Adams, W.M., 1974, First strong-motion instrumentation in Hawaii: with results from the earthquake of April 26, 1973:  Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 64, no. 6, p. 1909-1918.  



     On April 26, 1973, an earthquake with magnitude of 61/4 occurred at a depth of 40 km below Honomu (north of Hilo). Serendipitously, in the preceding February, one SMA-1 accelerograph and one Wilmot seismoscope were installed near Waikiki on the island of Oahu. Also, one SMA-1 accelerograph and three Wilmot seismoscopes were installed on the island of Hawaii. The records from these instruments provided the first strong-motion data for the State of Hawaii. The motion was dominantly horizontal. This finding explains the extensive damage to the Hilo area, reported to be about 6 million dollars.



Agassiz, A., 1889, The coral reefs of the Hawaiian Islands:  Harvard College Museum of Comparative Zoology Bulletin, v. 17, no. 3, p. 121-170.  



     Agassiz gives a thorough review of previous ideas of coral reef formation in the Pacific, beginning with observations by Chamisso on Kotzubue's voyage of 1821 (Kotzubue, 1821, v. 3, p. 331). Few of the early references, including Chamisso, mention Hawaii but provide background information for evaluating the formation of reefs in the Hawaiian islands. Agassiz' purpose in providing background is to demonstrate alternatives to Darwin's (1842) theory of subsidence. Beginning on p. 144, Agassiz describes his own observations on the Hawaiian Islands while summarizing the work of others. He notes the different kinds of coral rock, i.e., compact reef rock, "pudding-stone" (volcanic beach pebbles cemented by calcium carbonate), and coral sands. He gives data for wells that have penetrated coral and describes charred wood recovered from one well  as evidence of material washed down from shore and not necessarily as evidence for subsidence. He then describes alternation of coral and lava in the drill holes as indicating " . . . the gradual extension seaward of the shore line as fast as lava detritus was washed down or flowed over from successive eruptions, while the growth of the layers of coral indicates the period of rest during which the coral beds were deposited, each in its own turn being overwhelmed by a layer of lava or laval detritus, until we reach the existing condition of things."  He concludes that, from the evidence of coral deposition, "there appears to be no evidence that there has been any considerable elevation of the Hawaiian islands, twenty to twenty-five feet being probably the extreme; while the presence of cinder cones with their base close to the present sea level would indicate also that there had been no special subsidence."  He continues "there have yet been no sunken reefs discovered in any of the channels between the islands . . .". [Agassiz, as others, were hampered by lack of bathymetric data which later (e.g., Moore, 1970) revealed the existence of submerged reef terraces as definite evidence of subsidence. Agassiz also appears not to have recognized the possibility of changes in sea level as an alternative to uplift to explain the emergent reef deposits.]

  Agassiz does, however, recognize subsidence of the coastline at Kalapana and Kaimu on the island of Hawaii, illustrated by a photograph entitled "the sunken coral sand beach at Kaimu."  [This plate depicts the effects of the 1868 earthquake and accompanying land subsidence and tsunami. the foreground shows drowned palm trees, broken off near the water's surface. On the beach, the lower trunks of palm trees stand at a 45-degree angle to the horizontal, indicating that the local tsunami arrived from the east (opposite to the direction toward the earthquake epicenter but similar to present surf patterns), whereas the upper parts of the palms are vertical, perhaps recording growth between 1868 and the date of the photograph (unknown, but earlier than 1889). The raised coral reef described by Brigham (1868) was mostly lost in the subsidence accompanying the earthquake. It is possible that destruction of the reef contributed enough coral detritus to temporarily convert what had been a black sand beach (from 18th century eruptions from Kilauea's east rift zone entering the ocean to the east) into a beach white enough to be designated a coral sand beach.]

  Agassiz describes coral formations on islands other than Oahu, including a patch of elevated coral on the edge of the sunken plain of Kalapana. [This is no longer visible; whether its disapearance is due to erosion or further subsidence is not clear]. On Maui, he interprets the occurrence of coral sands 500-800 above sea level on West Maui volcano as follows: "The existence of coral sandstone on the east slope of West Maui at a considerable height, over extensive tracts, does not indicate any elevation, but is due merely to the aeolian deposits which have found their way to certain favorably situated places under the action of the prevailing trade winds. Nowhere in the district I have examined on Maui have I succeeded in finding any trace of corals beyond the height to which fragments might be carried by the action of the waves or wind and tides of unusually severe storms. The bedding of the sandstones at considerable heights was evidently entirely due, as has been shown by Dana, to the successive deposits of sand cemented together by interrupted rain fall, forming the delicate crusts which separate the various thin layers of coral sandstone which have accumulated at certain points."  He similarly interprets the elevated deposits of 200 feet on one side of Diamond Head and near Wailuku, Maui.



Alexander, W.D., and Graton, L.C., 1871, On the earthquake at Oahu, Hawaiian Islands on February 18, 1871:  American Journal of Science, 3rd ser., v. 1, p. 469-471.  



     Alexander describes an earthquake on Feb. 18, 1871, as the strongest ever experienced on Oahu, being as strong on Oahu as on Hawaii, and felt most seriously at Lahaina, Maui. The shock lasted about a minute, with the motion "chiefly vertical with a rocking movement northeast and southwest."  The earthquake was accompanied by a flash of light. At Lahaina damage was severe, the ground cracked open in many places, and the direction of vibration was south to north. The shock was less severe on the east side of west Maui but quite severe on Molokai and was felt on the south side of Kauai. On the west and north coasts of Hawaii, the shock knocked down stone walls with the impetus coming from the west. He guesses that the shock was centered leeward of the island chain at a great depth. [Wyss and Koyanagi (1992) locate the epicenter on the island of Maui and assign it a depth of less than 15 km.]



Alexander, W.D., 1886, Map of the island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands (preliminary ed.):  Honolulu, Hawaii Government Survey, scale 1:240,000. [Map by W.A. Wall; Primary triangulation by W.D. Alexander, C.J. Lyons, and J.S. Emerson; Kau and Puna surveys not completed] 



     This map, in shaded relief, is the only map of the Island of Hawaii published in the 19th century. The map's importance lies in the identification of the fractures produced on Kilauea by the 1868 earthquake. [The fractures follow Kilauea's southwest rift zone, then turn seaward along the onshore trace of a submarine structure identified by bathymetric surveys conducted in the 1990s.]  Lava flows on the southeast side of the island are mismapped.



Alexander, W.D., 1891, A brief history of the Hawaiian people:  New York, American Book Co., 347 p.  [Pages 14-15, 131, 151, 222-223, 231-232, 287, 292-294, 305-306 contain references to the active volcanoes.  Reprinted in 1899] 



     A general description of the Hawaiian Islands and brief accounts of the 1790 eruption of Kilauea; the 1801 eruption of Hualalai; the  tsunamis of 1819, 1837, 1841, 1868, and 1877; the Kilauea eruption of 1840; and the Mauna Loa eruptions of 1855, 1859, 1868, 1880,  and 1887. The paper includes an excellent drawing from a photograph of Kilauea Crater in 1885 and a brief description of the Kilauea earthquake swarm of 1886.



Algermissen, S.T., 1986, Seismicity and design zonation in Hawaii, in, EERI Regional Seminar on Earthquake Fundamentals, Honolulu, HI, Oct. 16-17, 1986, Outline of lecture:  [s.l.], s.n.], 33 p.  



    Introduction

Hawaii has a known history (since 1834) of moderate seismic activity with a number of shocks causing damage in the intensity VII-VIII range. The seismicity appears to be related to the well known volcanic activity of the islands in a complex and as yet not completely understood way. The purpose of this presentation is to present a discussion of the seismicity and suggest techniques for the definition of seismic hazard. An outline of the presentation follows together with illustrations and selected references.

Seismicity

Characteristics of earthquakes

  Spatial distribution

  Depths

  Focal mechanism of a large earthquake

  Maximum magnitudes

Description of the seismic hazard

  Observed Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI)

  Strong ground motion

  Probabilistic hazard analysis

An example of a probabilistic hazard assessment

  Concept of probabilistic hazard assessment

Probabilistic hazard Analysis for Hawaii  Sesimic source zones

  Magnitude distribution of earthquakes

  Maximum and minimum magnitudes

  Atenuation

  Probabilistic acceleration map

Discussion

  The acceleration map

  Seismicity

  Attenuation

References



Anderson, R., 1870, History of the Sandwich Islands mission:  Boston, Congregational Publishing Society, 408 p.  



     Anderson briefly refers (p. 307-309) to the events of 1868, quoting from Titus Coan. He also recounts (p. 187-190) Queen Kapiolani's defiance of Pele in 1825



Ando, M., 1976, A source model of the M = 7.2 Kalapana earthquake of November 29, 1975 [abs.]:  Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 57, no. 12, p. 954.  [AGU fall meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 6-10, 1976, Program and abstracts] 



     Seismic wave, tsunami, and crustal deformation data were used to study the Kalapana earthquake. The source process can be divided into three stages: 1) During the first 2O seconds, a small event occurred close to the largest foreshock. The fault plane is taken with a dip direction of N15OÁE and dip of 10Á, the hanging wall side down to the south. The seismic moment is about one-tenth of the next stage. 2) Thirty to 40 seconds after the onset, a large rupture started west of the epicenter. The 100-sec seismic moment is 1.2 x 1027 dyne cm. The radiation pattern is quite similar to that expected from the body wave first motions. Thus, the two events may lie on the same fault plane. However, the fault area required to generate the surface waves was larger than the aftershock area (5 x 40 km2). 3) A large slow slip must have occurred beneath the ocean at the time of earthquake though the exact onset time is unclear. Subsidence on the coast and uplift offshore derived from tide gage records show that normal faulting took place to the south of aftershock area. A 10 m dislocation and 3O x 40 km2 fault plane area are required to explain these data if this slow slip occurred on the same plane. This earthquake might have been accompanied by injection of a huge volume of magma accumulated beneath Kilauea since the last large earthquake of 1868.



Ando, M., 1979, The Hawaii earthquake of November 29, 1975: low dip angle faulting due to forceful injection of magma:  Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 84, no. B13, p. 7616-7626.  



     The mechanism of the Hawaii earthquake of November 29, 1975 (Ms = 7.1), which took place on the south flank of Kilauea Volcano, is discussed on the basis of a comprehensive set of body wave and surface wave data, the aftershock distribution, and tsunami and crustal deformation data. The aftershock distribution defines a gently dipping plane at about 10-km depth beneath the south flank of Kilauea. This suggests that the shallowly dipping P wave nodal plane fits the fault of the Hawaii earthquake better than the nodal plane that has a nearly vertical dip angle. The fault length is fixed well by the aftershock distribution, which is also consistent with the tsunami and crustal deformation data. The fault width which is obtained from tsunami and crustal deformation data is, however, significantly greater than that obtained from the aftershock distribution. This discrepancy implies that about half of the main shock fault plane was not associated with aftershock activity. The source parameters are strike N70ÁE; dip angle 20ÁSSE; fault length 40 km; seismic moment 1.8 x 1027 dyne-cm; fault width 20-30 km; fault movement is pure normal dip slip of 3.7-5.5 m, and stress drop is 43-93 bars. Results of geodetic surveys throughout the twentieth century and a history of volcanic activity on Kilauea imply that a north-south compression due to magma injected into rift zones may have steadily increased on the south flank of Kilauea since the 1868 earthquake, an event comparable to the 1975 shock. This compressional stress was possibly released by the 1975 Hawaii earthquake. The long-term eruptive activity of Kilauea may be affected by large earthquakes like the 1868 and 1975 events and may also have a similar 100-yr recurrence interval.



Ando, M., 1979, Large earthquakes and a cycle of eruptions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii [abs.], in Decker, R.W., Drake, C., Eaton, G., and Helsley, C., ed(s)., Hawaii Symposium on Intraplate Volcanism and Submarine Volcanism, Hilo, HI, July 16-22, 1979, Abstract volume:  Hawaii National Park, HI, U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, p. 155.  



    On November 29, 1975, an earthquake (MS=7.1) occurred on the south flank of Kilauea volcano, resembling the 1868 event in its pattern of tsunami heights, crustal deformation and seismic intensity. A study of the mechanism based on a comprehensive data set of body and surface waves, aftershock distribution, tsunami and crustal deformation produced a well-defined source model as a normal fault with a gentle dip angle. The fault parameters are: dip angle, 20Á down to SSE; fault strike, N70ÁE; focal depth, 10 km; fault area, 20 x 40 km2; normal fault component of displacement, 6 m. This earthquake was characterized by a southward movement of the south flank along a nearly horizontal plane, consistent with the movement anticipated from the accumulation of preseismic strain on the south flank. The nature and timing of magma intrusion and seismic events suggest a model of the south flank in which the fault plane of 1975 plays an important role as a horizontal bottom sliding plane. Magma is intruded forcefully into the rift zones and pushes the flank southward while the fault plane is locked against shear displacement (Fig la). When the stress exceeds a threshold, the lock is released and a sudden slip occurs on the fault plane to cause a large earthquake (Fig lb). By means of this earthquake the strain accumulation cycle is completed on the south flank. The same intrusive process starts again at a later time with the location of the south flank several meters south of its previous position. Thus, the south flank intermittently moves southward (Fig lc) at an interval of about 100 years associated with a large earthquake. The long quiescence of eruptions after the 1868 and an unusual postseismic deflation at the summit of Kilauea immediately after the 1975 earthquake suggest that confining pressure in the magma reservoir does not control the rate of magma supply from the mantle. If it did, the low confining pressure in the reservoir would have allowed magma to flow freely from the mantle to the reservoir and fill the voids left by large earthquakes, so that eruptions would have begun. Perhaps the rate of magma supply is related to the mantle processes, but independent of movements in the crust. This rate seems steady as inferred by the steady rate of crustal deformation due to magma injection on the south flank over the last 70 years. Assuming the steady rate of magma supply, we can anticipate that Kilauea will be generally quiescent for 20 to 30 years for large eruptions.



Andrews, C., 1907, Experiences at flow by one of Waiohinu party:  Honolulu Evening Bulletin, 01/31, p. 3.  



     Waiohinu, Kau, Hawaii, Jan. 16

Description of the eruption from Mauna Loa's southwest rift zone.

 . . .

 "Last Friday morning, the 11th inst., shocks of a rotary motion were felt at almost regular intervals. The day before, several thumps were likewise felt. These shocks, on account of their rotary motion and frequency, caused us evil forebodings. They were the harbinger of trouble. The sequel will show that our prognostications were correct. Were these shocks caused by Madam Pele's fiery train rushing through the bowels of the earth, in a subterranean passage, from her impossible pavilion at Kilauea, to her winter resort at Mokuaweoweo? At any rate, the quakes ceased, all but one more vicious thump which apparently forced an opening through the lower wall of Mokuaweoweo.



