Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Russell C. Evarts, Jim E. O’Connor, and Terry L. Tolan Originator: Karen L. Wheeler, and Michael G. Sawlan (database) Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Geologic map of the Washougal quadrangle, Clark County, Washington and Multnomah County, Oregon Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: Scientific Investigations Map Issue_Identification: SIM 3257 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3257 Description: Abstract: This geologic map database provides new mapping at 1:24,000 scale in the Washougal 7.5-minute quadrangle east of Portland, Oregon. It was compiled largely from field observations by Evarts and O’Connor between 1999 and 2009 and M.S. thesis mapping of the Columbia River Basalt Group by Tolan in 1980–1981, slightly modified by Evarts. Traverses were conducted along most roads, streams, and other areas where geological information could be obtained, and observations were recorded at more than 130 field stations. Data were located on the 1994 USGS Washougal quadrangle topographic map, on 2005 NAIP imagery, and (or) on color aerial photographs taken on April 11, 1997, by WAC Corporation, Eugene, Oregon. Published geologic maps covering the map area were consulted, as were unpublished M.S. theses and the USGS field notes of Donald E. Trimble. Water-well drillers’ logs were obtained from Washington and Oregon state websites. Approximately 125 rock and sediment samples were collected for supplementary work to characterize and date map units. Volcanic rocks were classified on the basis of chemical analyses and thin-section examinations. Major- and trace-elements analyses of rocks were preformed by X-ray flouresence at the GeoAnalytical Larboratory at Washington State University in Pullman, Washington. Ar/Ar ages were acquired at the USGS geochronology laboratories in Menlo Park, California. Radiocarbon ages were determined at the USGS radiocarbon laboratory, Reston, Virginia, by J. McGeehin or at Beta Analytic, Inc., Miami, Florida. OSL and TL ages were provided by S.A. Mahan, USGS Luminescence Dating Laboratory, Denver, Colorado. Paleomagnetic properties used to identify units in the Columbia River Basalt Group were determined by J.T. Hagstrum at the USGS Paleomagnetic Laboratory in Menlo Park, California. Geologic linework was compiled on a scale-stable, mylar greenline base by transference from field sheets and stereo-pair air photos, scanned, and imported into ArcMap for attribution. Purpose: This database and accompanying plot files depict the distribution of geologic materials and structures at 1:24,000 scale. The report is intended to provide geologic information for the regional study of materials properties, landslide and seismic hazards, mineral potential, and groundwater resources to use in addressing land-use management issues. In addition, the report contains new information and interpretations about the regional geologic framework and history. However, the scale of this report does not provide sufficient detail for site-development purposes. Supplemental_Information: DIGITAL COMPILATION-Several ESRI ArcGIS feature classes were generated within an ArcGIS personal geodatabase during the construction of the Washougal quadrangle geologic map. The topographic base map remains as a digital raster graphic (DRG) and is overlain on the geology feature class in ArcMap at a 60% transparency level. Some custom menus were used to project, transform, edit, tag, and build points in the map. A digital layout or map collar was made with Adobe Illustrator. The map was exported from the layout view in ArcMap as an Adobe Illustrator file and added to a single Adobe Illustrator file that also contained the description of map units, correlation of map units, cross sections, and an index map. Differences between the maps as they appear in the final map sheet and as they appear in either the .mxd or .pmf files represent changes made in the Adobe Illustrator file to the symbology only and do not reflect any changes in the actual source data. The map is in UTM projection, zone 10, North American Datum of 1927, meters, and 1:24,000 scale. The explanatory pamphlet was saved to PDF from Microsoft Word. BASE MAP-The base map for the digital compilation is a Digital Raster Graphic (DRG) of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1:24,000-scale topographic map of the Washougal 7.5' quadrangle (1994), which has a 20-foot contour interval. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 10, North American Datum of 1927. The horizontal positional accuracy and datum of the DRG matches the accuracy and datum of the source map. The base map layer is a digital image, but no information other than location is attached to the lines. The base map is provided for reference only. SPATIAL RESOLUTION-Uses of this digital geologic map should not violate the spatial resolution of the data. Although the digital form of the data removes the constraint imposed by the scale of a paper map, the detail and accuracy inherent in map scale are also present in the digital data. The fact that this database was edited at a scale of 1:24,000 means that higher resolution information is not present in the dataset. Plotting at scales larger than 1:24,000 will not yield greater real detail, although it may reveal fine-scale irregularities below the intended resolution of the database. Similarly, where this database is used in combination with other data of higher resolution, the resolution of the combined output will be limited by the lower resolution of these data. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2013 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.37500 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.25000 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 45.625000 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 45.500000 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: American Geological Institute Glossary of Geology Theme_Keyword: Geology Theme_Keyword: Geologic map Theme_Keyword: Bedrock geology Theme_Keyword: Surficial geology Theme_Keyword: Geologic history Theme_Keyword: Geochemical analyses Theme_Keyword: Geochronology Theme_Keyword: Volcanic rocks Place: Place_Keyword: United States of America Place_Keyword: Pacific Northwest Place_Keyword: Washington Place_Keyword: Clark County Place_Keyword: Oregon Place_Keyword: Multnohmah County Place_Keyword: Cascade Range Place_Keyword: Portland Basin Place_Keyword: Washougal Place_Keyword: Columbia River Place_Keyword: Columbia River Gorge Place_Keyword: Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Place_Keyword: Sandy River Place_Keyword: Washougal River Stratum: Stratum_Keyword: Troutdale Formation Stratum_Keyword: Tertiary Volcanic Stratigraphy Stratum_Keyword: Boring volcanic field Stratum_Keyword: Missoula floods Temporal: Temporal_Keyword: Cenozoic Temporal_Keyword: Tertiary Temporal_Keyword: Quaternary Temporal_Keyword: Paleogene Temporal_Keyword: Neogene Temporal_Keyword: Pleistocene Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Users of this geospatial database and geologic information derived from it should acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the source of the data. Uses of this digital geologic map should not violate the spatial resolution of the data. Although the digital form of the data removes the constraint imposed by the scale of a paper map, the detail and accuracy inherent in map scale are also present in the digital data. The fact that this database was edited for a scale of 1:24,000 means that higher resolution information is not present in the dataset. Plotting at scales larger than 1:24,000 will not yield greater real detail, although it may reveal fine-scale irregularities below the intended resolution of the database. Similarly, where this database is used in combination with other data of higher resolution, the resolution of the combined output will be limited by the lower resolution of these data. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Version 5.2 (Build 3790) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcGIS 10.0.0.2414 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 671 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 10 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 0.000065 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.000065 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1927 Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke 1866 Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.400000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.978698 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Resolution: 0.000010 Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: contacts Entity_Type_Definition: Geologic Contacts Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Author Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. 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Attribute: Attribute_Label: LTYPE Attribute_Definition: Geologic Contact description Attribute_Definition_Source: Author Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: contact, approx. located Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Approximately located boundary between geologic units; positional accuracy generally within 5 mm at 1:24,000 (120 m on the ground) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: contact, certain Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Boundary between geologic units, positional accuracy generally within 2 mm at 1:24,000 (48 m on the ground) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: contact, inferred Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Boundary of uncertain location between geologic units; positional accuracy uncertain contact exists but location inferred from indirect evidence Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: fault, approx. located Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Trace of approximately located fault positional accuracy generally within 5 mm at 1:24,000 (120 m on the ground) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: fault, approx. located, queried Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Trace of approximately located fault,identity or existance questionable, concealed by younger unit positional accuracy uncertain but probably generally within 5 mm at 1:24,000 (120 m on the ground) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: fault, certain Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Trace of fault, positional accuracy generally within 2 mm at 1:24,000 (48 m on the ground) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: map boundary Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: map boundary of this 1:24000 study Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: normal fault, approx. located Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Trace of approximately located normal fault positional accuracy generally within 5 mm at 1:24,000 (120 m on the ground) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: normal