![USGS](images/IDbksm.gif)
Aleinikoff, J.N., Walter, Marianne, Lyttle, P.T., Burton, W.C., Leo, G.W., Nelson, A.E., Schindler, J.S., and Southworth, C.S., 1993, U-Pb zircon and monazite ages of Middle Proterozoic rocks, Northern Blue Ridge, Virginia [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 25, no. 2, p. 2.
Aleinikoff, J.N., Zartman, R.E., Walter, Marianne, Rankin, D.W., Lyttle, P.T., and Burton, W.C., 1995, U-Pb ages of metarhyolites of the Catoctin and Mount Rogers Formations, Central and Southern Appalachians: Evidence for two pulses of Iapetan rifting: American Journal of Science, v. 295, no. 4, p. 428-454.
Badger, R.L., and Sinha, A.K., 1988, Age and Sr isotopic signature of the Catoctin volcanic province--Implication for subcrustal mantle evolution: Geology, v. 16, no. 8, p. 692-695.
Bartholomew, M.J., Lewis, S.E., Hughes, S.S., Badger, R.L., and Sinha, A.K., 1991, Tectonic history of the Blue Ridge basement and its cover, central Virginia,
in Schultz, A.P., and Compton-Gooding, Ellen, eds., Geologic evolution of the eastern United States; Field trip guidebook of the Northeast-Southeast Section of the Geological Society of America: Virginia Museum of Natural History Guidebook 2, p. 57-90.
Bloomer, R.O., and Bloomer, R.R., 1947, The Catoctin Formation in central Virginia: Journal of Geology, v. 55, no. 1, p. 94-106.
Bloomer, R.O., and Werner, H.J., 1950, Late Precambrian or Lower Cambrian formations in central Virginia: American Journal of Science, v. 248, p. 753-783.
Brezinski, D.K., 1992, Lithostratigraphy of the western Blue Ridge cover rocks in Maryland: Maryland Geological Survey, Report of Investigations, no. 55, 69 p.; map scale 1:62,500.
Brezinski, D.K., Campbell, P.A., and Anderson, T.H., 1991, Progressive deformation of cover rocks at the western margin of the Blue Ridge in Maryland [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 23, no. 1, p. 10.
------1992, Evidence for detachment of the Cambro-Ordovician carbonate sequence in the central Appalachians [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 24, no. 7, p. A147.
Burton, W.C., Froelich, A.J., Schindler, J.S., and Southworth, Scott, 1992a, Geologic map of Loudoun County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-716, 16 p.; map scale 1:100,000, 1 sheet.
Burton, W.C., Kunk, M.J., and Lyttle, P.T., 1992b, Age constraints on the timing of regional cleavage formation in the Blue Ridge anticlinorium, northernmost Virginia [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 24, no. 2, p. 5.
Burton, W.C., and Southworth, C.S., 1993, Garnet-graphite paragneiss and other country rocks in granitic Grenvillian basement, Blue Ridge anticlinorium, northern Virginia and Maryland [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 25, no. 4, p. 6.
Burton, W.C., Froelich, A.J., Pomeroy, J.S., and Lee, K.Y., 1995, Geology of the Waterford quadrangle, Virginia and Maryland, and the Virginia part of the Point of Rocks quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2095, 30 p., 1 pl. in pocket.
Campbell, P.A., Brezinski, D.K., and Anderson, T.H., 1992, Ductile deformation zones along the west flank of the northern Blue Ridge [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 24, no. 1, p. 11.
Cloos, Ernst, 1941, Geologic map of Washington County: Maryland Geological Survey, scale 1:62,500.
------1947, Oolite deformation in the South Mountain fold, Maryland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 58, no. 9, p. 843-918.
------1951, Structural geology of Washington County,
in The physical features of Washington County: Maryland Department of Geology, Mines, and Water Resources, p. 124-163.
