Ð02		79¡19'N.
	83¡42'W.	20550Ð18483	25 Jul 76	30		0	
58Ð02		79¡19'N.
	83¡42'W.	30123Ð18560
B, C	06 Jul 78 	33		10	Landsat 3 RBV
58Ð03		78¡29'N.
	89¡57'W.	20154Ð18563	25 Jun 75	35		0	Southern Axel Heiberg Island
58Ð03		78¡29'N.
	89¡57'W.	30123Ð18563 A	06 Jul 78	34		20	Landsat 3 RBV
59Ð01		80¡01'N.
	77¡58'W.	20551Ð18535	26 Jul 76	28		0	Ellesmere Island; Agassiz Ice Cap
59Ð02		79¡19'N.
	85¡08'W.	20551Ð18541	26 Jul 76	30		0	
59Ð03		78¡29'N.
	91¡23'W.	20947Ð18374	26 Aug 77	22		0	Southern Axel Heiberg Island
60Ð01		80¡01'N.
	79¡24'W.	20552Ð18593	27 Jul 76	28		10	Ellesmere Island; Agassiz Ice Cap
60Ð02		79¡19'N.
	86¡34'W.	20948Ð18430	27 Aug 77	20		5	Axel Heiberg Island
60Ð03		78¡29'N.
	92¡49'W.	20948Ð18432	27 Aug 77	21		0	
61Ð01		80¡01'N.
	80¡50'W.	2596Ð19434	09 Sep 76	12		20	EDC; Landsat 2 RBV
61Ð01		80¡01'N.
	80¡50'W.	30198Ð19134 C	19 Sep 78	10		20	Landsat 3 RBV
61Ð02		79¡19'N.
	88¡00'W.	20949Ð18484	28 Aug 77	20		0	Axel Heiberg Island
61Ð03		78¡29'N.
	94¡15'W.	20949Ð18490	28 Aug 77	21		0	
62Ð01		80¡01'N.
	82¡16'W.	2559Ð19390	03 Aug 76	25		5	EDC; Landsat 2 RBV
62Ð02		79¡19'N.
	89¡27'W.	20950Ð18542	29 Aug 77	20		0	Axel Heiberg Island; image used for KoernerÕs figure 7
62Ð03		78¡29'N.
	95¡42'W.	20950Ð18545	29 Aug 77	21		0	
63Ð01		80¡01'N.
	83¡42'W.	2196Ð19292	06 Aug 75	25		0	EDC; Ellesmere Island
63Ð02		79¡19'N.
	90¡53'W.	2196Ð19295	06 Aug 75	26		10	EDC; Axel Heiberg Island
63Ð03		78¡29'N.
	97¡08'W.	30506Ð19243	24 Jul 79	29		0	
64Ð01		80¡01'N.
	85¡08'W.	1758Ð19320	20 Aug 74	21		0	
64Ð02		79¡19'N.
	92¡19'W.	20196Ð19295	06 Aug 75	27		10	Axel Heiberg Island
64Ð06		75¡25'N.
	112¡32'W.	21654Ð19254	03 Aug 79	30		0	Melville Island
65Ð01		80¡01'N.
	86¡35'W.	1759Ð19375	21 Aug 74	21		5	
65Ð02		79¡19'N.
	93¡45'W.	30508Ð19354	26 Jul 79	27		20	
65Ð02		79¡19'N.
	93¡45'W.	30202Ð19365
A, B	23 Sep 78	~9		40Ð69	Landsat 3 RBV
65Ð06		75¡25'N.
	113¡58'W.	1723Ð19411	16 Jul 74	36		20	
66Ð01		80¡01'N.
	88¡01'W.	1760Ð19433	22 Aug 74	21		5	Axel Heiberg Island
66Ð01		80¡01'N.
	88¡01'W.	30563Ð19403
C, D	19 Sep 79	10		0	Axel Heiberg Island; Landsat 3 RBV
66Ð02		79¡19'N.
	95¡11'W.	11855Ð18292	21 Aug 77	23		10	Meighen and Axel Heiberg Islands
66Ð02		79¡19'N.
	95¡11'W.	30563Ð19405
A, B, C, D	19 Sep 79	11Ð12		0Ð10	Axel Heiberg Island; Landsat 3 RBV
66Ð06		75¡25'N.
	115¡24'W.	11855Ð18310	21 Aug 77	26		0	Melville Island; image used for KoernerÕs figure 16
66Ð06		75¡25'N.
	115¡24'W.	30527Ð19431
A, B	14 Aug 79	29		0	Melville Island; Landsat 3 RBV
67Ð01		80¡01'N.