fault, approx. located_mS Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Trace of approximately located normal fault positional accuracy generally within 5 mm at 1:24,000 (120 m on the ground), marker symbol showing downdip direction towards south Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: s.s. fault, r.l., approx. located_m Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Trace of approximately located right lateral strike-slip fault positional accuracy generally within 5 mm at 1:24,000 (120 m on the ground), with marker Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: s.s. fault, r.l., certain Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Trace of right lateral strike-slip fault positional accuracy generally within 2 mm at 1:24,000 (48 m on the ground) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: s.s. fault, r.l., certain_m Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Trace of right lateral strike-slip fault positional accuracy generally within 2 mm at 1:24,000 (48 m on the ground), with marker Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: water boundary Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Outline of a body of open water; positional accuracy within 1:24,000 National Map Accuracy Standards Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape_Length Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: contacts_concealed Entity_Type_Definition: Geologic Contacts Concealed Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Author Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: LTYPE Attribute_Definition: Geologic Contact description Attribute_Definition_Source: Author Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: contact, concealed Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Boundary between geologic units that is concealed by a younger unit; positional accuracy uncertain but probably generally within 5 mm at 1:24,000 (120 m on the ground) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: fault, concealed Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Trace of fault concealed by younger unit positional accuracy uncertain but probably generally within 5 mm at 1:24,000 (120 m on the ground) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: fault, concealed, queried Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Trace of fault,identity or existance questionable, concealed by younger unit positional accuracy uncertain but probably generally within 5 mm at 1:24,000 (120 m on the ground) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: normal fault, concealed_mN Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Trace of normal fault concealed by younger unit positional accuracy uncertain but probably generally within 5 mm at 1:24,000 (120 m on the ground), marker symbol showing downdip direction towards north Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: normal fault, concealed_mS Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Trace of normal fault concealed by younger unit positional accuracy uncertain but probably generally within 5 mm at 1:24,000 (120 m on the ground), marker symbol showing downdip direction towards south Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: reverse fault, concealed Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Trace of reverse fault concealed by younger unit positional accuracy uncertain but probably generally within 5 mm at 1:24,000 (120 m on the ground) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: s.s. fault, r.l., concealed_m Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Trace of right lateral strike-slip fault concealed by younger unit positional accuracy uncertain but probably generally within 5 mm at 1:24,000 (120 m on the ground) with marker Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Length Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Fault_Name Attribute_Definition: Name of Fault Attribute_Definition_Source: Author Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Text Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: geology_polys Entity_Type_Definition: Geologic Unit Descriptions Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: ObjectID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape_Length Attribute_Definition: Length of feature in internal units. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape_Area Attribute_Definition: Area of feature in internal units squared. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: PTYPE Attribute_Definition: Geologic Unit Abbreviation Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: af Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Artificial fill (Holocene)—Unconsolidated soil, sand, gravel, and crushed rock used for highway and railroad beds, levees, and small dams Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qe Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Eolian deposits (Holocene)—Unconsolidated, well-sorted sand forming small dunes cresting as high as 5 m above adjacent floodplain level along Columbia River. Composed of fine to coarse, micaceous quartzofeldspathic sand of Columbia River provenance. Position on Columbia River floodplain deposits indicates dunes less than 2-3 ky old. Historically active but now mostly vegetated and stable owing to circa 1940s diminishment of sand supply from beaches and sand bars flanking Columbia River that were more frequently exposed prior to flow regulation Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qac Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Alluvium of Columbia River floodplain and channel (Holocene)—Unconsolidated fine sand, silt, and clay that underlies historic floodplain, islands, and bars of the Columbia River at elevations less than 30 ft (10 m); composed largely of quartz, feldspar, and conspicuous muscovite.Near tributary mouths, unit includes rare lenses of cobble to pebble gravel composed largely of well-rounded clasts reworked from Troutdale Formation; also includes local unmapped areas of dredge spoils and other fills, and possibly eolian deposits. Sections exposed in banks, excavations, and drill core samples commonly show sand-silt couplets as thick as 30 cm thick; basal sands locally display ripple cross lamination, planar lamination, and tabular foresets; capping silt and clay beds generally massive and bioturbated; couplets interpreted as deposits of large Columbia River floods before substantial 20th century river regulation and floodplain diking. Unit includes local diatomaceous beds and layers of organic-rich sediment that probably formed in floodplain marshes, ponds, and lakes, as well as thin (< 2 cm) tephra beds from Holocene eruptions of Mount St. Helens. These deposits resulted from river aggradation since the last-glacial sea-level low stand at about 15 ka (Baker, 2002); locally extends to 300 ft (90 m) below sea level in the map area (Hoffstetter, 1984; Hartford and McFarland, 1989; Gates, 1994; Pratt and others, 2001; Rapp, 2005). Consistent with this, in the adjacent Camas quadrangle, alluvium of the Columbia River contains fluvially concentrated 7.7-ka Mazama tephra (Gates, 1994) at 45 ft (14 m) below sea level. Regionally, most deposits above modern low-water river level (3 ft (1 m) above sea level in map area) are younger than 2000 years old and most dated deposits forming Reed Island are less than 500 years old (table 3) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qa Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Alluvium (Holocene and Pleistocene)—Unconsolidated sand, gravel, and organic-rich mud along rivers and creeks, and in seasonally inundated depressions. Deposits along Washougal, Little Washougal, and Sandy Rivers consist mostly of stratified sand and cobble to pebble gravel; deposits along smaller watercourses are more variable. Known thicknesses everywhere less than 10 m. Holocene alluvium along the Sandy River post-dates late 18th-century Old Maid eruptive period from Mount Hood (included in Qh) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qt Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Talus deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene)—Unsorted accumulations of large angular basalt blocks below cliffs composed of Quaternary lava flows (Qmmn and Qmbb) north of Mount Norway and near Broughton Bluff; include post-landslide rockfall deposits at base of headwall scarps Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qls Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Landslide deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene)—Diamicts of unsorted, angular bedrock and surficial material transported down slope en masse. Chiefly deep-seated, semi-coherent slumps and internally disrupted rockslide, earthflow, and debris-flow deposits. Many mapped slides head at arcuate scars and exhibit subhorizontal tops, bulbous toes, and hummocky, poorly drained surfaces. Large landslide complexes developed along Washougal River and east of Chanticleer Point where Pliocene and Quaternary lava flows overlie deeply weathered Troutdale Formation or Columbia River Basalt Group Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qh Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Deposits derived from the Mount Hood volcano (Holocene)—Unconsolidated, stratified sand and gravel and diamictons composed of volcanic debris transported down Sandy River from Mount Hood; underlie an extensive lowland north of Broughton Bluff informally known as the Sandy River delta. As thick as 25 m in lower Sandy River valley (Pierson and others, 2009) and 9 m in Sandy River delta where locally interbedded with Columbia River overbank deposits and almost everywhere overlain by as much as 1 m of more recent Columbia River floodplain deposits (Rapp, 2005). Sand and gravel form planar or cross-stratified beds that typically fine upwards; gray except for fine sand beds, which are locally red to pinkish. Gravel clasts are dominantly fresh, porphyritic, pyroxene and hornblende andesites; sand composed mostly of angular to sub-rounded, gray to red lithic (andesite) fragments, 5–20 percent clear plagioclase fragments, and 2–10 percent equant hornblende crystals. Diamictons are brown to brownish gray, massive to weakly stratified beds, 0.5 to 5 m thick, composed of 30–50 percent angular andesite fragments up to 10 cm diameter in matrix of sand, silt, clay, and wood (Rapp, 2005). Numerous radiocarbon ages (table 3) and regional stratigraphic relations show that these deposits are younger than 1600 years old. Stratified sand and gravel interpreted to represent fluvial aggradation triggered by highly increased sediment supply following Mount Hood eruptions. Diamicts are interpreted as deposits of Mount Hood lahars produced in conjunction with eruptive activity. Deposits were chiefly formed during and after the Timberline and Old Maid eruptive episodes of Crandell (1980); diamictons and stratified sands older than 800 years are related to the Timberline period, which began about A.D. 400 (Rapp, 2005; Pierson and others, 2009). Timberline-age deposits underlie much of the Sandy River delta and aggraded the lower Sandy River valley within the