------1971, Microtectonics along the western edge of the Blue Ridge, Maryland and Virginia: Baltimore, Md., The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Geology, 234 p.
Conley, J.F., 1989, Stratigraphy and structure across the Blue Ridge and Inner Piedmont in central Virginia: American Geophysical Union Field Trip Guidebook T207, 23 p.
Dean, S.L., Lessing, P., and Kulander, B.R., 1990, Geology of the Berryville, Charles Town, Harpers Ferry, Middleway, and Round Hill quadrangles, Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia: West Virginia Geological Survey Map WV-35, scale 1:24,000.
Drake, A.A., Jr., Sinha, A.K., Laird, Jo, and Guy, R.E., 1989, The Taconic orogen,
in Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Thomas, W.V., and Viele, G.W., eds., The Appalachian-Ouachita orogen in the United States; The Geology of North America: Boulder Colo., Geological Society of America, v. F-2, p. 362-366.
Edmundson, R.S., and Nunan, W.E., 1973, Geology of the Berryville, Stephenson, and Boyce quadrangles, Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Report of Investigations 34, 112 p.
Elliott, David, 1970, The flow of basement into nappes: American Geophysical Union Transactions (Eos), v. 51, no. 4, 431 p.
------1973, Diffusion flow laws in metamorphic rocks: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 8, p. 2645-2664.
Espenshade, G.H., 1986, Geology of the Marshall quadrangle, Fauquier County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1560, 60 p.
Evans, N.H., 1991, Latest Precambrian to Ordovician metamorphism in the Virginia Blue Ridge: Origin of the contrasting Lovingston and Pedlar basement terranes: American Journal of Science, v. 291, no. 5, p. 425-452.
Freedman, Jacob, 1967, Geology of a portion of the Mt. Holly Springs quadrangle, Adams and Cumberland Counties, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Progress Report 169, 66 p.
Furcron, A.S., 1969, Late Precambrian and early Paleozoic erosional and depositional sequences of northern and central Virginia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 80, 88 p.
Gathright, T.M., II, 1976, Geology of the Shenandoah National Park: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Bulletin 86, 93 p.
Gathright, T.M., II, and Nystrom, P.G., Jr., 1974, Geology of the Ashby Gap quadrangle, Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Report of Investigations 36, 55 p.
Goddard, E.N., Trask, P.D., DeFord, R.K., Rove, R.N., Singewald, J.T., and Overbeck, R.M., 1948, Rock-color chart: Washington, D.C., National Research Council, 6 p. (Reprinted 1951, 1963, 1970, Geological Society of America.)
Gooch, E.O., 1958, Infolded metasediments near the axial zone of the Catoctin Mountain-Blue Ridge anticlinorium in Virginia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 69, no. 5, p. 569-574.
Gray, D.R., 1979, Microstructure of crenulation cleavages--An indicator of cleavage origin: American Journal of Science, v. 279, no. 1, p. 97-128.
Harris, L.D., 1979, Similarities between the thick-skinned Blue Ridge anticlinorium and the thin-skinned Powell Valley anticline: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 90, pt. 1, p. 525-539.
Hatcher, R.D., Jr., 1989, Tectonic synthesis of the U.S. Appalachians,
in Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Thomas, W.A., and Viele, G.W., eds., The Appalachian-Ouachita orogen in the United States; The Geology of North America: Boulder Colo., Geological Society of America, v. F-2, p. 511-535.
Herz, Norman, and Force, E.R., 1984, Rock suites in Grenvillian terrane of the Roseland district, Virginia, pt. 1, Lithologic relations,
in Bartholomew, M.J., ed., The Grenville event in the Appalachians and related topics: Geological Society of America Special Paper 194, p. 187-199.
Higgins, M.W., 1971, Cataclastic rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 687, 97 p.
Howard, J.L., 1991, Lithofacies of the Precambrian basement complex in the northernmost Blue Ridge province of Virginia: Southeastern Geology, v. 31, no. 4, p. 191-202.