	89¡27'W.	30510Ð19464	28 Jul 79	28		40	
67Ð01		80¡01'N.
	89¡27'W.	30204Ð19481
C, D	25 Sep 78	8		10Ð20	Landsat 3 RBV
67Ð02		79¡19'N.
	96¡37'W.	30510Ð19471	28 Jul 79	27		30	
67Ð06		75¡25'N.
	116¡50'W.	1725Ð19523	18 Jul 74	35		0	EDC; Melville Island
68Ð01		80¡01'N.
	90¡53'W.	11857Ð18401	23 Aug 77	21		0	Axel Heiberg Island
68Ð01		80¡01'N.
	90¡53'W.	30187Ð19534
C, D	08 Sep 78	15		0	Axel Heiberg Island; Landsat 3 RBV
68Ð02		79¡19'N.
	98¡03'W.	1762Ð19551	24 Aug 74	20		0	EDC; Meighen Island
68Ð02		79¡19'N.
	98¡03'W.	30187Ð19534
A, B	08 Sep 78	15		0Ð10	Axel Heiberg Island; Landsat 3 RBV
69Ð01		80¡01'N.
	92¡19'W.	11858Ð18455	24 Aug 77	21		0	Meighen and Axel Heiberg Islands; image used for KoernerÕs figures 7 and 9
69Ð01		80¡01'N.
	92¡19'W.	30188Ð19593 D	09 Sep 78	14		10	Axel Heiberg Island; Landsat 3 RBV 
69Ð02		79¡19'N.
	99¡29'W.	1763Ð20005	25 Aug 74	20		0	EDC; Meighen Island
70Ð01		80¡01'N.
	93¡45'W.	11859Ð18513	25 Aug 77	21		5	Meighen and Axel Heiberg Islands
71Ð01		80¡01'N.
	95¡11'W.	11860Ð18570	26 Aug 77	20		0	Meighen and Axel Heiberg Islands
72Ð01		80¡01'N.
	96¡37'W.	11861Ð19024	27 Aug 77	20		0	Meighen and Axel Heiberg Islands
72Ð01		80¡01'N.
	96¡37'W.	30191Ð20164
A, B	12 Sep 78	12		0Ð40	Axel Heiberg Island; Landsat 3 RBV
73Ð01		80¡01'N.
	98¡03'W.	11862Ð19082	28 Aug 77	20		20	Meighen and Axel Heiberg Islands
74Ð01		80¡01'N.
	99¡29'W.	11863Ð19140	29 Aug 77	19		5	

FN1: Most of the images in this table were acquired by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS). Those acquired by the U.S. Geological SurveyÕs EROS Data Center (EDC) are indicated by the EDC acronym. Unfortunately, all of the Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) images acquired by both CCRS and EDC are no longer available from either of the two national Landsat image archives. However, all of the Landsat RBV images listed are archived by the U.S. Geological SurveyÕs Glacier Studies Project.

Table 3.ÑOptimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS images of the glaciers of the Canadian Rocky Mountains and Interior Ranges
[**, The images archived by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) are not identified on the CCRS Website (http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca) by Landsat identification number but can be located by path (track), row (frame), and date. The images archived by the EROS Data Center (EDC) (http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov) are no longer located or ordered by the Landsat identification number on the image but by a different entity number that incorporates satellite number, path, row, and date]

Path-Row	Nominal scene center 
(lat-long)	Landsat identification number	Date	Solar elevation angle (degrees)	Code	Cloud cover (percent)	Remarks
45Ð25		50¡09'N.
	113¡58'W.		**	14 Sep 81	~38		0	Archived by CCRS
45Ð26		48¡44'N.
	114¡36'W.	22427Ð17465	14 Sep 81	39		0	Archived by EDC
46Ð24		51¡34'N.
	114¡43'W.	30561Ð17552	17 Sep 79	36		0	Archived by EDC
46Ð25		50¡09'N.
	115¡24'W.		**	17 Sep 79	37		0	Archived by CCRS
46Ð26		48¡44'N.
	116¡02'W.	30561Ð17561	17 Sep 79	38		0	Archived by EDC
47Ð24		51¡34'N.
	116¡09'W.	1741Ð18044	03 Aug 74	49		30	Columbia to Waputik Icefields; archived by EDC
47Ð24		51¡34'N.
	116¡09'W.		**	11 Aug 81	~46		5	Columbia to Waputik Icefields; archived by CCRS
47Ð25		50¡09'N.
	116¡50'W.	1741Ð18050	03 Aug 74	50		40	Archived by EDC
47Ð25		50¡09'N.