Anonymous, 1840, [no title]:  The Polynesian, v. 1, no. 15, 09/19, p. 59.  [Extract from a letter dated Hilo, Aug. 26, 1840] 



     The correspondent describes the spot where lava [from the 1840 eruption] first broke out. "It is about six miles from Kilauea [crater]. After running two miles above ground, it again disappears, and flows in a subterranean channel at a great depth below the surface; its course being marked by seams and deep fissures in the earth's surface, and by the emission of smoke and gasses. About twenty miles from the sea it breaks out again, in a terrific sea of fire, and rolls on above the surface to the ocean. The whole length of the stream may be thirty-five miles; more than one third of which is under ground."

  He closes by describing Kilauea crater. Everything is new compared to before the eruption. the caldron is one great sea of fire, much as it was described in the week before the eruption.



Anonymous, 1841, [no title]:  The Polynesian, v. 1, no. 36, 02/13, p. 143.  



     A description Dr. Judd's escape from active lava, on a specimen-collecting trip to Halemaumau lava lake.



Anonymous, 1841, More earthquakes:  The Polynesian, v. 1, no. 42, 03/27, p. 167.  



     On the 11th inst. two earthquakes were felt at Kailua, Hawaii--the first shock occurred 15 minutes before 10 o'clock, P.M. The second about half an hour later. Rev. Mr. Thurston states that they were the strongest that he has ever felt there. At Kealakekua much rock was thrown down from the pali. When these occurred, an unusual light was observed in the direction of the volcano.



Anonymous, 1841, Earthquakes at Hilo, Hawaii:  The Polynesian, v. 1, no. 49, 05/15, p. 195.  



     Last month several shocks were experienced at Hilo--one of which was the most severe that has happened for a long time. It occurred about midnight--and shook the houses violently, shattered the plastering, threw down stone walls, created quite an excitement among the crockery and all brittle ware, splashed about the milk in the milk-pans, and many like vagaries and eccentricities, to the alarm of the inhabitants. As an instance of the severity of the shock, it fairly waked all the native population; a circumstance heretofore unknown in the annals of earthquakes at Hilo. Had the houses been constructed of less yielding materials, they would have experienced much injury.



Anonymous, 1841, Another earthquake, and knocking at our barn doors:  The Polynesian, v. 1, no. 50, 05/22, p. ?  



     On Monday night last, between 12 and 1 o'clock [May 18 A.M.], a shock was experienced here of sufficient violence to shake a house and awake its inmates.



Anonymous, 1852, [no title]:  The Polynesian, v. 8, no. 44, 03/13, p. 2.  



     Further accounts of the eruption, as it broke out on the side of Mauna Loa, from several correspondents, including Fidelia Coan. No date or time of the initial outbreak is given. Most information concerns progress of the lava down the mountainside.



Anonymous, 1852, The late eruption:  The Polynesian, v. 8, no. 45, 03/20, p. 2.  



     An account from a resident in Hilo of the breakout of eruption in Mokuaweoweo on Feb. 18 and on the side of the mountain on Feb. 20. Fountains at the summit were estimated to be 300-500 ft high. The last entry date is March 2nd. Hilo is covered in Pele's hair; the length of one strand was measured at 26 inches. [signature obscured]



Anonymous, 1852, The late eruption:  The Polynesian, v. 8, no. 46, 03/27, p. 3.  



     Activity in the crater has greatly abated and lava has ceased to flow, after reaching within seven miles of Hilo.



Anonymous, 1855, [no title]:  The Polynesian, v. 12, no. 63, 08/25, p. 2.  



     The eruption began on the evening of August 11 in Mokuaweoweo and was on the northeast rift by Aug. 14. "On the 15th August, at near 12 noon, another eruption was witnessed on the plain about equi-distant from Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, and at a point where one was never before known." [This is most likely a breakout from the channel of the earlier eruption.]



Anonymous, 1857, The earthquake on Hawaii:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 08/13, p. 2.  



     Our letters by the Liholiho came to hand too late for insertion in our last issue. The shock it seems, was one of the most severe that has been felt there for years. We will make an inquiry or two which some of our Hilo friends can answer perhaps. Are there any special changes observed to follow these severe shocks, in the crater of Kilauea, or do new eruptions take place after very severe earthquakes? In regard to the shock on the 30th of July, Mr. Wm. F. Conway writes: "A few minutes past one o'clock this morning, the people of Hilo and of the surrounding districts were suddenly aroused from their usually quiet slumber by a very heavy quake of the earth which lasted for several seconds and was felt more severely than any we have had on this side of the island for a number of years past: during my residence on the island of nearly five years, I have not experienced its equal. No damage however was done though it created a little fright to those who had not previously experienced the effects of a heavy shock. The undulation of the earth was from west to east. You can tell our neighbors on the other islands not to feel alarmed for their safety; for we say here, as schoolboys say when skating on the ice, 'all's right so long as she cracks.'"



Anonymous, 1858, Earthquake at East Maui:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 08/05, p. 2.  



     On Sunday, July 25th, quite a smart shock of an earthquake was experienced in the districts of Hana and Koolau, East Maui. Dishes clattered, and furniture sensibly vibrated. It was not noticed in other parts of Maui, nor at Kohala. Is Haleakala getting uneasy?



Anonymous, 1859, Earthquake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 11/24, p. 2.  



     A severe shock of an earthquake occurred on Monday morning last, at 25 minutes past two o'clock, A.M., which lasted but a few seconds. It was felt by several persons, who were aroused by it. A gentleman who was awake at the time, says that the sensation felt was very similar to a person taking hold of another by the shoulders and shaking him suddenly. His native cook was aroused by it, and rushed into the house to inquire the cause. It is very seldom that an earthquake occurs on this island. We would like to have our correspondents at Hilo inform us, if any shock occurred there about that time.



Anonymous, 1859, The earthquake at Waimea:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 12/15, p. 2.  [Communication dated Waimea, Hawaii, Dec. 4, 1859] 



     Noticing in your issue of Nov. 24 an account of the earthquake, and its being felt on the island of Oahu, perhaps you would like to know if Waimea is still above water. The shock was felt here about three o'clock on the morning of Monday, the 1st of November, and lasted about 10 seconds. It was preceded by a heavy rumbling sound, like distant thunder, which lasted about the same length of time. Nor was that all: about a half an hour after we felt another, not quite so severe, but it made the tree tops tremble. As there was no wind, we could hear the leaves shake over the house. The bed on which I slept shook like a man with the fever and ague. It made some of the natives commence saying their prayers, and the truth is, Mr. Editor, I felt something like it myself.



Anonymous, 1860, From Hilo:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 06/14, p. 2.  



     "A correspondent writes under the date of June 7: 'On the 1st of June, at 3 o'clock A.M., we had a quite severe shock of an earthquake. It awoke persons out of a sound sleep, and lasted about two minutes.'"



Anonymous, 1861, Getting shaky:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 06/13, p. 2.  



     From Hawaii, we hear that three earthquakes have recently occurred on that island, showing that Madam Pele is getting up steam again, and will probably erupt herself shortly. The old dame manages to become uneasy and make a display of fireworks about every three or four years; and as it is now two and half years since the last eruption broke out, we should not be surprised to hear of another soon. . . . .



Anonymous, 1861, Earthquake:  The Polynesian, 12/07, [no page].  



     On Thursday forenoon, at 10 minutes to 12 o'clock the good people of Honolulu were not a little startled by two distinct shocks of an earthquake. The first shock was apparently perpendicular with a tremendous crash, with a perfectly sensible, though perhaps not visible lifting up and down of buildings and houses. This was followed by a heavy rumbling sound, as of the rolling of large casks of old iron over a pavement, and a horizontal, wavy motion proceeding from east to west. Window panes glassware and crockery shook as if the town had been bombarded, and in several places the plaster fell from the ceilings of houses. People rushed from their buildings into the street and - we presume, thanked God that no damage was done. Although shocks of earthquake are a common occurrence in Hawaii, yet for very many years none has been felt on Oahu at all comparable to the present in strength and duration.

  

Anonymous, 1861, Severe earthquake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 12/12, p. 2.  



     A heavy earthquake occurred on Thursday last, at 11 minutes before 12 M. Two distinct shocks were felt, and so severe were they, that everybody experienced them, whether walking, standing or sitting. In several instances it threw persons quite from their balance; and more probably experienced sensations of astonishment or fright. Nearly every house was shaken, in some cases so strongly as to cause the inmates to leave the building. At Punahou College, the plaster of the ceiling was shaken down, and the pupils ran out of doors. The same scene, so far as the stampede was concerned, occurred at the courthouse, where a suit was in progress in Chambers. The quake was accompanied by a noise resembling that of a dray driven over the roof, or the rolling of casks over head. The shock was felt at Lahaina, and was so severe, that ink was spilled out of an inkstand on a table. We cannot learn that it was noticed at Hilo or anywhere on Hawaii.

  It is very seldom that earthquakes have been felt on this island, though they are of frequent occurrence on Hawaii. The cause is probably that Oahu is more remote from the seat of activity of  the volcanic fires beneath us. Twice, however, during the last twenty years, this island has been visited by tidal waves, which are probably attributable to volcanic eruptions--once about the year 1842 at Honolulu, and again about the year 1851 at Waialua.



Anonymous, 1861, [no title]:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 12/12, [no page].  



     [quotations from Cox, 1986]

The time of the first shock was given as 11 minutes before noon. 

  Nearly everyone in Honolulu "whether walking, standing or sitting" was reported to have felt the earthquake and "in several instances it threw persons quite from their balance. "Punahou College" was cited as a place where ceiling plaster was shaken down; and the exodus from buildings was attributed to students at Punahou and the occupants of the courthouse (downtown).

  The shock was felt at Lahaina, and so severe that the ink was shaken out of inkstand on a table. We cannot learn that it was noticed at Hilo or any where on Hawaii.



Anonymous, 1861, Another earthquake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 12/26, p. 2.  



     On Sunday evening last, at about 21 minutes past seven o'clock, another severe shock was felt all over this island (Oahu). It consisted of ten or twelve very regular vibrations from East to West, and was felt equally plain by those sitting or walking. It was accompanied by a noise more distant than that which accompanied the shock of the 12th. some persons felt an electric sensation in the knees, In the harbor the effect of the quake was most noticeable. Some persons standing at the harbor-master's office, observed the fishes suddenly flying on the surface toward the sea, while the water disturbed by the fish, appeared like a sheet of phosphorous. The schooners lying by the wharves were also set to rocking. These earthquakes are something new to Honolulu, and the query suggested by our Maui correspondent below is not inappropriate--"Are we going under?"



Anonymous, 1861, [no title]:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 12/26, [no page].  



     ANOTHER EARTHQUAKE-On Sunday evening last, at about 21 minutes past seven o'clock, another severe shock was felt all over this island (Oahu). It consisted of ten or twelve regular vibrations from east to west, and was felt equally plainly by those sitting or walking. It was accompanied by a noise more distant than that which accompanied the shock of the 12th [sic]. Some persons felt an electric sensation in the knees.- In the harbor the effect of the quake was most noticeable. Some persons standing at the harbormaster's office, observed the fishes flying on the surface toward the sea, while the water disturbed by the fish, appeared like a sheet of phosphorus. The schooners lying by the wharves were also set to rocking. These earthquakes are something new to Honolulu, and the query suggested by our Maui correspondent below us not inappropriate-"Are we going under."

STILL ANOTHER EARTHQUAKE-the correspondent on Maui (at Ulupalakua), gives the time of the earthquake as "twenty minutes before 5 o'clock; it was said to have awakened "all hands" and it was described as if more intense than the "shake of the previous Thursday."



Anonymous, 1861, Earthquake:  The Polynesian, 12/28, [no page].  



     [Quotes from Cox, 1986]

The time of this second earthquake [Dec. 15] in Honolulu was given as "about 8:00 o'clock," the direction of its motion there was reported as "apparently the same as that on the previous occasion (December 12) [sic], from east to west," and the water in Honolulu Harbor was described as having "bubled [sic] up and down, like in a state of boiling."

  Earthquakes were reported in the newspapers as observed on Oahu, Maui, or both, on Thursday. 5 December; on Thursday, 12 December; and at two significantly different times on Sunday, 15 December. It is, however, very doubtful that any earthquake was felt on Oahu with significant intensity on 12 December, although one may have been observed on Maui on that date. If three quakes had been observed on Maui, it is somewhat unlikely that the Ulupalakua correspondent to the Advertiser would have mentioned the second but failed to mention the first (which had been felt at least at Lahaina) in his or her report on the third. If three quakes had been observed on Oahu, it is much more unlikely that either newspaper would have mentioned the second but failed to have mentioned the first (which had clearly had a high intensity on Oahu) in its report on the third. Furthermore, the Polynesian issue of 14 December made no mention of a quake occurring two days earlier.

  

Anonymous, 1862, [no title]:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/02, p. 2.  



     The earthquake was felt on Hawaii on Sunday night [12/29-30/1861], but the heaviest shocks were noticed on the following morning, which were unusually severe, even for that island, where they are of frequent occurrence.



Anonymous, 1862, From Kona:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/30, p. 2.  



     . . . . There have been several severe shocks of earthquake felt on the Kona side of Hawaii during the past month, auguring more than usual activity in the volcano. . . .



Anonymous, 1862, Notes of the week; the "shakes" on the increase:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 02/06, p. 2.  



     Almost every letter we receive from Maui and Hawaii, makes reference to frequent earthquakes, some much heavier than others. On the morning of the 29th January (one letter says the 29th another the 30th,) a few minutes after 5 o'clock, a very severe shock was felt--so heavy as to wake up all who were asleep, and set doors, windows, lamps, crockery, &c., into an unusual nervous state. One correspondent, writing from Maui, says:

  " . . . . , the supply of earthquakes is fully up to demand. A fine sample was offered at 5 A.M. this morning, and there was a lively time among the spectators for about 20 seconds, which was met with a corresponding briskness among the lamps and crockery. . . . 

 . . . Another correspondent writing from Makawao, (Jan. 30,) says:

  "At 5 o'clock this morning, we were pretty thoroughly shaken up by an earthquake. I had risen and was striking a light, so that I fully realized the movement. . . .



Anonymous, 1863, [no title]:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 12/03, p. 2.  



     An unusually severe shock of occurred at Hilo, about 4 o'clock on the morning of the 26th--the heaviest that has been experienced there for many years.



