APPENDICES
Appendix I.
| Arithmetic and geometric means for chemical
elements in U.S. coal. [All values are on a coal basis. Data are exclusively from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) except for estimated values in parentheses, which are based on USGS and literature data. Values in brackets are calculated from cerium and lanthanum data and assuming a chondrite normalized rare-earth-element distribution pattern.n.d., no data; S.D., standard deviation; Max., maximum; Num., number of samples] |
||||||
| |
Arithmetic |
Geometric |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Component |
Mean |
S.D. |
Mean |
S.D. |
Max. |
Num. |
|
Ash % |
13.1 |
8.3 |
10.9 |
1.9 |
50.0 |
7976 |
|
Aluminum (Al) % |
1.5 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
2.1 |
10.6 |
7882 |
|
Antimony (Sb) ppm |
1.2 |
1.6 |
.61 |
3.6 |
35 |
7473 |
|
Arsenic (As) ppm |
24 |
60 |
6.5 |
5.5 |
2200 |
7676 |
|
Barium (Ba) ppm
|
170 |
350 |
93 |
3.0 |
22000 |
7836 |
|
Beryllium (Be) ppm |
2.2 |
4.1 |
1.3 |
3.5 |
330 |
7484 |
|
Bismuth (Bi) ppm
|
(<1.0) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
14 |
920 |
|
Boron (B) ppm
|
49 |
54 |
30 |
3.1 |
1700 |
7874 |
|
Bromine (Br) ppm |
17 |
19 |
9.1 |
4.1 |
160 |
4999 |
|
Cadmium (Cd) ppm |
.47 |
4.6 |
.02 |
18 |
170 |
6150 |
|
Calcium (Ca) % |
.46 |
1.0 |
.23 |
3.3 |
72 |
7887 |
|
Carbon (C) % |
63 |
15 |
62 |
1.3 |
90 |
7154 |
|
Cerium (Ce) ppm |
21 |
28 |
5.1 |
7.1 |
700 |
5525 |
|
Cesium (Cs) ppm |
1.1 |
1.1 |
.70 |
3.2 |
15 |
4972 |
|
Chlorine (Cl) ppm
|
614 |
670 |
79 |
41 |
8800 |
4171 |
|
Chromium (Cr) ppm
|
15 |
15 |
10 |
2.7 |
250 |
7847 |
|
Cobalt (Co) ppm |
6.1 |
10 |
3.7 |
2.9 |
500 |
7800 |
|
Copper (Cu) ppm |
16 |
15 |
12 |
2.1 |
280 |
7911 |
|
Dysprosium (Dy) ppm |
1.9 |
2.7 |
.008 |
35 |
28 |
1510 |
|
Erbium (Er) ppm
|
1.0 |
1.1 |
.002 |
73 |
11 |
1792 |
|
Europium (Eu) ppm
|
.40 |
.33 |
.12 |
5.8 |
4.8 |
5268 |
|
Fluorine (F) ppm
|
98 |
160 |
35 |
15 |
4000 |
7376 |
|
Gadolinium (Gd) ppm
|
(1.8) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
39 |
2376 |
|
Gallium (Ga) ppm |
5.7 |
4.2 |
4.5 |
2.1 |
45 |
7565 |
|
Germanium (Ge) ppm
|
5.7 |
14 |
.59 |
16 |
780 |
5689 |
|
Gold (Au) ppm |
(<0.05) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
|
Hafnium (Hf) ppm |
.73 |
.68 |
.04 |
38 |
18 |
5120 |
|
Holmium (Ho) ppm |
(0.35) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
4.5 |
1130 |
|
Hydrogen (H) % |
5.2 |
.09 |
5.2 |
1.2 |
9.5 |
7155 |
|
Indium (In) ppm |
(<0.3) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
|
Iodine (I) ppm |
(<1.0) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
|
Iridium (Ir) ppm |
(<0.001) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
|
Iron (Fe) ppm |
1.3 |
1.5 |
.75 |
2.9 |
24 |
7882 |
|
Lanthanum (La) ppm |
12 |
16 |
3.9 |
6.0 |
300 |
6235 |
|
Lead (Pb) ppm
|
11 |
37 |
5.0 |
3.7 |
1900 |
7469 |
|
Lithium (Li) ppm |
16 |
20 |
9.2 |
3.3 |
370 |