	116¡50'W.		**	11 Aug 81	~47		0	Archived by CCRS
47Ð26		48¡44'N.
	117¡28'W.	22393Ð17584	11 Aug 81	48		5	Archived by EDC
48Ð23			52¡58'N.
	116¡52'W.		**	13 Sep 75	~36		0	Archived by CCRS
48Ð24		51¡34'N.
	117¡35'W.		**	13 Sep 75	~37		0	Columbia to Waputik Icefields; archived by CCRS
48Ð24		51¡34'N.
	117¡35'W.	2252Ð18062	01 Oct 75	31		0	Columbia to Waputik Icefields; image used for 
figure 7; archived by EDC
48Ð25		50¡09'N.
	118¡16'W.	2234Ð18070	13 Sep 75	38		0	Archived by EDC
48Ð26		48¡44'N.
	118¡54'W.	2234Ð18073	13 Sep 75	39		0	Archived by EDC
49Ð23		52¡58'N.
	118¡18'W.	1419Ð18233	15 Sep 73	36		0	Mount Robson area to Clemenceau Icefield; archived by EDC
49Ð24		51¡34'N.
	119¡01'W.	1419Ð18235	15 Sep 73	37		0	Archived by EDC
49Ð25		50¡09'N.
	119¡42'W.	1419Ð18242	15 Sep 73	39		20	Archived by EDC
49Ð26		48¡44'N.
	120¡20'W.	1419Ð18244	15 Sep 73	40		20	Archived by EDC
50Ð22		54¡22'N.
	118¡59'W.	1420Ð18285	16 Sep 73	35		0	Mount Sir Alexander; archived by EDC
50Ð23		52¡58'N.
	119¡44'W.	1420Ð18291	16 Sep 73	36		0	Mount Robson area; image used for figure 29; archived by EDC
50Ð24		51¡34'N.
	120¡27'W.	1420Ð18294	16 Sep73	37		0	Archived by EDC
50Ð25		50¡09'N.
	121¡08'W.	1420Ð18300	16 Sep 73	38		0	Archived by EDC
51Ð22		54¡22'N.
	120¡26'W.	1385Ð18351	12 Aug 73	46		0	Mount Sir Alexander; archived by EDC
51Ð23		52¡58'N.
	121¡11'W.	1385Ð18353	12 Aug 73	47		0	Cariboo Range; archived by EDC
52Ð21		55¡45'N.
	121¡04'W.	21696Ð18241	14 Sep 79	34		0	Archived by EDC
52Ð22		54¡22'N.
	121¡52'W.		**	14 Sep 79	~35		0	Archived by CCRS
52Ð22		54¡22'N.
	121¡52'W.	2544Ð18223	19 Jul 76	50		0	Archived by EDC
53Ð20		57¡08'N.
	121¡39'W.	1783Ð18355	14 Sep 74	33		0	Archived by EDC
53Ð20		57¡08'N.
	121¡39'W.		**	17 Aug 81	~43		0	Archived by CCRS
53Ð21		55¡45'N.
	122¡30'W.	1783Ð18361	14 Sep 74	34		40	Archived by EDC
53Ð21		55¡45'N.
	122¡30'W.		**	17 Aug 81	~44		0	Archived by CCRS
53Ð22		54¡22'N.
	123¡18'W.	1783Ð18364	14 Sep 74	35		30	Archived by EDC
53Ð22		54¡22'N.
	123¡18'W.		**	17 Aug 81	~45		0	Archived by CCRS
54Ð20		57¡08'N.
	123¡05'W.	1082Ð18515	13 Oct 72	23		0	Great Snow Mountain; extensive snow cover; archived by EDC
54Ð20		57¡08'N.
	123¡05'W.		**	14 Aug 75	~44		5	Great Snow Mountain; archived by CCRS
54Ð21		55¡45'N.
	123¡56'W.	1082Ð18522	13 Oct 72	24		0	Extensive snow cover; archived by EDC
54Ð21		55¡45'N.
	123¡56'W.		**	14 Aug 75	~45		5	Archived by CCRS
55Ð19		58¡31'N.
	123¡37'W.	1767Ð18473	29 Aug 74	37		30	Mount Roosevelt, Churchill Peak; archived by EDC
55Ð19		58¡31'N.
	123¡37'W.		**	11 Sep 75	~32		5	Mount Roosevelt, Churchill Peak; archived by CCRS
55Ð20		57¡08'N.
	124¡31'W.	1767Ð18475	29 Aug 74	39		20	Mount Lloyd George, Great Snow Mountain; archived by EDC
55Ð20		57¡08'N.
