dds-24.txt U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIGITAL DATA SERIES DDS-24 Images of Kilauea East Rift Zone Eruption, 1983-1993 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIGITAL DATA SERIES DDS-24 Images of Kilauea East Rift Zone Eruption, 1983-1993 By T.J. Takahashi C.C. Abston C.C. Heliker U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIGITAL DATA SERIES DDS-24 1995 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, SECRETARY U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director TECHNICAL INFORMATION This CD-ROM contains 475 scanned images from photographs held by the Hawaiian Volcanic Observatory, USGS. The images are intended to acquaint the user and educational community with examples of volocanic activity from the Kilauea East Rift Eruption Zone. High- quality prints/slides will be available at cost on request from the HVO Photographic Library. The images were scanned from both color and black-and-white slides and photos. All images were scanned using a 256-color, 8-bit palette. The images were scanned using 200-1200-dot/inch resolution depending on the photo size. Each image is approximately 1.2 megabytes (1500 by 1000 pixels). OVERVIEW -------- This publication includes the following: 1. Notes on the scope of this collection, including a "Selected References" list by T.J. Takahashi. 2. Narrative of the Kilauea East Rift eruption, 1983-1993, by C.C. Heliker. 3. A map of locations referred to in the captions. 4. 420 images of the Kilauea East Rift eruption, scanned by C.C. Abston, with captions by T.J. Takahashi and C.C. Heliker. 5. A description of the work of HVO and its volcano monitoring activities by C.R. Thornber, P.G. Okubo, M. Lisowski, J.P. Kauahikaua, A.J. Sutton, and T. Elias. 6. 55 images of the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory's (HVO) volcano monitoring activities, including the work of the following groups: a. Geology b. Seismology c. Ground Deformation d. Geophysics e. Geochemistry Notes on the Collection ----------------------- This collection represents a comprehensive range of photographic images of volcanic phenomena for Kilauea's East Rift eruption from 1983 to 1993. The longest rift-zone eruption in the recorded history of Kilauea continues as of this date. The images, produced by the staff of the U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, have been selected with the following aims in mind: a. To present a visual chronology of the eruption. b. To include the broadest coverage possible of volcanic phenomena manifested during the course of the eruption through 1993. c. To provide the best views of the eruption (including vertically oriented images, to fulfill frequent requests by photo editors and the media for book jackets and magazine covers). The captions reflect pertinent information on location, geologic feature or process, and date. Those desiring further information are directed to the list of references to enhance their understanding of Kilauea's eruption and its byproducts. T.J. Takahashi Librarian/Photo Archivist USGS/HVO Narrative of the Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha Eruption, Kilauea East Rift Zone, 1983-1993 -------------------------------------------- The longest lived and most voluminous rift-zone eruption of Kilauea in the past two centuries began in 1983 and continues as of this writing (1995). During the first 11 years of the eruption, lava flows covered 87 square km to depths as great as 25 m, and flows entering the ocean added over 491 acres of new land to the island. The eruption claimed 181 houses, a church, a store, and a visitor center in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and buried 12 km of the coastal highway. The first 6 months of the eruption (January-May 1983, episodes 1-3) were characterized by intermittent fissure eruptions along the middle east rift zone from Napau Crater to Kalalua. By June 1983, the eruption had localized at the Pu'u Oo vent, and the activity settled into an increasingly regular pattern of brief (less than 24-hr) eruptive episodes, separated by repose periods averaging 25 days. Over the next 3 years, 44 episodes of high fountaining built a cinder-and-spatter cone 255 m high. Flows from Pu'u 'O'o overran 16 houses in the sparsely populated Royal Gardens subdivision 6 km from the vent. In July 1986, the vertical conduit of Pu'u 'O'o ruptured, and the eruption shifted to a new site 3 km downrift. This marked the end of episodic high fountaining and the beginning of five-and- a-half years (episode 48) of nearly continuous, quiet effusion from the new vent, which was named Kupaianaha. A lava pond developed over the Kupaianaha vent, and overflows from the pond built a shield that reached a height of 55 m in less than a year. By November 1986, a lava tube had