Jacobson, R.B., McDowell, R.C., Milton, D.J., Newell, W.L., Pomeroy, J.S., Schindler, J.S., and Southworth, C.S., 1990, Reconnaissance surficial geologic map of the mountainous parts of Loudoun County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-205, 16 sheets, scale 1:12,000.
Jonas, A.I., and Stose, G.W., 1939, Age relation of the Precambrian rocks in the Catoctin Mountain-Blue Ridge and Mount Rogers anticlinoria in Virginia: American Journal of Science, v. 237, no. 8, p. 575-593.
Keith, Arthur, 1894, Harpers Ferry Virginia-Maryland-West Virginia,
in Geologic atlas of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey, folio 10, scale 1:125,000, 4 sheets.
King, P.B., 1950, Geology of the Elkton area, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 230, 82 p.
Kline, S.W., 1991, Phyllonitic zones in the Grenville terrane of the northern Virginia Blue Ridge [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 23, no. 1, p. 54.
Kline, S.W., Lyttle, P.T., and Schindler, J.S., 1991, Late Proterozoic sedimentation and tectonics in northern Virginia,
in Schultz, A.P., and Compton-Gooding, Ellen, eds., Geologic evolution of the eastern United States; Field trip guidebook of the Northeast-Southeast Section of the Geological Society of America: Virginia Museum of Natural History Guidebook 2, p. 263-294.
Kunk, M.J., Froelich, A.J., and Gottfried, D., 1992, Timing of emplacement of diabase dikes and sheets in the Culpeper basin and vicinity, Virginia and Maryland--
40Ar/
39Ar age spectrum results from hornblende and K-feldspar in granophyres [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 24, no. 1, p. 25.
Kunk, M.J., Lyttle, P.T., Schindler, J.S., and Burton, W.C., 1993, Constraints on the thermal history of the Blue Ridge in northernmost Virginia--
40Ar/
39Ar age dating results [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 25, no. 2, p. 31.
Lessing, Peter, Dean, S.L., and Kulander, B.R., 1991, Stratigraphy and structure of the Great Valley and Valley and Ridge, West Virginia,
in Schultz, A.P., and Compton-Gooding, Ellen, eds., Geologic evolution of the eastern United States; Field trip guidebook of the Northeast-Southeast Section of the Geological Society of America: Virginia Museum of Natural History Guidebook 2, p. 29-55.
Lukert, M.T., and Nuckols, E.B., III, 1976, Geology of the Linden and Flint Hill quadrangles, Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Report of Investigations 44, 83 p.
McDowell, R.C., and Milton, D.J., 1992, Geologic map of the Round Hill quadrangle, Clarke and Loudoun Counties, Virginia, and Jefferson County, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1702, 11 p., scale 1:24,000, 1 sheet.
Mitra, Gautum, 1978, Ductile deformation zones and mylonites--The mechanical processes involved in the deformation of crystalline basement rocks: American Journal of Science, v. 278, no. 8, p. 1057-1084.
Mitra, Gautum, and Elliott, David, 1980, Deformation of basement in the Blue Ridge and the development of the South Mountain cleavage,
in Wones, D.R., ed., The Caledonides in the U.S.A; Proceedings of the International Geological Correlation Program Project 27--Caledonide orogen, Blacksburg, Va., 1979: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Geological Sciences, Memoir 2, p. 307-311.
Mitra, Shankar, 1987, Regional variations in deformation mechanisms and structural styles in the central Appalachian orogenic belt: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 98, no. 5, p. 569-590.
Nickelsen, R.P., 1956, Geology of the Blue Ridge near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 67, no. 3, p. 239-269.
O'Connor, J.T., 1965, A classification for quartz-rich igneous rocks based on feldspar ratios: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 525-B, p. B79-B84.
Onasch, C.M., 1986, Structural and metamorphic evolution of a portion of the Blue Ridge in Maryland: Southeastern Geology, v. 26, no. 4, p. 229-238.
