By S. E. Rantz and others
Introduction
Stage-discharge controls
Graphical plotting of rating curves
Section Controls
Artificial controls
Transferability of laboratory ratings
Thin-plate weirs
Rectangular thin-plate weir
Trapezoidal thin-plate weir
Triangular or V-notch thin-plate weir
Submerged thin-plate weirs
Broad-crested weirs
Flat-crested rectangular weir
Notched flat-crested rectangular weir
Trenton-type control
Columbus-type control
Submerged broad-crested weirs
Flumes
Parshall flume
Trapezoidal supercritical-flow flume
Natural section controls
Compound section controls
Channel control
Channel control for stable channels
Compound controls involving channel control
Extrapolation of rating curves
Low-flow extrapolation
High-flow extrapolation
Conveyance-slope method
Areal comparison of peak-runoff rates
Step-backwater method
Flood routing
Shifts in the discharge rating
Detection of shifts in the rating
Rating shifts for artificial controls
Rating shifts for natural section controls
Rating shifts for channel control
Effect of ice formation on discharge ratings
General
Frazil
Anchor ice
Surface ice
Formation of ice cover
Effect of surface ice on stream hydraulics
Computation of discharge during periods of backwater from anchor ice
Computation of discharge during periods of backwater from surface ice
Discharge-ratio method
Shifting-control method
Hydrographic- and climatic-comparison method
Sand-channel streams
Bed configuration
Relation of mean depth to discharge
Development of discharge rating
Evidences of bed forms
Shifting controls
Artificial controls for sand channels
Selected references
General considerations
Theoretical considerations
Variable slope caused by variable backwater
Rating fall constant
General discussion of rating principles
Procedure for establishing the rating
Example of rating procedure
Rating fall a function of stage
General discussion of rating principles
Procedure for establishing the rating
Examples of rating procedure
Determination of discharge from relations for variable backwater
Variable slope caused by changing discharge
Theoretical considerations
Methods of rating adjustment for changing discharge
Boyer method
Wiggins method
Variable slope caused by a combination of variable backwater and changing discharge
Shifts in discharge ratings where slope is a factor
A suggested new approach for computing discharge records for slope stations
Selected references
Introduction
Standard current-meter method
Deflection-meter method
General
Vertical-axis deflection vane
Horizontal-axis deflection vane
Examples of stage-velocity-discharge relations based on deflection-meter observations
Acoustic velocity-meter method
Description
Theory
Effect of tidal flow reversal on relation of mean velocity to line velocity
Orientation effects at acoustic-velocity meter installations
Effect of acoustic-path orientation on accuracy of computed line velocity (VL)
Effect of variation in streamline orientation
Factors affecting acoustic-signal propagation
Temperature gradients
Boundary proximity
Air entrainment
Sediment concentration
Aquatic vegetation
Summary of considerations for acoustic-velocity meter installations
Electromagnetic velocity-meter method
General
Point-velocity index
Instrumentation
Analysis of point-velocity data
Integrated-velocity index
Theory
Instrumentation
Appraisal of method
Selected references
General
Evaluation of unsteady-flow equations
Power series
Method of characteristics
Implicit method
Fourier series
Empirical methods
Method of cubatures
Rating-fall method
Tide-correction method
Coaxial rating-curve method
Selected references
Introduction
Dams with movable gates
General
Drum gates
Radial or Tainter gates
Radial gates on a horizontal surface
Radial gates on a curved dam crest or sill
Vertical lift gates
Roller gates
Movable dams
Flashboards
Stop logs and needles
Navigation locks
Measurement of leakage through navigation locks
Pressure conduits
General
Metering devices for pressure-conduit flow
Mechanical meters
Differential-head meters
Electromagnetic velocity meter
Acoustic velocity meter
Laser flowmeter
Discharge-measurement methods for meter calibration
Measurement of discharge by pitot-static tubes and pitometers
Measurement of discharge by salt-velocity method
Measurement of discharge by the Gibson method
Calibration of turbines, pumps, gates, and valves
Urban storm drains
Selected references
General
Station analysis
Datum corrections
Review of discharge measurements
Station rating-simple stage-discharge relation
Plotting of discharge measurement
Station rating-three-parameter discharge relation
Computation of discharge records for a nonrecording gaging station
Computation of gage-height record
Computation of discharge records for a recording station equipped with a graphic recorder
Computation of gage-height record
Determination of time corrections
Determination of gage-height corrections
Determination of daily mean gage height
Subdivision of daily gage heights
Computation of daily discharge
Preparation of form for computing and tabulating discharge
Determination of discharge from the gage-height record
Estimation of daily discharge for periods of indeterminate stage-discharge relation
Estimation of daily discharge for periods of no gage-height record
Case A. No gage-height record during a low- or medium-flow recession on an uncontrolled stream
Case B. No gage-height record during periods of fluctuating discharge on an uncontrolled stream
Case C. No gage-height record for a station on a hydroelectric power plant canal
Case D. No gage-height record for a station immediately downsteam from a reservoir.
Case E. No gage-height record for a station on a controlled stream where the station is far downstream from the known controlled release
Completion of the discharge form
Record of progress of discharge computations
Station-analysis document
Station analysis
Computation of discharge records when a three-parameter discharge relation is used
Computation of discharge records for a recording station equipped with a digital recorder
General
Input to computer
Output from computer
Sequence of operation of an automated computing system
Selected references
General
Format
Selected reference
Index
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