Anonymous, 1865, Earthquake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 03/04, p. 2.  



     On Friday morning, March 3rd, about fifteen minutes before one o'clock, a very severe shock of an earthquake was felt, many being waked out of a sound sleep by it. It appears to have been accompanied by a noise like that of persons tramping heavily over the floor. The frame dwelling we occupy was shaken very sensibly. It continued an unusually long period, and the motion was heaving up and down, rather than sideways as it generally is. No fear of any serious accident from earthquakes on this island need ever be entertained; and their occurrence only indicates increased activity in the volcanic fires under Hawaii. It is possible a new eruption may take place there soon. We should request our readers on Hawaii to advise us of anything of the kind occurring there, with dates and full particulars.



Anonymous, 1865, [no title]:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 03/11, p. 2.  



     The earthquake noticed in our last issue, was felt on Maui, more distinctly than on this island. Many of the people were waked up by it. On Hawaii it was very severe. Mr. Paris writes, under the date of March 8--"On Thursday night, the 2nd inst. about half past 12 o'clock, we had the hardest shake of earthquake I have experienced in 25 years. The plastering of our house is much damaged, and a great deal of stone wall in this region damaged."

![where was Mr. Paris?-call mission library]



Anonymous, 1868, Earthquake:  Hawaiian Gazette, v. 4, no. 38, 10/07, p. 3.  



     On Thursday last, there was a smart shock of earthquake at Kawaihae, Hawaii, that started everybody out of their houses. At Hilo, on the 22nd ult., the atmosphere was loaded with smoke, and frequent slight shocks of earthquakes were felt. . . .



Anonymous, 1868, Earthquakes and eruptions on Hawaii:  The Friend, May, p. 33.  



     A brief account of the earthquakes and the Mauna Loa southwest rift eruption.

  

Anonymous, 1868, Direction of the earthquakes:  The Friend, May, p. 36.  



     "Mr. Rexford Hitchcock, of Hilo, informs us that [during the earthquake of April 2, 1868] stone walls running due north and south were not so much thrown down and demolished as walls running in the opposite direction. After the great shock on the 2d of April, curtains and other things suspended in the dwellings at Hilo were left swinging north and south. 

  Culmination, April 2d--Although the number of shocks have exceeded two thousand, yet all accounts agree on the point that the severest was experienced April 2d, six minutes before four o'clock, P.M. This was the moment when the 'mud flow' issued forth, when the whole Islands shook and trembled, when the clocks stopped in Honolulu, when the tidal wave swept over the southeast shore of Hawaii, when Capt. Ludlow, off Hamakua, Hawaii, saw the precipices tumble into the sea, when the most damage was done at Hilo, Kau, and other places on Hawaii."

  The author quotes Brigham, to the effect that earthquake precursors to eruption were previously unknown. The earthquakes took place in 1868 only because the lava could not find a vent higher on the slope.

  

Anonymous, 1868, The mud flow:  The Friend, May, p. 37.  



     The author quotes F.S. Lyman's letter [see F.S. Lyman, 1868a-b] on the earthquakes and the mudflow triggered by the April 2 shock.

  

Anonymous, 1868, Earthquake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 04/18, p. 2.  



     Earthquakes were still felt at Hilo and Kohala on April 14.



Anonymous, 1868, Earthquakes and the volcano:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 04/11, p. 3.  



     A collection of reports regarding the earthquakes and volcanic activity in April. Kilauea caldera was reported very active, the lava level was dropping fast, and smoke had issued from the line of craters on Kilauea's east rift zone. [This is the only indication that an intrusion may have accompanied the 1868 collapse.]  Smoke from Mauna Loa was first sighted on March 27. The article concludes with a list of earthquakes felt from March 28-31, compiled by C.G. Williamson. [See Anonymous, 1868e.]



Anonymous, 1868, New eruption of the volcano and Postscript: later from the volcano!:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 04/04, p. 3.  



     Notice of the summit eruption of Mauna Loa, March 27, and the beginning of the earthquake swarm.



Anonymous, 1868, The eruption:  Hawaiian Gazette, 04/29, p. 2.  



     A brief account of the 1868 Mauna Loa lava flow and littoral cone, and the April 2, 1868 landslide. The correspondent mentions that the eruption had ended but that earthquakes were still being felt. Kilauea Crater had sunk 500 ft and no lava was visible.



Anonymous, 1868, [On the eruption and earthquakes of 1868]:  Hawaiian Gazette, 04/15, p. 2.  [Excerpted in American Journal of Science, 1868, 2nd ser., v. 46,  p. 122-123] 



     An account of the great earthquakes of 1868, and the activity of Mauna Loa and Kilauea, including a description of the effects of the accompanying tsunamis at Hilo and along the southern shore.



Anonymous, 1868, The volcano active:  Hawaiian Gazette, 04/08.  



     This article contains an account of the summit eruption of Mauna  Loa, first seen at 5:45 am on Mar. 27, and the ensuing earthquake swarm. Effects of the April 2, 1868, earthquake are described as they affected Kau, Kohala, Maui, and Oahu. The article includes a list of earthquake times from March 28-31. [See also Williamson, 1868a-b.]

The following sections describe effects at places other than Kau:

Earthquakes at Kohala

  A strong shock was felt at Kawaihae at 4 pm on April 2 lasting 30 seconds, accompanied by a deep rumbling noise and landslides on the Kohala slopes. Tsunami at Kawaihae marked by 13 cycles of ebb and flow, leaving the reef exposed and returning beyond high water mark.

 Several shocks, not severe. were experienced on a ship offshore of Hamakua; landslides into the sea were observed.

Earthquake on Maui

  At Lahaina an earthquake felt at 4 pm April 2, lasting 90 seconds, accompanied by a low rumbling sound, and shaking the house and everything in it. About 5 o'clock the sea receded, the space between reef and beach left dry in many places. The sea ebbed and flowed thirteen times, the time between each flow being between seven and eight minutes.

  shocks and similar tidal disturbances were observed on Lanai at the same hour.

  Two earthquakes felt at Lahaina on the early morning of April 4, 12:19, lasting 30 sec, and 12:37 am, lasting a bit longer. they were both more violent than the one on Thursday, the latter more particularly so, and were both atended with the same rumbling sound and my house was violently shaken; no tidal effects were seen to follow these quakes.

On Oahu

  At 4 pm on April 2 a first, very light, shock occurred, noticed only by those inside of stone buildings. The movement was lateral and quick and was not noticed by the majority of the townspeople. The sea was observed to recede, but the disturbance was not great.

  The same shocks were noticed at Kaneohe. Probably three shocks on the night of April 3-4 extended all over this island.



Anonymous, 1868, The late earthquakes:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 05/02, p. 3.  



     A discussion of the earthquake of April 2, 1868, the mudflow, and the tsunami. The earthquake waves were estimated to travel from Hilo to Kona at 12 mi/hr. [This is far too slow.]  The summit activity on Mauna Loa was reported to have built a cone several hundred feet high [exaggerated]. The fire was returning to Kilauea as of May 1.



Anonymous, 1869, From Hilo:  Hawaiian Gazette, v. 5, no. 64, 02/24, p. 3.  



     Somehow the rumor has got current about town, and was near being snapped up by our reporter, that there was an eruption of Kilauea, quite formidable in its character, and that some more heavy shocks of earthquakes had been felt in Hilo. We are able to state, on the reliable testimony of Capt. Babcock, arrived thence on Monday last, that although Kilauea was bubbling and boiling enough to be interesting, there was no eruption, and that although there had been a couple of slight earth tremors at Hilo, there was nothing that approached the dignity of an earthquake.



Anonymous, 1869, The coast-line of Hawaii:  The Friend, Sept., p. 77.  



     A brief note, quoting from the Pacific Commercial Advertiser, regarding the subsidence of the shoreline associated with the 1868 earthquake.

  

Anonymous, 1871, Earthquake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 02/25, p. 3.  



     " . . . the 4th day of February 1871, and the 10th day of February, 1871, are days ever to be remembered in Lahaina. The first was the occasion of a free fight, before mentioned, and the other was the great earthquake, at 10 o'clock 15 minutes P.M. on Sunday. It came as near from the S.E. as you could have made it. We heard the noise like distant thunder, long before we received the shock, and when it did come, it came good. There is not an adobe or adobe and stone, or a stone house but what is cracked, and some scattered so bad that it is dangerous to live in them. The old mission church is damaged, the walls are all cracked. Also the fine stone building of Col. Spalding is damaged. Then as you come along the main road, that is cracked open for many feet. Then along the Court House, which is damaged, and will need repairing . . . Since Sunday night, we have had repeated shocks, but light.



Anonymous, 1871, The earthquake:  The Friend, March, p. 21.  



     "At ten minutes past ten o'clock Sabbath evening, February 19, many of the people in Honolulu and elsewhere on the islands experienced a new sensation. There was no doubt about the reality of the agitation of the earth. Hitherto, however, severe the shocks may have been on the island of Hawaii, this island has escaped. This time, from all accounts, the islands of Oahu and Maui have been more seriously affected than Hawaii. The vibrations continued not over thirty seconds on this island [Oahu], but elsewhere report says they lasted three minutes. Several houses and public buildings were more or less cracked, and in some places crockery and glassware were thrown down and broken. There is a report of an eruption on the summit of Mauna Loa, but the old crater of Kilauea, report says, remains in status quo."

  

Anonymous, 1871, An earthquake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 09/30, p. 3.  



     Notice of an earthquake on Sept. 18, 1871, the largest since April 2, 1868.



Anonymous, 1872, Rev. Mr. Coan's "Kilauea" criticized:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/27, p. 3.  



     The author questions the dimensions of Halemaumau lava lake, the steepness of slope and the height of its shield during August 1871, and the distance from Kilauea to Mauna Loa, as set forth by Titus Coan (1871).



Anonymous, 1875, Earthquake, storm and volcano:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/23, p. 3.  



     A series of short communications reporting increased activity at Kilauea in December 1874, a new eruption at Mokuaweoweo on January 10, 1875, and a strong earthquake felt at Hilo on December 29, 1874.

Hilo, Jan. 3d, 1875-- . . . Old residents say that with two exceptions--in 1855 and in 1868 . . . there has been nothing like the recent one [earthquake] A continuous shake of two or three minutes, like the earthquake of Dec. 29, must have torn everything to pieces.

Kailua, Hawaii, January 12, 1875--The summit crater of Mokuaweoweo . . . broke out active again on [just before sunrise] last Sunday morning, the 10th instant. . . . At Kau a sharp shock of earthquake immediately preceded the outbreak.



Anonymous, 1877, From the crater of Kilauea:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 05/12, p. 3.  



      . . . the old South Lake of Kilauea, which for many years has been the principal vent of that volcano . . . has become extinct . . . On Friday the 4th inst., several severe shocks of earthquake were felt at the volcano house (and also at Hilo at the same time) and shortly thereafter a brillian eruption burst out in the S.E. corner of the great pit, and worked its way up into the extinct crater of "old Kilauea [Keanakakoi] ." Subsequently the eruption subsided here but broke out again on Monday the 7th in the bottom of the pit [Kilauea crater floor], right on the path from the volcano house to the South Lake. . . . [This is the only published account of eruption in Keanakakoi Crater. See also Bevens, 1988.]



Anonymous, 1877, The volcano:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 03/03, p. 2.  



     A brief account of the eruption in Kealakekua Bay, first seen by natives at about 8 a.m. on February 24. Light porous lava was constantly rising to the surface in lumps in a state of fusion, and sinking again to the bottom as soon as the gases had escaped. Activity at Mauna Loa summit on February 14 lasted less than one day. A severe shock of earthquake had been felt on the night of the 23d [Feb.], and that quite a crack in the old lava deposit had been traced from Keei point (opposite the submarine flow) several miles inland in the direction of Mauna Loa..



Anonymous, 1881, The earthquake:  Hawaiian Gazette, 10/05, p. 3.  



     A smart shock of earthquake roused a number of people out of their beds [on Oahu] a few minutes before five on Friday morning [Sept. 30] last. The exact time is difficult to settle, as the clocks in this city [Honolulu] have a way of keeping the most extraordinary time. Reports vary from seven minutes to 5 to two minutes to 5; the latter was our observation, and agreed with the clock in the Government buildings. There were three shocks in all; one a severe one, lasting about 30 seconds, followed by two short and light ones. Beyond stopping a few clocks, and slightly cracking the walls of one building, no damage was done. The shock in Honolulu was not nearly so severe as the one of Feb. 19, 1871. Considerable anxiety was felt, till news was received from Hawaii; the shock appears to have been very severe there, and we may hear of great damage in Hilo and Kau. We give below the letters which we have received from our various correspondents in all parts of the group. These go to show that the effects of the shock were felt almost simultaneously all over the islands.

Kauai, Kapaa, Oct. 1, 1881--The earthquake was felt all over the Island of Kauai, shortly beofore 5 o'clock on friday morning, the 30th ult. There were three distinct shocks all within the space of a minute or two; the first two shocks were quite severe for this island--and the last was an almost imperceptible tremor.

 . . .

Maui--Maui was visited by an Earthquake on Friday morning--between 4 and 5 o'clock. The first shock lasted perhaps fifteen or twenty seconds and was quite severe. After an interval of a few minutes, another slight shaking was experienced, but not as heavy as the first. It is the general opinion of those who have resided in Wailuku for many years, that there has bbeen nothing like it on this island since '68. Some declare that there was another slight shock on Friday evening, but if so it was so exceedingly slight as to be noticeable only by a few.

  From Lahaina conmes the following:

  The dwellers on the "hill," and doubtless those also in Lahaina were awakened at 5 0'clock, Friday morning, by a fair sized earthquake, which heralded its advent by terrible rumblings. the rumblings resembled those of rapidly driven lorries filled with sheets of corrugated iron, coming from a distance, and passing within a rod of the sleeper. The rumblings preceded the earthquakes some twenty seconds, and in the midst of the loudest din the quake occurred. A second quake immediately apoceeded [sic] the first, attended by like rumblings, almost deafening.

  The rumblings appeared to approach from the south-east and died away to the north-west. No damages occurred to property.

Hawaii, Waimea, Sept. 30, 1881--At eight minutes before 5 this morning, the earth quaked terrifically, and our houses rocked to and fro most fearfully. There were three shocks of earthquake in quick succession. . . . Stone walls were thrown down more or less all over Waimea. Nothing like it since the Kau earthquake of '68. Much more stone-wall was thrown down in Waimea by these than by those earthquakes. What other damages have been done, I have not yet heard.