map area by as much as 25 m (Pierson and others, 2009). Post-A.D. 1780 (Pringle and others, 2002; Pierson and others, 2010) Old Maid-age deposits form stratified sand and gravel aggradation sequences as thick as 23 m thick in the Sandy River valley, overtopping and burying much of the Timberline-age deposits; they also form several channel-fill deposits, as thick as 5 m, in the Sandy River delta (Rapp, 2005) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qlo Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Loess (Holocene and (or) Pleistocene)—Massive unconsolidated deposits of light-gray to buff, micaceous, quartz-feldspathic eolian silt and fine sand; commonly contains isolated granules and small pebbles; locally capped with strongly developed red soils, especially on higher uplands. Forms widespread mantle up to 25 m thick on upland south of Columbia River. Less-weathered accumulations mantle flatter surfaces along south side of Columbia River valley near Corbett Station. Overlies 970-ka basaltic andesite of Broughton Bluff but probably deposited during several episodes throughout late Quaternary time; includes Holocene accumulations closer to the Columbia River (table 3) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qtds1 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Sandy River terrace deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene)—Fluvial gravel and sand forming sets of terraces in Sandy River valley; include Mount Hood lahar deposits. Divided into three units based on differences in tread elevations and weathering characteristics—Terrace deposits 1 (Holocene and Pleistocene)—Poorly exposed, unconsolidated, sandy cobble to boulder gravel up to 20 m thick underlying terrace surfaces at elevations between 160 and 190 ft (50 and 60 m) along Sandy River. Consist of subhorizontal gravel sheets, 0.5 to 5 m thick, locally separated by thin sand lenses; poorly sorted, locally imbricated, and varies from compact clast-supported cobble and boulder gravel with sand matrix to loose open-work cobble gravel; subangular to well rounded clasts include common large (up to 1 m diameter) boulders of hornblende andesite. Deposit contains at least one 1-m-thick bed of silty lithic-rich sand inferred to be the distal facies of a Mount Hood lahar. Exhibits weakly developed soil profile and weathering rinds on fine-grain volcanic clasts <1 mm thick, suggesting relative youth; Not covered by Missoula-flood deposits so must postdate 20–15-ka cataclysmic flooding. Thermoluminescence analysis on the lithic-rich sand gave an age of 14.3±1.2 ka (table 4), consistent with deposition after the Missoula floods. Presence may reflect deposition behind the immense Missoula-flood bar extending southwestward of Broughton Bluff (Evarts and O’Connor, 2008) that temporarily blocked the Sandy River at its confluence with the Columbia River. Equivalent to Sandy River terrace deposits (Qtds) mapped in adjacent Camas quadrangle (Evarts and O’Connor, 2008) and equivalent in part to Estacada Formation of Trimble (1963) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qtds2 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Sandy River terrace deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene)—Terrace deposits 2 (Pleistocene)—Unconsolidated sandy gravel underlying distinct benches along the Sandy River valley; as thick as 20 m thick but only exposed along steep valley slopes and in cuts along roads and tracks descending to valley bottom. Consists of subhorizontal gravel sheets, 0.5-5 m thick, locally separated by thin sand lenses; poorly sorted, locally imbricated, minimally weathered; and varies from compact clast-supported boulder and cobble gravel with sand matrix to loose open-work cobble gravel; subangular to well rounded clasts include common large (up to 1 m diameter) boulders of hornblende andesite, especially near base. Overlies hyaloclastic sandstone member of the Troutdale Formation (Ttfh) at elevations between 140 and 205 ft (40 and 60 m). Everywhere overlain by fine-grained Missoula-flood deposits (Qfs) at elevations between 165 and 245 ft (50 and 75 m). Locally capped at southern end of map area by < 3 m of horizontally bedded feldspar- and lithic-rich sand and angular andesite gravel supported by silt and sand matrix; inferred to represent lahar and lahar-runout deposits, probably from Mount Hood eruptions, and probably correlative to similar but thicker volcanogenic sequences south of the map area (J.W. Vallance and J.E. O’Connor, unpub. mapping). Age uncertain, but lack of weathering at contact with overlying fine-grained Missoula-flood silt (Qfs) indicates that, in part, the unit closely pre-dates the 20–15 ka Missoula floods; optically stimulated luminescence ages from correlative deposits south of the map area range from >155 ka to 22.4±2.5 ka (table 4). Distribution and composition of unit indicate deposition during Sandy River aggradational phase, likely in part coinciding with late Wisconsin (30–20 ka) glaciation of Mount Hood region and late last-glacial eruptive events at Mount Hood. Corresponds in part to the Estacada Formation as defined and mapped by Trimble (1963), but probably older than the 14–12-ka Clackamas River gravel (Wampler, 2004) that composes the type section of the Estacada Formation. Equivalent to ancestral Sandy River alluvium (Qaas) mapped in adjacent Camas quadrangle (Evarts and O’Connor, 2008) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qtds3 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Sandy River terrace deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene)—Terrace deposits 3 (Pleistocene)—Weathered and unconsolidated sandy gravel underlying terraces and uplands along the Sandy River; forms deposits as thick as 35 m thick that underlie dissected benches with surfaces as high as 540 ft (165 m) elevation. Composed of sandy bouldery cobble gravel in poorly sorted, clast-supported beds up to 5 m thick with lenses of gray silty coarse sand. Some beds contain abundant subrounded clasts, as large as 1 m across, of Mount Hood-derived hornblende andesite; other common clast types include light-gray, olivine-phyric, Pliocene to Pleistocene basaltic rocks, andesites eroded from the Rhododendron Formation and dark gray to black aphyric rocks of the Columbia River Basalt Group. Most clasts, especially Mount Hood andesites in upper parts of exposures, are highly weathered and easily cut by shovel or broken by rock hammer, revealing weathering rinds several millimeters to 1 cm thick; sand matrix commonly leached to light gray color. Basal contacts where exposed are strath surfaces on hyaloclastic sandstone member of the Troutdale Formation (Ttfh) at elevations between 300 and 350 ft (90 and 105 m). Locally capped by loess (Qlo) and fine-grained Missoula-flood deposits (Qfs).Distribution and composition of unit indicate deposition during a major aggradational episode in the ancestral Sandy River, probably in conjunction with glaciation of the Mount Hood region; concentrations of Mount Hood andesite boulders and gray silty sands may reflect deposition, in part by lahars, associated with eruptive activity. Age uncertain, but probably much greater than 100 ka judging from weathering and geomorphic position. Luminescence analysis on sand near the base of the unit in the southern part of the map area indicates some of these deposits are older than 220 ka (table 4). Corresponds in part to the Gresham Formation as defined and mapped by Trimble (1963) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qtdwl Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Washougal River terrace deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene)—Fluvial gravel and sand forming terraces in valleys of Washougal and Little Washougal Rivers (Holocene and Pleistocene)—Terrace deposits of lower Washougal River (Holocene and Pleistocene)—Unconsolidated sandy gravel and sand underlying small terraces, with elevations between 50 and 130 ft (15 and 40 m), along lower Washougal River; generally < 10 m thick. Gravel is poorly sorted, locally imbricated, and varies from compact with sand matrix to loose openwork texture. Clasts subangular to well rounded, derived from Tertiary volcanic and granitic rocks of Cascade Range, Columbia River Basalt Group, and Troutdale Formation. Deposits minimally weathered; inferred to represent aggradation behind former blockage by coarse-grained Missoula-flood bar (Qfg) that now constricts mouth of Washougal River Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qtdwu Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Washougal River terrace deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene)—Terrace deposits of upper Washougal River (Pleistocene)—Unconsolidated to weakly consolidated cobbly gravel and sand forming terraces along Washougal River north and northeast of Mount Norway; tread elevations between 190 and 310 ft (60 and 95 m); generally less than 5 m thick. Poorly to moderately well sorted and imbricated, with matrix of coarse sand. Clasts as large as 50 cm across, well rounded to subrounded, composed of Cascade-derived volcanic and granitic rocks. Age uncertain but absence of weathering rinds indicates late Quaternary age. Found within reach of river flanked by large landslide complexes; probably formed during short-lived periods of aggradation behind stream-blocking landslides Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qtdl Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Washougal River terrace deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene)—Terrace deposits of Little Washougal River (Pleistocene)—Unconsolidated, little-weathered gravel and sand flanking Little Washougal River; as much as 5 m thick. Gravel is poorly sorted, composed of subangular to well rounded clasts derived from Tertiary volcanic and granitic rocks of Cascade Range, Columbia River Basalt Group, and Troutdale Formation. Inferred to record aggradation behind landslides that temporarily blocked river Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qfs Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Cataclysmic-flood deposits (Pleistocene)—Sediment deposited by colossal glacier-outburst floods caused by repeated failure of ice dam at Clark Fork River that formed Pleistocene Lake Missoula in western Montana (Bretz, 1925, 1959; Bretz and others, 1956; Trimble, 1963; Allison, 1978; Baker and Bunker, 1985; Waitt, 1985, 1994, 1996; Atwater, 1986; O’Connor and Baker, 1992; Benito and O’Connor, 2003). Largest floods achieved stages of 400 to 500 ft (120 to 150 m) as they spread and slowed over the eastern Portland Basin after exiting the western Columbia River Gorge with velocities of 35 m/s at peak discharge (Benito and O’Connor, 2003). Deposited coarse traction load in series of large bars and plains, chiefly west of the map area and including the Portland delta of Bretz (1925). Downstream constrictions temporarily ponded floodwater in Portland Basin, promoting deposition (Trimble, 1963). Radiocarbon and tephrochronologic data from outside the map area indicate depositional ages of 20 to 15 ka (Waitt, 1985, 1994; Atwater, 