By S. E. Rantz and others
Preface
Conversion factors
Purpose of the manual
Scope of the manual
Streamflow records
General stream-gaging procedures
Selected reference
Introduction
Considerations in specific site selection
Selected references
Types of control
Attributes of a satisfactory control
Artificial controls
Choice of an artificial control
Choice between weir and flume
Choice between critical-flow flume and supercritical-flow flume
Summary
Design of an artificial control
Selected references
General
Datum of gage
Nonrecording stream-gaging stations
Staff gage
Wire-weight gage
Float-tape gage
Electric-tape gage
Chain gage
Recording stream-gaging stations
Methods of sensing stage for automatic recording
Float sensor
Bubble-gage sensor
Water-stage recorders
Digital recorder
Graphic recorder
Stilling wells
Instrument shelters
Reference and auxiliary gages at recording gaging stations
Telemetering systems
Position-motor system
Impulse system
Telemark system
Resistance system
Satellite data-collection system
Operation of a recording stream-gaging station
Factors affecting the accuracy of the stage record
Nonrecording gages
Staff gage
Wire-weight gage
Float-tape gage
Electric-tape gage
Chain gage
Accuracy of float-operated recorders
Accuracy of bubble-gage recorders
Special purpose gages
Model T recorder
SR recorder
Crest-stage gage
Selected references
Introduction
General description of a conventional current-meter measurement of discharge
Instruments and equipment
Current meters
Vertical-axis current meters
Horizontal-axis current meters
Comparison of performance of vertical-axis and horizontal-axis current meters
Optical current meter
Care o fthe current meter
Rating of current meters
Sounding equipment
Wading rods
Sounding weights and accessories
Sounding reels
Handlines
Sonic sounder
Width-measuring equipment
Equipment assemblies
Cableway equipment
Bridge equipment
Boat equipment
Ice equipment
Velocity-azimuth-depth assembly
Miscellaneous equipment
Measurement of velocity
Vertical-velocity curve method
Two-point method
Six-tenths depth method
Three-point method
Two-tenths-depth method
Subsurface-velocity method
Surface-velocity method
Integration method
Five-point method
Six-point method
Procedure for conventional current-meter measurement of discharge
Current-meter measurements by wading
Current-meter measurements from cableways
Current-meter measurements from bridges
Current-meter measurements from ice cover
Current-meter measurements from boats
Networks of current meters
Special problems in conventional current-meter measurements
Measurement of deep, swift streams
Case A. Depth can be sounded
Case B. Depth cannot be sounded, but standard cross section is available
Case C. Depth cannot be sounded and no standard cross section
is available
Case D. Meter cannot be submerged
Computation of mean gage height of a discharge measurement
Measurement procedures during rapidly changing stage
Case A. Large streams
Case B. Small streams
Correction of discharge for storage during measurement
Summary of factors affecting the accuracy of a discharge measurement
Accuracy of a discharge measurement made under average conditions
Selected references
Introduction
Theory of the moving-boat method
Equipment
Vane and angle indicator
Current meter
Rate indicator and counter
Battery charger
Sonic sounder
Boat
Measurement procedures
Selection and preparation of the measurement site
Preparation of the equipment
Assembly of the equipment
Selection of the instrument settings
Function of the crew members
Boat operator
Angle observe
Notekeeper
Computation of the discharge measurement
Computation of unadjusted discharge
Adjustment of total width and area
Adjustment of mean velocity and total discharge
Determination of vertical-velocity adjustment factor
Application of velocity adjustment to computed discharge
Selected references
General
Theory of tracer-dilution methods
Theory of the constant-rate-injection method
Theory of the sudden-injection method
Factors affecting the accuracy of tracer-dilution methods
Turbidity
Loss of tracer
Criteria for satisfactory mixing
Calibration of measurement reach
Effect of inflow or outflow between injection and sampling sites
Measurement of discharge by fluorescent-dye dilution
Fluorescent dyes
Fluorometer
Description of fluorometer
Effect of temperature on fluorometry
Calibration characteristics of the flurometer
Preparation of standard dye solutions for flurometer calibration
Operation of the fluorometer
Dye-injection apparatus
Mariotte vessel
Floating siphon
Pressure tank
Determination of quantities of fluorescent dye for measuring discharge
Quantity of dye needed for measurement by the constant-rate-injection method
Quantity of dye needed for measurement by the sudden-injection method
Procedures for measuring discharge by the dye-dilution method
Field procedures
Analysis and computations
Sample computation-constant-rate-injection method
Simplified procedures for making numerous dye-dilution measurements of discharge
Measurement of discharge by sodium dichromate dilution
General
Principle of colorimetric analysis
Method of analysis by colorimeter
Measurement of discharge by salt dilution
General
Preparation and injection of the concentrated salt solution
Measurement of relative conductance at the sampling site
Computation ofdischarge
Measurement of discharge by dilution of radioactive tracers
General
Methodology
Selected references
General
Floats
Volumetric measurement
Portable weir plate
Portable Parshall flume
Measurement, of unstable flow-roll waves or slug flow
Characteristics of unstable flow
Determination of discharge
Examples of discharge determination
Proposed instrumentation
Selected references
Introduction
Collection of field data
Slope-area method
Contracted-opening method
Flow over dams and weirs
Flow through culverts
General classification of flow
Estimating discharge from superelevation in bends
Selected references
Index
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