Hamakua--At about 5 o'clock this morning of the last day of September, a series of of earthquake shocks occurred. the first one was even heavier than than that which happened in 1868 . . . For a while, there was a stampede among the  natives around us. A great many left their beds in a hurry. Our house is a substantial wooden structure, but it cracked and creaked as if the whole fabric would come to pieces.

  There are three houses in the Kohala district so badly shaken as to be untenable. The cisterns at Kohala plantation, have been cracked, and the water has leaked out, probably the same thing will have happened at Ookala.



Anonymous, 1881, The earthquake on Hawaii:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 10/08, p. 3.  



     At Kailua--About 5 o'clock this morning (Friday, Sept. 30th.) we had a severe shock of earthquake. a second shock was felt about three minutes after the first; and a third one about 1/4 past 5 a.m. The shocks did some damage to my crockery on the shelves; threw down some stone wall fences, cracked Kapakui's stone building, the church buildings and several others. It rocked structures pretty roughly. It frightened some people very much . . .

  The shock was severely felt throughout Hawaii. In Kona, and along the coast, through the Waimea and Hamakua districts, we have accounts of stone walls being cracked, and of considerable damage to crockery, and other fragile articles. Several large water cisterns on plantations have been cracked, and their contents discharged.



Anonymous, 1881, The earthquake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 10/01, p. 2.  



     Yesterday morning the 30th ult., at 4:53 a.m., the early wakers of this town [Honolulu] were startled by a very sensible undulation of the earth from east to west. There was a decided roll and heave of the earth that made some parties feel slightly nauseated. there followed a jar and rattle, as though a great train of cars was moving past, which caused the ground to rumble and the crockery and window-sashes to clatter. This shock lasted about thirty seconds; and in about five minutes afterwards was followed by another very light roll and tremble of the earth.

  This earthquake, though quite marked and unmistakeable, is spoken of by the most of the observers as not being equal in force and effect to the shock felt on Sunday night, 10.6 p.m., 19th, February 1871; or the one of the 8th of April, 1868--in this city. We have not heard of any damge to buildings in the city. There was a little dispute about the exact time of the commencement of the first shock--varying from 5 to 6 minutes in time--our neighbor Dr. Hoffmann contending that it was exactly seven minutes to 5; and on entering our office we discovered our pendulum clock, which had been set correctly the day before, had stopped at exactly seven minutes to 5, thus confirming the doctor's time. We may expect to hear of a lively shake up on Hawaii. Our late news from the chief island stated that there were indications of unusual activity in the crater of Kilauea.



Anonymous, 1887, [no title], in Island Notes:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/31, p. 3.  [replace in main bib!] 



         Hilo, Hawaii, January 28th

 Hilo was shaken up lively on Sunday evening, 23rd instant, seven earthquakes occurring at 11:15, 11:30, 11:45, 11:50, two were slight. The most noticeable was the second one, and it shook things down all over town. Most of the people, both native and foreign, were up after the first shock in expectation that more would follow. They were ready for the second one, which seemed as though the houses would be shaken down and everything in them that was loose. Clocks stopped, and some people were afraid to sleep in their own houses, and went to sleep at houses of friends. The shocks were very severe to nervous people. The only licensed liquor saloon lost over $100 in broken liquor bottles. . . . .The other side of this island has suffered some. At Kapapala Ranch the water tanks broke, a building was moved eight inches, stone fences were thrown down. The shakes were much more severe than at Hilo; in fact, they usually are. . . .



Anonymous, 1887, Volcano trip:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/31, p. 2.  [replace in main bib!] 



     [subheads: A week's excursion by the S.S. Kinau; Visit to the crater of Kilauea; Grand display of the great lava flow; Incidents of the excursion, etc.]

An account of an excursion beginning January 24, 1887, on the steamer Kinau. Kilauea was moderately active, the lessened activity attributed to the eruption of Mauna Loa. On January 28, the second  eruptive vent was seen above and to the right of the main vent feeding flows to the ocean.



Anonymous, 1887, [On the 1887 eruption of Mauna Loa]:  The Whaleman's Shipping List, Mar. 1, p. 1.  



     An eruption began January 16, 1887, at Mauna Loa's summit, was quiet for 2 days, and broke out on the southwest rift zone on January 18. The eruption was accompanied by an earthquake swarm; 383  shocks were felt in 36 hrs. Lava reached the ocean in two days, destroying plantations, houses, etc., but no lives were lost as the natives and foreigners received timely warnings and abandoned their places ahead of the flow.

  

Anonymous, 1887, [On the earthquake swarm of 1887]:  Hawaiian Gazette, 02/01, p. 1.  [Letter no. 04] 



     Subheads over letters from correspondents, signed and unsigned:

Mauna Loa!; Hawaii's great volcano; twenty miles of liquid fire in motion!; Madam Pele on the rampage!; continuous earthquake shocks!; description of the flow!; notes and incidents



Pahala, January 23, 1887--A  vivid description of the the earthquake swarm and early stages of eruption at Mauna Loa. She notes eruption a little way down from the summit on Sunday night, January 16  at 9 p.m. The light vanished at 11:30 p.m , as suddenly as it appeared, and we had six terrific earthquake shocks between thatn and morning, not counting the trembling and occasional jerk, which were constant. We felt better by daylight though the trembling kept on and the big shocks seemed as though they meant to take the house down. . . . then came a shock that was worse than what we had experienced already. By night there was still no smoke or fire, and still the awful shocks and we were all wondering and we were all wondering where the force would spend itself. 

  Monday night [Jan. 17] was literally a night of terror, and we felt as though we couldn't live through any more, the heavy shocks were nearly as continuous as the trembling had been for four hours, there was no pause longer than five minutes or often only three between the shocks, and sometimes three succeeded each other like ocean waves.and again on January 18. . . . .

  At 11:30 a.m., Tuesday [Jan. 18], the smoke burst out again immediately after two very heavy shocks, just where it did at first quite a way down on the western slope. . . . Later, smoke came from the '81 opening [See annotation to Anonymous, 18871.]. The trembling was not so constant and the shocks less heavy after this, then the flow broke out very near the old '68 outbreak . . . . 

  . . . .

  We have only two or three heavy shocks a day now though frequent tremblings, and last evening [Jan. 21] a very long shock that swayed the house back and forth making us sick and dizzy.

  . . . .



Anonymous, 1887, [On the earthquake swarm of 1887]:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/31, p. 3.  



     A report from Hilo of earthquakes on January 23 and of a view of the Mauna Loa eruption.



Anonymous, 1887, [On the earthquake swarm and eruption of 1887]:  Hawaiian Gazette, 02/01, p. 8.  [Letter no. 07] 



     Subheads over letters from correspondents, signed and unsigned:

The latest from Kau!; great damage to property!; continued earthquakes



 . . . The lava is still pouring into the sea and another flow has started down the mountain, bursting forth somewhat higher up than that of January 18th.

  The earthquakes has been continuous in the Kau district, and have done great damage, while severe shocks have been felt in every part of the island.

  On Sunday January 24th, the earthquakes were very severe in Kau, every house at Kahuku was moved some inches from its foundation and the contents smashed. The mail carrier reported at Hilo that eight buildings had been burned in Kahuku during Sunday night in consequence of the lamps having been overthrown by the vibrations. The walls throughout the Kau district have been leveled to the ground. The crockery in every house has ceased to exist, one correspondent reports only seven plates left and his stove in pieces, others tell the same tale. . . . Fortunately no loss of life is reported.

  Kilauea is reported by the Rev. Baker to be in the same state that it has been for some time past.

  Seven shocks of earthquake were felt in Kohala on the 23rd but, beyond giving the people a fright, no damage was done.

  At Laupahoehoe, nine shocks were felt the same night, a little after eleven. Two of these were quite severe. There have been light shocks ever since.

Pahala, Jan. 24th, 1887--We had two very heavy severe shocks of earthquake about 11:00 last night that did us considerable damage. Nearly all the work done in setting out new boilers was damaged, so that it will have to be done over again. The large iron tank at the mill was thrown down and a number of pipes broken about the mill.

  The Moaula and the new reservoir were badly damaged. The Whitney reservoir very little. Nearly all the houses on the slopes are off their underpinning. Last night was one of terror.

Hilo, Jan. 27, 1887--Hilo had a decided shaking up on Sunday night, January 23rd [sic-should be Saturday night]. The first shake was a rouser, at 11:18 o'clock p.m., followed five minutes later by another more terrible than the first. these were followed by numerous minor shakes, and half an hour later by a third heavy shock, but not as heavy as the two previous ones, which seemed determined to tear doors and windows off the houses. Many a frightened person ran out of doors, and some left their houses to spend the night with their neighbors. In fact it was the heaviest jolt at Hilo since 1868. Many articles, such as vases and ornaments and dishes, were thrown down in the various houses and broken. In one store in Hilo over $30 worth of lamps and chimneys were thrown down and destroyed by the earthquakes of Sunday night.

  The chimney of the kitchen at the Onomea Sugar Company Manager's house was thrown down, and slight damage is reported all about Hilo.

  The oscillations were from east to north-northwest.

[the rest of the article talks about weather conditions]



Anonymous, 1887, [On the Mauna Loa eruption and earthquake swarm of 1887]:  Hawaiian Gazette, 02/01, p. 1.  [Letter no. 01] 



     Subheads over letters from correspondents, signed and unsigned:

Mauna Loa!; Hawaii's great volcano; twenty miles of liquid fire in motion!; Madam Pele on the rampage!; continuous earthquake shocks!; description of the flow!; notes and incidents



Lava first shot up on Sunday night, January 18th [sic--other accounts give this date as January 16th, consistent with the statement below regarding lava not being seen on the 17th], three or four miles below the summit of Mauna Loa near Pohakuohanalei. Earthquakes were continuous for over 36 hours. Mr Jones counted 383 well-defined shocks and created a standard by which he could judge the force of the shocks. The reason for nothing having been seen during Monday the 17th, was that the lava had found an underground channel through which it surged along until reaching the steep slope about 10 miles west of Mr. Jones Ranch, when it burst once more into view.

[Followed by Jones, 1887]



Anonymous, 1887, [On the earthquake swarm and eruption of 1887]:  Hawaiian Gazette, 02/01, p. 8.  [Letter no. 06] 



     Subheads over letters from correspondents, signed and unsigned:

Mauna Loa!; Hawaii's great volcano; twenty miles of liquid fire in motion!; Madam Pele on the rampage!; continuous earthquake shocks!; description of the flow!; notes and incidents



Hilea, Jan. 23, 1887-- . . . up to 7 o'clock Tuesday night [Jan. 18] we had 508 earthquakes, then we gave up counting. On Tuesday 4 p.m., smoke was seen on the slopes of Mauna Loa, and fire at 7 p.m.. She briefly describes the lava streams in Kahuku and damage done on January 23-24.



Anonymous, 1891, Collapse of Kilauea:  The Friend, Apr., p. 28.  



     Brief mention of the earthquake swarm from March 5 to 8 accompanying collapse of Kilauea and draining of Dana lake.

  

Anonymous, 1895, Madam Pele stirring; Showers of much needed rain; taro shipped to Maui:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 05/29, p. 3.  



     Kau (Hawaii), May 25.--On Friday night the 17th inst. Madam Pele gave a vicious kick about 9 o'clock. It was felt at the Volcano House and throughout the district. It is reported that fire has appeared in the crater, and at time small stones are thrown over forty feet into the air. (This occurs at the bottom of the lake). There is plenty of smoke and it will not be a surprise if Madam Pele will entertain us once more.

 . . . .



Anonymous, 1895, Slight earthquake at Kau:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 07/12, p. 2.  



     Kau (Hawaii), July 7.--On Wednesday, June 26th, about 3 p.m., a slight earthquake shock was felt.

 . . . .



Anonymous, 1895, Earthquake at Kau; Plantations cleaning up--anxiety about spread of cholera:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 08/31, p. 6.  



     Kau (Hawaii), August 28.-- . . . .

 A shock of earthquake was felt throughout the district about 11:30 Tuesday night.

 . . . .



Anonymous, 1895, The earth in a tremble; one of the most violent shocks ever felt on the island; clocks stopped and smashed-damage to residences-reports from outer districts-strong at Waikiki:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 12/09, p. 1.  



     There were two distinct shocks of earthquake at 11:04 last night, each about ten seconds duration. The first was quite light, the second being much stronger and perhaps the most severe ever felt on the island. Down town the shocks were heavy, but not quite as hard at Waikiki and along King street. The clock at Lucas' mill was stopped, and in the Interisland dock office a clock was thrown to the floor and smashed. At Fred Whitney's residence, King street, the contents of the house were strewn in all directions.

. . . .

  Telephone messages from Waialua and other places beyond the pali reported the earthquakes equally as strong as in Honolulu.



Anonymous, 1895, [no title], in Local Brevities:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 12/10, p. 7.  [A letter to the editor] 



     Two shocks of earthquake were felt Monday morning at about 3:12 o'clock. The first lasted but a few seconds; the second being quite severe and of some fifteen seconds duration.



Anonymous, 1895, Kilauea active again; Small flow seen in one corner of the pit; Severe shakes on Hawaii; Bottom of the crater falls in and fire disappears:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 12/14, p. 1.  



     Kau (Hawaii), Dec. 11.-- . . . Last Sunday night [Dec. 8] at 11 o'clock, . . . a severe earthquake [occurred], followed by another, and one more shake 3 a.m. (Monday). From reports the earthquakes were felt throughout the island, and more severe within a radius of thirty miles from the volcano [Kilauea]. At the volcano it was very light. . . .fire appeared in the crater Sunday night . . .

    Fire disappears

 Later--Dec. 12--4 a.m.  . . . the bottom of the crater had fallen in again and the fire disappeared.



Anonymous, 1895, Hilo gets a shaking:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 12/18, p. 1.  



     Hilo (Hawaii), Dec. 15-- . . . .

  A heavy earthquake shock was felt here shortly after eleven o'clock Sunday night--the first for months. It was followed by a lighter shock two hours later. [Other reports have the second shock at four hours later]

  The earthquakes that shook up Honolulu were also felt here [Kohala] at the same hours. The one at 11 o'clock began with a preliminary shock that wakened most of those who were asleep. After an interval of a second or two it was followed by a strong tremor that continued with decreasing force for probably thirty seconds. Some reckon it at a full minute. The undulation proceeded from mauka to the sea. The waves were longer, and the shock less violent than is usual with such a considerable earthquake. At 3 o'clock there was a second prolonged tremor, less violent than the former; but characterized by the same long graceful undulations . . . On the Kona side the shocks are reported as being much more violent. Altogether it was the greatest shake up Kohala has had for years.