7848 |
|
Lutetium (Lu) ppm
|
.14 |
.10 |
.06 |
4.7 |
1.8 |
5008 |
|
Magnesium (Mg) % |
.11 |
.12 |
.07 |
2.7 |
1.5 |
7887 |
|
Manganese
(Mn) ppm |
43 |
84 |
19 |
3.9 |
2500 |
7796 |
|
Mercury (Hg) ppm |
.17 |
.24 |
.10 |
3.1 |
10 |
7649 |
|
Molybdenum (Mo) ppm
|
3.3 |
5.6 |
1.2 |
6.5 |
280 |
7107 |
|
Neodymium (Nd) ppm
|
(9.5) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
230 |
4749 |
|
Nickel (Ni) ppm
|
14 |
15 |
9.0 |
2.8 |
340 |
7900 |
|
Niobium (Nb) ppm |
2.9 |
3.1 |
1.0 |
7.7 |
70 |
6843 |
|
Nitrogen (N) % |
1.3 |
0.4 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
13 |
7153 |
|
Osmium (Os) ppm |
(<0.001) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
|
Oxygen (O) % |
16 |
12 |
12 |
2.0 |
60 |
7151 |
|
Palladium (Pd) ppm |
(<0.001) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
|
Phosphorus (P) ppm |
430 |
1500 |
20 |
20 |
58000 |
5079 |
|
Platinum (Pt) ppm |
(<0.001) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
|
Potassium (K) % |
.18 |
.21 |
.10 |
3.5 |
2.0 |
7830 |
|
Praseodymium (Pr) ppm |
(2.4) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
65 |
1533 |
|
Rhenium (Re) ppm |
(<0.001) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
|
Rhodium (Rh) ppm |
(<0.001) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
|
Rubidium (Rb) ppm |
21 |
20 |
.62 |
41 |
140 |
2648 |
|
Ruthenium (Ru) ppm |
(<0.001) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
|
Samarium (Sm) ppm |
1.7 |
1.4 |
.35 |
13 |
18 |
5151 |
|
Scandium (Sc) ppm |
4.2 |
4.4 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
100 |
7803 |
|
Selenium (Se) ppm |
2.8 |
3.0 |
1.8 |
3.1 |
150 |
7563 |
|
Silicon (Si) % |
2.7 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
2.4 |
20 |
7846 |
|
Silver (Ag) ppm |
(<0.1) |
.35 |
.01 |
9.1 |
19 |
5038 |
|
Sodium (Na) % |
.08 |
.12 |
.04 |
3.5 |
1.4 |
7784 |
|
Strontium (Sr) ppm |
130 |
150 |
90 |
2.5 |
2800 |
7842 |
|
Sulfur (S) % |
1.8 |
1.8 |
1.3 |
2.4 |
25 |
7214 |
|
Tantalum (Ta) ppm |
.22 |
.19 |
.02 |
13 |
1.7 |
4622 |
|
Tellurium (Te) ppm |
(<0.1) |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
|
Terbium (Tb) ppm |
.30 |
.23 |
.09 |
7.7 |
3.9 |
5024 |
|
Thallium (Tl) ppm |
1.2 |
3.4 |
.00004 |
205 |
52 |
1149 |
|
Thorium (Th) ppm |
3.2 |
3.0 |
1.7 |
5.0 |
79 |
6866 |
|
Thulium (Tm) ppm |
[0.15] |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
1.9 |
365 |
|
Tin (Sn) ppm |
1.3 |
4.3 |
.001 |
54 |
140 |
3004 |
|
Titanium (Ti) % |
.08 |
.07 |
.06 |
2.2 |
.74 |
7653 |
|
Tungsten (W) ppm |
1.0 |
7.6 |
.10 |
14 |
400 |
4714 |
|
Uranium (U) ppm |
2.1 |
16 |
1.1 |
3.5 |
1300 |
6923 |
|
Vanadium (V) ppm |
22 |
20 |
17 |
2.2 |
370 |
7924 |
|
Ytterbium (Yb) ppm
|
[0.95] |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
20 |
7522 |
|
Yttrium (Y) ppm |
8.5 |
6.7 |
6.6 |
2.2 |
170 |
7897 |
|
Zinc (Zn) ppm |
53 |
440 |
13 |
3.4 |
19000 |
7908 |
|
Zirconium (Zr) ppm |
27 |
32 |
19 |
2.4 |
700 |
7913 |