Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey, Book 3, Applications of Hydraulics, Chapter B8
By Thomas E. Reilly
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Abstract
Introduction
Selection and simulation of physical features of ground-water
systems as boundary
conditions in ground-water flow models
Streams
Lakes and reservoirs
Wetlands
Springs
Recharge at the water table
Earth materials of low hydraulic conductivity
Inter-basin flow
Ground-water evapotranspiration
Spatial changes in density of water
Ground-water divides
Artificial boundaries that are not physical features
Examples of the conceptualization of boundary conditions for two ground-water models
Conceptualization of the Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico ground-water flow system
Boundary conditions associated with physical features at the lateral extent of the model
Boundary conditions associated with physical features at the bottom of the model
Boundary conditions associated with physical features at the top of the model
Water budget for the system
Conceptualization of the Long Island, New York ground-water flow system
Boundary conditions associated with physical features at the lateral extent of the model
Boundary conditions associated with physical features at the bottom of the model
Boundary conditions associated with physical features at the top of the model
Water budget for the system
Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Selected References
Appendix 1. List of “Packages” in the U.S. Geological
Survey Modular Three-Dimensional
Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW) used to represent physical features of a
ground-water system as mathematical boundary conditions
Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey
Ground-water models attempt to represent an actual ground-water system with a mathematical counterpart. The conceptualization of how and where water originates in the ground-water-flow system and how and where it leaves the system is critical to the development of an accurate model. The mathematical representation of these boundaries in the model is important because many hydrologic boundary conditions can be mathematically represented in more than one way. The determination of which mathematical representation of a boundary condition is best usually is dependent upon the objectives of the study. This report focuses on the specific aspect of describing different ways to simulate, in a numerical model, the physical features that act as hydrologic boundaries in an actual ground-water system. The ramifications, benefits, and limitations of each approach are enumerated, and descriptions of the representation of boundaries in models for Long Island, New York, and the Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico, illustrate the application of some of the methods.
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