	124¡31'W.		**	11 Sep 75	~33		0	Mount Lloyd George, Great Snow Mountain; archived by CCRS
55Ð21		55¡45'N.
	125¡22'W.	1767Ð18482	29 Aug 74	39		0	Archived by EDC
55Ð21		55¡45'N.
	125¡22'W.		**	11 Sep 75	~34		0	Archived by CCRS
56Ð19		58¡31'N.
	125¡03'W.	1750Ð18535	12 Aug 74	43		10	Mount Roosevelt, Mount Lloyd George; image used for figure 33; archived by EDC
56Ð19		58¡31'N.
	125¡03'W.		**	12 Sep 75	~32		5	Mount Roosevelt, Mount Lloyd George; archived by CCRS
56Ð20		57¡08'N.
	125¡57'W.	1750Ð18542	12 Aug 74	44		10	Image used for figure 33; archived by EDC
56Ð20		57¡08'N.
	125¡57'W.		**	12 Sep 75	~33		0	Archived by CCRS
57Ð19		58¡31'N.
	126¡29'W.	1769Ð18585	31 Aug 74	37		20	Mount Roosevelt; archived by EDC
57Ð19		58¡31'N.
	126¡29'W.		**	07 Aug 82	~44		0	Archived by CCRS
58Ð19		58¡31'N.
	127¡55'W.	5865Ð17492	31 Aug 77	30		0	Archived by EDC

FN1: The cloud cover and evaluations of images archived by CCRS are based on the CCRS World Wide Web page listing (http://www.ccrs. nrcan.gc.ca). There is no browse image for these scenes, but the cloud cover evaluation has been reliable when compared with images that have been inspected directly.	

Table 4.ÑOptimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of glaciers of the Coast and St. Elias Mountains of Canada
[The images archived by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) are not identified on the CCRS Website (http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca) by Landsat identification number but can be located by path (track), row (frame), and date. The images archived by the EROS Data Center (EDC) (http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov) are no longer located or ordered by the Landsat identification number on the image but by a different entity number that incorporates satellite number, path, row, and date]


Path-Row	Nominal scene center (lat-long)	Landsat identification number	Date	Solar elevation angle (degrees)	Code	Cloud cover (percent)	Remarks
50Ð25		50¡09'N.
	121¡08'W.	2596Ð18105	09 Sep 76	39		0	
50Ð26		48¡44'N.
	121¡46'W.	2596Ð18111	09 Sep 76	40		0	Garibaldi Park area
51Ð24		51¡34'N.
	121¡53'W.	1385Ð18360	12 Aug 73	48		0	
51Ð25		50¡09'N.
	122¡34'W.	1385Ð18362	12 Aug 73	49		0	Pemberton Icefield
52Ð24		51¡34'N.
	123¡19'W.	5877Ð17154	12 Sep 77	30		0	
52Ð25		50¡09'N.
	124¡00'W.	5841Ð17195	07 Aug 77	40		0	Pemberton and Homathko Icefields
52Ð26		48¡44'N.
	124¡38'W.	1764Ð18332	26 Aug 74	45		0	Vancouver Island
53Ð23		52¡58'N.
	124¡03'W.	1027Ð18472	19 Aug 72	46		0	
53Ð24		51¡34'N.
	124¡45'W.	1027Ð18475	19 Aug 72	43		0	Klinaklini Glacier, Mount Waddington, Homathko Icefield
53Ð25		50¡09'N.
	125¡26'W.	2203Ð18360	13 Aug 75	48		0	
54Ð23		52¡58'N.
	125¡29'W.	1766Ð18433	28 Aug 74	42		0	
54Ð24		51¡34'N.
	126¡11'W.	1766Ð18435	28 Aug 74	43		0	Monarch Icefield, Klinaklini Glacier, Mount Waddington
54Ð25		50¡09'N.
	126¡52'W.	1766Ð18442	28 Aug 74	44		0	Vancouver Island
55Ð22		54¡22'N.
	126¡10'W.	1767Ð18484	29 Aug 74	40		0	
55Ð23		52¡58'N.
	126¡55'W.	1767Ð18491	29 Aug 74	41		0	
55Ð24		51¡34'N.
	127¡37'W.	1767Ð18493	29 Aug 74	42		0	
56Ð21		55¡45'N.
	126¡48'W.	1768Ð18540	30 Aug 74	39		0	
56Ð22		54¡22'N.
	127¡36'W.	1768Ð18543	30 Aug 74	40		0	
56Ð23		52¡58'N.
	128¡21'W.	1768Ð18545	30 Aug 74	41		0	
57Ð20		57¡08'N.