developed from the pond to the ocean, 12 km to the southeast, closing the coastal highway and destroying more houses. For the next 3 years, much of the lava erupted from Kupaianaha flowed directly to the sea through lava tubes. During this interval, 58 houses were overrun in Royal Gardens subdivision and the coastal communities of Kapaahu and Kalapana. In mid-1989, the flow field expanded to the west, claiming the Wahaula Visitor Center and adjoining residences in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The level of the lava pond at Kupaianaha gradually dropped, and the pond decreased in size as the tube that drained the pond was progressively downcut. By mid-1990, the pond was completely sealed over, and from then on, lava from the vent flowed directly into the tube system. During the Kupaianaha era, repeated collapse of the Pu'u 'O'o conduit gradually enlarged it into a crater almost 300 m in diameter. Beginning in 1987, an active lava pond was intermittently visible in the bottom of the crater; after 1990, the pond was almost continuously present. However, no lava flows have originated directly from the Pu'u 'O'o conduit since 1986. The eruption changed in 1990, when a series of 12 pauses, lasting from 1 to 4 days, interrupted the steady effusion of lava. At the same time, the eruption entered its most destructive phase. More than 100 homes in the coastal village of Kalapana were destroyed during a 9 month period. In 1991, a new lava tube diverted lava away from Kalapana and back into the national park, where flows once again entered the ocean. During 1991, the volume of lava erupted from Kupaianaha steadily declined. At the same time, the level and activity of the Pu'u 'O'o lava pond rose, until November 1991, when fissures opened between Pu'u 'O'o and Kupaianaha and erupted for 3 weeks. Kupaianaha continued to erupt during the fissure activity (episode 49), but its output was waning. On February 7, 1992, the Kupaianaha vent shut down. Ten days later, lava erupted in low fountains along a fissure on the western flank of the Pu'u 'O'o cone. This was the beginning of episode 50, which continued for about 2 weeks until the eruption abruptly stopped, coincident with an intrusion in the upper east rift zone. Four days later, the episode 50 fissure extended slightly higher on the flank of Pu'u 'O'o, and several new vents began to erupt (episode 51). During episodes 50-51, a lava shield 60 m high and 1 km in diameter formed against the western flank of Pu'u 'O'o. In the early months of episode 51, an active lava pond was perched on top of the growing lava shield. By mid-July 1992, however, the lava tube leading from the vents had bypassed the pond, which drained and remained empty. Pauses in eruptive activity began to occur shortly after episode 51 began. In 1992, the eruption was interrupted 18 times by pauses that lasted an average of 3 days; in 1993, there were only two brief pauses. In October 1992, following a magnitude 4.3 earthquake located near the eruption site, a new vent opened on the south flank of Pu'u 'O'o. This vent erupted for 2 weeks (episode 52), concurrently with the episode 51 vent, and then shut down. In November 1992, lava from the episode 51 vent crossed the Chain of Craters Road in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and entered the ocean at Kamoamoa. Over the next month, tube-fed pahoehoe flows buried the Kamoamoa archaeological site, a campground and picnic area, and the black sand beach formed earlier in this eruption by flows from Kupaianaha entering the ocean farther to the east. A new vent opened near the episode 52 vent in February 1993. The new episode 53 vent and the older episode 51 vent remained active through 1993, both feeding into a single lava tube that extended 10.7 km to the coast. Flows continued to enter the ocean near the site of Kamoamoa in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. C.C. Heliker Geologist USGS/HVO A description of the work of HVO and its volcano monitoring activities ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Ground Deformation ------------------ The surface deformation program at HVO utilizes a variety of techniques and instruments to monitor the active volcanoes of Hawaii. An extensive geodetic network encompasses Kilauea and Mauna Loa Volcanoes; a smaller network is in place on Hualalai Volcano. Scientists at HVO use spirit leveling, electronic distance measurements (EDM), and Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys to measure ground deformation. Each survey provides a snapshot of the elevations and positions of the bench marks that can be compared with those of previous surveys to determine accumulated ground deformation. In addition to the periodic surveys, we operate a network of continuously recording tiltmeters and GPS receivers to detect the rapid changes that occur during deformation events. GPS surveys are currently our primary monitoring tool. A brief description of monitoring networks and instruments follows. Level and tilt We monitor elevation changes on level-line networks that have a total length of nearly 400 km. Tilt is also deduced from elevation changes within 110 equilateral triangle (approx. 