Anonymous, 1896, The volcano eruption:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 04/23, p. 4.  



     A report that the crater of Mokuaweoweo has broken out again. No details are given and no earthquakes are mentioned, although there is reference made to the earthquake swarm of 1887.



Anonymous, 1896, [no title], in Local Brevities:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 04/28, p. 7.  



     Several residents [Honolulu] felt a slight shock of earthquake Saturday night about town.



Anonymous, 1896, Condition unchanged; Mokuaweoweo's crater sending out fire:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 04/29, p. 6.  



     [subheads: Parties visiting the summit; No returns yet--several shocks of earthquake felt--probability of an overflow--weather in vicinity of outbreak clear and cold]

 Kau (Hawaii), April 27, 1896.--Brief mention of the eruption at Mauna Loa's summit that has been going on for nearly a week.

 Following is an extract of a letter received from Kapapala Ranch by the W.G. Hall yesterday:

 "We had five or six shakes about 1:30 Tuesday morning, April 21st. None of these were very severe, but the reflection was seen down at Pahala about 4 o'clock or earlier, so that the fire must have started soon after the cessation of the earthquakes. . . . .

 . . . .

 "The latest news from Hawaii is to the effect that there have been no earthquakes on the island since Tuesday morning, April 21st, the time of beginning of the outbreak."



Anonymous, 1896, Earthquake shocks; first one felt 4:48 Sunday morning and lasted three seconds:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 09/14, p. 1.  



     There were two shocks of earthquake early Sunday morning which shook people up considerably and banished sleep from the minds of many. Prof. A.B. Lyons kindly furnished the Advertiser with the following description of the shocks:

  "The first shock was at 4:48 a.m. and lasted perhaps three seconds, appearing to go off in a northeasterly direction.

  "The sound died away gradually, lasting 15 or 20 seconds after the shock. 

 "Then after an interval of 10 seconds there came a second shock about equal in severity to the first but of shorter duration, apparently a reflection of the earthquake wave.

  "It was impossible to tell from what direction the second shock came and it ended quite abruptly." [One quake or two?]



Anonymous, 1896, This was no "night mare"; Hilo treated to good sized earthquake; Earth was rent asunder:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 09/16, p. 1.  



     [subheads: Severest shock since 1868--bells rang, bottles and dishes tumble from shelves--valuable statuary ruined in J.A. Scott's house--drug company suffers loss]

 News received from the volcano is to the effect that the severest shock since 1868 was felt there at one minute before 5 a.m. Sunday. As near as can be ascertained the shock came from NE. to SW., light in the beginning and growing stronger during the 10 seconds it lasted.

  Dishes were thrown from the shelves in private houses and bottle from shelves and tables in the business section, the heaviest loss being that of the Hilo Drug Co. on Front street. . . Her hundreds of bottles of patent medicines and valuable drugs were thrown to the floor, and smashed, One small show case was broken by heavy articles falling upon it. Where the large drug jars were not thrown down they were turned half around on the shelves leaving the labels next to the wall.

  At John Scott's house, Wainaku, the loss was considerable; several pieces of valuable statuary and bric-a-brac . . . were thrown from their places and smashed to pieces.

  In L. Turner's general store, and Theo. H. Davies branch, in the building next to the drug store, goods were upset generally, but no serious damage resulted. C.E. Richardson suffered a small loss through broken bottles of liquids. . . . Much type in the Tribune office was "pied." Including the damage to effects in private houses, the entire loss will amount to, perhaps, a thousand in the immediate vicinity of Hilo.

  As an evidence of the shock a crack beginning at the sea and running north for half a mile [can be seen]. In some places, too, the stone wall around the Catholic Mission was thrown to the ground and one tree uprooted.

. . . .

  Col. Peter Lee [manager of the Volcano House] says that from all accounts the shock at the crater was not as severe as the one felt in Hilo. Some of his children sleeping in the adjacent cottage did not feel the disturbance at all. Col. Lee considered the shock a good one, equal in every respect to the Kau quakes, but as he is hardened to such things, he may not be a competent judge.

  Artist Howard Hitchcock, who had just returned from a tour of Puna, where he had been making sketches, was rudely awakened by the shock. He suffered no inconvenience beyond a surprise in running up against the wall in getting out of the wrong side of bed.

 [R.T. Perkins reports from Olaa] "I was awakened the moment the shock began; my lamp was in danger of falling from the dresser, so I got up and placed it on the floor and sat down alongside of it, merely to experience the thing in its fullest force . . .

. . . 

  Eben Low of Kohala says the shock was severe there and caused much consternation among his fat cattle. there was no damage from the shock anywhere in the vicinity of his home.

  Maui was in harmony with Hawaii and Oahu in the sensation. Passengers from there state that it was the most severe shock experienced in many years.

  Telephone messages received in Hilo from all stations in Hawaii were to the effect that the shock was severely felt at every point but there was no disturbance of the sea on any part of the island. . . .

 [A drawing of Hilo Bay and village, made from a photograph, has the following caption: The cross shows where the rent in the earth began and extended in almost a straight line for a half mile across town, widening as it got further away from the sea.]



Anonymous, 1896, Hilo gets a shaking up; most violent shock of earthquake in several years; much damage is the result; Hilo Drug Company heavy losers-general smash-up about town-interruption of the volcano, land slides:  Hawaii Herald, 09/17, p. 3.  



     The most violent shock of earthquake since the 80s prevailed throughout the Island of Hawaii early last Sunday, striking terror  to the hearts of inhabitants and causing much damage to property. It differed from previous quakes in that only one shock was felt--there being a generally lighter and secondary interruption following the first--and being strong from the beginning.

  At precisely one minute to 5 a.m., a slight vibration was felt, which increased a few seconds later to a heavy wave and continuing for fully thirty seconds. People were awakened to see their houses rocking like reeds in the wind, and to hear the smash of crockery, glassware, vases, bric-a-brac, statuary. Clocks were thrown around promiscuously, table overturned, mirrors broken, and sundry other damage done.

[report of damage details in Hilo similar to PCA, Sept. 16]

  Along the Hamakua coast the shock was equally strong as felt here. Cooking ovens in Pepeekeo were cracked, the water dam at Laupahoehoe parted, and in the different gulches tons of rock and earth were loosened, almost blocking the road in several places.

  At the Volcano the quake was not so violent, several guests there failing to be awakened by it. The lava bed leading to the crater opened in places sufficiently large to admit small buildings, and emitted volumes of sulfurous smoke, giving indication of outbreaks at different points.

  In Kau and Kona there was but little notice taken of the shock, it being much milder there than elsewhere.

  News from Honolulu yesterday by the Hall says Oahu was considerably shaken up, but no damage resulted. Two shocks were felt, each about ten seconds duration.



Anonymous, 1896, Mokuaweoweo's fierce fires:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 04/27, p. 3.  



     A brief notice from Maui, relating the appearance of fire and smoke at Mauna Loa's summit. "During the 20th [April, 1896] a slight shock of earthquake was experienced at Ulapalakua."



Anonymous, 1897, Earth tremors; Three shocks on the Island of Kahoolawe:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 12/06, p. 8.  



     Maui, December 4.--During Friday, the 3d, three unusually heavy earthquakes waves were felt on the Island of Kahoolawe. Inasmuch as the Island of Hawaii is hidden in smoke, it is thought that these shocks were caused by extraordinary activity in Kilauea. No earth tremors were felt on Maui.

 . . . .



Anonymous, 1898, [no title], in Local Brevities:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 08/20, p. 7.  



     A slight earthquake shock was felt in the city [Honolulu] at 6:50 yesterday morning. A noticeable tremor was felt at the weather observatory at Punahou.



Anonymous, 1898, A Kau tremblor; Strong shock--runaway Japanese, Rev. J. Kauhane:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 08/22, p. 3.  



     Punaluu, Kau, Aug. 13.--On August 5, at 6:30 a.m., there was a very heavy earthquake shock in this district--the strongest felt here in some time. It shook dishes, etc., up in great shape.

 . . . .



Anonymous, 1898, [no title], in Local Brevities:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 12/10, p. 9.  



     The S.S. Mauna Loa, arrived yesterday from Hawaii, reports a heavy shock of earthquake in Kau last Sunday.



Anonymous, 1899, [no title], in Local Brevities:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/09, p. 9.  



     An earthquake shock was felt at Hilo at 4 o'clock last Wednesday morning.



Anonymous, 1899, [no title], in Local Brevities:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 08/28, p. 11.  



     Rather heavy earthquake shocks were experienced in Olaa and Hilo on Thursday night.



Anonymous, 1899, Sharp earthquake shock:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 11/20, p. 11.  



     Last Saturday evening at 8:20 the most severe earthquake shock was felt in Hilo since the eruption on Mauna Loa. Though no damage was done the residents were reminded that they still lived on the verge of immediate destruction and said, "There's a shock."



Anonymous, 1899, [no title], in The news boiled down:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 12/11, p. 13.  



     An earthquake shock in the vicinity of the Volcano overturned a stone wall and started the smoke booming in Kilauea.



Anonymous, 1899, Lava flows stop:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 07/29, p. 3.  [Also published in Hawaiian Gazette, Aug. 1, p. 2] 



     Subheads:

Pele has allowed her fires to go out; Hawaii shaken by earthquakes which have done no damage--Kilauea still quiescent



The eruption ended at Mauna Loa on July 23, 1899. "During the day the whole island of Hawaii was shaken with earthquakes of various degrees. None were very heavy and no damage was done. . . .

  Writing from Punaluu, the Acverrtiser's special correspondent says:  

  On Monday [July 25] about lunchtime Hawaii had a heavy earthquake. It was most severe at Hilo and vicinity and very light here."



Anonymous, 1900, [no title], in Meteorological record for month of December:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/17, p. ?  [!did not find on Dec. 7; meteorological record on Jan. 18 reports no earthquakes in December 1899.] 



     There was a slight earthquake at Waimea, Hawaii on Dec. 5.



Anonymous, 1900, [no title], in Local items:  Hilo Tribune, 03/03, p. 5.  



     A slight earthquake on Monday morning [Feb. 27] about two o'clock, was noted by those whom troubled conscience or indigestion caused to sleep ill.



Anonymous, 1900, [no title], in Local items:  Hilo Tribune, 06/02, p. 5.  



     A light shock of earthquake was experienced in Hilo on Tuesday morning [May. 29].



Anonymous, 1900, [no title], in Local items:  Hilo Tribune, 07/14, p. 5.  



     A rather heavy shock of earthquake at about nine o'clock on Tuesday evening aroused a transient interest in the doings of Pele which have of late been conspicuously absent.



Anonymous, 1900, [no title], in Local items:  Hilo Tribune, 10/13, p. 5.  [Reprinted verbatim in Pacific Commercial Advertiser of Oct. 15] 



     A rather heavy shock of earthquake was felt by many residents of Hilo on last Wednesday evening between eleven and twelve o'clock. The pitching and rocking of the earth brought some alarm to those who roost above the ground floor.



Anonymous, 1900, Did Pele turn over; Hawaii felt the earthquake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 10/15, p. 6.  [Reprinted verbatim from Hilo Tribune of Oct. 13] 



     A rather heavy shock of earthquake was felt by many residents of Hilo on last Wednesday evening between eleven and twelve o'clock. The pitching and rocking of the earth brought some alarm to those who roost above the ground floor.



Anonymous, 1901, Earthquake reported:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/18, p. 5.  



     Prof. Curtis J. Lyons, the Territorial Meteorologist, reports a slight earthquake as having been reported about 2 o'clock Wednesday morning [on Oahu]. Owing to the lateness of the hour, there were probably very few people awake at the time and this, together with the slight nature of the shock, probably accounts for se few people having commented about it. The seismograph at Oahu College was not in position, therefore there is no scientific record of the earthquake.



Anonymous, 1901, [no title], in Local Brevities:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/23, p. 11.  



     The report of a slight earthquake shock at a quarter past two o'clock last Wednesday morning, has been corroborated by a report of a shock felt at Waimea at the same hour.



Anonymous, 1901, News from the Big Island:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 03/25, p. 11.  



     Hilo, March 22--A slight shock of earthquake was felt [in Hilo] at 7:15 yesterday [Mar. 21] morning.



Anonymous, 1901, Lahaina notes:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 04/09, p. 8.  



     Lahaina [Maui], April 4--Was it a diminutive earthquake? About 10 o'clock Tuesday night [Apr. 2] several persons thought they perceived a slight tremor in their houses, accompanied with singular noises. The strange phenomenon lasted for only a few moments.



Anonymous, 1901, Earthquake at Kau:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 06/12, p. 7.  



     Waiohinu, Kau, June 8--A sharp earthquake occurred [in Kau] at 3:50 p.m. June [date obscured; probably June 6, although the Lyman time for this date is 6 p.m.].



Anonymous, 1901, A submarine volcano here:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 07/03, p. 1.  



     What is, to all appearances, a submarine volcano, has appeared at Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii. Professor Lyons, the Government meteorologist, has just received some specimens of black pumice stone from Mr. Leslie of Napoopoo, which his informant says is floating all over the Bay of Kealakekua. The pumice is of a shiny, jet black and covers the surface of the water for miles in every direction. The theory is that there has been a submarine outbreak in the vicinity, and that pumice has been ejected by seismic action.

  [reference to 1877 eruption]

  The pumice stone will be placed in the windows of Wall, Nicholls Co. where it may be seen.



Anonymous, 1901, Seismograph at work:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 07/19, p. 5.  



     The seismograph recently set up at Punahou under the particular care of President Smith of Oahu College, for the purpose of registering subterranean disturbances, is, it is said, behaving badly. The machine is arranged so that violent agitation of the air will cause a needle to register correspondingly jagged lines on a film, and while the apparatus has shown itself faithful to its purpose several times, yet it repeatedly goes beyond its duty, and is now registering, with great precision, the violence of certain jars and shocks that are due not to earthquakes but to the heavy blasting in Manoa valley.



Anonymous, 1901, Earthquake Friday night; two distinct waves felt throughout the island of Hawaii:  Hilo Tribune, 11/22, p. 5.  [Reprinted verbatim in Pacific Commercial Advertiser of Nov. 25] 



     A vigorous earthquake was felt on this island Friday night [Nov. 15] at 10 o'clock. The shock came in two distinct waves, probably ten seconds apart. The second was the more violent of the two and made the windows rattle in many Hilo homes. At the Volcano Hotel the quaking was felt and the opinion of the manager was that the seismic wave started from the nether regions of Mauna Loa.