Parker, P.E., 1968, Geologic investigations of the Lincoln and Bluemont quadrangles, Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Report of Investigations 14, 23 p.
Prowell, D.C., 1989, Cretaceous and Cenozoic Tectonism in the Appalachians of the eastern United States,
in Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Thomas, W.V., and Viele, G.W., eds., The Appalachian-Ouachita orogen in the United States: The Geology of North America: Boulder, Colo., Geological Society of America, v. F-2, p. 362-366.
Rader, E.K., and Biggs, T.H., 1975, Geology of the Front Royal quadrangle, Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Report of Investigations 40, 91 p.
Rankin, D.W., 1976, Appalachian salients and recesses--Late Precambrian continental break up and the opening of the Iapetus Ocean: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 81, no. 32, p. 5605-5619.
Rankin, D.W., Drake, A.A., Jr., Glover, Lynn, III, Goldsmith, Richard, Hall, L.M., Murray, D.P., Ratcliffe, N.M., Read, J.F., Secor, D.T., Jr., and Stanley, R.S., 1989, Pre-orogenic terranes,
in Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Thomas, W.A., and Viele, G.W., eds., The Appalachian-Ouachita orogen in the United States; The Geology of North America: Boulder, Colo., Geological Society of America, v. F-2, p. 7-100.
Ratcliffe, N.M., 1987, High TiO
2 metadiabase dikes of the Hudson Highlands, New York and New Jersey--Possible Late Proterozoic rift rocks in the New York recess: American Journal of Science, v. 287, p. 817-850.
Read, J.F., 1989, Controls on evolution of Cambro-Ordovician passive margin, U.S. Appalachians,
in Crello, P.D., Sarg, J.F., and Read, J.F., eds., Controls on carbonate platform and basin development: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 44, p. 147-165.
Reed, J.C., Jr., 1955, Catoctin Formation near Luray, Virginia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 66, no. 7, p. 871-896.
Reed, J.C., Jr., and Morgan, B.A., 1971, Chemical alteration and spilitization of Catoctin greenstones, Shenandoah National Park, Virginia: Journal of Geology, v. 79, no. 5, p. 526-548.
Root, S.I., 1989, Basement control of structure in the Gettysburg rift basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: Tectonophysics, v. 166, p. 281-292.
Schultz, A.P., and Southworth, C.S., 1989, Large bedrock landslides of the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province of eastern North America,
in Schultz, A.P., and Jibson, R.W., eds., Landslide processes of the eastern United States and Puerto Rico: Geological Society of America Special Paper 236, p. 57-74.
Schwab, F.L., 1986, Latest Precambrian-earliest Paleozoic sedimentation, Appalachian Blue Ridge and adjacent areas--Review and speculation,
in McDowell, R.C., and Glover, L., III, eds., The Lowry volume--Studies in Appalachian geology: Virginia Tech Department of Geological Sciences Memoir 3, p. 115-137.
Simpson, E.L., and Eriksson, K.A., 1989, Sedimentology of the Unicoi Formation in southern and central Virginia: Evidence for Late Proterozoic to Early Cambrian rift to passive margin transition: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, no. 1, p. 42-54.
Simpson, E.L., and Sundberg, F.A., 1987, Early Cambrian age for synrift deposits of the Chilhowee Group of southwestern Virginia: Geology, v. 15, no. 2, p. 123-126.
Sinha, A.K., and Bartholomew, M.J., 1984, Evolution of the Grenville terrane in the central Virginia Appalachians,
in Bartholomew, M.J., Force, E.R., Sinha, A.K., and Herz, N., eds., The Grenville event in the Appalachians and related topics: Geological Society of America Special Paper 194, p. 175-186.
Southworth, C.S., 1990, Hydrogeologic setting of springs on Short Hill Mountain, Loudoun County, northern Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2112, scale 1:24,000.
------1991a, Geologic map of the Loudoun County, Virginia, part of the Harpers Ferry quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2173, scale 1:24,000.