40 m base) tilt arrays. The various level networks are measured at irregular intervals; rapidly deforming areas are surveyed more frequently. A subset of the tilt arrays and level lines on the summit and rift zones of Kilauea and Mauna Loa are measured annually. Because of the rapid changes and the magnitude of the signals recorded, surveys conducted to second-order first-class standards provide both fast and accurate leveling results. On most of the networks, instrument setups are marked, and turning points are nailed and marked to help expedite the surveys. Tilt arrays are measured to first-order standards, excluding the temperature measurements. Two pairs of Wild 3 m long invar rods and two Wild NA-2 level instruments with parallel micrometer plates are used for the leveling surveys. Three Wild 3 m long invar rods with stays and the Wild NA-2 level instrument with parallel micrometer plate are used for the tilt surveys. Field data are recorded on a MC-II hand-held calculator and are downloaded and stored on a VAX server at HVO. EDM With the exception of a few lines, all EDM survey network data in the 1970's and 1980's were reduced with end-point meteorological measurements. More than 750 lines on Kilauea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai constitute the HVO trilateration/horizontal strain network. Currently, most of the EDM surveys are limited to measurements of permanently mounted reflectors (31 lines on Kilauea and 25 lines on Mauna Loa) and to small networks on the summits of Kilauea and Mauna Loa. Many of the stations in the trilateration network are now occupied with GPS, which has supplanted EDM measurements in the 1990's. Our EDM instruments include two K&E Rangemaster III, one Ranger V, AGA Model 8 Geodimeter helium-neon laser instrument, and one each HP 3808a and HP 3850a infrared laser instrument. We have an inventory of about 90 retro-reflector prisms, 10 high-precision altimeters, 6 thermistor units with Fluke 87 multimeter to record the resistance of the thermistor, and a number of tripods and optical tribrachs. GPS The GPS network includes 120 sites, which are surveyed annually using static survey techniques. About 30 of these sites are surveyed quarterly or semiannually. We expect the number of GPS sites to grow as we implement short-occupation and kinematic survey techniques. A network of two continuously recording sites, jointly operated by HVO and Stanford University, has been recording data since June 1995. NASA Gipsy-Oasis software is used to obtain position solutions for all static surveys. We use improved orbits from the International Geodynamic Service (IGS) in our final solution. Trimble's GPSurvey software is used for initial reduction and quality control for static, short- occupation, and kinematic surveys. We have seven Trimble SSE receivers with antennas, tribrach, and tripods. Electronic and short-base water-tube tiltmeters Six electronic tiltmeters telemeter data from the rift and summit of Kilauea and Mauna Loa Volcanoes. The data are digitally radio-telemetered to HVO and recorded and stored on a polling system. All but one are biaxial units mounted in shallow boreholes or on platforms. We have one uniaxial mercury capacitance Ideal-Aerosmith tiltmeter mounted in the Uwekahuna vault that is hard wired to an analog strip chart recorder. We also have a three-meter base water-tube tiltmeter that is read manually once a day and is located in the Uwekahuna Vault. The tilt data are recorded and tranferred onto the VAX server. M. Lisowski Geophysicist USGS/HVO Gas Geochemistry ----------------- Gas studies at HVO are conducted in order to assess the current eruptive activity and hazards of Kilauea and Mauna Loa Volcanoes and to develop and test new volcanic gas monitoring techniques for use in Hawaii and elsewhere. These two goals help us to develop better models of how volcanoes work. Gas studies also support research on global climate change by improving our estimates of gas emission budgets for hotspot volcanoes. The current long-lived eruption of Kilauea has increased island and state-wide concern and awareness of the effects of volcanic smog (VOG) on environmental health, and current gas studies help characterize and quantify ambient concentrations of volcanic pollutant gases. Emission-rate measurements for SO2 have been conducted nearly weekly by correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) since 1979 and