1986; Benito and O’Connor, 2003; Clague and others, 2003; O’Connor and Benito, 2009). Coarse bedload deposits and fine slack-water deposits mapped separately. Qfs—Sand and silt facies—Unconsolidated light brown to light gray silt, clay, and fine to medium sand. As much as 20 m thick at low elevations in the region but thins toward upper mappable extent at 400 ft (120 m) elevation in the map area. Upper map limit only approximately placed on basis of topography owing to the difficulty in distinguishing unit from similar loess and clayey soils that cover most upland surfaces. Poorly exposed, but rare fresh exposures show multiple, 0.25-to-1.5-m thick, fining-upward sequences of ripple cross-stratified, very fine sand grading up to massive bioturbated clayey silt. Sand composed of quartz, feldspar, and conspicuous mica, indicative of a Columbia River provenance. Coarser sand facies contain abundant dark volcanic rock fragments. Interpreted as slack-water sediment settled from temporarily ponded floodwater. May locally include compositionally similar loess. Regionally correlative to Trimble’s (1963) Quaternary lacustrine deposits (Qlg), but he shows no such deposits in the map area Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qfg Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Gravel facies—Unconsolidated, gray, stratified, bouldery to cobbly gravel and sand organized into prominent large bar along lower reach of Washougal River. Base not exposed, but bars reach heights of 20 m above enveloping Columbia River floodplain. Well logs west of the map area indicated total thickness locally as great as 68 m (Hoffstetter, 1984; Hartford and McFarland, 1989). Texturally and compositionally variable; most clasts derived from Columbia River Basalt Group but also includes blocks of Troutdale Formation and Pliocene–Quaternary Cascadian basalt, all probably entrained in the western Columbia River Gorge. Likely deposited during multiple flood events between 20 and 15 ka (Benito and O’Connor, 2003; O’Connor and Benito, 2009). Finer sand facies probably deposited by late floods confined to Columbia River valley. Mostly equivalent to Trimble’s (1963) Quaternary lacustrine gravel (Qlg) but unit includes local sand accumulations below 200 ft (60 m) elevation, in part mapped as sand and silt deposits (Qs) by Trimble (1963) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: QTc Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Unnamed conglomerate (Pleistocene and Pliocene?)—Unconsolidated to semiconsolidated, deeply weathered, pebbly to bouldery conglomerate; overlies lithologically similar but older conglomerate member of the Troutdale Formation (Ttfc); thick-bedded, poorly sorted to moderately well sorted, clast-supported, commonly imbricated and crossbedded; includes thin lenses (<2 m thick) of basaltic and (rarely) quartzofeldspathic sand. Well rounded to subrounded clasts as large as 50 cm across derived mostly from Columbia River Basalt Group; sparse clasts of volcanic rocks eroded from Cascade Range and quartzite also present. Typically more poorly sorted and has more diverse clast population than underlying Troutdale Formation conglomerate member, but general lithologic similarity of the two units makes contact difficult to locate; inferred to be more than 60m thick where exposed in landslide scarps on south side of Little Washougal River valley. Clast imbrication indicates transport to northwest. Age uncertain but to west of map area overlies hyaloclastic sandstone member of Troutdale Formation (Ttfh) (Evarts and O’Connor, 2008) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: QTfg Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Unnamed fan gravel (Pleistocene and Pliocene?)—Deeply weathered unconsolidated sand and cobbly gravel poorly exposed along Sandy River valley near southern boundary of quadrangle; underlies extensive northwest sloping piedmont surface south of the map area and west of Sandy River. Clasts consist chiefly of andesite and other Cascade Range rock types; weathering rinds on clasts exceed 1 cm thick. Locally includes diamicts, interpreted as lahar and lahar-runout deposits, that contain 1-m-diameter clasts of pyroxene and hornblende andesite. Capped by as much as (25 m) of strongly oxidized and pedogenically altered micaceous silt, inferred to be loess (Qlo). Morphology and composition of unit indicate deposition in broad fan by an ancient Sandy River draining Cascade Range. Topographic position, degree of weathering, and thick overlying loess mantle imply substantial age, probably early Pleistocene. Lahar deposits derived from an ancient volcanic center, possibly the Sandy Glacier volcano (Wise, 1969; Sherrod and Scott, 1995) located in the Mount Hood area. Mapped as Springwater Formation by Trimble (1963), but geomorphic relations outside the map area indicate that it is probably younger than deposits in the type area near Springwater, about 30 km south of map area Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Ttfh Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Troutdale Formation (Pliocene and Miocene?)—Semi-consolidated to well consolidated conglomerate and sandstone. Divided into two informal members that, in the map area, are typically separated by an erosional unconformity. Ttfh—Hyaloclastic sandstone member (Pliocene)—Fluvial sedimentary strata distinguished by indurated, coarse sandstone composed of abundant grains of glassy, olivine+plagioclase-phyric basalt and conglomerate that contains olivine-bearing basalt clasts; well exposed on Crown Point Highway and along Sandy River, where it overlies and intertongues with micaceous, arkosic sandstone, siltstone, and claystone of the Sandy River Mudstone (Tsr). Hyaloclastic sandstone (equivalent to vitric sandstone of Trimble (1963) and Tolan and Beeson (1984)) consists largely to entirely of angular to subrounded fragments, 2 to 6 mm across, of black, generally nonvesicular basalt that contains phenocrysts of olivine (0.5-2 mm) and plagioclase (1-3 mm) in a glassy (sideromelane) to intergranular groundmass; sideromelane partly to completely altered to palagonite, which cements sandstone and imparts a distinctive yellowish-brown color to the originally dark green rock; many beds contain minor admixed nonvolcanic debris such as quartz, muscovite, hornblende, and potassium feldspar. Sandstone ranges from poorly sorted to well sorted; typically thick-bedded, commonly lenticular, cross-bedded, and contains dispersed pebbles and cobbles of olivine-bearing basalt. Interbedded conglomerate mostly well-sorted and clast supported; consists of well rounded to subrounded pebbles and cobbles of variably vesicular, olivine+plagioclase-phyric basalt, basaltic rocks of Columbia River Basalt Group, and generally minor amounts of quartzite and other rock types; some conglomerate beds poorly sorted, with subangular basalt boulders as large as 1 m across. Angular nonvesicular vitric clasts in hyaloclastic sandstone beds interpreted as debris generated by basalt-water interaction in the Columbia River Gorge that was rapidly transported downstream and deposited in eastern Portland Basin (Trimble, 1963; Swanson, 1986, 1988). Vitric clasts and associated basalt cobbles exhibit a low-potassium-tholeiite composition (Swanson, 1986, 1988; Lite; 1992; A.W. Sarna-Wojcicki, written commun, 2005; table 1, no. 34), indicating probable derivation from compositionally similar middle Pliocene basalt flows east of map area (Swanson, 1986, 1988; R.C. Evarts and R.M. Conrey, unpub. mapping) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Ttfc Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Troutdale Formation (Pliocene and Miocene?)—Conglomerate member (Pliocene and (or) Miocene)—Consolidated, well sorted, clast-supported, pebble and cobble conglomerate composed largely of well-rounded clasts of Columbia River Basalt Group with minor but persistent quartzite and granitic and felsic metamorphic rocks; sparse interbeds of volcanic lithic and micaceous quartzofeldspathic sandstones; mapped only north of Columbia River but some conglomerate mapped as Ttfh south of river, especially west of Chanticleer Point, may actually belong to this unit. Intensely weathered to depths of several meters. Well logs indicate unit is more than 200 m thick east of Campen Creek. Equivalent in part to upper member of Troutdale Formation of Mundorff (1964) and to lower member of Troutdale Formation of Tolan and Beeson (1984) (see fig. 4). Late Miocene to early Pliocene age inferred from stratigraphic relations outside of quadrangle (Trimble, 1963; Tolan and Beeson, 1984) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Tsr Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Sandy River Mudstone (Pliocene and Miocene)—Semiconsolidated, well-bedded sandstone, siltstone, claystone, and minor quartzite-bearing conglomerate, pumice-lapilli tuff, and lignite; crops out along Sandy River at south edge of map area (Trimble, 1963. Thickness highly variable due to lateral gradations to gravel and to erosion; well logs shown unit thicknesses less than 65 m in Sandy River area (Swanson and others, 1993) but more than 150 m thick where buried beneath volcanic rocks and landslide debris in northern part of map area; may be more than 300 m thick in Camas quadrangle to west (Hartford and McFarland, 1989; Swanson and others, 1993). Sandy and silty beds are bluish gray in fresh exposures, but more typical weathered exposures are light brown and commonly limonite-cemented. Consist of subangular grains of quartz, feldspar, various rock fragments, muscovite, and minor biotite, tourmaline, magnetite, hornblende. Thin claystone beds varicolored, commonly carbonaceous and locally tuffaceous. Planar and trough crossbeds and cut-and-fill structures within sandy horizons indicate a fluvial depositional environment. Age poorly known but probably ranges from middle Miocene to middle Pliocene; in Mount Norway area, well logs indicate unit underlies the conglomerate member of the Troutdale Formation (Ttfc) along a sharp, probably unconformable, contact, whereas to west of map area, it underlies or is interbedded with lower part of hyaloclastic sandstone member of Troutdale Formation (Ttfh) (Evarts and O’Connor, 2008) inferred to be about 3 to 4 m.y. old; plant fossils from localities near top of unit along Sandy River just south of quadrangle assigned an early Pliocene age (Chaney, 1944; Treasher, 1942; Trimble, 1963; Tolan and Beeson, 1984) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qmmn Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE BORING VOLCANIC FIELD—Basaltic andesite of Mount Norway (Pleistocene)—Light-gray, aphyric, pilotaxitic, calc-alkaline basaltic andesite (56–57 wt percent SiO2) underlying area around Mount Norway (Trimble, 1963, Allen, 1975; Mundorff, 1964); very platy flow with weathered vesicular flowtop well exposed in headwall scarp of large landslide complex along Washougal River; well logs indicate flow is more than 120 m thick north of Nichols Hill. Weathered scoria and ash cut by dike exposed in roadcut on north flank of Mount Norway, which presumably marks