Anonymous, 1901, Heavy earthquake at Hilo:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 11/25, p. 11.  [Reprinted verbatim from Hilo Tribune of Nov. 22] 



     Hilo, Nov. 22.--A vigorous earthquake was felt on this island Friday night [Nov. 15] at 10 o'clock. The shock came in two distinct waves, probably ten seconds apart. The second was the more violent of the two and made the windows rattle in many Hilo homes. At the Volcano Hotel the quaking was felt and the opinion of the manager was that the seismic wave started from the nether regions of Mauna Loa.



Anonymous, 1902, [no title], in Local Brevities:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 06/02, p. 7.  



     The Kinau brought news yesterday of slight earthquake shocks in the Hamakua district. Kilauea is still smoking, but not in an unusual manner.



Anonymous, 1902, [no title], in Local items:  Hilo Tribune, 08/15, p. 5.  



     A slight earthquake was felt in Hilo last Friday afternoon [Aug. 8] at 2:25 p.m.



Anonymous, 1902, News notes:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 08/18, p. ?  [Reprinted in Hilo Tribune of Aug. 15.] 



     A slight earthquake was felt in Hilo last Friday afternoon [Aug. 8] at 2:25 p.m.



Anonymous, 1902, [no title]:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 09/08, p. 9.  



     A map and cross-section of Halemaumau crater on August 29, 1902 drawn by E.D. Baldwin. Data for the surrounding area of Kilauea crater are attributed to F.G. Dodge Plans, in Records 1891-1898, p. 40 and 111. The crater as drawn is about 1500 feet across and 600 feet deep.



Anonymous, 1902, Hot rocks at Puna:  Hilo Tribune, 10/17, p. 5.  



     Hilo railroad workmen engaged in obtaining road bed material from the great volcanic cinder pile at Puna were astonished and frightened last Monday morning to see puffs of steam and dust issue about them from the volcanic material upon which they were working. The first puff startled the workmen. The second sent them down the hill. When it was seen that the premonitory symptoms of a Martinique upheaval were not followed up, they resumed their labors but not without fears and misgivings.

  Reports are to the effect that steam is visible every morning. It seems to issue from a volcanic crack along which the rocks are too hot to bear the hand. Answers to a few inquiries indicate that the phenomenon is one altogether new in Puna.



Anonymous, 1902, [no title], in Local items:  Hilo Tribune, 10/17, p. 5.  



     The people of Hilo were awakened about 4 o'clock Thursday [Oct. 16] by a slight earthquake shock.



Anonymous, 1902, [no title], in Miscellaneous:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 10/20, p. 2.  



     Quite a heavy shock of earthquake was felt in the Makawao region [Maui] early Wednesday morning, the 15th.



Anonymous, 1902, Halemaumau's lava pit is rapidly filling up with lava while geysers of fire dot the great lake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 11/17, p. 1.  



     A description of the return of lava to Halemaumau beginning Tuesday, Nov. 11. A cross-section shows an asymmetrical conical crater 1500 feet in diameter and about 1000 feet deep.



Anonymous, 1902, Another earthquake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 11/17, p. ?  



     One of the heaviest earthquake shocks in recent years was experienced by the people of Honokaa shortly after 7 o'clock Tuesday night. Disturbances were reported at the same time by people in Waimea. The shock was noticed in Hilo and Olaa.



Anonymous, 1903, Early morning earthquake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/04, p. ?  



     Prof. Lyons, the Territorial meteorologist, report that at 7:29:30 yesterday morning a slight but distinct earthquake was felt in Punahou and also in Honolulu. A number of early risers also noticed that a tremblor was on.



Anonymous, 1903, New years day on Maui:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/05, p. 8.  



     Maui, Jan. 3-- . . . .

    The earthquake

This morning (the 3rd) at 7:20 a.m., East Maui experienced two quite heavy shocks. The second vibration, was heavier than the first, making houses creak and windows rattle. There was an interval of a second or two between them.



Anonymous, 1903, Kilauea plugged; No connection with the Mauna Loa smoke columns:  The Weekly Hilo Tribune, 08/07, p. 5.  



     A piece of the Puna side wall of Halemaumau crater, 500 feet long and 6-8 feet thick, fell in on August 1st. [Probably triggered by an earthquake at 11:50 a.m. (see Pacific Commercial Advertiser, Sept. 15, 1903).]



Anonymous, 1903, Has Mauna Loa broken out again?:  Hawaiian Star, 09/04, p. 1.  



     A report [later proved false] of fire on Mauna Loa as seen from a ship approaching Oahu from Kauai.



Anonymous, 1903, Others see volcano fire:  Hawaiian Star, 09/07, p. 3.  



     Further reports [later proved false] of fire on Mauna Loa as seen from the summit of Haleakala.



Anonymous, 1903, Mokuaweoweo now belching steam:  Hawaii Herald, 10/08, p. 1.  



     [subheads: Largest volume ever witnessed by old residents; Great activity shown; Distance prevents many visitors from going to scene--smoke and steam visible from Volcano House]

  The article chronicles the eruption in Mokuaweoweo that began on the evening of Oct. 6, 1903. No mention is made of earthquakes.



Anonymous, 1903, Great glow of lava flow grand show:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 10/10, p. 1.  [Repeated in Hawaiian Gazette of Oct. 18, 1903] 



     [subheads: Miss Paris writes about bright spots of fire seen from Kona; Joseph Emerson's theory sustained--Mr. Bidgood tells of beauty and glory of the scene]

 A communication from Anna M. Paris, Kealakekua, Kona, dated Oct. 7, 1903: . . . "It has all been so quietly done. No earthquakes as yet. If the flow should stop suddenly we may expect them. . . .; communication from St. Claire Bidgood at Volcano House, 12:30 a.m. Oct. 7, 1903: . . .[the eruption] started at 12:45 this p.m. [Oct. 6] without any warning--no earthquakes or reports . . . .



Anonymous, 1903, Great activity at Mokuaweoweo:  Hawaii Herald, 10/15, p. 1.  



     [subheads: Bright firelight continues visible from Hilo; With parties for crater; Outbreak was seen from vessel at sea--officers say flow was noticed--crowds watch fire]

  Most of the article chronicles the eruption in Mokuaweoweo that began on the evening of Oct. 6, 1903. Apparently the buildup and beginning of eruption were without felt events. The following entry is the only mention of earthquakes associated with the eruption.

  "Two days after the outbreak [Oct. 8] Kau experienced a short but heavy shock of earthquake, not noticed on the windward side of the island."



Anonymous, 1903, Volcanic tantrums; Mauna Loa crater dark since Tuesday night:  The Weekly Hilo Tribune, 12/11, p. 1.  



     "Tuesday night [Dec. 8] . . . unusual brilliancy at the crest of Mauna Loa. But at about 10 p.m. the fire died away. . . . Wednesday night the peak was dark again. From all appearances the curtain has dropped at Mauna Loa.



Anonymous, 1904, [no title]:  The Weekly Hilo Tribune, 02/19, p. 5.  [Reprinted in Pacific Commercial Advertiser of Feb. 22 and Hawaiian Star of Feb. 20] 



     A vigorous earthquake visited Hilo Thursday [Feb. 18] forenoon between 10 and 11 o'clock.



Anonymous, 1904, News in a nutshell:  Hawaiian Star, 02/20, p. 8.  [Reprinted from Hilo Tribune of Feb. 19] 



     A vigorous earthquake visited Hilo Thursday forenoon [Feb. 18] between 10 and 11 o'clock.



Anonymous, 1904, [no title]:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 02/22, p. 6.  [Reprinted from Hilo Tribune of Feb. 19] 



     A vigorous earthquake visited Hilo Thursday [Feb. 18] forenoon between 10 and 11 o'clock.



Anonymous, 1904, Hiloites get busy:  Hawaiian Gazette, 04/05, p. 2, 6.  [Repeated from Hawaii Herald of ?] 



         Earthquake in Kohala

 A severe earthquake was felt in Kohala on the afternoon of the 29th inst. It lasted ten minutes and according to the report received from Manager Tulloch of the telephone company seemed to move in a northwesterly direction from the Kohala club to Mahukona. As yet no fatalities have been listed but we are sure there will be quite a list before the finish--Herald



Anonymous, 1904, Earthquake:  Hawaii Herald, 04/07, p. 5.  [Reprinted in Pacific Commercial Advertiser of April 11, 1904] 



     Quite a severe shock was felt here Monday morning [Apr. 4] at 7:30. No damage done.



Anonymous, 1904, Hilo earthquake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 04/11, p. 6.  



     Quite a severe shock was felt here Monday morning at 7:30. No damage done. The wise phrenologist is circulating the report that it had some connection with Madam Pele's head and this fact seems to be supported by word from the Volcano that there was an outbreak Monday night.



Anonymous, 1904, A whale story by Simerson:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 05/07, p. 7.  



     On Friday, April 29 at 10:30 o'clock [am assumed] a most severe earthquake shock was felt at Keauhou and Punaluu. The shock lasted about eight seconds and was apparently from north to south.



Anonymous, 1904, Earthquake was heavy on the other islands:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 06/05, p. 1.  



     Lahaina, June 4--A heavy earthquake lasting thirty seconds shook all Maui at 12:30 p.m. today. Light furniture and bric-a-brac were damaged everywhere.

    Severe on Molokai

Kamalo, Molokai, June 4--A severe earthquake shook Molokai at 12:30  today. Enormous rocks were detached from the mountain above here and rolled down the valley with a fearful noise. No serious damage was done.

    Hawaii heard from

 Manager Cross asked the operators of the Inter-Island Telegraph Co. on Hawaii to send particulars of the earthquake there. In reply it was stated that light shocks had occurred at Hilo and Honokaa. As they stopped at that, the inference was that the shock was less severe on the Big island than the others. Either that, or it takes a very great temblor to jar the island that monopolizes all the volcanoes.

    Temblor shook up Honolulu

An earthquake lasting 20-27 seconds took place yesterday in Honolulu at 12:29:24 and lasted until 12:29:55. The shock, or series of shocks, were distinctly felt in all parts of the city.

  In the business section the shocks were quite appreciable. The quake came with a sudden jolt which caused buildings to tremble. The shock was accompanied by rumbling. A few seconds and the shock was repeated, gradually wearing off into nothingness, to be repeated with less severity at intervals until it finally died out.

  In the grill room of the Young Hotel, the first shock came with what seemed to be a swaying of the building and a heavy rumbling. Diners stopped eating, the Chinese waiters came to dead halts and all talk was hushed. The contents of water coroffes [sic] heaved in miniature billows. When the occupants of the room finally divined the cause, watches were shipped out from pockets and the time taken. It seemed an interminable wait until the last shock had died away.

  At the same time looking from the windows of the grill room, just a perceptible swaying of the black smokestack of the Rapid Transit power house was apparent.

  In Waikiki, Kaimuki, Manoa and Nuuanu valleys the earthquake was quite apparent.

  In Manoa dishes were shaken from shelves and fell to the floor with a crash.

  Territorial Meteorologist Lydecker reports on the earthquake as follows: "My time for the earthquake was 12:27:25 p.m. and it lasted 23 seconds. There were two shocks, very close together, so close it seemed almost one. There was a slight lull between the two, the second one being heavier than the first. The first had a direction from south to north, and the second had a rotary motion, which caused sickness in the stomach for many. It shook the windows of houses in Punahou."



Anonymous, 1904, [no title]:  The Weekly Hilo Tribune, 06/10, p. 5.  [Also cited in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser of June 5 and 13 and July 14] 



     The slight earthquake shock experienced by Hiloites last Saturday noon was more vigorously felt on Molokai and Maui, where dishes and bric-a-brac suffered from the earth tremor.



Anonymous, 1904, [no title]:  Maui News, 06/11, p. 3.  



     A sharp jar of earthquake was felt in Wailuku last Saturday [June 4], but no damage was done. The jar was general throughout the island and did some minor damage.



Anonymous, 1904, The earthquake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 06/13, p. 6.  [Also cited in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser of June 5 and July 14 and the Hilo Tribune of June 10.] 



     The earthquake of last Saturday was the severest one experienced on Maui in several years. There were two or three shocks, the last being much the heaviest. In Paia and other parts of Makawao district china rattled, pictures swung to and fro, and walls of houses creaked and cracked ominously. At Kahului store much crockeryware was broken and bottles of salad oil smashed, the liquid running over shelves and floor. The vibration was the chief subject of conversation during the afternoon of the 4th.



Anonymous, 1904, [no title]:  The Weekly Hilo Tribune, 07/01, p. 5.  



     A pretty vigorous earthquake shock was felt [in Hilo] Tuesday night [June 28] at 10 o'clock.



Anonymous, 1904, News in a nutshell:  Hawaiian Star, 07/02, p. 8.  



     Hilo had a vigorous earthquake last Tuesday night [Jun. 28].



Anonymous, 1904, [no title]:  The Weekly Hilo Tribune, 07/15, p. 6.  



     There was an earthquake shock on Monday morning [July 11] about 11:00 o'clock, which was felt throughout the city [Hilo] but with more severity in Puueo. Tuesday morning [July 12] about 10 o'clock there was another shock [felt in Hilo].



Anonymous, 1904, Heavy quakes felt in Kau:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 07/20, p. 7.  



     The steamer Mauna Loa which got in early yesterday morning brings reports of heavy earthquake shocks in the Kau district. The shocks were very frequent and some were of considerable duration. No damage was reported. . . .



Anonymous, 1904, Signs of activity:  Hawaii Herald, 07/21, p. 1.  



     Volcano House, July 19--The heavy earthquake shock last Sunday [Jul. 17, 1904] caused a disturbance in the crater here that has kept up ever since. The walls began caving in immediately after the quake and lava has been falling since Sunday. The cones and cracks from which the sulphur fumes have escaped since last January are entirely covered by debris and the floor of the crater is entirely free from smoke. . . .



Anonymous, 1904, Violent earthquake; shock felt throughout district. Volcano changes shape:  The Weekly Hilo Tribune, 07/22, p. 2.  



     Last Sunday at 2:00 P.M. quite a seismic visitation came to Hilo and vicinity, waking the good inhabitants from their afternoon siestas, and tumbling pictures and bric-a-brac about in a heedless manner. The quaking was slow and steady, vibrating about 33 seconds, with a period in the middle of about 5 seconds of real genuine jolting. Houses and trees could be seen swaying to and fro, and considerable damage was done to crockery, glass, etc. The shake was felt at the Volcano House, which was rather unusual as most earthquakes that strike Hilo are merely felt at the Volcano. Evidently the shock caused several cracks in the wall of the crater for during the night there were cave-ins on the east and south sides of the pit. Walls heretofore of an angle of 50Á or 60Á are now perpendicular. The lava flow and cones are covered with about 50 or 60 feet of debris. The hot cracks are much hotter, and the crater itself is perfectly clear, no steam or sulphur fumes escaping at all. If this lack of smoke continues there is apt to be an explosion and outbreak shortly, according to kamaainas who profess to know.