constitute a world-class data set. Based on these measurements, we find that Kilauea releases between 300,000 and 500,000 metric tons of SO2 yearly during long-lived eruptions, such as the current one, and less than 75,000 tons when the volcano is quiescent. These ground-based remote measurements have been used to calibrate space-based and high-altitude airborne measurements. Furthermore, SO2 emission rates are important for assessing volcanoes as agents of climatic change. Emission rates for other gases and metals have been estimated by normalizing the concentration of other chemical species in the plume to SO2. Chemical analysis of gas samples taken from volcanic vents at the summit and rift zones of Kilauea and Mauna Loa has helped to improved our models of how these volcanoes release volatiles. Carbon/sulfur concentration ratios indicate that summit gases are richer in CO2 than are rift gases, owing to the lower solubility of CO2 in basaltic magma and the attendant summit CO2 release. Carbon/sulfur ratios are measured about weekly at the summit of Kilauea. Continuous monitoring of gases released from Kilauea using multi-species chemical sensors shows that gas emission events can occur on a time scale too short to be detected, either by intermittent gas sampling with laboratory analysis or by emission rate measurements. A network of continuous monitoring stations using species-selective chemical sensors is under development. This network will complement other geochemical and geophysical time series measurements. Continuous monitoring of ambient air quality, in cooperation with the U.S. National Park Service, provides information on the impact of volcanic emissions on air quality. These studies have documented the importance of wind speed and wind direction on the geographic fate of volcanic air pollution on the island of Hawaii and have recorded numerous exceedences of primary health standards for SO2 within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. A.J. Sutton and T. Elias Geochemists USGS/HVO Geology ------- The Geology group keeps a vigilant watch on Kilauea and Mauna Loa Volcanoes, performing ongoing geologic monitoring and hazard assessment duties and maintaining a "response-ready" status in the event of a volcanic crisis. By working closely with seismologists, geodesists, geophysicists, and gas geochemists, HVO geologists help to integrate information pertaining to potentially hazardous changes in eruptive conditions. Through such interdisciplinary teamwork, geologists can provide timely on-site response in crisis situations. Monitoring duties are directed toward comprehensive documentation of the physical attributes of the volcanic vent system and eruptive products. Among these duties are (1) visually surveying erupting areas (currently the East Rift Zone of Kilauea); (2) providing photographic documentation of vents, flows and other dynamic processes using still, video and time-lapse techniques; (3) mapping new lava flows as they advance; (4) sampling lavas for geochemical, thermal and microscopic assessment; (5) measuring temperatures of active lava flows; and (6) making geodetic measurements related to the emplacement and inflation of active lava flows and the development of lava-tube transport systems within flow fields. The Geology group keeps the observatory staff informed of changes in eruptive conditions which might predicate changes in the location or types of monitoring devices and which are likely to affect the deployment of personnel in the field. Most importantly, geologic observations provide a basis for advising Civil Defense or national park authorities of imminent hazards. Geologic monitoring activities support long-term research goals in areas such as (1) petrologic modeling of magma genesis, storage, transport, and eruption; (2) physical development of basaltic lava fields; (3) characterization of littoral processes associated with the formation of new land; and (4) short- and long-term volcanic hazard evaluation through combined disciplines of petrology and physical volcanology. C.R. Thornber Geologist USGS/HVO Geophysics ---------- The overall mission of the geophysics group at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory is the application of geophysical methods to the study of volcanic structure and phenomena. These methods are exclusive of those already used routinely at HVO, such as the monitoring of earthquakes and ground deformation. We have operated several experimental geophysical monitors, mapped varia- tions in geophysical quantities in order to determine subsurface structure, and used geophysical measurements to study the emplacement of lava flows and the evolution of lava tubes within those flows. Experimental geophysical monitors Prior to 1992, a Controlled-Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) resistivity