vent (Qmmn-cc); Nichols Hill also composed of pyroclastic debris and is probably a subsidiary vent (Qmmn-cc). Overlies basaltic andesite of Bear Prairie (Qmbp). Chemically characterized by intermediate K2O content (about 0.9 wt percent (table 2, fig. 2C). Normal magnetic polarity (J.T. Hagstrum, written commun., 2008); sample from roadcut directly northwest of Mount Norway gave an 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 693±9 ka (table 2) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qmpm Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE BORING VOLCANIC FIELD—Basaltic andesite of Pepper Mountain (Pleistocene)—Weathered flow of platy, microvesicular, olivine-phyric to microphyric basaltic andesite that caps ridge south of Howard Canyon; erupted from vent at Pepper Mountain, about 6 km east of map area (R.C. Evarts and R.M. Conrey, unpub. mapping); no more than 10 m thick. Consists of olivine phenocrysts and microphenocryst (5–8 percent; up to 1 mm across, a few as large as 2 mm across; commonly altered to clay; chromian spinel inclusions) and traces of plagioclase and clinopyroxene in fine grained trachytic groundmass of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxide. Calc-alkaline, with Mg# = 62–67, K2O=1.0–1.2 wt percent; relatively high Ba (500–650 ppm), Sr (1040–1300 ppm), and Ba/Nb (50–80) (table 1). Magnetic polarity unknown; sample collected to 5 km east of map area yielded an 40Ar/39Ar age of 846±6ka (R.C. Evarts, unpub. mapping; R.J. Fleck, written commun., 2012) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qbch Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE BORING VOLCANIC FIELD—Basalt of Chamberlain Hill (Pleistocene)— Blocky- to columnar-jointed flow(s) of gray, diktytaxitic, tholeiitic basalt (49.6-50.5 wt percent SiO2) exposed near Chamberlain Hill, a cinder cone (Qbch-cc) that marks the probable vent (Treasher, 1942; Trimble, 1963; Allen, 1975); maximum thickness about 60 m. Contains phenocrysts of olivine (4–5 percent; 1 to 2 mm across; variably oxidized to iddingsite or an oxide phase; inclusions of chromian spinel) and plagioclase (2–4 percent; 1 to 2 mm long) in holocrystalline intergranular groundmass of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and Fe-Ti oxide; troctolite clots common. Reversed magnetic polarity (J.T. Hagstrum, written commun., 2006). An 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 1159±14ka was obtained from sample collected in rockpit on Mershon Road (table 2) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qmbp Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE BORING VOLCANIC FIELD—Basaltic andesite of Bear Prairie (Pleistocene)—One or more flows of light- to dark-gray, columnar-jointed, porphyritic, calc-alkaline basaltic andesite (52.5–53 wt percent SiO2) that underlie area west-northwest of Mount Norway; thickness in map area between 25 and 50 m (80 and 160 ft). Erupted from vents marked by cinder cones in Larch Mountain quadrangle to north (Trimble, 1963; Allen, 1975; Hammond and Korosec, 1983; R.C. Evarts, unpub mapping); subsequent incision by Washougal River has separated flows in map area from source area. Flows contain olivine phenocrysts (about 6 percent; 1 to 2 mm across; variably oxidized; inclusions of chromian spinel) in trachytic groundmass of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, olivine, Fe-Ti oxide, and minor interstitial glass. Overlies conglomerate and sandstone mapped as Troutdale Formation; overlain by basaltic andesite of Mount Norway. Reversed magnetic polarity (J.T. Hagstrum, written commun., 2001); sample collected from upper flow in adjacent Larch Mountain quadrangle gave 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 1,220±8 ka (R.J. Fleck, written commun., 2012) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qmbb Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE BORING VOLCANIC FIELD—Basaltic andesite of Broughton Bluff (Pleistocene)—Two flows of gray, columnar-jointed, calc-alkaline basaltic andesite (52–53 wt percent SiO2) that underlie upland area west of Chamberlain Hill, the presumed vent (Treasher, 1942; Trimble, 1963; Allen, 1975); forms discontinuous cliff extending east and southeast of Broughton Bluff; as thick as 60 m. Contains phenocrysts of olivine (to 9 percent; mostly 0.5 to 1 mm but a few as large as 3 mm across; inclusions of chromian spinel; locally replaced by iddingsite) in a trachytic to subophitic groundmass of plagioclase, augite, and Fe-Ti oxide. Reversed magnetic polarity (J.T. Hagstrum, written commun., 2003). An 40Ar/39Ar age of 1,292±19 ka was obtained from a sample collected near west edge of the map area, consistent with K-Ar age of 1.53±0.39 Ma reported by Conrey and others (1996a) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Qbbv Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE BORING VOLCANIC FIELD—Basalt of Bridal Veil Creek (Pleistocene)—Single basalt (50.1–50.4 wt percent SiO2) flow with well-developed colonnade and entablature that caps narrow ridge north of Howard Canyon; about 30 m thick; flowed into map area from east (R.C. Evarts, unpub. mapping). Contains olivine phenocrysts (7–8 percent; up to 5 mm across; iddingsite rims; chromian spinel inclusions) in relatively coarse-grained, holocrystalline, intergranular to trachytic groundmass of plagioclase, olivine, greenish-brown clinopyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxide; most samples contain traces phlogopite in groundmass interstices or in vesicles. Overlies hyaloclastic sandstone member of the Troutdale Formation Reversed magnetic polarity (J.T. Hagstrum, written commun., 2005); 40Ar/39Ar plateau age is 2284±16 ka Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Tlkt Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: VOLCANIC ROCKS OF HIGH CASCADE RANGE—Low-potassium tholeiite (Pliocene)—Medium- to dark-gray, coarse-grained basalt (49.2 wt percent SiO2) overlying hyaloclastic sandstone member of the Troutdale Formation. Approximately 12-m-thick flow exposed in headwall scarp of landslide between Chanticleer Point and Crown Point (Williams, 1916; Lowry and Baldwin, 1952; Waters, 1973; Tolan and Beeson, 1984); isolated outcrop south of Cemetary Hill is erosional remnant of a different flow judging from slightly different paleomagnetic orientation (J.T. Hagstrum, written commun., 2005) and is probable distal end of poorly exposed flow(s) that underlie ridge south of Howard Canyon. Diktytaxitic, commonly vesicular, with vesicle cylinders/segregation veins; intergranular to subophitic textures; composed of plagioclase (0.5–1 mm long; variably altered to kaolinite), olivine (0.5–1 mm across; variably altered to iddingsite; chromian-spinel inclusions), augite (0.5 mm across), Fe-Ti oxide, and interstitial glass. Chemically distinguished by low K2O (0.1–0.3 wt percent) content (table 1). Most outcrops moderately to severely weathered. Normal magnetic polarity (J.T. Hagstrum, written commun., 2005). K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages between 3.0 and 3.6 Ma were obtained from correlative flows to east of map area (Conrey and others, 1996b; R.J. Fleck, written commun., 2011) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Twprr Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Columbia River Basalt Group—Wanapum Basalt (Miocene)—Dark gray to black, variably vesicular to microvesicular, aphyric to sparsely phyric lava flows of high-TiO2 tholeiitic basalt and basaltic andesite (table 1); exhibit blocky to columnar or hackly jointing patterns and vesicular flow tops; upper few meters locally thoroughly weathered to red saprolite or laterite. Textures resemble those described by Long and Wood (1986) for basalt flows in the Columbia Basin. Nomenclature follows Swanson and others (1979) and Beeson and others (1985)—Priest Rapids Member—Uppermost member of the Wanapum Basalt (Swanson and others, 1979). In this quadrangle represented by a single intracanyon flow. Twprr—Basalt of Rosalia of Beeson and others (1989)—Thick flow and associated hyaloclastite of olivine- and plagioclase-microphyric basalt; fills paleocanyon cut into Frenchman Springs Member, Grande Ronde Basalt, and older rocks (Waters, 1973; Tolan, 1982; Tolan and Beeson, 1984); approx 200 m thick near southwest margin of paleocanyon at Chanticleer Point; more than 220 m thick along axis of paleocanyon at Crown Point, just east of map area (Tolan, 1982). Lava flow, with thin colonnade and thick, hackly jointed entablature, sharply overlies and locally invades stratified hyaloclastite, which constitutes 25–60 percent of total thickness (Tolan, 1982; Tolan and Beeson, 1984); locally grades laterally into pillow-lava zones, which are unrelated to basal hyaloclastite (Waters, 1973; Tolan, 1982; Tolan and Beeson, 1984). Hyaloclastite is well indurated, poorly sorted, and composed of subrounded to well-rounded, sand- to cobble-size clasts of brownish-yellow, partially palagonitized sideromelane (Tolan, 1982). Local foreset bedding and clast imbrication indicate northwest transport direction. Lava flow is plagioclase-microphyric and contains rare plagioclase crystals up to 10 mm long in intergranular to intersertal groundmass of plagioclase, olivine, augite, Fe-Ti oxides, and minor to abundant interstitial glass; vesicles typically filled with yellow clay.Chemistry of flow and hyaloclastite similar (table 1), resembling the Rosalia chemical type of Swanson and others (1979); distinguished from other Wanapum Basalt flows by higher concentrations of TiO2 (3.6 wt percent), P2O5 (0.8 wt percent), and FeO* (>14.5 wt percent). Reversed magnetic polarity (Swanson and others, 1979; Tolan, 1982; Tolan and Beeson, 1984)Age approximately 14.5 Ma (Tolan and others, 1989) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Twfss Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Columbia River Basalt Group—Frenchman Springs Member—Most voluminous and widespread member of Wanapum Basalt (Tolan and others, 1989). Three Frenchman Springs flows overlie Grande Ronde Basalt near Corbett (Tolan, 1982). Twfss—Basalt of Sentinel Gap of Beeson and others (1985)—Single thin (8 m) flow of hackly jointed, microphyric basaltic andesite (52.4 wt percent SiO2); overlies basalt of Sand Hollow on Corbett Hill Road about 0.5 km east of Corbett Station; overlain by hyaloclastic sandstone member of Troutdale Formation (Tolan, 1982). Contains sparse phenocrysts ?1 mm long of plagioclase, brown augite, and olivine in abundant opaque glass. Lithologic characteristics, stratigraphic position, chemistry (table 1), and normal magnetic polarity (Tolan, 1982; J.T, Hagstrum, written commun., 2006) indicate this flow is a high-P2O5 variant of the informal basalt of Sentinel Gap of Beeson and others (1985, 1989), which is stratigraphically near the top of the Frenchman Springs Member Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Twfsh Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Columbia River Basalt Group—Frenchman Springs Member—Twfsh—Basalt of Sand Hollow of Beeson and others (1985)—Blocky to columnar to hackly jointed, sparsely but coarsely plagioclase-phyric basaltic