Anonymous, 1904, Kilauea caves in:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 07/24, p. 10.  



     According to reports brought up to Hilo by the steamer Kinau an earthquake shock last Sunday caused the walls of the inner crater of Kilauea to cave in. The shock occurred at 2 p.m., the vibrations lasting for some 33 seconds with about five seconds of hard quake in the middle. The quake was felt at the Volcano house, an unusual thing. As no smoke is proceeding from the choked crater those who profess to know predict an outbreak of the pent up forces soon.



Anonymous, 1904, [no title], in Locals:  Maui News, 10/15, p. 2.  



     At 15 minutes to 4 o'clock yesterday morning [Oct. 14] Central Maui was shaken by a sharp shock of earthquake, no damage resulting.



Anonymous, 1904, Earthquake shock:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 10/15, p. 3.  



     Honolulu and its suburbs received a rather sharp and prolonged jar at 3:45 yesterday morning. There were two distinct temblors with a short interval between. On the Koolau side of the island the shock, according to reports, was heavier than in town. No damage is reported. Lahaina, Maui, felt a heavy quake at the same hour as Honolulu but without damage.



Anonymous, 1904, [no title]:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 10/17, p. 3.  [date or newspaper wrong-couldn't find in advertiser; column to left "Confidence"; column to right "J. above, picture of file drawers below"] 



     At 3:40 a.m. yesterday morning [10/14] East Maui people were awakened from slumber by the violent shaking of their beds, and their apartments and dwellings as well. The earthquake continued for several seconds. There were two shocks, one of longer duration than the other, Aside from the rocking, rattling and shaking there is little to make mention of.



Anonymous, 1904, [no title]:  The Weekly Hilo Tribune, 10/18, p. 5.  



     Distinct shocks of earthquake were felt by Hilo residents at 10:30 Wednesday night [Oct. 12], 9 a.m. Thursday [Oct. 13] and Friday morning [Oct. 14] at 3:40. It is reported that the smoke has cleared from Kilauea crater.



Anonymous, 1904, [no title], in Condensed local items:  The Weekly Hilo Tribune, 11/15, p. 5.  [The same event [with times of 8 and 8:15 p.m.] is reported in the Lyman diary (Wyss and others 1992) and the Pacific Commercial Advertiser of Dec. 19] 



     A distinct earthquake shock was felt Sunday night [Nov. 13] about 8:40 o'clock.



Anonymous, 1905, Hawaii visited by earthquake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 03/27, p. 1.  



     Hawaii experienced an earthquake on Friday evening [March 24] at about 8:30 o'clock. Purser Story of the steamer Noeau, in yesterday from Honokaa, reports the phenomenon.



Anonymous, 1905, [no title], in Weekly crop bulletin for the week ending March 25, 1905:  Hawaiian Gazette, 03/28, p. 4.  [Repeated from Pacific Commercial ] 



     The eruption of Kilauea, Hawaii continues.

[no mention of earthquakes]

Advertiser of Mar. 28, p. 6



Anonymous, 1905, [no title], in Weekly crop bulletin for the week ending March 25, 1905:  Pacific Commercial , 03/28, p. 6.  [Repeated in Hawaiian Gazette of Mar. 28, p. 4] 



     Advertiser

The eruption of Kilauea, Hawaii continues.

[no mention of earthquakes]



Anonymous, 1905, Heavy earthquake:  Hawaii Herald, 05/04, p. 5.  



     There was a rather heavy temblor in this district at 3:20 p.m. yesterday, the motion coming from all points of the compass at the same time. Dishes rattled on pantry shelves and bottles in the saloons jarred each other . . . The quake was light for the first two seconds and increased in violence until the motion ceased 10 seconds later. This is considered the heaviest shake Hilo has had in nine years. No damage is reported from the country.

  From the Volcano it is learned that the shock was quite distinct there, but . . . no material change was noted in the appearance of the [Halemaumau] lake. . . .

  At 4:10 there was another shock as severe, if not more so, than was the first. The clapper in the foreign church bell was dashed twice against the bell. There was considerable excitement among members of the Japanese colony and on Furneaux street, . . . [where] the women ran out of the houses in fear. At St. Joseph's convent there was an overturning of bottles and dishes, in some instances breaking them. In the saloons [with exposed glassware] no damage was sustained.

  The third and weakest shock occurred at 6:35 p.m. This one did not amount to much and was not noticed in some parts of town.



Anonymous, 1905, Heavy earthquake on Hawaii:  Hawaiian Star, 05/06, p. 3.  



     Hilo, May 4.--There was a rather heavy temblor in this district at 3:20 p.m. yesterday [May 3], the motion coming from all points of the compass at the same time. Dishes rattled on the pantry shelves and bottles in the saloons jarred each other worse than a Carter veto of the license bill. The quake was light for the first two seconds and increased in violence until the motion ceased ten seconds later. This is considered the heaviest shake Hilo has had in nine years. No damage is reported from the country

 From the Volcano it is learned that the shock was quite distinct there, but as well as could be ascertained at the hour of going to press no material change was observed in the appearance of the lake. No one had returned from the pit, however since the shake occurred.

 At 4:10 there was another shock as severe, if not more so, than the first. The clapper of the Foreign Church bell was dashed twice against the bell, there was considerable excitement among members of the Japanese colony and on Furneaux Street, where many Japanese reside, the women ran out of the houses in fear. At Saint Joseph's Convent there was an overturning of bottles and dishes, in some instances breaking them. In the saloons, where, it is said, there is much glassware exposed, no damage was sustained.

 The third and weakest shock occurred at 6:36 p.m.. This one did not amount to much and was not noticed in some parts of town



Anonymous, 1905, Pit filling up:  Hawaiian Star, 05/08, p. 8.  [Communication from Demosthenes Lycurgus] 



     Easter cone more active than ever. Cone spouting several hundred feet. Fresh lava covers floor of crater. Now visible from Volcano House all night. If lava continues as at present, will not be long before pit will overflow.



Anonymous, 1905, The earthquakes; most violent shocks felt in recent years:  The Weekly Hilo Tribune, 05/09, p. 5.  [Repeated from Hilo Tribune of May 9, 1905] 



     . . . . The seismic disturbances that commenced Wednesday afternoon of last week [May 3] and lasted through the night and early morn, are the hardest shakes given Hilo since the early eighties. While no crack opened through the town as in 1896, yet the vibrations seemed more violent. The first shock at 3:18 and the second at 4:10 in the afternoon caused considerable damage to furniture, bric-a-brac and china, and while there were shakes and jolts during the night at 6:34, 10:38, 10:55, 11:10, 1:00 [am May 4] and at intervals during the wee hours of the morn, yet there was no great damage done, except to nerves and delicate stomachs. The Hilo Drug Store, which suffered so considerable in 1896, escaped damage on this occasion. The frequency of the shocks and at such short intervals seemed to portend something ominous, and it was this feeling that aroused the inhabitants more than the damage to personal belongings. The shocks were felt at the Volcano house, causing the breaking up of the sulphur banks. No apparent difference has been noted in Madam Pele's continuous performance so there was no apparent connection between the Volcano and the subterranean rush of gas, lava and steam, which sent the molecules of the earth tumbling over each other in the violent seismic waves of last Wednesday. On Friday evening [May 5] Hilo received another visitation on a small scale. There were two shocks at about 5 p.m., another at 6:30, one at 7:15 and another at 8:20. On Sunday evening [May 7] at 7:20 p.m. another shock aroused the memory of man, "Lest he forget! Lest he forget!"



Anonymous, 1905, Hilo has the shakes; heavy earthquake jolts:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 05/12, p. 1.  [Repeated from Hilo Tribune of May 9, 1905] 



     Hilo. May 10--The seismic disturbances that commenced Wednesday afternoon of last week [May 3] and lasted through the night and early morn, are the hardest shakes given Hilo since the early eighties. While no crack opened through the town as in 1896, yet the vibrations seemed more violent. The first shock at 3:18 and the second at 4:10 in the afternoon caused considerable damage to furniture, bric-a-brac and china, and while there were shakes and jolts during the night at 6:34, 10:38, 10:55, 11:10, 1:00 [am May 4] and at intervals during the wee hours of the morn, yet there was no great damage done, except to nerves and delicate stomachs. The Hilo Drug Store, which suffered so considerable in 1896, escaped damage on this occasion. The frequency of the shocks and at such short intervals seemed to portend something ominous, and it was this feeling that aroused the inhabitants more than the damage to personal belongings. The shocks were felt at the Volcano house, causing the breaking up of the sulphur banks. No apparent difference has been noted in Madam Pele's continuous performance so there was no apparent connection between the Volcano and the subterranean rush of gas, lava and steam, which sent the molecules of the earth tumbling over each other in the violent seismic waves of last Wednesday. On Friday evening [May 5] Hilo received another visitation on a small scale. There were two shocks at about 5 p.m., another at 6:30, one at 7:15 and another at 8:20. On Sunday evening [May 7] at 7:20 p.m. another shock aroused the memory of man, "Lest he forget! Lest he forget!"



Anonymous, 1905, [no title], in Local Brevities:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 07/30, p. 12.  [date or newspaper wrong-couldn't find in advertiser; Sunday Advertiser-Local Brevities section] 



     "There were two slight earthquake shocks about dinner time last evening" [probably refers to same event as next report]

 "Parties who came over from the windward side of Oahu last night reported that a distinct shock of earthquake was felt at Waihole on Friday night" [July 28].



Anonymous, 1905, [no title], in Local Brevities:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 10/25, p. 9.  [Not reported in Weekly Crop Bulletin for week ending Oct. 21, 1905 (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 10/24/05, p. 6)] 



     There was a sharp earthquake shock on Hawaii late last week.



Anonymous, 1906, Kona felt the shock; Stirred up Mahukona:  Hawaii Herald, 04/26, p. 1.  



     Honokaa, April 25, (Special)--A severe shock of earthquake was felt here shortly before 2 o'clock this morning. It was followed by two others which were less severe. The first shock lasted about half a minute. At Kawaihae stone walls were shaken down and the cistern at Kaiser's was wrecked.

  Mahukona, April 25, (Special)--Earthquake shocks were felt here at an early hour this morning. They were followed by a succession of heavy rollers from the sea. No damage was done.



Anonymous, 1906, Temblors shake Hilo; three mild earthquake shocks woke city up early Wednesday morning:  Hawaii Herald, 04/26, p. 2.  [Repeated in Hawaiian Star and Hawaii Evening Bulletin of Apr. 28] 



     Three distinct shocks of earthquake were felt in Hilo during the early hours of Wednesday. . . . As it was, the temblors yesterday did no damage. In the absence of an official record it may be stated that the first shock came a minute or so before 2 a.m. It was preceded by a slight rumbling sound and to the casual observer seemed to be a movement from the mountains to the sea. While its movement was distinct it is not known that it did any more harm than merely robbing a few Hilonians of their beauty sleep.

  The second shock was very light. It came a few minutes after the first and was succeeded by another so light that many people did not feel it at all. By telephone it was learned that Kau experienced the temblors at the same time but suffered no damage.



Anonymous, 1906, Earthquake on Hawaii; three distinct shocks felt there last Wednesday at about 2 o'clock in morning:  Hawaiian Star, 04/28, p. 8.  [Except for Mahukona dateline, repeated from Hawaii Herald of Apr. 26] 



     Hilo, April 26--Three distinct shocks of earthquake were felt in Hilo during the early hours of Wednesday. . . . As it was, the temblors yesterday did no damage. In the absence of an official record it may be stated that the first shock came a minute or so before 2 a.m. It was preceded by a slight rumbling sound and to the casual observer seemed to be a movement from the mountains to the sea. While its movement was distinct it is not known that it did any more harm than merely robbing a few Hilonians of their beauty sleep.

  The second shock was very light. It came a few minutes after the first and was succeeded by another so light that many people did not feel it at all. By telephone it was learned that Kau experienced the temblors at the same time but suffered no damage.

Honokaa, April 26--A severe shock of earthquake was felt here shortly before 2 o'clock this morning. It was followed by two others which were less severe. The first shock lasted about half a minute. At Kawaihae stone walls were shaken down and the cistern at Kaiser's was wrecked.

Mahukona, April 26--Earthquake shocks were felt here at an early hour this morning. They were followed by a series of heavy rollers from the sea. No damage was done.



Anonymous, 1906, Hilo felt quakes on Wednesday morning:  Hawaii Evening Bulletin, 04/28, p. 2.  [Repeated from Hawaii Herald of Apr. 26] 



     Hilo, April 26.--Three distinct shocks of earthquake were felt in Hilo during the early hours of Wednesday [Apr. 25]. . . . As it was, the temblors yesterday did no damage. In the absence of an official record it may be stated that the first shock came a minute or so before 2 a.m. It was preceded by a slight rumbling sound and to the casual observer seemed to be a movement from the mountains to the sea. While its movement was distinct it is not known that it did any more harm than merely robbing a few Hilonians of their beauty sleep.

  The second shock was very light. It came a few minutes after the first and was succeeded by another so light that many people did not feel it at all. By telephone it was learned that Kau experienced the temblors at the same time but suffered no damage.



Anonymous, 1906, [no title], in Weather bulletin for the week ending April 28, 1906:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 05/01, p. 5.  [Repeated in Hawaiian Gazette, p. 8] 



       Pepeekeo--We experienced quite a heavy earthquake shock at 2:00 a.m., followed by two slight ones at intervals of 10 minutes

  Hakalau--A heavy earthquake shock was felt here at 1:57 a.m. of the 25th, and a lighter one at 10:55 p.m. of the 26th

  Kau--A heavy earthquake shock, with direction north to south, occurred on the 25th at 2 a.m.



Anonymous, 1906, Slight earthquake:  The Weekly Hilo Tribune, 05/01, p. 2.  



     A slight earthquake shock aroused some of the sleeping residents of the island at 2 a.m. Wednesday [April 25]. The whole island was affected in about the same degree--as was reported from the Volcano House, Waimea and Mahukona. . . .



Anonymous, 1906, Island pumice stone met, in News of the waterfront:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 05/26, p. 7.  