monitor, which used large, artificially generated alternating magnetic fields, measured resistivity changes occurring within the first few kilometers beneath Kilauea's summit. Resistivity changes should accompany changing amounts of magma in the summit reservoir or a significant heating of the summit water table. From 1990 to 1992, a real-time, super-conducting gravimeter measured changes in the gravitational attraction at Kilauea summit. Such changes result from a combination of changes in elevation of the summit and (or) changes in the distribution of subsurface mass. For about 9 months in 1994-1995, a magnetic gradiometer was operated near the upper East Rift Zone. Stress induced changes in the magnetization of subsurface rocks should change the surface magnetic field, and a gradiometer should detect these changes and resolve a vector pointing to the location of the change. Currently, we operate one telemetered array of electrodes measuring the changes in natural ground electrical potential at one location on the upper East Rift Zone. We also repeatedly measure gravity variations at more than 40 sites covering the summits and rift zones of Mauna Loa and Kilauea Volcanoes to deduce subsurface mass changes. For the last 3 years, we have used a Very Low Frequency (VLF) receiver to monitor the level of lava within active tubes. When velocity of the lava can also be measured, the production rate of lava during the current eruption can be monitored. Structural mapping More than 1,400 gravity measurements have been made on the surface of Kilauea Volcano. Coupled with aeromagnetic measurements made in the late 1970s, it has been possible to define a density and magnetization structure of Kilauea. Further mapping will help determine subsurface structure of local rift zone features, such as Pu'u 'O'o. Both Mauna Loa and Hualalai Volcanoes are future mapping objectives. Self-potential and vertical resistivity structure (DC, FDEM, TDEM, MT) have also been mapped for the summit and portions of the rift zones of Kilauea. Emplacement of lava flows and development of lava tubes Through repeated measurement of height, electrical conduc- tivity, temperature, and total magnetic field, as well as detailed visual observations, much of the process of pahoehoe flow emplacement and the development of lava tubes within those flows has been deduced. This has been particularly useful in trying to determine the role of lava flows, tubes, and slumping as the cause of the failure of the leading edges of lava benches. These studies, coupled with detailed mapping of similar flow fields from past eruptions, determine the emplacement mechanisms for other flows on the island. J.P. Kauahikaua Geophysicist USGS/HVO Seismology ------------ HVO operates and maintains a telemetered seismographic monitoring network on the island of Hawaii. The network consists of 53 station sites; 14 sites provide multiple components of ground motion. The network coverage is most extensive on and around Kilauea Volcano and to a lesser extent on the southeast flank of Mauna Loa Volcano. All signals from the network are telemetered to HVO for central recording, timing, analysis, and archiving. The typical HVO seismographic stations are equipped with short-period geophones (Mark Products L4-C). Each remote telemetering station has a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) for multiplex FM radio transmission to HVO. At selected station sites, dual-gain settings on the VCO are used to provide a moderately amplified signal from the geophone, in addition to the more common highly amplified ground motion signal. The station telemetry is presently standardized to the same systems used in the USGS microearthquake monitoring networks in California. This now includes the use of additional signal multiplexing, using direct-to-line microwave technology to increase transmission capacity. At the HVO central receiving site, the FM signals are demultiplexed and discriminated for recording on a number of different platforms. Since 1985, the Hawaiian seismicity catalog has been built from data processed with the Caltech-USGS Seismic Processing (CUSP) system. CUSP systems are also presently used at the USGS earthquake research centers in Menlo Park and in Pasadena, California, as well as at the University of Nevada at Reno, the University of Southern California, and the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, with accommodations to differences in computer hardware and seismological setting and purpose. At HVO, two parallel CUSP systems are running on a network of Digital Equipment Corporation VAX/VMS minicomputers and workstations. The signals are passed through 16-bit analog-to-digital convertors controlled by the VAX minicomputers. A total of 93 data channels from the