------1991b, Geology of the Loudoun County, Virginia, part of the Harpers Ferry quadrangle--The Blue Ridge-South Mountain anticlinorium revisited after R.P. Nickelsen [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 23, no. 1, p. 132.
------1993, Kinematics of the Short Hill fault--Contractional reactivation of an extensional fault, Blue Ridge-South Mountain anticlinorium, northern Virginia and Maryland: University of Maryland, Master's thesis, 150 p.
------1994, Geologic map of the Bluemont quadrangle, Loudoun and Clarke Counties, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1739, scale 1:24,000.
------1995, Geologic map of the Purcellville quadrangle, Loudoun County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map, GQ-1755, scale 1:24,000.
Southworth, Scott, Burton, W.C., Schindler, J.S., Froelich, A.J., and Drake, A.A., Jr., in press, Geologic map of Loudoun County, Virginia,
with contributions by Drake, A.A. Jr., and Weems, R.E.,
and aeromagnetic survey by Daniels, D.L., Hanna, W.F., and Bracken, R.E.: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map I-2553, scale 1:50,000.
Stose, A.J., and Stose, G.W., 1946, Geology of Carroll and Frederick Counties,
in The physical features of Carroll County and Frederick County: State of Maryland Department of Geology, Mines, and Water Resources, p. 11-131.
Stose, G.W., 1906, The sedimentary rocks of South Mountain, Pennsylvania: Journal of Geology, v. 14, p. 201-220.
Stose, G.W., and Stose, A.J., 1949, Ocoee Series of the southern Appalachians: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 60, no. 1, p. 267-320.
Streckeisen, A.L., 1976, To each plutonic rock its proper name: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 12, no. 1, p. 1-33.
Toewe, E.C., 1966, Geology of the Leesburg quadrangle, Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Report of Investigations 11, 52 p.
Tollo, R.P., and Aleinikoff, J.N., 1992, The Robertson River Igneous Suite, Virginia, Blue Ridge--A case study in multiple-stage magmatism associated with the early stages of Iapetan rifting [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 24, no. 2, p. 70.
Tollo, R.P., Lowe, T.K., Arav, S., and Gray, K.J., 1991, Geology of the Robertson River Igneous Suite, Blue Ridge Province, Virginia,
in Schultz, A.P., and Compton-Gooding, Ellen, eds., Geologic evolution of the eastern United States; Field trip guidebook of the Northeast-Southeast Section of the Geological Society of America: Virginia Museum of Natural History Guidebook 2, p. 229-262.
Wehr, Frederick, 1985, Stratigraphy of the Lynchburg Group and Swift Run Formation, Late Proterozoic (730-570 Ma), central Virginia: Southeastern Geology, v. 25, p. 225-239.
Whitaker, J.C., 1955, Direction of current flow in some lower Cambrian clastics in Maryland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 66, no. 6, p. 763-766.
White, S.H., Bretan, P.G., and Rutter, E.H., 1986, Fault-zone reactivation--Kinematics and mechanisms: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, v. 317A, p. 81-97.
Wilson, J.T., 1966, Did the Atlantic close and then re-open?: Nature, v. 211, p. 676.
Wojtal, Steven, 1989, Day one--Blue Ridge anticlinorium and Massanutten synclinorium in western Maryland,
in Woodward, N.B., ed., Geometry and deformation fabrics in the central and southern Appalachians Valley and Ridge and Blue Ridge: 28th International Geological Congress Field Trip Guidebook T357, AGU, p. 4-14.
Wood, D.A., 1980, The application of Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary volcanic province: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 50, no. 1, p. 11-30.
Woodward, H.P., 1949, Cambrian system of West Virginia: West Virginia Geological Survey, v. XX, 317 p.
Zischinsky, Ulf, 1969, Uber Sackungen: Rock Mechanics, v. 1, no. 1, p. 30-52.