Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey
Prepared in cooperation with the
U.S. Department of Energy
U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4272
By Shawn A. Swanson, Jeffrey J. Rosentreter, Roy C. Bartholomay, and LeRoy L. Knobel
Idaho Falls, Idaho
March 2004
This report is available as a pdf.
The U.S. Survey and Idaho State University, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, are conducting studies to describe the chemical character of ground water that moves as underflow from drainage basins into the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer (ESRPA) system at and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) and the effects of these recharge waters on the geochemistry of the ESRPA system. Each of these recharge waters has a hydrochemical character related to geochemical processes, especially water-rock interactions, that occur during migration to the ESRPA. Results of these studies will benefit ongoing and planned geochemical modeling of the ESRPA at the INEEL by providing model input on the hydrochemical character of water from each drainage basin.
During 2000, water samples were collected from five wells and one surface-water site in the Birch Creek drainage basin and analyzed for selected inorganic constituents, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, tritium, measurements of gross alpha and beta radioactivity, and stable isotopes. Four duplicate samples also were collected for quality assurance. Results, which include analyses of samples previously collected from four other sites, in the basin, show that most water from the Birch Creek drainage basin has a calcium-magnesium bicarbonate character.
The Birch Creek Valley can be divided roughly into three hydrologic areas. In the northern part, ground water is forced to the surface by a basalt barrier and the sampling sites were either surface water or shallow wells. Water chemistry in this area was characterized by simple evaporation models, simple calcite-carbon dioxide models, or complex models involving carbonate and silicate minerals. The central part of the valley is filled by sedimentary material and the sampling sites were wells that are deeper than those in the northern part. Water chemistry in this area was characterized by simple calcite-dolomite-carbon dioxide models. In the southern part, ground water enters the ESRPA. In this area, the sampling sites were wells with depths and water levels much deeper than those in the northern and central parts of the valley. The calcium and carbon water chemistry in this area was characterized by a simple calcite-carbon dioxide model, but complex calcite-silicate models more accurately accounted for mass transfer in these areas.
Throughout the geochemical system, calcite precipitated if it was an active phase in the models. Carbon dioxide either precipitated (outgassed) or dissolved depending on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in water from the modeled sites. Dolomite was an active phase only in models from the central part of the system. Generally the entire geochemical system could be modeled with either evaporative models, carbonate models, or carbonate-silicate models. In both of the latter types of models, a significant amount of calcite precipitated relative to the mass transfer to and from the other active phases. The amount of calcite precipitated in the more complex models was consistent with the amount of calcite precipitated in the simpler models. This consistency suggests that, although the simpler models can predict calcium and carbon concentrations in Birch Creek Valley ground and surface water, silicate-mineral-based models are required to account for the other constituents. The amount of mass transfer to and from the silicate mineral phases was generally small compared with that in the carbonate phases. It appears that the water chemistry of well USGS 126B represents the chemistry of water recharging the ESRPA by means of underflow from the Birch Creek Valley.
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose and scope
Geohydrologic setting
Acknowledgments
Guidelines, methods, and quality assurance
Sample containers and preservatives
Sampling locations and sample collection
Guidelines for interpreting results of analyses
Quality assurance
Evaluation of quality assurance data
Results of analyses
Cations, anions, and silica
Selected inorganic constituents
Nutrients
Dissolved organic carbon
Tritium
Gross alpha- and gross beta-particle radioactivity
Stable isotopes
Geochemistry
Solid phase description
Ion distribution
Hydrochemical facies
Thermodynamic considerations
Plausible chemical reactions
Dissolution or precipitation of calcite
Dissolution of dolomite
Dissolution of gypsum
Dissolution of olivine
Dissolution of diopside
Dissolution of labradorite
Dissolution of potassium feldspar
Dissolution of illite
Cation exchange
Geochemical modeling
Summary and conclusions
Selected references
U.S. Geological Survey
INEEL, MS 1160
P.O. BOX 2230
Idaho Falls, ID 83403
U.S. Geological Survey
Information Services
Building 810
Box 25286, Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225-0286
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