	127¡23'W.	1769Ð18592	31 Aug 74	38		10	
57Ð21		55¡45'N.
	128¡14'W.	1769Ð18594	31 Aug 74	39		0	Cambria Icefield
57Ð22		54¡22'N.
	129¡02'W.	1769Ð19001	31 Aug 74	40		0	
57Ð23		52¡58'N.
	129¡47'W.	1049Ð19101	10 Sep 72	38		50	
58Ð20		57¡08'N.
	128¡49'W.	1770Ð19050	01 Sep 74	38		0	
58Ð21		55¡45'N.
	129¡40'W.	21288Ð18435	02 Aug 78	45		0	Cambria Icefield; image used for Coast Mountains, figure 2
58Ð22		54¡22'N.
	130¡28'W.	1788Ð19050	19 Sep 74	33		10	
59Ð20		57¡08'N.
	130¡15'W.	5848Ð17571	14 Aug 77	36		5	
59Ð21		55¡45'N.
	131¡06'W.	5848Ð17574	14 Aug 77	36		0	
60Ð19		58¡31'N.
	130¡47'W.	1772Ð19160	03 Sep 74	36		0	
60Ð20		57¡08'N.
	131¡41'W.	1722Ð19162	03 Sep 74	37		0	Stikine Icefield; image used for Coast Mountains, figure 3
61Ð19		58¡31'N.
	132¡13'W.	5850Ð18080	16 Aug 77	35		25	Juneau Ice Field, Canadian glaciers cloudfree
61Ð20		57¡08'N.
	133¡07'W.	2931Ð18571	10 Aug 77	42		15	Stikine Icefield, Canadian glaciers cloudfree
62Ð18		59¡54'N.
	132¡41'W.	21670Ð19193	19 Aug 79	39		20	Archived by CCRS
62Ð19		58¡31'N.
	133¡39'W.	21670Ð19195	19 Aug 79	40		10	
63Ð18		59¡54'N.
	134¡07'W.	1775Ð19324	06 Sep 74	34		10	
63Ð19		58¡31'N.
	135¡05'W.	1775Ð19330	06 Sep 74	35		0	Juneau Ice Field
64Ð18		59¡54'N.
	135¡33'W.	30147Ð19373	30 Jul 78	45		0	
64Ð18			59¡54'N.
	135¡33'W.	1416Ð19473	12 Sep 73	32		0	Band 6 evaluated, Band 7 missing
64Ð19		58¡31'N.
	136¡31'W.	30147Ð19375	30 Jul 78	46		0	Glacier Bay
64Ð19		58¡31'N.
	136¡31'W.	1416Ð19480	12 Sep 73	33		0	Glacier Bay
65Ð17		61¡16'N.
	135¡56'W.	1417Ð19525	13 Sep 73	30		0	
65Ð18		59¡54'N.
	136¡59'W.	1417Ð19531	13 Sep 73	32		0	Image used for St. Elias Mountains, figures 9 and 12
65Ð19		58¡31'N.
	137¡57'W.	1417Ð19534	13 Sep 73	33		0	
66Ð17		61¡16'N.
	137¡22'W.	21314Ð19293	28 Aug 78	35		0	Archived by CCRS
66Ð18		59¡54'N.
	138¡25'W.	21314Ð19295	28 Aug 78	36		0	Image used for St. Elias Mountains, figures 1, 9, and 12
66Ð18		59¡54'N.
	138¡25'W.	30167Ð19491 A, C, D	19 Aug 78	39		10	Landsat 3 RBV; subscene A used for St. Elias Mountains, figure 6; archived by USGS Glacier Studies Project
67Ð17		61¡16'N.
	138¡48'W.	2955Ð19285	03 Sep 77	32		0	Image used for St. Elias Mountains, figures 2 and 4
67Ð18		59¡54'N.
	139¡51'W.	2955Ð19292	03 Sep 77	33		0	Seward Glacier; image used for St. Elias Mountains,
figure 2
68Ð17		61¡16'N.
	140¡14'W.	2956Ð19343	04 Sep 77	32		0	Image used for St. Elias Mountains, figure 1
68Ð18		59¡54'N.
	141¡17'W.	2956Ð19350	04 Sep 77	33		5	Seward Glacier; image used for St. Elias Mountains, 
figure 1
69Ð17		61¡16'N.
	141¡40'W.	21677Ð19593	26 Aug 79	36		5	

FN1: The cloud cover and evaluations of images archived by CCRS are based on the CCRS World Wide Web page (http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca) listing. There is no browse image for these scenes, but the cloud cover evaluation has been reliable when compared with images that have been directly inspected.