     For nearly 200 miles large pieces of floating pumice stone were passed by the bark St. Katherine, which arrived at this port last Friday from the Hawaiian Islands. They were seen on April 20, about 400 miles from the Island of Oahu. Captain Saunders is under the impression that the pumice stone was from a subterranean volcano which was in action at the time of the earthquake here. [possibly the large earthquake of 4/25/1906] It was undoubtedly of recent occurrence, as the pumice stone was massed together. On many of the large pieces deep se crabs were seen clinging. Captain Saunders brought several samples of the pumice stone and will present them to the Academy of Sciences.



Anonymous, 1906, Pumice stone is found, in News of the waterfront:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 05/30, p. 2.  



     Captains Schlemmer and Welsbarth bring news from the shores of the French Frigate Shoals, Laysan Island and other islands to the westward are covered with pumice stone. . . . The captains are of the opinion that this pumice stone came from near Formosa and was thrown upon the sea from some volcanic disturbance there. It is not thought that the pumice has anything to do with the San Francisco earthquake. The pumice at French Frigate Shoals is about the size of walnuts. At Laysan it was much larger. That at Laysan had been cast up on the beach on March 23, a month previous to the San Francisco quake. . . .



Anonymous, 1906, A quake at Hilo; a sharp temblor there night before last:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 08/21, p. 1.  



      There was a sharp earthquake here [Hilo] at 9 o'clock last evening.



Anonymous, 1906, Hilo has a light quake:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 09/01, p. 1.  



      There was a light earthquake here [Hilo] at 6:30 a.m.



Anonymous, 1906, Earthquake at Hilo followed by appearance of scalded fish:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 09/04, p. 1.  



     An earthquake occurred here at 6:40 a.m. Shortly afterwards hundreds of dead fish were strung along the beach. The fish were apparently scalded by a submarine eruption off Keaukaha.



Anonymous, 1906, A fish phenomenon:  The Weekly Hilo Tribune, 09/04, p. 5.  



     An unusual occurrence is reported by Fish and Food Inspector J.M. Hering. Since last Tuesday large numbers of dead fish have drifted ashore along the coast on both sides of Hilo Bay. . . .

  . . . the water was unusually warm, and this, in connection with the appearance of the fish, leads Mr. Hering to believe that the killing of them may have been due to submarine volcanic action, connected with the slight earthquake shock felt the Sunday evening previous [Aug. 31] at Hilo. Such a killing of fish occurred only once before, in the [18]70's, during an eruption of Mauna Loa.



Anonymous, 1906, Scalded fish drift up at Hilo; fish drift ashore dead at Hilo for the first time since the seventies:  Hawaiian Star, 09/05, p. 1.  



     After describing the fish kill, the article concludes as follows: . . ."leads Mr. Hering to believe that the killing of them may have been due to submarine volcanic action, connected with the slight earthquake shock felt the Sunday evening previous at Hilo. such a killing of fish occurred only once before in the '70s during an eruption of Mauna Loa."--Hilo Tribune



Anonymous, 1906, A severe earthquake; Hilo got another shock early yesterday morning:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 09/05, p. 1.  



      A severe earthquake was felt here [Hilo] at 3:15 this morning. It was not felt at the Volcano House and was felt lightly at Mountain View.



Anonymous, 1906, Deep water fish came up scalded:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 09/06, p. 7.  



     An account, taken from the Hilo Tribune, of the fish kill thought to be connected with the earthquake felt in Hilo on Aug. 31, possibly indicating submarine eruption.



Anonymous, 1906, [no title], in Local Brevities:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 09/10, p. 6.  [Quoted from the Hawaii Herald of 9/4/1906] 



     A sharp earthquake shock awakened most Hilonians at 3:15 a.m. Tuesday. Beyond disturbing slumbers, the temblor did no damage.



Anonymous, 1907, Volcano measured; report that crater moved was incorrect:  Hawaii Herald, 01/10, p. 2.  [Repeated in Hilo Tribune, Oct. 15, 1903] 



     A survey of Halemaumau by E.D. Baldwin showed the depth to be 597-602 feet and width of 1300 feet. The locus of activity was found to be in exactly the same place as it was in 1893.



Anonymous, 1907, Volcanic action appears to be confined to Kau; Authentic statement regarding outbreak:  Honolulu Evening Bulletin, 01/11, p. 1.  



     Hilo, Hawaii, Jan. 11--The crater on Mauna Loa broke out in eruption about midnight on Wednesday night; the illumination therefrom continued very brilliant until 4 o'clock in the morning, at which time it disappeared entirely.

 Fisherman who were in their boats off the Kona coast at the time reported that they saw a lava flow beginning at about the same place where the flow which occurred in 1887 commenced. However, it continued only a short distance until morning.

 The mountain has been clear aside from what appears to be a cloud of smoke. On the Kona side there is no indication of fire.

 "At Kapapala there were numerous earthquakes yesterday, but none of them were very severe. One shock took place at 1:30 o'clock and another at 9:30 o'clock yesterday evening, which was felt all over the island.

 This morning it was reported from Waiohinu, in the Kau district, that there had been five shocks felt there between the hours of 10 and 11 o'clock.

 At Pahala the shaking of the earth is almost continuous.

 There is still a little fire in the crater of Kilauea, but it appears to be in no way affected by the outbreak on Mauna Loa.

 The continuous earthquakes on the Kau side of the island are an indication of further activity.



Anonymous, 1907, Much interest is manifested in the Mauna Loa outbreak:  Hawaiian Star, 01/11, p. 1.  



     Mokuaweoweo burst out last night, about eleven-thirty . . . .  . . . Over thirty slight earthquakes have occurred here (Hilo) since midnight. . . .



Anonymous, 1907, Mokuaweoweo resumes her activity; fountains of fire play in the summit crater of Mauna Loa--Heavens lighted by subterranean glow:  Hawaiian Gazette, 01/11, p. 1, 8.  [Repeated in Pacific commercial advertiser of Jan. 11, 1904] 



     Accounts of the eruption in Mokuaweoweo. Start times are given variously as 11:30 p.m. and midnight. One correspondent says that "Over 30 slight earthquakes have occurred here (Hilo) since midnight." The article continues, stating that "There were no earthquake shocks just prior to the outbreaks of 1899 and 1903."



Anonymous, 1907, Fountains of fire play in the summit crater of Mauna Loa--heavens lighted by subterranean glow:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/11, p. 1, 2.  



     [Two different sources report that Mokuaweoweo came into eruption at 11:30 or around midnight on Jan. 9]

  . . . [A Hilo correspondent reports that] over thirty slight earthquakes have occurred here (Hilo) since midnight [Jan. 9-10].

  There were no earthquake shocks just prior to the outbreaks of 1899 and 1903. [The remainder of the article recalls those two eruptions].



Anonymous, 1907, Fire continues in both craters; slight earthquakes in Hilo district yesterday morning, glow seen in Kohala:  Hawaiian Star, 01/12, p. 10.  



      . . . Purser Beckley [of the S.S. Kinau] reports a few slight earthquakes of the earth in the Hilo district yesterday morning.

 . . . No earthquakes were felt in that [Kohala] district . . .



Anonymous, 1907, How the outbreak looked at Hilo:  Hawaiian Star, 01/12, p. 1.  



     Nearly all Hilo was awakened on Wednesday night by the outbreak at the summit of Mauna Loa. It was first seen at about midnight. . . .

 . . . There have been many earthquake shocks on the other side, especially at Kapapala and one was felt in Hilo at 1:30 p.m. on Thursday [Jan. 10]. Another slight one was felt at 9 in the evening.



Anonymous, 1907, Lava still flows from Volcano in Kau district:  Honolulu Evening Bulletin, 01/12, p. 1.  



     A report from a passenger on the Kinau covers continuing eruption from Mauna Loa's southwest rift zone, concludes with the statement:

 "There were a number of earthquakes in Kau, but very few in Kona."



Anonymous, 1907, Three forked stream of lava is flowing to the sea:  Honolulu Evening Bulletin, 01/14, p. 1.  



     The article described continuing eruption from Mauna Loa's southwest rift zone, including information that the flow was advancing at the rate of about seven miles per hour.



Anonymous, 1907, Mauna Loa is in activity:  Hilo Tribune, 01/15, p. 1.  



     [Subheads: Wonderful fiery spectacle witnessed from Hilo last Thursday morning; Flow crosses over Kahuku to the ocean; The government road covered and telephone system destroyed--second outbreak from the summit headed for the Kona side of the Island]

A report on the Mauna Loa eruption of 1907. There is a brief mention of seismic activity, as follows:

  Though not a solitary shock of earthquake was felt during the display in Hilo, it was learned that shocks were continuous at Montserrat's [Kapapala] Ranch, some thirty or forty being counted. During the day [Jan. 10], however, two temblors were felt in Hilo and a number of slight ones on the Puueo side of the Wailuku river. . . .



Anonymous, 1907, Kona reports new outbreak:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/15, p. 1, 7.  



     Most of the article chronicles the flow from Mauna Loa's southwest rift zone.

  "The flow, which was accompanied by frequent severe earthquakes, started at 7:30 a.m. on January 16 and the eruption ceased on January 31."



Anonymous, 1907, Mauna Loa sends lava to the ocean:  Hawaii Herald, 01/17, p. 1.  



     A report on the Mauna Loa eruption of 1907. A brief mention of seismic activity is made, as follows:

  The outbreak was utterly without warning, as far as is known. It was accompanied by a large number of earthquakes, on the other side of the island [from Hilo], and two or three in Hilo, though few people felt the Hilo ones. Those on the other side were severe and continuous enough to cause residents to pack their glassware and discuss moving, but no damage was done by the shakes.



Anonymous, 1907, [no title]:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 01/18, p. 1, 3.  



     Over 50 shocks have been felt at Pahala on Jan. 8 and 9, one quite heavy on the afternoon of Jan. 8, with swaying bushes and trees. [The Lyman diary (Wyss and others, 1992), does not mention either the heavy earthquake on Jan. 9 or the swarm of thirty earthquakes on the morning of Jan. 9, said to be felt in Hilo (see Pacific Commercial Advertiser, Jan. 11, 1907.]



Anonymous, 1907, New cones forming close to the coast in Manuka district; New outbreaks reported at Kahuku--fresh flow crosses government road--two hundred earthquake shocks:  Hawaiian Gazette, 01/18, p. 1, 8.  



     An account of the ongoing eruption from Mauna Loa's southwest rift zone.

    Repeated earthquake shocks (p. 8)

 Slight earthquake shocks continue to be felt throughout the island of Hawaii. Postmaster T.C. Wills, of Pahala . . . reports that two hundred distinct shocks have been felt [at Pahala] since the outbreak of Mauna Loa.

 Another resident of Pahala writes:

 . . . .

 "Thursday and Friday [Jan. 10-11] we felt at least fifty shocks or more of earthquake, the greater number being slight . . .

 "Thursday afternoon we had quite a heavy shock, plainly observing the trees and bushes swaying back and forth."

 The next section notes that Kilauea is exceptionally active.



Anonymous, 1907, Spectacle of lava from the sea; Captain Simerson of S.S. Mauna Loa tells of what he saw yesterday:  Hawaiian Star, 01/18, p. 1, 5.  



     Much of the article is about the Mauna Loa southwest rift eruption, ending with the following two paragraphs:

 Earthquakes of a slight nature, generally, are being felt all over the island: In Pahala two hundred shocks have been felt since the outbreak. Various places report all the way from eight to sixty ordinary shocks since the outbreak of the lava. We did not feel any of the earthquakes aboard ship. They were not severe enough.

 Purser Charles Jones of the S.S. Mauna Loa reports that at Punaluu last Tuesday [Jan. 15], 53 distinct earthquake shocks were felt. At Kailua the telephone operator at central informed the purser that sulphur fumes were very noticeable.



Anonymous, 1907, Weekly Weather Bulletin for the week ending Jan. 19, 1907:  Hawaiian Star, 01/22, p. 7.  [Abridged from the Pacific Commercial Advertiser of the same date] 



     Earthquake shocks were felt during the week at a number of stations in the western and southern portions of Hawaii. The observer at Kau (Waiohinu) reports that there were many earthquake shocks felt on the 10th and 11th, and a light one on the 16th. Also, that an eruption occurred on the south side of Mauna Loa on the 11th, and that three streams of lava, all from one source, were flowing toward the sea in south, southwest and west directions. Very little of the glow from the eruption was seen at Kealakekua (Davis), Hawaii.



Anonymous, 1907, [no title], in Local Brevities:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 04/04, p. 9.  [Not listed in Honolulu Bulletin (Hazard, 1911); No Crop Bulletin published for this week] 



     Various credible citizens [Honolulu] say they felt an earthquake moving west to east and lasting three to seven seconds at 12:43 o'clock Tuesday morning [Apr. 2].



Anonymous, 1907, [no title], in Local Brevities:  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 04/26, p. 9.  [Not listed in Honolulu Bulletin (Hazard, 1911)] 



     A slight shock of earthquake is reported to have been felt at Lihue, Kauai, between 12 and 1 o'clock Thursday morning [Apr. 25].



Anonymous, 1907, Quakes on Hawaii; two shocks felt on Tuesday morning--lasted for 40 seconds or longer:  Hawaiian Star, 06/14, p. 1.  



     Two severe earthquake shocks were felt on the Island of Hawaii on Tuesday last [Jun. 11], early in the morning.

 Purser of the S.S. Mauna Loa, which arrived early today from Hawaii and Maui ports, states that he was standing ashore at Honuapo, with many others, when a violent tremor was felt, the shake continuing steadily for about 40 seconds.

 Those aboard the Mauna Loa . . . did not feel the shake . . . Everybody on the wharf felt the shock and several declared that it was the heaviest they had felt on Hawaii.

 At 4 o'clock, 26 minutes later, another and almost as heavy shake was experienced, lasting longer.

 It was learned later that the shocks had been felt in Hilo, Kona and Waiohinu.

 . . .



Anonymous, 1907, Big Island shaken last Tuesday by earthquake shock; Recent lava flows emitting steam:  Honolulu Evening Bulletin, 06/14, p. 1.  



     Two heavy earthquake shocks occurred on the Kau coast last Tuesday morning . . . .

 The first shock was experienced at 3:43 a.m., and the last about fifteen minutes later. Purser of the Mauna Loa . . says they were tremendous. the trend of the temblor seemed seaward and the whole vessel shook and rolled as if in a heavy storm. . . .

 "We were lying off Honuapo, loading sugar," said this morning, when the shock occurred. It caused the steamer to tremble from stem to stern, so the shock must have been felt with considerable force on shore. The shocks seemed to be strongest in Kau, but they were also felt in the Kona district, even as far as the Maguire ranch at Heuhu. They were also felt in a small degree at Hilo, but the force seems to have diminished the further places were from Kau. I do not think that any damage was do