network are processed through CUSP in a number of stages. In addition, digitized data from the entire network are continuously recorded on 4-mm DAT tapes. Automated data analysis begins with seismic event detection to trigger data storage. Following an event trigger, arrival times for seismic P-waves are automatically estimated where possible, and these data are used to estimate preliminary earthquake location and magnitude. Data analysts examine all of the declared and stored events to improve estimates of arrival times determined automatically, to add more arrival time information for both P- and S-waves, and to relocate the hypocenters based on this augmented set of arrival times. More than 10,000 earthquakes are processed by using CUSP each year, and final catalog information is derived by combining CUSP data with the standard HVO earthquake location program HYPOINVERSE (Klein, USGS Open-File Report 89-314). HVO maintains a tape archive of the earthquake data. Published annual seismicity summaries typically contain more than 2,000 earthquakes of magnitude greater than 1.5. Routine earthquake-location capability extends to magnitude 1 for the entire island and is significantly lower for events within the densest parts of the network. Analog signals from 18 stations are recorded on a Develocorder 16-mm film recorder. Develocorder films are scanned on a daily basis for earthquakes and volcanic tremor. Daily earthquake counts are assembled for defined regions beneath the island of Hawaii. Earthquakes beneath the summit regions of Kilauea and Mauna Loa Volcanoes are also classified on the basis of frequency content of the signals and are registered as either short-period or long-period earthquake types. The Develocorder analysis also applies to very small earthquakes, which may not be consistently recorded by the triggered processing system. In this way, the Develocorder counts significantly augment the seismicity catalogs in monitoring changes occurring beneath the volcanoes. We operate a seismic amplitude monitoring system--the Real-time Seismic Amplitude Monitoring or RSAM system--developed at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington. This system computes aveage signal levels for a specified time window and records these signal levels to provide simple indicators of changes in earthquake activity or volcanic tremor derived from selected channels. Analog signals from three data channels are also connected to a seismic tremor alarm circuit which is activated when signal levels on the selected channels exceed the specified threshold. A local audible alarm is sounded at HVO, in addition to telephone notification through a private vendor. Uwekahuna Vault, some 3,280 m from HVO, is equipped with a number of seismometers. The signals are telemetered to HVO using a fiber-optic land line installed in 1993. A total of 10 seismic channels are operating at Uwekahuna; besides the three component high-gain, short-period system, there are a unity-gain short-period vertical channel (L4C), a triaxial force-balance accelerometer, and a moderately broadband three-component system (Guralp CMG-40T). Each year, HVO publishes a summary containing the locations of earthquake hypocenters and other seismic activity that is now distributed as U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports. These summaries include details of the HVO seismographic network and seismic data-processing procedures. P.G. Okubo Seismologist USGS/HVO SELECTED REFERENCES Bargar, K.E., 1990, Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program, U.S. Geological Survey, 1986-1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open- File Report 90-277, 78 p. Bates, R.L., and Jackson, J.A., 1987, Glossary of geology (3rd ed.): Alexandria, Va, American Geological Institute, 788 p. Brantley, S.R., 1994, Volcanoes of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey General Interest Publication, 44 p. Carr, M.H., and Greeley, R., 1980, Volcanic features of Hawaii-- a basis for comparison with Mars: Washington, D.C., National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA SP-403, 211 p. Clague, D.A., and Heliker, C., 1992, The ten-year eruption of Kilauea Volcano: Earthquakes and Volcanoes, v. 23, no. 6, p. 244-254. Ewert, J.W., and Swanson, D.A., eds., 1992, Monitoring volcanoes-- techniques and strategies used by the staff of the Cascades Vol- cano Observatory, 1980-90: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1966, 223 p. Greeley, R., ed., 1974, Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conference, Hawaiian Planetology Conference, Hilo, HI, Oct. 1974 [Proceedings]: Washington, D.C., National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA TMX 62362, p. 1-13. [Prepared for the Mars Geologic Mapping Meeting, sponsored by the Office of Planetology Programs, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.] Green, J., and Short, N.M., eds., 1971, Volcanic landforms and surface features--a photographic atlas and glossary: New York, Springer-Verlag, 519 p. Heliker, C., 1990, Volcanic and seismic hazards on the island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey General Interest Publication, 48 p. Heliker, C.C., and Wright, T.L., 1991, Lava flow hazards from Kilauea: Geotimes, v. 36, no. 5, p. 16-19. Heliker, C.C., and Wright, T.L., 1991, The Pu'u O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea: EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 72, no. 47, p. 521, 531, 530. Heliker, C.C., Mattox, T.N., and Neal, C., 1983-1993, Kilauea (Hawaii): Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, v. 8-18. (Tel. 202/357-1511; Fax 202/357-2476. An electronic version is posted on VOLCANO Listserv [VOLCANO@ASUACAD.BITNET] and the VOLCANOES.ETC. board on OMNET). Hon, K., Kauahikaua, J., and Denlinger, R., and Mackay, K., 1994, Emplacement and inflation of pahoehoe sheet flows-- observations and measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 351-370. Macdonald, G.A., and Abbott, A.T., and Peterson, F.L., 1983, Vol- canoes in the sea (2nd ed.): Honolulu, Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press, 517 p. Mangan, M.T., Heliker, C.C., Mattox, T.N., Kauahikaua, J.P., and Helz, R.T., 1995, Episode 49 of the Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea volcano--Breakdown of a steady-state eruptive era: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, p. 127-135. Mattox, T.N., 1993, Where lava meets the sea--Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Earthquakes and Volcanoes, v. 24, no. 4, p. 160-177. Mattox, T.N., Heliker, C., Kauahikaua, J., and Hon, K., 1993, Development of the 1990 Kalapana flow field, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 55, p. 407-413. Sutton, A.J., and Elias, T., 1993, Annotated bibliography--Vol- canic gas emissions and their effect on ambient air character: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-551-E, 26 p. Sutton, A.J., Elias, T., and Navarrete, R., 1994, Volcanic gas emissions and their impact on ambient air character at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-569, 34 p. Sutton, J., and Elias, T., 1993, Volcanic gases create air pollu- tion on the island of Hawaii: Earthquakes and Volcanoes, v. 24, no. 4, p. 178-196. Takahashi, T.J., and Griggs, J.D., 1987, Hawaiian volcanic fea- tures: a photoglossary, in Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauf- fer, P.H., eds., Volcanism in Hawaii, 2 volumes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, v. 2, chap. 36, p. 845-902. Tilling, R.I., 1987, Eruptions of Hawaiian volcanoes--Past, present, and future: U.S. Geological Survey General Interest Publication, 54 p. Wentworth, C.K., and Macdonald, G.A., 1953, Structures and forms of basaltic rocks in Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 994, 98 p. Wolfe, E.W., ed., The Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii-- Episodes 1 through 20, January 3, 1983, through June 8, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1463, 251 p.; maps in pocket. Wright, T.L., and Pierson, T.C., 1992, Living with volcanoes--The U.S. Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program: U.S. Geologi- cal Survey Circular 1073, 57 p. Wright, T.L., Takahashi, T.J., and Griggs, J.D., 1992, Hawai'i volcano watch: a pictorial history, 1779-1955: Honolulu, Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press, 162 p. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank the following for their contributions to this project: --C.R. Thornber, P.G. Okubo, J.P. Kauahikaua, M. Lisowski, A.J. Sutton, and T. Elias for writeups on the monitoring section. --D.A. Clague and M.T. Mangan for their thoughtful reviews and helpful comments on the manuscript. --All those whose photographs have enhanced this collection, especially J.D. Griggs, whose excellence in photo documentation and composition set a standard for the field. --J.M. Aaron for his enthusiasm and unflagging support. We shall miss his vital presence and leadership of the U.S. Geological Survey's Office of Scientific Publications. T.J. Takahashi, C.C. Abston, and C.C. Heliker POINTS OF CONTACT PHOTOGRAPHIC DATA: Information concerning the PHOTOGRAPHIC DATA and photographic reproductions should be addressed to: USGS HVO Photographic Librarian Attn: Jane Takahashi P.O. Box # 51 Hawaii National Park, HI 96718 Phone (808) 967-8111 World-Wide Web As this publication was released initially as a CD-ROM for use with MS-DOS, we decided to make it available on the World-Wide Web in formats that are more common (JPG, TXT, and HTML). 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