andesite (52.3–52.7 wt percent SiO2); two flows, totaling 40 m thick, overlie Grande Ronde Basalt and underlie basalt of Sentinel Gap near Corbett Station and on slopes to east; flow exposed in quarry at Corbett Station contains local zones of pillow lava and hyaloclastic breccia, is approximately 50 m thick, and may be an intracanyon flow (Tolan, 1982; Tolan and others, 1984). Basalt of Sand Hollow flows, capped by a thick paleosol, also crop out in the headwall of the Rooster Rock landslide. Distinguished by scattered large (up to 3.5 cm across) phenocrysts and glomerocrysts of amber plagioclase; groundmass typically microphyric, intersertal to intergranular, composed of plagioclase, brown augite, Fe-Ti oxide, olivine (partly altered to clay), and red-brown interstitial glass; microvesicles typically filled with yellow-brown isotropic clay or calcite. Stratigraphic position, chemistry, petrography, and normal magnetic polarity (Tolan, 1982; J.T. Hagstrum, written commun., 2008) indicate correlation with informal basalt of Sand Hollow of Beeson and others (1985), erupted approximately 15 Ma (Beeson and others, 1985; Barry and others, 2010) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Tgsb Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Columbia River Basalt Group—Grande Ronde Basalt (Miocene)—Light-gray to black flows of tholeiitic basaltic andesite; vesicular to microvesicular, aphyric to microphyric to very sparsely plagioclase-phyric; exhibit relatively low-TiO2 contents (table 1) characteristic of the Grande Ronde Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group (Swanson and others, 1979; Mangan and others, 1986; Beeson and others, 1989; Reidel and others, 1989). Flows in this quadrangle generally display blocky to columnar jointing patterns and vesicular flow tops; pillow lava locally present at base. Typical samples are intergranular to intersertal, with lathlike plagioclase, granular clinopyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxide crystals in abundant dark glass; some flows contain rare plagioclase phenocrysts up to 15 mm long; textures resemble those described by Long and Wood (1986) for correlative flows in the Columbia Basin. Based on field, chemical, and paleomagnetic properties, Grande Ronde Basalt flows in map area are assigned to the Sentinel Bluffs Member (Reidel and others, 1989; Reidel, 2005) within the N2 magnetostratigraphic unit of Swanson and others (1979), which was emplaced about 15.5 Ma (Barry and others, 2010). Tgsb—Sentinel Bluffs Member—Uppermost member of the Grande Ronde Basalt (Reidel, 2005; Reidel and Tolan, in press). Flows distinguished by relatively high MgO contents (4.5–5.0 wt percent MgO), and normal magnetic polarity (Reidel and others, 1989; Reidel, 2005). Three Sentinel Bluffs flows, totaling at least 50 m thick, crop out in cliffs above Interstate 84 between Corbett Station and Tunnel Point (Tolan, 1982); both are assigned to the basalt of McCoy Canyon of Reidel (2005), which is found near the base of the Sentinel Bluffs Member Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Tt Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Tt—Tuff (Oligocene)—Olive-green, moderately welded, plagioclase-phyric, pumiceous lapilli tuff. Exposure beneath landslide debris on shore of Washougal River, about 1 km northeast of Mount Norway, is porphyritic, composed of euhedral to embayed phenocrysts of plagioclase (approximately 20 percent; about 1–2 mm across; locally replaced by albite, calcite, smectite) and small grains of pyroxene in zeolitic, originally glassy matrix with well-preserved shard texture; about 5–10 percent angular lithic clasts, mostly porphyritic volcanic rocks. Outcrop in landslide scarp northwest of Mount Norway is similar but highly weathered Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Tvs Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks (Oligocene)—Thin discontinuous lenses of volcaniclastic rocks interbedded with and overlying basaltic andesite flows (Tbem) along Washougal River. Primarily light-green to dark-brown, poorly sorted, lithic lapilli tuff and tuff breccia probably deposited by lahars; pervasively altered to smectite, kaolinite, and zeolites Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Ta Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Andesite (Oligocene)—Scattered flows of sparsely to abundantly porphyritic to seriate pyroxene andesite. Contain phenocrysts of plagioclase (3–20 percent; as long as 3 mm), clinopyroxene (0.5–1 percent; as large as 2 mm across), orthopyroxene (0.3–5.5 percent; up to 2 mm long; partially replaced by smectite), Fe-Ti oxide (0-1.4 percent) in pilotaxitic groundmass; small amounts of olivine phenocrysts (about 0.5 mm across; altered to smectite) present in some flows; interstitial glass generally altered to smectite. In Washington, overlies and interbedded with basaltic andesite of Elkhorn Mountain (Tbem) and overlain by lapilli tuff (Tt); outcrop of platy pyroxene andesite near Onion Rock is only occurrence of pre-Grande Ronde Basalt rocks in map area south of Columbia River Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Tob Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Olivine Basalt (Oligocene)—Isolated flow of dark-gray, coarse-grained, seriate, olivine- and plagioclase-phyric basalt exposed on south valley wall of Washougal River about 2 km northwest of Mount Norway. Contains phenocrysts and glomerocrysts of blocky plagioclase (24 percent; as large as 7 mm across), olivine (9 percent; 1 to 2 mm across; slightly altered to smectite), and augite (1–2 percent; 0.5 to 1 mm across) in a coarse intergranular groundmass of plagioclase, augite, and Fe-Ti oxide. Exhibits low-potassium tholeiite chemistry Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Tbem Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Basaltic andesite of Elkhorn Mountain of Evarts (2006b) (Oligocene)—Sequence of lava flows and flow breccia composed of dark-gray to brown, porphyritic to seriate to aphyric tholeiitic basaltic andesite and basalt; unit locally includes minor volcaniclastic rocks too small or poorly exposed to map. As thick as 1.3 km in map area. Individual flows generally about 5 to 8 m thick and exhibit platy to blocky to columnar jointing. Typical flows contain phenocrysts and glomerocrysts of weakly zoned plagioclase (0-25 percent; 1 to 6 mm, rarely more than 10 mm long; variably replaced by zeolites and (or) clay) and olivine (<3 percent; 0.5 to 3 mm across; commonly partly resorbed and surrounded by rinds of granular pyroxene and (or) magnetite; rarely contain minute chromian spinel inclusions; almost invariably replaced by some combination of smectite, hematite, carbonate, serpentine, quartz and kaolinite). Some flows also contain phenocrysts of augite (<1 percent; 0.5 to 1 mm across) and microphenocrysts of Fe-Ti oxide. Groundmass consists of plagioclase, augite, Fe-Ti oxide, and minor to abundant interstitial glass (largely devitrified or replaced by smectite, quartz, or calcite); groundmass textures chiefly intergranular to trachytic, less commonly subophitic or microphyric. All flows in unit are tholeiitic, and many are exceptionally rich in Fe (FeO* as high as 13 wt. percent) and poor in Sr (<300 ppm) compared to mafic rocks elsewhere in southern Washington Cascade range (du Bray and others, 2006; Evarts, 2006a, b; Evarts and O’Connor, 2008; R.C. Evarts, unpub. data). Phillips and others (1986) obtained K-Ar age of 27.9±1.9 Ma from locality near stratigraphic top of unit just north of map area (table 2); 40Ar/39Ar ages from unit to west and northwest of map area range from 27.1±0 Ma to 25.5 ± 0.2 Ma (Evarts, 2006a, b; Evarts and O’Connor, 2008) Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: water Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: water body Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape_Length Attribute_Definition: Length of feature in internal units. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Area Attribute_Definition: Area of feature in internal units squared. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: geology_polys_Anno Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. 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Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Area Attribute_Definition: Area of feature in internal units squared. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: fault_names_Anno Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: FeatureID Attribute: Attribute_Label: ZOrder Attribute: Attribute_Label: AnnotationClassID Attribute: Attribute_Label: Element Attribute: Attribute_Label: SymbolID Attribute: Attribute_Label: Status Attribute: Attribute_Label: TextString Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontName Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontSize Attribute: Attribute_Label: Bold Attribute: Attribute_Label: Italic Attribute: Attribute_Label: Underline Attribute: Attribute_Label: VerticalAlignment Attribute: Attribute_Label: HorizontalAlignment Attribute: Attribute_Label: XOffset Attribute: Attribute_Label: YOffset Attribute: Attribute_Label: Angle Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontLeading Attribute: Attribute_Label: WordSpacing Attribute: Attribute_Label: CharacterWidth Attribute: Attribute_Label: CharacterSpacing Attribute: Attribute_Label: FlipAngle Attribute: Attribute_Label: Override Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Length Attribute_Definition: Length of feature in internal units. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Area Attribute_Definition: Area of feature in internal units squared. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: cross_section_lines Entity_Type_Definition: Location of Cross Section Lines Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Xsection_ID Attribute_Definition: Cross Section Lines Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: A Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Cross Section Line A-A' Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: B Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Cross Section Line B-B' Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: C Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Cross Section Line C-C' Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape_Length Attribute_Definition: Length of feature in internal units. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: cross_section_lines_Anno Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: FeatureID Attribute: Attribute_Label: ZOrder Attribute: Attribute_Label: AnnotationClassID Attribute: Attribute_Label: Element Attribute: Attribute_Label: SymbolID Attribute: Attribute_Label: Status Attribute: Attribute_Label: TextString Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontName Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontSize Attribute: Attribute_Label: Bold Attribute: Attribute_Label: Italic Attribute: Attribute_Label: Underline Attribute: Attribute_Label: VerticalAlignment Attribute: Attribute_Label: HorizontalAlignment Attribute: Attribute_Label: XOffset Attribute: Attribute_Label: YOffset Attribute: Attribute_Label: Angle Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontLeading Attribute: Attribute_Label: WordSpacing Attribute: Attribute_Label: CharacterWidth Attribute: Attribute_Label: CharacterSpacing Attribute: Attribute_Label: FlipAngle Attribute: Attribute_Label: Override Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Length Attribute_Definition: Length of feature in internal units. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Area Attribute_Definition: Area of feature in internal units squared. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: attitudes Entity_Type_Definition: Geologic Bedding Measurements Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Ptype Attribute_Definition: Geologic Bedding Description Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: bedding, inclined Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Strike and dip of beds Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: bedding, horizontal Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Horizontal bedding Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: eutaxitic foliation, inclined Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Strike and dip of eutaxitic foliation Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: platy parting, inclined Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Strike and dip of platy parting in lava flows Attribute: Attribute_Label: Strike_Azim Attribute_Definition: Strike of beds Attribute: Attribute_Label: DIP Attribute_Definition: Dip of beds Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: attitudes_Anno Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: FeatureID Attribute: Attribute_Label: ZOrder Attribute: Attribute_Label: AnnotationClassID Attribute: Attribute_Label: Element Attribute: Attribute_Label: SymbolID Attribute: Attribute_Label: Status Attribute: Attribute_Label: TextString Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontName Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontSize Attribute: Attribute_Label: Bold Attribute: Attribute_Label: Italic Attribute: Attribute_Label: Underline Attribute: Attribute_Label: VerticalAlignment Attribute: Attribute_Label: HorizontalAlignment Attribute: Attribute_Label: XOffset Attribute: Attribute_Label: YOffset Attribute: Attribute_Label: Angle Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontLeading Attribute: Attribute_Label: WordSpacing Attribute: Attribute_Label: CharacterWidth Attribute: Attribute_Label: CharacterSpacing Attribute: Attribute_Label: FlipAngle Attribute: Attribute_Label: Override Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Length Attribute_Definition: Length of feature in internal units. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Area Attribute_Definition: Area of feature in internal units squared. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label:geochronology Entity_Type_Definition: Ar/Ar and K-Ar sample locations (Table 2) Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample_ID Attribute_Definition: Sample number used in field collection Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: Display_Pt Attribute_Definition: "yes" if plotting and "no" if not plotting Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: Lat_deg_min Attribute_Definition: Measurement of latitude in degrees and decimal minutes Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: Long_W_deg_min Attribute_Definition: Measurement of longitude in degrees and decimal minutes Attribute: Attribute_Label: Map_Unit Attribute_Definition: Geologic unit sample is located within Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: Rock_Type Attribute_Definition: Physical type of rock from which sample was taken Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: Material_dated Attribute_Definition: Material from sample used to determine age Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: Method Attribute_Definition: Analytical technique used to determine age Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: Age_±1sigma_error Attribute_Definition: Ar/Ar age Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: Source Attribute_Definition: source citation, for reference Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: geochronology_Anno Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: FeatureID Attribute: Attribute_Label: ZOrder Attribute: Attribute_Label: AnnotationClassID Attribute: Attribute_Label: Element Attribute: Attribute_Label: SymbolID Attribute: Attribute_Label: Status Attribute: Attribute_Label: TextString Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontName Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontSize Attribute: Attribute_Label: Bold Attribute: Attribute_Label: Italic Attribute: Attribute_Label: Underline Attribute: Attribute_Label: VerticalAlignment Attribute: Attribute_Label: HorizontalAlignment Attribute: Attribute_Label: XOffset Attribute: Attribute_Label: YOffset Attribute: Attribute_Label: Angle Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontLeading Attribute: Attribute_Label: WordSpacing Attribute: Attribute_Label: CharacterWidth Attribute: Attribute_Label: CharacterSpacing Attribute: Attribute_Label: FlipAngle Attribute: Attribute_Label: Override Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Length Attribute_Definition: Length of feature in internal units. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Area Attribute_Definition: Area of feature in internal units squared. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: geochemistry_Anno Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: FeatureID Attribute: Attribute_Label: ZOrder Attribute: Attribute_Label: AnnotationClassID Attribute: Attribute_Label: Element Attribute: Attribute_Label: SymbolID Attribute: Attribute_Label: Status Attribute: Attribute_Label: TextString Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontName Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontSize Attribute: Attribute_Label: Bold Attribute: Attribute_Label: Italic Attribute: Attribute_Label: Underline Attribute: Attribute_Label: VerticalAlignment Attribute: Attribute_Label: HorizontalAlignment Attribute: Attribute_Label: XOffset Attribute: Attribute_Label: YOffset Attribute: Attribute_Label: Angle Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontLeading Attribute: Attribute_Label: WordSpacing Attribute: Attribute_Label: CharacterWidth Attribute: Attribute_Label: CharacterSpacing Attribute: Attribute_Label: FlipAngle Attribute: Attribute_Label: Override Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Length Attribute_Definition: Length of feature in internal units. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Area Attribute_Definition: Area of feature in internal units squared. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: geochemistry Entity_Type_Definition: Chemical Data for points on map (Table 1) Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Map_Num Attribute_Definition: Number designation on map Attribute: Attribute_Label: Field_Sample_ID Attribute_Definition: Sample number used in field collection Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: Lat_deg_min Attribute_Definition: Measurement of latitude in degrees and decimal minutes Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: Long_W_deg_min Attribute_Definition: Measurement of longitude in degrees and decimal minutes Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: Map_Unit Attribute_Definition: Geologic unit sample is located within Attribute: Attribute_Label: Rock_type Attribute_Definition: Physical type of rock from which sample was taken Attribute: Attribute_Label: SiO2_a Attribute_Definition: Silicon concentration expressed as weight percent oxide Attribute: Attribute_Label: TiO2_a Attribute_Definition: Titanium concentration expressed as weight percent oxide Attribute: Attribute_Label: Al2O3_a Attribute_Definition: Aluminum concentration expressed as weight percent oxide Attribute: Attribute_Label: FeO_a Attribute_Definition: Total iron concentration expressed as weight percent ferrous iron oxide Attribute: Attribute_Label: MnO_a Attribute_Definition: Manganese concentration expressed as weight percent oxide Attribute: Attribute_Label: MgO_a Attribute_Definition: Magnesium concentration expressed as weight percent oxide Attribute: Attribute_Label: CaO_a Attribute_Definition: Calcium concentration expressed as weight percent oxide Attribute: Attribute_Label: Na2O_a Attribute_Definition: Sodium concentration expressed as weight percent oxide Attribute: Attribute_Label: K2O_a Attribute_Definition: Potassium concentration expressed as weight percent oxide Attribute: Attribute_Label: P2O5_a Attribute_Definition: Phosphorous concentration expressed as weight percent oxide Attribute: Attribute_Label: TOTAL_a Attribute_Definition: Total of weight percent oxides Attribute: Attribute_Label: SiO2_n Attribute_Definition: Silicon expressed as weight percent oxide from analysis recalculated volatile-free Attribute: Attribute_Label: TiO2_n Attribute_Definition: Titanium expressed as weight percent oxide from analysis recalculated volatile-free Attribute: Attribute_Label: Al2O3_n Attribute_Definition: Aluminum expressed as weight percent oxide from analysis recalculated volatile-free Attribute: Attribute_Label: FeO_n Attribute_Definition: Total iron concentration expressed as weight percent ferrous iron oxide from analysis recalculated volatile-free Attribute: Attribute_Label: MnO_n Attribute_Definition: Manganese expressed as weight percent oxide from analysis recalculated volatile-free Attribute: Attribute_Label: MgO_n Attribute_Definition: Magnesium expressed as weight percent oxide from analysis recalculated volatile-free Attribute: Attribute_Label: CaO_n Attribute_Definition: Calcium expressed as weight percent oxide from analysis recalculated volatile-free Attribute: Attribute_Label: Na2O_n Attribute_Definition: Sodium expressed as weight percent oxide from analysis recalculated volatile-free Attribute: Attribute_Label: K2O_n Attribute_Definition: Potassium expressed as weight percent oxide from analysis recalculated volatile-free Attribute: Attribute_Label: P2O5_n Attribute_Definition: Phosphorous expressed as weight percent oxide from analysis recalculated volatile-free Attribute: Attribute_Label: Mg_num Attribute_Definition: Atomic ratio 100Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) with Fe2+ set to 0.85 x Total Fe Attribute: Attribute_Label: Plag Attribute_Definition: Modal percent plagioclase phenocrysts Attribute: Attribute_Label: Cpx Attribute_Definition: Modal percent clinopyroxene phenocrysts Attribute: Attribute_Label: Opx Attribute_Definition: Modal percent orthopyroxene phenocrysts Attribute: Attribute_Label: Ol Attribute_Definition: Modal percent olivine phenocrysts Attribute: Attribute_Label: FeTi_Oxide Attribute_Definition: Modal percent iron-oxide phenocrysts Attribute: Attribute_Label: Hb Attribute_Definition: Modal percent hornblende phenocrysts Attribute: Attribute_Label: Bt Attribute_Definition: Modal percent biotite phenocrysts Attribute: Attribute_Label: Qtz Attribute_Definition: Modal percent quartz phenocrysts Attribute: Attribute_Label: Kfelds Attribute_Definition: Modal percent potassium feldspar phenocrysts Attribute: Attribute_Label: Other Attribute_Definition: Modal percent other phenocrysts Attribute: Attribute_Label: Groundmass Attribute_Definition: Modal percent groundmass Attribute: Attribute_Label: Pts_counted Attribute_Definition: Number of points counted for modes Attribute: Attribute_Label: Texture Attribute_Definition: Rock and groundmass texture Attribute: Attribute_Label: Ba Attribute_Definition: Barium concentration in parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: Rb Attribute_Definition: Rubidium concentration in parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sr Attribute_Definition: Strontium concentration in parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: Y Attribute_Definition: Yttrium concentration in parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: Zr Attribute_Definition: Zirconium concentration in parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: Nb Attribute_Definition: Niobium concentration in parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: Ni Attribute_Definition: Nickel concentration in parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: Cu Attribute_Definition: Copper concentration in parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: Zn Attribute_Definition: Zinc concentration in parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: Cr Attribute_Definition: Chromium concentration in parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sc Attribute_Definition: Scandium concentration in parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: V Attribute_Definition: Vanadium concentration in parts per million Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: radiocarbon_ages Entity_Type_Definition: Radiocarbon Age Data for points on map (Table 4) Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Map_Num Attribute_Definition: Number designation on map Attribute: Attribute_Label: Display Attribute_Definition: "yes" if plotting and "no" if not plotting Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: Field_sample_ID Attribute_Definition: Sample number used in field collection Attribute: Attribute_Label: Lab_sample_ID Attribute_Definition: Number of laboratory sample Attribute: Attribute_Label: Lat_deg_min Attribute_Definition: Measurement of latitude in degrees and digital minutes Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: Long_W_deg_min Attribute_Definition: Measurement of longitude in degrees and digital minutes Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: Strat_context Attribute_Definition: Descriptions indicating in which unit and where in the unit sample was obtained Attribute: Attribute_Label: Material_dated Attribute_Definition: Material that was submitted Attribute: Attribute_Label: Conv_age_1sigma_error_14C_yr_BP Attribute_Definition: Conventional age with 1sigma error in radiocarbon years before present Attribute: Attribute_Label: ratio_13C_12C Attribute_Definition: Ratio of Carbon 13 to Carbon 12 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Calib_2sigma_age_ranges_cal_yr_BP_fract_PDF Attribute_Definition: Calibrated age ranges in calendar years before present Attribute: Attribute_Label: Source Attribute_Definition: Source of reference for radiometric age Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: radiocarbon_ages_Anno Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: FeatureID Attribute: Attribute_Label: ZOrder Attribute: Attribute_Label: AnnotationClassID Attribute: Attribute_Label: Element Attribute: Attribute_Label: SymbolID Attribute: Attribute_Label: Status Attribute: Attribute_Label: TextString Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontName Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontSize Attribute: Attribute_Label: Bold Attribute: Attribute_Label: Italic Attribute: Attribute_Label: Underline Attribute: Attribute_Label: VerticalAlignment Attribute: Attribute_Label: HorizontalAlignment Attribute: Attribute_Label: XOffset Attribute: Attribute_Label: YOffset Attribute: Attribute_Label: Angle Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontLeading Attribute: Attribute_Label: WordSpacing Attribute: Attribute_Label: CharacterWidth Attribute: Attribute_Label: CharacterSpacing Attribute: Attribute_Label: FlipAngle Attribute: Attribute_Label: Override Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Length Attribute_Definition: Length of feature in internal units. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Area Attribute_Definition: Area of feature in internal units squared. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: thermoluminescence_ages Entity_Type_Definition: Luminescence Data for points on map (Table 3) Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Authors Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Map_Letter Attribute_Definition: Letter designation on map Attribute: Attribute_Label: Field_sample_ID Attribute_Definition: Sample number used in field collection Attribute: Attribute_Label: Lat_deg_min Attribute_Definition: Measurement of latitude in degrees and decimal minutes Attribute: Attribute_Label: Long_deg_min Attribute_Definition: Measurement of longitude in degrees and decimal minutes Attribute: Attribute_Label: Strat_context Attribute_Definition: Description indicating in which unit and where in the unit sample was obtained Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample_water_percent Attribute_Definition: Water content of sample in weight percent Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample_water_saturated_percent Attribute_Definition: Water content of sample at saturation in weight percent Attribute: Attribute_Label: K_percent Attribute_Definition: Potassium content with 1sigma error in weight percent Attribute: Attribute_Label: Th_ppm Attribute_Definition: Thorium content with 1sigma error in parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: U_ppm Attribute_Definition: Uranium content with 1sigma error in parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: Cosmic_dose_addns_Grays_per_1000yr Attribute_Definition: Cosmic dose additions with 1sigma error in Grays per thousand years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Total_dose_rate_Grays_per_1000yr Attribute_Definition: Total dose rate with 1sigma error in Grays per thousand years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Equiv_dose_Grays Attribute_Definition: Equivalent dose rate with 1sigma error in Grays Attribute: Attribute_Label: Age_Ka Attribute_Definition: Age with 1sigma error in thousands of years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Display_Pt Attribute_Definition: Plotting is "yes" and not plotting is "no" Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: thermoluminescence_ages_Anno Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: FeatureID Attribute: Attribute_Label: ZOrder Attribute: Attribute_Label: AnnotationClassID Attribute: Attribute_Label: Element Attribute: Attribute_Label: SymbolID Attribute: Attribute_Label: Status Attribute: Attribute_Label: TextString Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontName Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontSize Attribute: Attribute_Label: Bold Attribute: Attribute_Label: Italic Attribute: Attribute_Label: Underline Attribute: Attribute_Label: VerticalAlignment Attribute: Attribute_Label: HorizontalAlignment Attribute: Attribute_Label: XOffset Attribute: Attribute_Label: YOffset Attribute: Attribute_Label: Angle Attribute: Attribute_Label: FontLeading Attribute: Attribute_Label: WordSpacing Attribute: Attribute_Label: CharacterWidth Attribute: Attribute_Label: CharacterSpacing Attribute: Attribute_Label: FlipAngle Attribute: Attribute_Label: Override Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Length Attribute_Definition: Length of feature in internal units. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Area Attribute_Definition: Area of feature in internal units squared. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Title: washougal.tif Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Online_Linkage: washougal.tif Description: Abstract: BASE MAP-The base map for the digital compilation is a Digital Raster Graphic (DRG) of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1:24,000-scale topographic map of the Washougal 7.5' quadrangle (1994), which has a 20-foot contour interval. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 10, North American Datum 1927. The horizontal positional accuracy and datum of the DRG matches the accuracy and datum of the source map. The base map layer is a digital image, but no information other than location is attached to the lines. The base map is provided for reference only. Purpose: Base material for geology map Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2013 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.37500 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.25000 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 45.625000 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 45.500000 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: DRG Theme_Keyword: DRG Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: none Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 10.0.2800 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Row_Count: 5729 Column_Count: 4049 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 2.438400 Ordinate_Resolution: 2.438400 Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: USGS Information Services Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Box 25286, Denver Federal Center City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225-0046 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303) 202-4200 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (303) 202-4695 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: infoservices@usgs.gov Resource_Description: Downloadable Data USGS Scientific Investigations Map SIM 3257 Distribution_Liability: Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this publication has been subjected to rigorous review and is substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, it is released on condition that neither the USGS nor the United States Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its authorized or unauthorized use. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3257 Fees: free Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20130523 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Pacific Northwest Urban Corridor Mapping Project Contact_Person: Karen Wheeler Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 345 Middlefield Rd Address: MS 973 City: Menlo Park State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 94025 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (650) 329-4935 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (650) 329-4936 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kwheeler@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile