Lake Tahoe Case Study

Master Bibliography



In the process of data compilation for the assessment of 

current and historic ecosystem conditions and trends, we 

compiled a digital bibliography.  This was done using the 

bibliographic database program EndNote 2.  There are over 

1,200 references in the database and an output file of them 

follows.  The data are also contained in the 

~ADDENDUM/~A_C07DAT directory in three formats:  EndNote 2 

database (LT_BIB.EN2), ASCII text (LT_BIB.TXT), and Microsoft 

Word 6.0 (LT_BIB.DOC).



Emerald Bay Camp, Lake Tahoe. [San Francisco?, distributed by 

the Peck-Judah Co.].



(1899). Lake Tahoe miscellany. San Francisco, CA, [A 

factitious collection with title and numbering supplied by 

The Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley].: 9 nos. in 1 v.



(1900). Tallac, Lake Tahoe : the summer resort of the world. 

South Lake Tahoe, CA, [publisher unknown].



(1906). Lake Tahoe, California. San Francisco, CA, Southern 

Pacific Co.



(1940). Camp Richardson, Lake Tahoe : fun on the beach at 

Camp Richardson. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Camp Richardson 

Resort.



(1940s). Lake Tahoe Meeks Bay Resort : an ideal white sand 

bathing beach on the shore of Meeks Bay. South Lake Tahoe, 

CA?, Meeks Bay Resort?



(1950). Citizens (Group pictures): P - R. View of family at 

picnic table. In background, people sunbathing [Zephyr Cove, 

Lake Tahoe].



(1957). Camino, Placerville and Lake Tahoe Railroad, and the 

Michigan-California Lumber Company. Western Railroader. San 

Mateo, CA. 21: 15 p.



(1959). Folder of newspaper clippings and miscellany on water 

quality and pollution control in San Francisco Bay, 

Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Lake Tahoe, and Klamath River 

Basin.



(1960). Photographs of the Lake Tahoe Region. [Photographs 

apparently for publication project of the Sierra Club 

documenting the human impact on the Lake Tahoe Region].



(1969). Lake Eutrophication--Water Pollution Causes, Effects 

and Control. ïSave the Lakes SymposiumÍ, Detroit Lakes, 

Minnesota, Water Resources Research Center, University of 

Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 

	Papers presented at ïsave the lakes symposiumÍ held at 

detroit lakes, minnesota, august 18-19, 1969, focused on lake 

pollution and eutrophication: what it is, what causes it, the 

technology needed and available to control it, and the type 

of community action that can and must be taken for effective 

control and improvement. the purpose is to make facts 

available to the public and to clarify the cooperative role 

of citizens and government. the life cycle of a lake is 

described. improved methods of lake management may be 

uncovered in fundamental studies dealing with present sources 

of pollution, municipal sewage and diffuse sources, such as 

agricultural operations, fallout and washout from air, 

drainage, and the technical problems involved. the history 

and diversion of wastes at madison, wisconsin, lake tahoe and 

lake washington is described. besides the scientific areas, 

the major problems are lack of political leadership necessary 

for proper evaluation of water quality and providing 

financing necessary for solution. the geological history of 

the detroit lakes is given. there are many means of 

alleviating eutrophication: ecological control, biological 

control, chemical control, and mechanical control.



(1970). Map of South Lake Tahoe and vicinity. California, 

s.n.



(1971). New Sewage Disposal System At Tahoe City. Water And 

Sewage Works 118(1): 6-8. 

	The 1968 californiaÍs law requiring the exportation of 

all sewage from the lake tahoe basin by january 1, 1972 

inspired tahoe city to come up with this imaginative disposal 

system. it utilizes three high speed pumps to lift the 

effluent 1400 ft. to the ïcinder coneÍ disposal area. this 

effluent is the outcome of a primary treatment plant which 

chlorinates and clarifies the sewage. the sludge cake is 

trucked 20 miles away and buried. the effluent flows to well 

compacted holding ponds and is then lifted to the ïsponge 

likeÍ, trench laced disposal area. various studies were 

carried out and are still being conducted on the area and the 

draining springs. so far an increase of volume was detected 

with no adverse effects. (rayyan-texas)



(1973). Limnology of Shallow Waters. Symposia Biologica 

Hungarica, Tihany, Hungary, Akademiai Kiado: Budapest, 

Hungary. 

	Production processes in shallow water ecosystems are 

examined. The 1st group of papers focuses on primary 

production. Production was studied in Lake Balaton (Hungary), 

Lake Tahoe (USA), Lake Warniak (Poland), the Masurian lakes 

of Poland, Lake Szelid (Hungary) and the lake at Palic 

(Yugoslavia). The 2nd group of articles study secondary 

production, including the effect of fluctuating temperatures 

on palnkton rotifers; zooplankton biomass; characteristics of 

bacteria and plankton in Lake Castoria (Greece); macrofaunal 

biomass in Lake Velence (Hungary); and participation of 

bacteria in organic production in Lake Ohrid (Yugoslavia). 

Effects of pollution and protection of water ecosystems are 

considered in many articles.--Copyright 1975, Biological 

Abstracts, Inc.



(1975). Tahoe, then & now--a look back today. Tahoe Daily 

Tribune. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Daily Tribune: ca. 50 

pages in various paginations.



(1975). Tahoe--then & now : the Tribune today turns back the 

pages of history. Tahoe Daily Tribune. South Lake Tahoe, CA, 

Tahoe Daily Tribune: ca. 50 pages in various paginations.



(1975). . Lake Tahoe Research Seminar, Sands Vagabond 

Convention Center, South Lake Tahoe, California, NATIONAL 

TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VA. 

	Lake tahoe research seminars are held quarterly to 

inform the public and interested researchers of current 

research projects and to develop lines of communication among 

those interested and involved in solving the problems of the 

tahoe basin. topics discussed at the research seminar ii 

(september 27, 1974) included: ïpreliminary study of 

experimental system for ammonia removal at south lake tahoe 

advanced wastewater treatment plant,Í ïthe scientist and 

decision-making at lake tahoe,Í ïconifer damage and death 

associated with the use of highway deicing salt in the lake 

tahoe basin of california and nevada,Í ïair quality of the 

tahoe basin,Í ïweather modification in the lake tahoe basin,Í 

and ïerodibility of tahoe soils.Í



(1975). Wastewater Treatment Process Sends Nutrients Back to 

the Land. Engineering News Record 195(22): 18. 

	A 4.8 mgd advanced waste water treatment plant is under 

construction near north lake tahoe, california, and will be 

the first to include the ammonia removal and recovery process 

(arrp). the process begins with a series of selective ion 

exchange beds that follow activated carbon treatment and 

includes closed-air towers and ducts in its stripping and 

absorption modules. as influent passes over 4-ft deep beds of 

clinoptilolite, the ammonium ions (concentrated at about 15 

to 20 ppm) will be adsorbed. the remaining effluent will then 

pass through an 18-inch diameter pipe for chlorination and 

disposal. while all the waste water passes over the 

clinoptilolite, only the spent regenerant, enriched to an 

ammonium concentration of 300 ppm, is pumped to the stripping 

towers. there, sodium hydroxide converts the ammonium ions to 

ammonia gas, which is ducted to a smaller absorption tower 

and dissolved and concentrated. the liquid is pumped to 

storage tanks when the ammonium sulfate concentration reaches 

40%. the solution leaving the absorption tower contains about 

9% available nitrogen, suitable for direct irrigation by 

farmers or for blending by commercial fertilizer 

manufacturers. (kramer-firl)



(1976). Land use plan, Truckee-Little Truckee Rivers Planning 

Unit, Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Tahoe National 

Forest, Toiyabe National Forest.



(1976). A salute to TahoeÍs pioneers inside today. Tahoe 

Daily Tribune. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Daily Tribune: ca. 

50 pages in various paginations.



(1976). Tahoe ... then and now : a look at TahoeÍs historical 

past in todayÍs Tribune. Tahoe Daily Tribune. South Lake 

Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Daily Tribune: ca. 50 pages in various 

paginations.



(1976). Converting Sewage Into Savings. Chemical Week 118(2): 

47. 

	Producing ammonium sulfate fertilizer will help defray 

the operating costs of a new tertiary treatment plant being 

built on lake tahoe. the ammonia removal and recovery process 

produces 40% concentration ammonium sulfate solution from the 

regeneration stream from the plantÍs ammonia-stripping ion-

exchange beds. the solution contains about 9% available 

nitrogen, suitable for direct irrigation of sprinkler system 

application by farmers or for blending by commercial 

fertilizer manufacturers into ammonium sulfate. the north 

lake tahoe plant will produce between 2.5 and 5 tons of 

fertilizer per day. the cost of installing the process is 

about 10% of the total construction cost of the new plant, 

but the designers say the sale of fertilizer materials will 

cut operating expenses by 60%. ammonia is removed from the 

waste stream by passing over a bed of clinoptilolite. the bed 

is then flushed with a concentrated sodium chloride solution 

which ïbumpsÍ the ammonia ions into a regeneration solution. 

with an ammonium concentration of about 300 ppm, the solution 

is pumped into clarifiers where sodium hydroxide is added to 

convert the ammonium ions into ammonia gas. in an absorption 

tower the gas is converted into a 40% solution of ammonium 

sulfate. the ammonia removal and recovery process is part of 

a $20 million waste treatment system that includes pure-

oxygen-activated sludge treatment, two-stage lime addition 

for the removal of phosphorus, dual-media filtration, 

activated carbon adsorption, ion-exchange for ammonia 

removal, and chlorination for disinfection. (loustau-firl)



(1977). Final Report on the Pyramid Lake Pilot Project, 1970-

1975, Volume 2, Appendices, Nevada Univ. System, Reno. Lab. 

of Atmospheric Physics. 

	The fourteen appendices are entitled: Rare and 

Endangered Wildlife Species of the Lake Tahoe Region; Remote 

Controlled Mobile AgI Aerosol Generator; Observed or Actual 

Storm Periods, 1972-75; Typical Synoptic Examples of Sierra 

Nevada Storms; Total Seasonal Precipitation October 1 to May 

31; Control Center Operations Summaries; Daily Record of 

Weather Modification Activities; Record Structure; Control 

Center Data; Non-Recording (True) Precipitation Measurements; 

Major Computer Programs Developed for Data Acquisition and 

Processing; Data Set 5; Precipitation Amounts for 11 Selected 

Stations; Data as Used in Analysis (d); and Sample Teletype 

Messages as Transmitted Between Desert Research Institute and 

Berkeley Statistical Laboratory.



(1978). Project Skywater: Skywater Conference X Report. The 

Sierra Cooperative Pilot Project Design. Skywater X 

Conference, South Lake Tahoe, CA, North American Weather 

Consultants, Goleta, CA. 

	The proceedings from the Skywater X Conference are 

reported. The conference was sponsored by the Bureau of 

Reclamation to discuss the status of preliminary studies and 

design work performed for the Sierra Cooperative Pilot 

Project (SCPP), a part of the Skywater Program. The overall 

project goal is the development of an effective weather 

modification technology, that is scientifically and socially 

acceptable, for precipitation management to serve a portion 

of the countryÍs water needs. SCPP is studying the physical 

processes of precipitation formation to identify those 

conditions that provide the best potential for winter 

precipitation augmentation in the Sierra Nevada. Objectives 

include: improving current operational cloud seeding methods, 

transferring the techniques and results to concerned groups, 

and enhancing public confidence in their use. Topics of 

discussion at the conference included: environmental impact, 

the Sierra Ecology Project, preliminary project design, 

meteorological support measurements, and radar and aircraft 

data collection and analysis. Detailed presentation were 

given on the proposed design for SCPP continuation including 

extended areas of effect, tracers and contamination, and 

hypotheses.



(1978). Sewerage Study Hits South Tahoe AWT Costs. 

Engineering News Record 201(4): 11. 

	South Lake Tahoe, Nevada, has been advised by the 

engineering firm of Culp, Wesner, Culp, of El Dorado, 

California, to convert from advanced waste water treatment to 

secondary tratment with irrigation disposal. Designs for 

expanding the 7.5 mgd tertiary treatment plant to 10 mgd 

demonstrated that secondary treatment with land application 

would require $20 million in capital expenditures and $1.4 

million annually for operation and maintenance. This expense 

represents an annual savings of 27% plus an additional 50% 

energy consumption reduction. Nitrogen removal sould require 

$32 million in capital expenditures and $2.7 million for 

maintenance; expansion to nitrification would require capital 

expenditure of $25 million with annual maintenance costs of 

$2.5 million. A 1 mgd reverse osmosis water reclamation 

demonstration plant in addition to secondary treatment and 

land application was also considered; capital and operating 

costs were estimated at $2.5 million, respectively. (Lisk-

FIRL)



(1979). Nationalizing Lake Tahoe. Santa Clara Law Review 

19(3): 681-717. 

	As a result of urbanization in the Northern California 

and Northwestern Nevada area, concern arose for the 

preservation of the Lake Tahoe Basin area as a beautiful 

recreation attraction. In response to this concern, a 

planning board, the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA), 

was created pursuant to an agreement between California and 

Nevada with Congressional approval. Recently, the TRPAÍs 

effectiveness has been questioned. Any resolution of the 

problem has been stymied due to the disagreement between the 

two statesÍ legislatures. Federal intervention has been 

threatened to resolve the dispute. Various methods of federal 

intervention are examined. The creation of a national 

recreation area is stressed with the imposition of federal 

land use controls as a means to protect the basin, in the 

absence of effective state land management controls. There is 

a wealth of federal power available to affect the areaÍs 

growth. Apparently, Congress has the constitutional power to 

impose direct federal land use control to protect any federal 

land. At the very least, a congressional declaration of the 

national interest in Lake Tahoe should be made.



(1981). Lake Tahoe Preservation Bill Enacted. National Parks 

55(2): 23. 

	Legislation was enacted to preserve Lake Tahoe (PL96-

586) during the closing days of the 96th Congress. The bill 

provided for the sale of Bureau of Land Management property 

around Las Vegas, with 85% of the proceeds from the sales to 

be used to buy land in the Lake Tahoe Basin. The bill was 

weakened by two amendments. The first removed the Secretary 

of AgricultureÍs authority to acquire lands to protect air 

and visual qualities. The second required that before any 

land could be condemned, the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency 

would have to concur. The bill is a positive step toward 

resolving the lakeÍs problems. (Small-FRC)



(1981). Tahoe-Truckee Water Reclamation Plant, California. 

Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 53(3): 398-

400. 

	The Tahoe-Truckee Sanitation Agency was formed in May, 

1972, to implement a California State law which required 

exportation of all wastewater from the Lake Tahoe Basin. The 

Agency was charged with planning, designing, and constructing 

a regional system for transporting all wastewater from areas 

on the California shore of Lake Tahoe to a regional facility. 

The treatment facility, which receives only domestic and 

commercial wastewaters, provides primary treatment, pure 

oxygen activated sludge, lime treatment with two-stage 

recarbonation, dual media filtration, carbon adsorption, and 

ion exchange for ammonia removal and recovery. While effluent 

quality was relatively good from the start of operations in 

February, 1978, the quality gradually improved during the 

initial months of operation. Fairly stable operation was 

achieved between July and December, 1978, with consistent 

production of effluent of excellent quality. All of the very 

stringent discharge requirements were met except those for 

total dissolved solids and chloride concentration. Monitoring 

of the Truckee River, into which the effluent is discharged, 

has demonstrated that the plant is achieving its primary 

goals of returning reclaimed water to the basin while 

maintaining exceptional water quality. Construction costs for 

the plant were high due to the location. Operation and 

maintenance costs were about $450 per 1000 cubic meters 

during the first year of operation. Methods of reducing 

operating costs and/or improving plant performance are being 

investigated. (Carroll-FRC)



(1991). Battle rages over Lake Tahoe dredging. World Dredg. 

Min. Constr. 27(6): 16. 

	An environmental battle is brewing at Lake Tahoe in the 

California Sierra-Nevada, over whether or not marina 

operators should be allowed to dredge their channels to 

counter-act lower lake levels brought on by five years of 

drought. With lake level at 6,222.40 feet above sea level (as 

of May 13), down from a previous average of 6,226, 57 marinas 

have naturally been affected. The Lake Tahoe Marina 

Association, an organization representing the areaÍs marinas, 

has proposed dredging to remedy the current situation.



Abbott, M. R., T. M. Powell, et al. (1980). The effects of 

transect direction on observed spatial patterns of 

chlorophyll in Lake Tahoe. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25(3): 534-537. 

	Horizontal transects of fluorescence measurements have 

been used extensively to investigate phytoplankton 

patchiness. Variance spectra have been calculated from these 

data, thus quantifying spatial heterogeneity as a function of 

length scale. Analysis of such fieldwork and associated 

theoretical investigations is based on the assumption that 

horizontal patchiness is isotropic. Three transects done in 

Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada) in different directions on the 

same day resulted in variance spectra that were significantly 

different from each other. The possibility of windrows 

appears consistent with the spectra. Although the exact cause 

of the differences is unclear, the results do violate the 

assumption of isotropic horizontal phytoplankton patterns.



Abbott, M. R., T. M. Powell, et al. (1982). The relationship 

of environmental variability to the spatial patterns of 

phytoplankton biomass in Lake Tahoe. J. Plankton Res 4(4): 

927-942. 

	Horizontal transect measuring phytoplankton biomass and 

temperature were made in Lake Tahoe in the nearshore 

epilimnion in 1976 and 1977, near the deep chlorophyll 

maximum in midlake in 1977, and in the deep thermocline in 

1976. Variance spectra from these transects indicate that 

large length scale patchiness depends on large-scale habitat 

variability, manifested as nitrate patchiness, caused by 

stream inflow in the nearshore epilimnion and by differential 

transport processes in the deeper water.



Abbott, M. R., P. J. Richerson, et al. (1982). In situ 

Response of Phytoplankton Fluorescence to Rapid Variations in 

Light. Limnol. Oceanogr. 27(2): 218-225. 

	Phytoplankton chlorophyll a fluorescence responded to 

rapid fluctuations in light intensity in Lake Tahoe at three 

depths: 10, 35, and 60 m. Fluorescence yield was negatively 

correlated with surface irradiance at all depths, but there 

was a strong depth dependence in the intensity of this 

response. Phytoplankton at 35 m reacted more strongly to 

fluctuations than those at 10 or 60 m and therefore could 

show a noticeable response to more rapid variations. This may 

have been due to near-optimal levels at 35 m, light 

inhibition at 10 m, and light limitation at 60 m.



Abbott, M. R., K. L. Denman, et al. (1984). Mixing and the 

dynamics of the deep chorophyll maximum in Lake Tahoe. 

Limnol. Oceanogr. 29(4): 862-878. 

	Chlorophyll-temperature profiles were measured across 

Lake Tahoe about every 10 days from April through July 1980. 

Analysis of the 123 profiles and associated productivity and 

nutrient data identified three important processes in the 

formation and dynamics of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM): 

turbulent diffusion, nutrient supply rate, and light 

availability. Seasonal variation in these three processes 

resulted in three regimes: a diffusion-dominated regime with 

a weak DCM, a variable-mixing regime with a pronounced, 

nutrient supply-dominated DCM, and a stable regime with a 

deep, moderate light availability-dominated DCM.



Adam, D. P. (1988). Correlations of the Clear Lake, 

California, Core CL-73-4 Pollen Sequence with Other Long 

Climate Records. Late Quaternary Climate, Tectonism, 

Sedimentation in Clear Lake, Northern California Coasts. 

Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO 1988: 81-95. 

	Clear Lake core CL-73-4 records fluctuating abundances 

of oak pollen during the last glacial/interglacial cycle that 

correlate remarkably well with fluctuations in extensive 

pollen records from Grande Pile in France and Tenaghi 

Phillipon in Macedonia, as well as with the oxygen-isotope 

records from deep-sea cores. The record correlates less 

closely with other extensive records, including those for 

Lake Biwa, Japan, and Sabana de Bogota, Colombia. Correlation 

of the record with the early Weichselian climatic sequence of 

northwestern Europe is excellent; both sequences show a 

series of five cryomer/thermomer fluctuations between the end 

of the last interglaciation (Eemian/Konocti, which is 

correlated with the end of marine oxygen-isotope Stage 5e) 

and the onset of full continental glaciation at the end of 

Stage 5a. The fluctuations correlate both in their relative 

durations and in their relative amplitudes. The Clear Lake 

record also correlates with various North American sequences. 

The Sangamon interval of the mid-continent area correlates 

with the entire Konocti thermomer and early Pomo cryomer 

interval, and correlations with the glacial sequences of the 

Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains suggest that some Tahoe, 

Mono Basin, and Bull Lake moraines may be of Sangamon age. 

The proposed correlations of the Clear Lake record with other 

sequences have not been proved. The overall impression, 

however, is one of remarkable consistency, and it is likely 

that further work will provide more evidence in support of 

the sequence of five cryomer/thermomer cycles between the end 

of the last interglacial period and the onset of full glacial 

conditions about 70,000 years ago. This sequence is much more 

complicated than has been generally recognized, although 

parts of it have been known for many years. The sequence, 

which has now been found in several widely separated areas, 

should no longer be ignored. (See also W89-10137) (AuthorÍs 

abstract)



Adams, V. D., M. L. Cleave, et al. (1983). Indian Creek 

Reservoir sediments. Water Res 17(11): 1709-1712. 

	Indian Creek Reservoir (ICR) was originally designed to 

hold the effluent from the South Tahoe Public Utility 

District (STPUD) advanced wastewater treatment plant during 

the winter months and to release the impounded water during 

the irrigation season. The original use of the reservoir has 

been modified extensively, and in addition to the 

agricultural uses, the reservoir has become a popular 

recreational facility. Changes in the use of the reservoir 

have resulted in changes in the standards imposed upon the 

STPUD and ICR. Because of the unique nature of the influent 

to ICR, unusual claims are frequently made about the 

characteristics of the water and sediments. Sediment samples 

collected from four diverse sites in the reservoir were 

analysed for phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen, volatile content, 

and chlorophyll content. The results of the analyses showed 

that the sediments are typical of those found in any 

eutrophic lake or reservoir.



Alberts, A. (1990). Organic Superconductors In South Lake 

Tahoe Jt Advanced Materials.  2(12): 609-611.



Allen, A. W. (1978). Sierras Boast Most Modern Treatment 

Plant. Western Construction 53(4): 22-24. 

	A $20 million tertiary treatment plant in California 

will treat 4.85 mgd of wastes from the Lake Tahoe Basin area, 

Truckee, and several other areas. The effluent receives 

conventional secondary treatment by primary and secondary 

settling with oxidation. Phosphorus and some suspended solids 

are then precipitated with lime, followed by polymer dosage 

in rapix-mix and flocculation tanks. The effluent is then 

injected with carbon dioxide gas in recarbonation basins for 

calcium removal and pH adjustment. The treated effluent is 

pumped to two ballast tanks with a total volume of 1.2 

million gallons before the wastes are filtered, adsorbed on 

activated carbon towers, and stripped of ammonia on ion 

exchange beds and three ammonia removal and recovery modules 

for ammonium sulfate fertilizer production. The effluent is 

discharged into a series of subsurface ditches for 

percolation through the glacial soil into the Truckee River. 

Sludge is thickened, dewatered, conditioned with lime and 

polymers, filtered on a horizontal press operated by 3 

variable speed pumps, and disposed of in a landfill. Carbon 

dioxide is generated on-site by compre ssed gas from the 

digester boilers and by carbon dioxide stripping during 

oxygenation of the wastes; supplementary liquid carbon 

dioxide is stored on-site. Oxygen is also generated on-side 

by Union CarbideÍs Pressure-Swing Adsorption process. The 

plant design includes enclosed piping and electrical 

corridors which provide passage from one building to another 

and a complete laboratory. (Lisk-FIRL)



Aloi, J. E. (1986). The Ecology and Primary Productivity Of 

the Eulittoral Epilithon Community: Lake Tahoe, California-

Nevada (Algae, Periphyton), University Of California, Davis 

(0029). 

	This dissertation is an investigation into the factors 

affecting the community dynamics of an epilithic diatom 

community in Lake Tahoe. Although Lake Tahoe is characterized 

by extremely low phytoplankton primary productivity, the 

productivity of the eulittoral (0-2 m) periphyton community 

is much higher than would be expected in this extremely 

oligotrophic lake. The eulittoral periphyton community is 

structured by a stalked diatom, Gomphoneis herculeana, and 

rosettes of Synedra ulna, with small diatoms living within 

this matrix. Growth commences in this highly seasonal zone 

during late winter, and reaches maximal biomass and primary 

productivity during the spring. Following this peak, most of 

the algal mat sloughs off, leaving only a small understory. 

This seasonal cycle of the eulittoral epilithon was monitored 

through three growing seasons. Biomass was measured once or 

twice per month at 12-17 sites. Eulittoral primary 

productivity was also measured monthly at one site, using in 

situ C(ï14) methodology. Significant and consistent 

differences in epilithon biomass were found between sites 

adjacent to land-based development and sites far from 

disturbance. To determine the physical and chemical 

parameters responsible for both the seasonal periodicity and 

the site-to-site differences in epilithon biomass and primary 

productivity, field measurements were combined with 

laboratory experiments. These experiments indicated that the 

diatom community is adapted for maximal productivity under 

the wide variety of light intensities and temperatures 

occurring throughout the year. Although nutrient additions 

did not significantly stimulate primary productivity in short 

term experiments, there was a close correlation between 

nutrient levels in the lake and periphyton growth rate. The 

site-specific nutrient loading and associated periphyton 

biomass evidences that nutrient stimulation acts to increase 

periphyton productivity and biomass over a longer time scale 

(perhaps up to a month). Finally, in situ methods of 

measuring periphyton biomass and primary productivity were 

compared to traditional methods using artificial substrates. 

These experiments indicate that in situ methods are 

preferable for the naturally occurring periphyton community. 

However, artificial substrates may be more appropriate to 

detect sources of local enrichment particularly where the 

natural substrate is not uniform. Order No: AAC 1329334 

ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts



Aloi, J. E., S. L. Loeb, et al. (1988). Temporal and Spatial 

Variability of the Eulittoral Epilithic Periphyton, Lake 

Tahoe, California-Nevada. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 

JFREDW 4(3): 401-410. 

	The temporal and spatial variability of an epilithic 

diatom community in the eulittoral zone of Lake Tahoe was 

monitored for three years. Lake Tahoe is a deep, subalpine 

lake in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and Nevada. 

Although the lake is considered to be oligotrophic, the 

productivity of the eulittoral (0-2 m) epilithic periphyton 

is very high, reaching a peak biomass at one site of 58 g 

C/sq m in spring of 1985. More typical annual maxima were in 

the range of 15-25 g C/sq m at more productive sites. The 

epilithon shows great temporal and spatial variation in 

biomass. To quantify this variability, total particulate 

carbon was measured monthly or biweekly at 8 sites between 

1983 and 1985. Annual regrowth of the eulittoral epilithon 

began during late winter, and reached maximal biomass during 

the spring and early summer months. Following this peak, most 

of the algal mat sloughed, leaving only a small understory. 

In addition, significant and consistent differences in 

epilithon biomass were found between sites adjacent to land-

based development and disturbance, and sites far from 

disturbance. Several sites adjacent to disturbed areas had up 

to 20 times greater biomass than sites far removed from 

disturbance. (AuthorÍs abstract)



Alverson, F. B. (1900). The Brockway Hotel, Lake Tahoe, 

California. Brockway, CA, [publisher unknown]: 1 sheet.



Anderson, S. B. and J. L. McLain (1987). Successful erosion 

control combines engineering and vegetation expertise at the 

Ridge Tahoe, Nevada. Erosion control : yourÍre gambling 

without it, Conference XVIII International Erosion Control 

Association, Reno, NV, International Erosion Control 

Association, Pinole, CA.



Antonucci, D. C. and F. D. Schaumburg (1975). Environmental 

Effects Of Advanced Wastewater Treatment At South Lake Tahoe. 

Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 47(11): 2694-2701. 

	The results of an assessment of direct and indirect 

energy requirements and environmental impacts associated with 

the operation of the full-scale advanced waste water 

treatment plant at south lake tahoe, california, are 

reviewed. although the installation effectively removes 

organic materials and nutrients from domestic waste water, it 

requires large amounts of energy and treatment chemicals. a 

number of contaminants are released on land and in the air. 

it is impossible to tell, despite quantitative data on energy 

and materials consumption and on contaminant emissions, if 

advanced waste treatment processes significantly reduce the 

net level of degradation in the total environment. a common 

denominator should be found with which different types and 

quantities of pollutants released in the environment could be 

quantitatively compared. (waltner-firl)



Arnold, W., J. W. Young, et al. (1972). Constructing 

nonlinear dynamic models for socio-environmental 

decisionmaking: a methodology. Davis, CA, University of 

California, Davis. 

	A methodology for the development of socioeconomic 

system submodels which could be integrated into environmental 

impact studies is presented. the so-called method of 

ïquasilinearizationÍ is incorporated into the model building 

procedure in order to obtain values of unknown and important 

parameters. as an example illustrating application of 

techniques proposed in the model construction methodology, 

the socioeconomic system of the lake tahoe basin is modeled 

and unknown parameters in the model identified. it is 

concluded that social systems experts with little or no 

mathematical background can be included in the model building 

process, parameter identification schemes can be employed to 

determine selected model parameters, re-evaluation of the 

model after data collection is critical, and methods used for 

interpretation of some data is a major weakness in the 

present version of the model. some topics suggested for 

future study, based on this research, include integration of 

the socioeconomic model with environmental submodels to 

determine the impact of urbanization on the environment, 

improvement of the quasilinearization scheme, and the 

development of numerical techniques to reduce long computer 

run times for systems of large appended state vectors using 

quasilinearization.



Atassi, M. Z. and H. Bachrach (1985). Immunobiology of 

proteins and peptides III : viral and bacterial antigens. 

Third International Symposium on the Immunobiology of 

Proteins and Peptides, Tahoe City, CA, Plenum Press, New 

York, NY.



Ayer, J. (1970). Water Quality Control At Lake Tahoe: 

Dissertation On Grasshopper Soup. California Law Review 

58(6): 1273-1331. 

	Tahoe is an oligotrophic lake; its attraction as a 

resort, however, endangers the water quality of the lake. 

agencies of both nevada and california are involved in 

preventing eutrophication. the federal government is also 

involved to a limited extent. inadequate sewage disposal has 

proven to be the most serious threat to lake tahoe. attempts 

to create a combined local, state, and federal sewage 

disposal effort have been unsuccessful, although all agreed 

that treated sewage must somehow be exported from the lake 

tahoe area. as a result, parallel sewage export lines exist. 

the major difficulty with sewage export has been financing; 

ad valorem taxation has provided insufficient revenue to meet 

the needs. sedimentation also endangers the water quality of 

lake tahoe. the sedimentation problem may, however, be 

alleviated through a soil conservation program. other threats 

to the water quality of the lake are shore-line construction, 

disposal of solid wastes, and excessive enrichment from use 

of fertilizer in the surrounding area. various frustrated 

attempts to export water from lake tahoe have also threatened 

water quality. one plan advocates limiting the population and 

commercial growth of the tahoe area to prevent 

eutrophication. all plans agree, however, that some sort of 

regional approach is necessary to return lake tahoeÍs 

oligotrophic state. (hart-florida)



Azuma, D. L. (1985). Estimating Snow Load in California for 

Three Recurrence Intervals. Research Note PSW 379(6): 1. 

	A key to designing facilities in snowbound areas is 

knowing what the expected snow load levels are for given 

recurrence intervals. In California, information about snow 

load is available only for the Lake Tahoe Basin. About 280 

snow courses in the State were analyzed, and snow load 

estimated and related to elevation on a river basin and 

statewide level. The tabulated snow load was estimated for 

three recurrence intervals - 25, 50, and 100 years - for each 

snow course. No relationship was found between elevation and 

snow load on either a statewide or river basin level. 

(AuthorÍs abstract)



Baccus, D. and Lake Tahoe Environmental Education Consortium 

(1974). Species list of the Lake Tahoe Basin, [publisher 

unknown].



Bailey, R. G. (1971). Geomorphic Analysis of the Lake Tahoe 

Basin, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and USDA Forest 

Service.



Bailey, R. G., United States Forest Service, et al. (1974). 

Land-capability classification of the Lake Tahoe Basin, 

California-Nevada : a guide for planning. South Lake Tahoe, 

CA, U.S. Forest Service. 

	Since the late 1950Ís the lake tahoe basin, covering 500 

square miles, has been subjected to rapid development which 

has been responsible for many improper land development 

procedures, including failure to recognize hydrologic and 

topographic limitations, unnecessary destruction of vegetal 

cover, realignment and pollution of streams, encroachment on 

flood plains, and disruption of drainage. this study 

classified the land according to ïland toleranceÍ as a 

measure of capability which is defined as a level of use an 

area can tolerate without sustaining permanent damage through 

erosion and other causes. the capability classes are 

estimated by the degree to which potential hazards arising 

from improper use are absent. principal factors used in 

distinguishing the seven land capability ranks shown on the 

final map were: soil type (along with erosion hazards, 

hydrologic-soil group, soil drainage and rockiness and 

stoniness); and geomorphic setting including 6 groups: 

glaciated granitic uplands, glaciated volcanic flowlands, 

streamcut granitic mountain slopes, streamcut volcanic 

flowlands, depositional lands, and oversteeped slopes. the 7 

classes fall into 3 general categories each with implications 

for land use: high hazard lands, lands that should remain in 

their natural condition; moderate hazard lands, lands that 

are permissive to certain uses but not others; and low hazard 

lands, lands that are most tolerant to urban-type uses. in 

addition each of the classes is given a single numerical 

index indicating the percentage, ranging from 1 to 30 

percent, of the land which can be used for impervious cover 

if environmental balance is to be maintained.



Baker, J. A., W. E. Davis, et al. (1976). Siltation 

evaluation investigation for the Lake Tahoe basin, California 

Regional Water Quality Control Board, Sacramento, CA.



Baldwin, E. J., R. H. Lloyd, et al. (1892). Elias Jackson 

Baldwin papers, 1892-1900, (Includes two letters to his 

attorney, Reuben H. Lloyd (one concerning proposed sale of 

Lake Tahoe property) and printed copy of map of Santa Anita 

Rancho.).



Bankert, S. F., S. D. Bloom, et al. (1973). Rapid 

Determination Of Very Low Nitrogen Levels In Water. Nature 

242(5395): 270-271. 

	A new approach to n-14 assay is associated with the 

evaporated detritus of less than 4 ml of water. this method, 

termed charge particle (nuclear) activation analysis (cpaa), 

has an activation and subsequent decay of minus 5.9 mev and 

71.0 s, respectively. the presence of nitrogen is measured by 

counting the number of 2.31 mev gamma rays emitted in the 

decay reaction. the present overall accuracy is about plus or 

minus 25 percent at concentrations greater than 20 mg/kg; the 

test is sensitive down to 20 mg/kg. the testing time per 

sample is about 3 min without any destruction of the sample. 

the method has been applied to water samples from lake tahoe, 

the sacramento river, municipal wells, and public drinking 

fountains. (holoman-battelle)



Barker, P. F., United States Lake Tahoe Basin Management 

Unit, et al. (1988). Final environment impact statement, Lake 

Tahoe Basin Management Unit : forest land and resource 

management plan : El Dorado, Placer, and Alpine counties, 

California [and] Washoe and Douglas counties and Carson City 

rural area, Nevada, United States Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Berkeley, CA.



Barone, J. B., University of California - Davis Crocker 

Nuclear Laboratory Air Quality Group, et al. (1979). Further 

investigation of air quality in the Lake Tahoe basin : final 

report to the California Air Resources Board on contract no. 

A6-219-30, University of California - Davis Crocker Nuclear 

Laboratory Air Quality Group, Davis, CA.



Barshinger, R. (1992). How Not to Land At Lake Tahoe. 

American Mathematical Monthly 99(5): 453-455.



Bartlett, L. and E. G. Schmiedel (1909). Lake Tahoe water 

level.



Bartlett, L. (1931). Papers, bulk 1931-1945, (Lawyer and 

mayor of Berkeley, Calif. Correspondence, reports, documents, 

and memoranda, relating to CaliforniaÍs Central Valley 

Project, Lake Tahoe, East Bay Municipal Utilities District, 

Pacific Gas and Electric Company, and public water and power 

supply system for other California municipalities.).



Barton, A. M. and California-Nevada Interstate Compact 

Commission (1900). Lake Tahoe water levels and monthly 

discharge totals, California-Nevada Interstate Compact 

Commission.



Barton, A. M. and Lake Tahoe Interstate Water Conference 

Committee (1952). Preliminary report, issued as a public 

service for the information of interested Tahoe property 

owners in the states of California and Nevada. Sacramento, 

CA, Lake Tahoe Interstate Water Conference Committee: 17 

leaves.



Barton, A. M. and California-Nevada Interstate Compact 

Commission (1957). Your stake in the water problems of Lake 

Tahoe, California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission.



Bateman, R. L., A. B. Cunningham, et al. (1974). Arid Basin 

Management Model With Concurrent Quality and Flow Constraints 

- Phase I, University of Nevada -Reno, Center for Water 

Resources Research. 

	Aim is development of an inorganic water quality-flow 

management model in which both water supply and quality 

criteria are considered for formulation of operating rules. 

truckee-carson system of northwest nevada is being used as a 

prototype. evaluation of flow and quality data show that the 

carson system is generally amenable to application of the 

type of inorganic quality-simulation model previously 

developed on the tahoe-truckee portion of the truckee-carson 

system. preliminary predictive relations of the type utilized 

in the quality simulation model are developed for several 

sites within carson system. problems encountered in 

development of sound predictive relations in river reaches 

where intensive irrigated agriculture is practiced are 

discussed. results of an attempt to improve stochastic 

generation of flows byincorporating responses which may be 

attributable to long-term systematic climatic behavior are 

reported. tentative correlation is made between historic 

annual streamflow and tree growth. results of this and 

previous work indicate that final correlations (gamma values) 

can be expected to be on the order of 0.7 to 0.8.



Baum, F. G. (1908). California-Nevada Electric Power Company. 

San Francisco, CA, [publisher unknown]: 1 v.



Baxter, L. (1974). Regional politics and the challenge of 

environmental planning. Davis, CA, Institute of Governmental 

Affairs, University of California, Davis.



Beauchamp, D. A., B. C. Allen, et al. (1992). Lake trout 

spawning in Lake Tahoe: Egg incubation in deepwater 

macrophyte beds. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 12(3): 442-449. 

	Although most populations of lake trout Salvelinus 

namaycush spawn over rocky shoals, use of these substrates by 

lake trout has not yet been found in Lake Tahoe. Large cobble 

substrate exists at depths < 20 m and steep, fractured, rocky 

substrate can be found in isolated areas from the surface 

down to at least 100 m. At least a portion of the population 

spawns on deepwater mounds (40-60 m deep) over beds of the 

macrophyte Chara delicatula . This is the first known report 

of lake trout spawning over macrophyte beds. This population 

may have originated from a deep-spawning stock and that the 

macrophyte beds provide some of the best deepwater incubation 

habitat in the lake. Although egg predation by intermediate 

sizes of lake trout was substantial, the mounds appeared to 

be a refuge from the potentially more effective invertebrate 

and small vertebrate egg predators. The oxygen and 

temperature regime within the macrophytes was suitable for 

egg development, and the eggs that infiltrated deeply among 

the plant strands were anchored against currents and were 

presumably protected from further predation by lake trout.



Beauchamp, D. A., P. E. Budy, et al. (1994). Timing, 

Distribution, and Abundance Of Kokanees Spawning In a Lake 

Tahoe. Great Basin Naturalist 54(2): 130-141.



Bell, J. (1988). TahoeÍs gilded age, 1890-1917 : a 

photographic portfolio. Auburn, CA, El Toyon, Ltd.



Bell, J. W., R. J. Watters, et al. (1989). Engineering 

Geology of the Reno-Lake Tahoe Area, Nevada. Engineering 

Geology of Western United States Urban Centers. Los Angeles, 

California to Denver, Colorado, June. 

	Reno is located at the western edge of the Great Basin 

province along the foot of the Sierra Nevada. The varied 

geology, hydrology, and physiography of the area contribute 

to a wide range of engineering geologic conditions which can 

significantly influence land-use considerations in this 

rapidly growing urban area. Although there are numerous 

engineering geology topics of interest-including expansive 

soils and groundwater resources--this study focuses on 

several of the more important, and interesting, aspects: 

earthquake hazards of the Reno-Carson City urban corridor; 

slope stability characteristics of the Reno-Lake Tahoe area, 

including the 1983 landslide and associated waterflood at 

Slide Mountain; and surface runoff characteristics in the 

Lake Tahoe area. Five principal creeks in the Incline Village 

area, First Creek, Second Creek, Wood Creek, Third Creek, and 

Incline Creek have a cumulative drainage of 46 sq km and 

furnish a yearly average of about 18.5 cu hectometers of 

runoff to Lake Tahoe. For the 4 year period 1970-1973, annual 

runoff from the individual streams ranged from 0.567 to 8.717 

cu hectometers, and discharges ranged from 0.0057 to 3.1 cu 

m/sec. During the 4 years, the five streams delivered about 

28,000 metric tons of sediment, which averaged about 75% 

gravel and sand, 15% silt, and 10% clay, to the lake. Annual 

quantities ranged from 1,360 to 9,980 tons. The 1982/83 

winter was noted for a record snow pack in the Sierra Nevada. 

At mid-day of May 30, 1983, a large mass of rock detached 

from the southeast side of Slide Mountain, NV. The lowest 

part of the slide entered Upper Price Lake, a small 

reservoir. The sudden movement of landslide debris into the 

lake created a surge of water that rapidly exited the pond 

and flowed into Lower Price Lake. This wave of water 

immediately flushed Lower Price Lake, and the cumulative 

contents of both lakes, about 0.025-0.037 cu hectometers of 

muddy water, rushed down the steep canyon of Ophir Creek 

below the lakes. After about 8-9 minutes of travel, this 

debris wave, with a leading edge about 9 m high, reached the 

canyon mouth where the channel abruptly widened and 

flattened. At the canyon mouth, the boulder-laden flood wave 

encountered and destroyed 2 homes. Maximum depth of fill 

across an old roadway was about 2.7 m. (Lantz-PTT)



Benedict, N. B. (1983). Snow Vegetation Interactions in the 

Lake Tahoe Region : Phase I Final Report, [publisher 

unknown].



Berg, N. (1985). Snow chemistry in the central Sierra Nevada, 

California. International Symposium On Acidic Precipitation, 

Muskoka, Ontario. 

	Precipitation and snowpack basal outflow event samples 

were analyzed for pH and NO sub(3) and SO sub(4) 

concentrations at a site near Lake Tahoe, California. The 

Seasonal minimum pH from basal outflow was synchronous with a 

rain-on-snow event in 1984. Outflow pH reflected the low 

ionic concentrations of precipitation at the site. There was 

no evidence for a pulse of acidified meltwater at this site 

either during a mid-February melt induced by high air 

temperatures in 1985 or during 1984 or 1985 main spring melt 

periods. During the mid-February 1985 melt, however, an 

alkalinity pulse occurred in basal outflow.



Berg, N., R. Osterhuber, et al. (1991). Rain-induced Outflow 

from Deep Snowpacks in the Central Sierra Nevada, California. 

Hydrological Sciences Journal HSJODN 36(6): 611-629. 

	In many mountainous areas of the Pacific coast of North 

America, rainfall onto snowpacks causes massive floods, 

probably the single greatest cause of change in channel 

morphology and lotic habitats. To understand and model this 

hydrometeorological phenomenon better, process-response 

hypotheses were developed for snowpack outflow amount, 

duration and rate, and the time lags from the beginning of 

rainfall to the initial and peak outflow. The hypotheses were 

evaluated by correlation and regression analyses based on 

measurements of 20 rain-on-snow events monitored between 1984 

and 1990 at forested and open plots near Lake Tahoe, 

California. Precipitation amounts ranged from 3 to 247 mm, 

and rainfall comprised at least 90% of the precipitation 

during 65% of the events (precipitation during 9 of the 20 

was entirely rain). Although the bulk of the storms occurred 

during the snowpack accumulation phase (late November to mid-

March), four ablation-period events were monitored. Except 

for one late-season event, snowpack depths were always 

greater at the open plot. Taking the 20 events collectively, 

outflow amount was about as variable (measured by the 

coefficient of (variation) as precipitation amount, but in 

several events outflow amount was much greater than 

precipitation amount. Snow (in mixed rain and snow storms) 

increased pack depth and reduced outflow amount relative to 

precipitation. The mean duration of outflow was slightly 

longer than the mean duration of precipitation, and the 

summary statistics for precipitation and outflow rate were 

similar. Outflow amount correlated significantly with the 

precipitation amount, duration and rate, snow depth, and melt 

potential. Many of these variables also correlated 

significantly with outflow duration and rate and lag time to 

peak outflow. Regression models explained 80-90% of the 

variation in outflow amount and duration. Significant 

differences were not identified between the forest and open 

plots for any of the outflow attributes. (Fish-PTT)



Berggren, G. and J. R. Harrill (1985). South Lake Tahoe 

Quadrangle: Vegetation Map, Nevada Bureau of Mines and 

Geology, U.S. Geological Survey, Carson City, NV. 

	This map shows vegetation types and urban areas in 

California and Nevada southeast of Lake Tahoe. It was 

compiled from a previous publication, infrared satellite 

imagery, color satellite imagery, and color aerial 

photographs and followed by field checking. Land areas are 

categorized as forest, shrub, riparian, alpine, disturbed, or 

urban. Forest areas are shown as pure pine, mixed conifer, 

fir, or lodgepole pine. Shrub areas are subdivided into big 

sagebrush/bitterbrush/rabbit brush/mule ears or mondtaine 

chaparral. Riparian areas may be deciduous or meadow/marsh. 

Alpine areas are defined as low-growing 

grasses/herbs/shrubs/scattered trees. Disturbed areas are 

relatively large areas that have been denuded in recent years 

by some natural or man-caused disturbance. Some of them are 

being successfully revegetated with grasses and chaparral 

species. Urban areas are land where natural vegetation 

associations have been significantly altered by man. 

(Shidler-PTT)



Berry, M. E. (1990). Soil-Geomorphic Analysis Of Late-

Quaternary Glaciation and Faulting, Eastern Escarpment Of the 

Central Sierra Nevada, California, University Of Colorado At 

Boulder (0051). 

	Late-Quaternary faulting along the eastern escarpment of 

the Sierra Nevada, California, between Bishop and Lake 

Crowley, was evaluated using soil-geomorphic analyses to 

estimate ages of faulted and unfaulted Quaternary surficial 

deposits. Thermoluminescence (TL) and $\sp{14}$C dating 

methods were also used to date fault-scarp colluvium. The 

study focused on the four glaciated drainages of McGee (N), 

Pine, McGee (S), and Bishop Creeks, and on an alluvial fan on 

the flanks of Mt. Tom. In these areas, fault scarps are well 

preserved on the Hilton Creek (HCF), Wheeler Crest (WCFZ), 

and Coyote Warp (CWFZ) fault zones. The faulted deposits are 

correlated with the Tioga (about 10.5-25 ka) and Tahoe (about 

140 ka) glaciations, and a pre-Tahoe (190$\sp{+}$ ka) 

glaciation based on soil development, weathering, and 

geomorphology. The Tioga deposits typically have well-

preserved moraine morphology, A/Bw/Cox soil profiles, and 

minor clast weathering. The Tahoe deposits typically have 

subdued moraine morphology, A/Bt/Cox soil profiles, and a 

two-fold or more increase in the degree of clast weathering. 

Pre-Tahoe deposits, which are present in two areas, are more 

extensively weathered than the adjacent Tahoe moraines. 

Surface faulting on the range-front faults (HCF and WCFZ) has 

displaced Tioga deposits 6.5-26 m, Tahoe deposits 52-130 m, 

and a pre-Tahoe deposit 81 m. Preferred slip rates for the 

faults are 0.4-1.3 mm/yr for the last 10.5-25 ka, and 0.4-1.0 

mm/yr for the last 140 ka. The higher rates are for the HCF 

at McGee (N) Creek, near the Long Valley caldera. The soil 

development, weathering, and dates for the deposits, plus the 

scarp morphology and amounts of surface offset across the 

faults, indicate that large surface-faulting events have 

occurred on the WCFZ, and probably on the HCF, during the 

Holocene. In contrast to the HCF and WCFZ, no surface rupture 

has occurred on the faults in the CWFZ for 15-25 ka, and 

possibly not for 100 ka. Order No: AAC 1342209 ProQuest - 

Dissertation Abstracts



Birkeland, P. W. and R. G. Miller (1962). Pleistocene History 

Of the Truckee Area, North Of Lake Tahoe, California, 

Stanford University (0212) Stanford University (0212).



Blackburn, D. J. (1992). Saving the Sierra, master plan for 

the range of light. California Journal 23(2): 103-105.



Bliss, D. L. and H. H. Bancroft (1887). Data concerning the 

Virginia & Truckee Railroad, and those who planned and 

carried out that work, 1887.



Bliss, W. S. and Grant Horace Smith Estate ([n.d.]). 

Biography of Duane L. Bliss, [unpublished].



Boardman, H. P., Truckee Basin Water Committee, et al. 

(1959). Some interesting and important facts about Lake 

Tahoe, Tahoe Basin Water Committee, and Nevada Cooperative 

Snow Surveys, Committee of State Association of Soil 

Conservation Districts.



Bollman, F. H. (1985). Water quality protection: The crucial 

and contested key to adequate environmental management of 

Lake Tahoe. Shiga Conference ï84 on Conservation and 

Management of World Lake Environment, Otsu, Japan. 

	A review is presented of the environmental management 

experiment in Lake Tahoe basin, in order to trace the 

evolution of concepts that have been guiding inthe pursuits 

of an effective policy of nondegradation of the basinÍs 

environment. Principal issues involving different levels of 

government responsibility for water quality management are 

identified.



Bonham, H. F. and Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology (1976). 

South Lake Tahoe folio: geologic map. Reno, Nevada Bureau of 

Mines and Geology, Carson City, NV.



Bowman, A. and Geological Survey of California (1870). Map 

showing outlines of former glaciers : [in the Sierra Nevada 

in the vicinity of Lake Tahoe].



Bronson, W. (1971). ItÍs About Too Late For Tahoe. Audubon 

73(3): 49-80. 

	The tahoe regional planning agency (trpa), originally 

created to prevent the degradation of the tahoe basin, has 

failed to control the rush of urban development. the forest 

cover of the area, combined with ecological factors such as 

meadows, streams, lakes and talus slopes provide habitats for 

many vertebrates. however, trpaÍs zoning plans could permit 

an increase in population in the area from a 1970 level of 

28,000 to a possible 335,000. water quality has been the 

primary environmental concern at lake tahoe, and the threat 

of water pollution triggered steps toward basin-wide 

pollution controls. algae blooms have occurred due to 

excessive nutrient contribution and the entrance of turbid 

water through streams where development is proceeding in the 

watershed. correction of the problem can only occur by 

controlling man-caused erosion in the watershed. however, 

serious siltation is predicted to continue, and if unabated 

will result in eutrophication of the lake. trpa, a bi-state 

commission ratified by congress in 1969, has done little to 

prevent the continuing development of the area, and 

environmentalists are now looking for the federal government 

to save lake tahoe, which is federally owned. (ritchie-

florida)



Brooks, L. (1992). Beyond the Sierra Summit : first step is a 

centralized databank. California County Jan.-Feb.: 30-31.



Brown and Caldwell (1959). South Tahoe sewerage survey : a 

report for the South Tahoe Public Utility District on the 

collection, treatment and disposal of sewage in the South 

Tahoe area. San Francisco, CA, Brown & Caldwell: 145 p.



Brown and Caldwell (1961). Water works program for South 

Tahoe. San Francisco, CA, Brown & Caldwell: 193 p.



Brown, J., W. Howe, et al. (1973). Nutrient and Sediment 

Production From Forested Watersheds, Nevada agricultural 

experiment station, Reno, NV. 

	An effort to determine and quantify relationships 

between drainage basin characteristics and certain water 

quality parameters is reported. beginning august 1970, 

monthly concentrations of suspended sediments, nitrate 

nitrogen, organic nitrogen, and dissolved orthophosphate were 

determined for 25 forested watersheds of the lake tahoe-

truckee river system. quantified watershed characteristics of 

soils, geology, geomorphology, vegetation, and land use for 

each watershed are assumed to act in combination to determine 

nutrient and sediment discharges from a drainage area. 

correlation and regression analyses were used to test this 

assumption. suspended sediment production is largely 

dependent upon two criteria: (1) sources of sediment and (2) 

energy to move it. energy is evidently more important in this 

region, with overland slope and stream discharge dominating 

the relationship. nitrogen production exhibits excessive 

seasonal variability and is apparently determined by 

watershed characteristics which reflect sources of nitrogen 

and influence of watershed drainage patterns throughout the 

year. phosphorus production, on the other hand, is much more 

uniform and is primarily determined by factors affecting base 

flow relations, regardless of season.



Brown, R. L. (1977). Monitoring Water Quality by Remote 

Sensing, California State Dept. of Water Resources, 

Sacramento, CA. 

	Results of a study to determine the applicability of 

remote sensing for evaluating water quality conditions in San 

Francisco Bay-Delta area and Lake Tahoe, California, are 

presented. Coincident ground truth was obtained during 

LANDSAT and U-2 flights and correlated with the remote 

sensing images to establish a data comparison base line. 

Images were analyzed for apparent surface anomalies which 

might indicate water quality problems. It is concluded that: 

(1) for most water quality monitoring applications, LANDSAT 

imagery is too infrequent and of too small a scale to be 

useful in routine monitoring programs; (2) imagery from U-2 

and conventional aircraft can be effectively used to monitor 

gross water quality changes; (3) with the present state-of-

the-art in image analysis and the large amount of ground 

truth needed, remote sensing has only limited application in 

monitoring water quality; (4) California water quality 

conditions are improving as a result of the Porter-Cologne 

Water Quality Act and provisions of P.L. 92-500; an (5) in 

complex and dynamic systems such as the San Francisco Bay and 

Delta, large amounts of ground truth data must be collected 

to support remote imagery; spatial and temporal variations of 

the parameters are so great that approaches other than 

synoptic (synchronized multi-point sampling) do not provide 

enough information to evaluate patterns observed in specific 

images. (Seip-IPA)



Brown, R. L. and California Dept. of Water Resources (1979). 

Lake Tahoe water quality : a summary of available data, 

California Dept. of Water Resources.



Brown, D. L. (1987). Nitrate Cycling and Hydrologic Transport 

Mechanisms In a Sierra Nevada Headwaters Watershed 

(California; Groundwater Pollution), University Of Nevada, 

Reno. 

	The primary non-point source pollutant impacting Lake 

Tahoe is nitrate-nitrogen. This paper presents the results of 

four years of research that address nitrate transport and 

cycling characteristics at the watershed level. Water quality 

was monitored in an undeveloped 79.6 ha headwaters watershed 

to delineate nitrate concentrations in precipitation, stream 

discharge, soil moisture and groundwater. The flow and 

storage in these systems was measured using an extensive 

instrumentation network. Nitrate cycling mechanisms including 

denitrification and uptake by periphyton, conifers and 

macrophytic vegetation were studied in the field, and 

estimates were made of nitrogen-fixation and nitrification. 

The results show that the study watershed removes virtually 

100% of the nitrate derived from all sources. A simplified 

conceptual model is presented to describe the temporal 

interactions between removal and hydrologic transport 

mechanisms. Order No: AAC 1331798 ProQuest - Dissertation 

Abstracts



Brubaker, J. M. (1980). Space-Time Scales Of Temperature 

Variability In the Seasonal Thermocline Of Lake Tahoe, Oregon 

State University. 

	The objectives of this work are to characterize and, 

when possible, to interpret temperature finestructure and 

microstructure observations made with vertical profiling 

instruments in the upper thermocline of Lake Tahoe during 

late summer stratification. From the finestructure data 

(observations with the TD instrument) the following 

characteristics of temperature variability in the Tahoe 

thermocline were found. Over time scales of days to weeks, or 

over horizontal scales of several km, relatively large 

amplitude temperature fluctuations were observed. In 

contrast, for sampling limited to 2 1/2 hours and to about 

200 m horizontally, the ensemble variability was of smaller 

magnitude. Vertical wavenumber spectra of temperature 

fluctuations fell steeply. Results on scales of variability 

represent only a first step toward development of a full 

frequency-wavenumber spectrum for the temperature field, but 

should provide some perspective and organization structure 

for future work. Similarities of some features of the Tahoe 

spectra (and cross spectra) to oceanic results support the 

idea that similar dynamics control the small-scale structure 

in both environments. Thus, Tahoe could find extensive use as 

a ïlaboratoryÍ for studying some oceanic phenomena. (Sinha-

OEIS)



Brust, R. A. and L. E. Munstermann (1992). Morphological and 

genetic characterization of the Aedes (Ochlerotatus) communis 

complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in North America. Ann. Entomol. 

Soc. Am. 85(1):1-10. 

	Morphometric comparisons were made of seven populations 

and electrophoretic comparisons of nine populations of the 

Aedes communis complex in North America. Of 27 loci surveyed, 

3-10 diagnostic loci were found to separate three species of 

this complex: A. communis sens. str., Aedes churchillensis , 

and Aedes nevadensis . A Lake Tahoe, Calif., collection 

showed unusually low genetic variability (< 5%) and was 

significantly different from the other three species at 6 of 

19 loci. Mean measurements of six larval and five adult 

morphological characters of the Lake Tahoe population also 

differed significantly from A. communis s.s. Originally this 

population was described by Dyar (1916) as Aedes tahoensis , 

but he later synonymized it under A. communis DeGeer. We 

resurrect A. tahoensis Dyar as a valid species based on 

genetic and morphological differences with A. communis s.s.



Bryon, E. R., P. E. Sawyer, et al. (1986). Recurrence of 

Daphnia rosea in Lake Tahoe: Analysis of a Population Pulse. 

. 

	Following the disappearance of all Lake Tahoe cladocera 

in 1970, Daphnia rosea reappeared in the lake during the 

summer and fall of 1983. Since the introduction and 

population increase of the omnivorous opossum shrimp, Mysis 

relicta, was heavily implicated in the initial disappearance, 

the D. rosea recurrence with respect to fluctuating M. 

relicta abundance and steadily increasing primary 

productivity was studied. An analysis of D. rosea population 

dynamics, fecundity, feeding characteristics and M. relicta 

feeding selectivity, suggested that D. rosea was able to 

coexist with M. relicta in 1983 only because D. rosea birth 

rates were substantially higher than historical levels due to 

the increase in algal productivity since 1970. The variation 

of cladoceran success in lakes M. relicta introductions may 

be due, in large part, to variations in primary productivity. 

(AuthorÍs abstract)



Bunch, R. L. and M. B. Ettinger (1967). Biodegradability Of 

Potential Organic Substitutes For Phosphates. 22nd Industrial 

Waste Conference, Lafayette, IN. 

	The undesirable eutrophication of waters may be 

considerably reduced by replacing phosphates in industrial 

processes and detergents with biodegradable chelating agents, 

such as nitriloacetic acid (nta) and 

hydroxyethyliminodiacetic acid (heida). the use of detergents 

containing non-phosphate builders is suggested, especially 

for extreme situations, such as lake tahoe. the use of non-

biodegradable agents which complex heavy metals will depend 

upon their effect on waste treatments, softening water, 

drinking water, and calcium metabolism of man. (wilde-

wisconsin)



Burcar, S. A. (1992). Seasonal Preferential Flow and Nutrient 

Transport In Selected Sierra Nevada Soils, University Of 

Nevada, Reno. 

	Little work has focused on groundwater, its quality, and 

potential affect on Lake Tahoe water quality. This study 

investigated seasonal infiltration, preferential water flow, 

and NH$\sb4\sp+$ and NO$\sb3\sp-$ transport in 2 Sierra 

Nevada soil types under forest and meadow conditions using 

rainfall simulation. Soil water repellency was clearly shown 

to induce preferential infiltration. The finer textured 

volcanic soil demonstrated continuous preferential flow with 

depth, whereas preferential flow rapidly dissipated in the 

coarser textured granitic soil. Wetting patterns showed 

greater instability and preferential flow in the forested 

areas in the late summer/early fall. Applied NH$\sb4\sp+$ was 

effectively adsorbed by the soil matrix suggesting that 

unstable wetting occurred by preferential flow in wettable 

portions of the soil matrix and not by macropore flow. 

Nitrate moved through the granitic soil at applied 

concentrations but was attenuated with depth in the volcanic 

soil as the latter demonstrated NO$\sb3\sp-$ adsorption.



Burco, R. A. (1970). Policy and planning in the Lake Tahoe 

Basin: the case of transportation. Davis, CA, Institute of 

Governmental Affairs, University of California.



Burco, R. A., C. D. Henderson, et al. (1971). Transportation 

planning alternatives in the Tahoe Basin : final report.Menlo 

Park, CA, Stanford Research Institute: ca. 200 p.



Burco, R. A. (1973). Policy and planning in the Lake Tahoe 

Basin : the case of transportation, Institute of Governmental 

Affairs, University of California, Davis.



Burnett, J. L. and California Division of Mines & Geology 

(1967). Preliminary geologic map of the Lake Tahoe basin, 

southern half. Sacramento, CA, California Division of Mines 

and Geology.



Burnett, J. L. (1968). Geology of the Lake Tahoe Basin. 

Geologic Studies in the Lake Tahoe Area, California and 

Nevada. J. R. Evans and R. A. Matthews. Sacramento, 

Geological Society of Sacramento: 1-13.



Bursik, M. I. (1989). Late Quaternary Volcano-Tectonic 

Evolution Of the Mono Basin, Eastern California, California 

Institute Of Technology. 

	The Mono Basin of eastern California provides an ideal 

laboratory in which to study the interaction of volcanic and 

tectonic processes. The late Quaternary record of volcanic 

activity and range-front faulting is relatively complete. 

Range-front faults of the Sierra Nevada offset dateable late 

Pleistocene glacial moraines, thus affording the opportunity 

to estimate range-front slip rates. The first two chapters 

concern dating of moraines that are offset by range-front 

faults. In Chapters 1 and 2, I discuss the ages of the 

glacial moraines of the Mono Basin and the correlation of 

them between canyons. I dated the moraines by studying their 

morphology and the relative weathering of granitic boulders 

atop their crests, and by use of the clast-sound velocity 

(CSV) dating technique. I also dated the moraines at Lee 

Vining Canyon with the use of a new dating method based on 

quantitative modelling of moraine degradation. Moraines in 

all major canyons from Lee Vining south were correlable with 

the standard late Pleistocene sequence of Tioga, Tenaya, 

Tahoe and Mono Basin deposits. At Lundy Canyon, however, 

Tahoe and Tenaya moraines are poorly if at all preserved. In 

Chapter Three, I use moraine ages determined in Chapters 1 

and 2 to estimate slip rates of range-front faults. For 

Chapter Three, I measured fault-scrap profiles on the dated 

lateral moraines of the Mono Basin to determine fault slip 

rates. I compared these data with what can be deduced about 

the extension rate due to dike intrusion underneath the Mono 

Craters. I then considered extension rates in the context of 

regional strain patterns to infer the mode of deformation and 

strain relief in the Mono Basin during late Quaternary time. 

The extension-rate data indicate that dikes are being 

intruded underneath the Mono Craters in response to crustal 

stretching, and because of this, are now accomodating elastic 

strain that was once accomodated by range-front normal 

faulting. Consideration of the extension rates in the context 

of regional tectonic strain patterns suggest that the Mono 

Craters are forming along one of the extensional boundary 

structures of a pull-apart basin, the other extensional 

boundary of which is the deactivated range-front segment. 

(Abstract shortened with permission of author.)



Byron, E. R., P. T. Whitman, et al. (1983). Observations of 

copepod swarms in Lake Tahoe. Limnol. Oceanogr. 28(2): 378-

382. 

	During summer 1980, dense swarms of the calanoid copepod 

Diaptomus tyrrelli formed during midday in several areas of 

the nearshore surface of Lake Taboe, California-Nevada. 

Swarms were most consistently found immediately adjacent to 

rocks in pools protected from wave action. Swarms were as 

dense as 11,354 copepods multiplied by liter super(-1) and 

composed primarily of adult males. Swarming copepods have 

greater mating success than midlake copepods. Swarming may 

offer some protection from fish predation.



Byron, E. R., C. L. Folt, et al. (1984). Copepod and 

cladoceran success in an oligotrophic lake. J. Plankton Res 

6(1): 45-65. 

	Cladocerans have proved to be much less successful 

members of the Lake Tahoe limnetic community than the 

calanoid copepods. An analysis of temporal and spatial 

heterogeneity of the cladoceran Bosmina longirostris and the 

herbivorous calanoid copepod Diaptomus tyrrelli revealed 

important differences between the two types of zooplankton. 

Although the productivity of both species is limited to 

varying degree by the abundance of certain algal species and 

the availability of particulate nitrogen, they differ 

strongly in the mechanisms responsible for mortality. 

Correlation analysis suggests that B. longirostris is 

severely limited temporally and spatially by predation from 

the omnivorous calanoid copepod Epischura nevadensis . In 

contrast, D. tyrrelli is not noticeably limited by predators. 

Instead, abiotic seasonal events and starvation control its 

population dynamics. Mortality and natality differences 

between Bosmina and Diaptomus in Lake Tahoe help to explain 

the general lack of success of cladocerans in oligotrophic 

lakes.



Byron, E. R., P. E. Sawyer, et al. (1986). The recurrence of 

Daphnia rosea in Lake Tahoe: Analysis of a population pulse. 

J. Plankton Res 8(4): 771-783. 

	Following the disappearance of all Lake Tahoe Cladocera 

in 1970, Daphnia rosea reappeared in the lake during the 

summer and fall of 1983. Since the introduction and 

population increase of the omnivorous opossum shrimp, Mysis 

relicta , was heavily implicated in the initial 

disappearance, the authors investigated the D. rosea 

recurrence with respect to fluctuating M. relicta abundance 

and steadily increasing primary productivity. An analysis of 

D. rosea population dynamics, fecundity, feeding 

characteristics and M. relicta feeding selectivity, suggested 

that D. rosea was able to coexist with M. relicta in 1983 

only because D. rosea birth rates were substantially higher 

than historical levels due to the increase in algal 

productivity sine 1970.



Byron, E. R. and C. R. Goldman (1989). Land-use and water 

quality in tributary streams of Lake Tahoe, California-

Nevada. J Environ Qual 18(1): 84-88. 

	We examined land-use and water quality monitoring data 

for 10 watersheds of tributary streams to Lake Tahoe, 

California-Nevada, to describe relationships between 

watershed disturbance and water quality degradation from 

nonpoint sources. Discharge-weighted annual average 

concentrations of nitrate (as NO3-N), soluble P, total P and 

suspended sediment were plotted against the proportion of 

each watershed represented as disturbed and imperviously 

covered land of various land-use classes. Comparisons between 

land-use and runoff water quality demonstrated significant 

relationships between increased coverage and disturbance in 

the watersheds and decreased water quality. The 

concentrations of NO3-N, total P, and suspended sediment in 

the streams increased significantly with the disturbance of 

high hazard lands (erodible soils, steep slopes, stream 

environment zones). Increased disturbance of lower hazard 

lands (less erodible soils) resulted in increases in the 

concentrations of soluble and total P. The patterns of 

significance and slopes of the relationships demonstrated 

increased nonpoint source water quality degradation with 

increased land disturbance in these Sierra Nevada watersheds. 

AGRICOLA (1984 - 12/91)

	88 of 148



Byron, E. R., R. P. Axler, et al. (1991). Increased 

Precipitation Acidity in the Central Sierra Nevada. 

Atmospheric Environment ATENBP(2): 271-275. 

	Bulk precipitation has been collected continuously for 

chemical analysis on a storm event basis since 1979 at the 

Ward Valley Bench Station at Lake Tahoe, California. The 

station is 300 m higher than the lake, 6.8 km from the shore, 

and is only 3 km east of the Sierra Nevada divide. The 4 m 

high tower holding the sampler is in an extensive subalpine 

meadow surrounded by pine/fir forests; the closest 

development is low density housing 1 km to the northeast. 

Between 1979 and 1986, precipitation acidity increased 

significantly on the crest of the central Sierra Nevada. 

Variation in precipitation pH was closely associated with 

change in nitrate concentrations but not with sulfate. This 

area of the Sierra Nevada crest contains many acid-sensitive, 

poorly buffered lakes and ponds that can be adversely 

affected by increasing precipitation acidity. (Mertz-PTT)



C. E. Erickson & Associates (1966). Map of Lake Tahoe 

recreational area. Berkeley, CA, C.E. Erickson & Associates.



C. E. Erickson & Associates and South Lake Tahoe Chamber of 

Commerce (1970). Map of Lake Tahoe recreational area, 

California, Nevada. Berkeley, CA, C.E. Erickson & Associates.



Caen, H. (1991). Charmed Life At the Lake Of the Sky (Lake 

Tahoe). Architectural Digest 48(5): 54+.



Cahill, T. A. (1974). Air Quality In the Lake Tahoe Basin.  

Lake Tahoe Research Seminar II, Sands Vagabond Convention 

Center, South Lake Tahoe, CA. 

	Lake tahoe is over twenty miles long, yet we expect to 

see the mountains on the far side--an important part of the 

scenic value. thus, a significant part of the recreational 

value of the lake is based upon visibility greater than 

thirty miles most of the time. the problem of area-wide 

degradation of visibility is one which is vital to lake 

tahoeÍs future. other sites in california show that fine 

sulfur particulates are likely to be responsible for the 

hazes presently seen at lake tahoe on many summer days. there 

are four sources of fine sulfur aerosols that could cause 

problems: (1) fuel oil combustion in the basin; (2) the 

conversion of residual sulfur in gasoline into fine sulfur 

particulates, an unfortunate byproduct of the epa mandated 

catalytic converters on new cars sold in california; (3) the 

landing-take off cycle of a boeing 727, which produces as 

much sulfur oxides as about 500 cars driving from meyers to 

stateline; and (4) transport of fine sulfur particulates 

present in the sacramento valley or reno area into the basin.



Cahill, T. A. and California Air Resources Board Research 

Division (1977). Sources of visibility degradation in the 

Lake Tahoe Air Basin : final report, California Air Resources 

Board Research Division.



Cairns, J., W. Munk, et al. (1979). On the dynamics of 

neutrally buoyant capsules: an experimental drop in Lake 

Tahoe. Deep Sea Res 26(4a): 369-381. 

	The motion of a neutrally buoyant capsule launched into 

Lake Tahoe exhibited several interesting and peculiar 

features. The authors interpret an initial slow sinking and a 

late downward settling in terms of entrapped air. Otherwise 

the descent was consistent with a square drag. After reaching 

equilibrium depth, an overshoot and subsequent oscillations 

occurred at the expected frequency, but the oscillations were 

damped much more rapidly than the authors can explain.



California Air Resources Board (1974). Air quality in the 

Tahoe Basin : summer 1973, California Air Resources Board, 

Sacramento, CA.



California Air Resources Board - Air Analysis Branch (1977). 

Lake Tahoe air basin emission inventory, 1975, Air Resources 

Board, Sacramento, CA.



California Bureau of Sanitary Engineering (1962). Lake Tahoe 

Basin water quality survey -- 1961, California Bureau of 

Sanitary Engineering, Sacramento, CA.



California Bureau of Vector Control Solid Waste Management 

(1969). Future of solid waste managment in the Lake Tahoe 

area, California Dept. of Public Health, Sacramento, CA.



California Commission on Interstate Cooperation (1963). 1961-

1963 report of the California Commission on Interstate 

Cooperation, Senate of the State of California, Sacramento, 

CA. 

	This report relates discussions between Nevada and 

California which sought to formulate a bi-state plan to 

develop public recreational areas at Lake Tahoe.



California Department of Parks and Recreation (1971). Sugar 

Pine Point State Park, California Department of Parks and 

Recreation, Resources Agency, State of California, 

Sacramento, CA.



California Department of Parks and Recreation (1988). Lake 

Valley State Recreation Area General Plan, California 

Department of Parks and Recreation, Resources Agency, State 

of California, Sacramento, CA.



California Department of Public Health and California 

Legislature Assembly Committee on Natural 

Resources/Planning/Public Works (1964). Statement of 

California State Department of Public Health on Future 

Development of Lake Tahoe Basin.



California Dept. of Alcohol Drug Programs -Audit Services 

Section (1989). County of El Dorado Drug Program,Tahoe Human 

Services, Inc., July 1, 1987 through June 30, 1988, State of 

California, Dept. of Alcohol and Drug Programs, Audit 

Services Section, Sacramento, CA.



California Dept. of Boating and Waterways (1991). Safe 

boating hints for Lake Tahoe, State of California, The 

Resources Agency, Dept. of Boating and Waterways, Sacramento, 

CA.



California Dept. of Conservation, Lake Tahoe Area Council, et 

al. (1969). Tahoe vegetation-soil protection symposium : 

summary and proceedings, California Dept. of Conservation.



California Dept. of Finance - Program Evaluation Unit (1977). 

Regional planning at Lake Tahoe : an analysis : a staff 

reference report., California Dept. of Finance - Program 

Evaluation Unit, Sacramento, CA.



California Dept. of Finance/Financial 

Performance/Accountability (1987). California Tahoe 

Conservancy, review of the system of internal accounting 

control and fiscal procedures, Financial and Performance 

Accountability, Dept. of Finance, State of California, 

Sacramento, CA.



California Dept. of Finance/Fiscal Management/Audits (1979). 

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency : examination of 

financial statements for the period July 1, 1977 to June 30, 

1978, Fiscal Management Audits, Dept. of Finance, State of 

California, Sacramento, CA.



California Dept. of Fish and Game (1957). A report on Lake 

Tahoe and its tributaries : fisheries management vs. trial 

and error, California Dept. of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.



California Dept. of Navigation and Ocean Development (1970). 

Safe boating hints for Lake Tahoe, California Dept. of 

Navigation and Ocean Development, Sacramento, CA.



California Dept. of Parks & Recreation (1967). Tahoe Parkway, 

California Dept. of Parks & Recreation, Sacramento, CA.



California Dept. of Public Works -  Division of Highways 

(1958). Emerald Bay : development of State Highway route 38 

for all year travel along the west side of Lake Tahoe in the 

vicinity of Emerald Bay. Sacramento, CA, California Dept. of 

Public Works: 1 v. (various pagings).



California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways 

(1900). Lake Tahoe wagon road field notes, state surveys of 

1900 & 1907, California Dept. of Public Works - Division of 

Highways, Sacramento, CA.



California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways 

(1950). Visual comparison of Emerald Bay routes, [publisher 

and place published unknown].



California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways 

(1957). Emerald Bay : report and recommendation with respect 

to development State highway route 38 for all year travel on 

the west side of Lake Tahoe in the vicinity of Emerald Bay. 

Sacramento, CA, California Dept. of Public Works: 5, 8 p.



California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways 

(1960). Emerald Bay route studies : state legislative route 

38, California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways, 

Sacramento, CA.



California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways 

(1961). Proceedings of the public meeting held for the 

purpose of discussing the proposed freeway routings between 

Tallac Creek and .5 mile north of Bliss State Park, Bijou, 

California, September 29, 1961, California Dept. of Public 

Works - Division of Highways, Sacramento, CA.



California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways 

(1963). Report of route studies relative to the location of 

State sign route 89 between 0.5 mile north of D.L. Bliss 

State Park and State sign route 28 near Tahoe City, and the 

location of State sign route 28 between State sign route 89 

near Tahoe City and 0.2 mile east of Bunker Road. Sacramento, 

CA, California Dept. of Public Works: [11] p.



California Dept. of Transportation - District 03 Office of 

Planning and Public Transportation (1982). The San Francisco-

Sacramento-Lake Tahoe transit corridor study, California 

Dept. of Transportation - District 03 Office of Planning and 

Public Transportation, Marysville, CA.



California Dept. of Water Resources and South Tahoe Public 

Utility District (1970). Indian Creek Dam and Reservoir 

Project : findings on the application of South Tahoe Public 

Utility District for grants under the Davis-Grunsky Act, 

State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Water 

Resources, Sacramento, CA.



California Division of Beaches and Parks and California 

Commission on Interstate Cooperation (1962). A proposal for 

creating the Lake Tahoe Interstate Park Authority : status 

report as of August 17, 1962, California Division of Beaches 

and Parks, California Commission on Interstate Cooperation,.



California Division of Beaches and Parks (1963). Emerald Bay, 

D.L. Bliss State Parks, California Division of Beaches and 

Parks, Sacramento, CA.



California Division of Beaches and Parks (1965). Lake Tahoe 

region study, California Division of Beaches and Parks, 

Sacramento, CA.



California Division of Small Craft Harbors (1959). Boating 

facilities and needs on Lake Tahoe, California Division of 

Small Craft Harbors, Sacramento, CA.



California Division of Soil Conservation (1969). 

Sedimentation and erosion in the Upper Truckee River and 

Trout Creek Watershed, Lake Tahoe, California, California 

Division of Soil Conservation, Sacramento, CA.



California Division of Water Resources and Nevada State 

Engineer (1949). Joint report on the use of water in the Lake 

Tahoe watershed, California Division of Water Resources.



California Environmental Protection Agency - Air Resources 

Board (1993). Public meeting to consider the approval of the 

carbon monoxide air quality plan for the Lake Tahoe air 

basin, California Environmental Protection Agency - Air 

Resources Board, Sacramento, CA.



California Forest Range Experiment Station and United States 

Work Projects Administration (1942). Lumbering history of the 

Truckee River Basin : 1856-1936, California Forest and Range 

Experiment Station.



California Governor (1985). Agreement ending litigation over 

the future of 77 acres of environmentally sensitive land in 

the Lake Tahoe Basin, Office of the Governor, Sacramento, CA.



California Highway Transportation Agency, C. L.-A. I. C. o. 

N. Resources/Planning, et al. (1964). Statement of State 

highway policies and planning procedures in the Lake Tahoe 

Basin : presented to the Assembly Interim Committee on 

Natural Resources, Planning and Public Works in Brockway, 

Lake Tahoe, September 10-11, 1964.



California Lake Bigler Forestry Commission (1884). Report of 

the Lake Bigler Forestry Commission to Governor George 

Stoneman, made in accordance with Assembly concurrent 

resolution no.31, passed by the 25th session of the 

legislature of the state of California. Sacramento, CA, 

[publisher unknown]: 15 p.



California Legislature -  Senate Select Committee on Tahoe 

(1984). Hearing, California Legislature, Senate Select 

Committee on Tahoe in the matter of land acquisition and land 

use in the Lake Tahoe Basin, Peters Shorthand Reporting 

Corporation [available from] Joint Publications Office, Box 

90, State Capitol, Sacramento, CA.



California Legislature - Assembly Committee on Natural 

Resources and Conservation (1972). Transcript of proceedings; 

hearing on regional planning in the Lake Tahoe basin: 

implementation of adopted Tahoe Regional Plan, December 18-

19, 1972, Stateline, Nevada, California Legislature - 

Assembly Committee on Natural Resources and Conservation, 

Sacramento, CA.



California Legislature - Assembly Committee on Natural 

Resources/Planning/Public Works (1964). Regional planning in 

the Lake Tahoe basin; transcript of proceedings. Brockway, 

California, September 10-11, 1964, California Legislature - 

Assembly Committee on Natural Resources/Planning/Public 

Works, Sacramento, CA.



California Legislature - Assembly Committee on Natural 

Resources/Planning/Public Works (1967). Transcript of 

proceedings. Hearing on regional planning in the Lake Tahoe 

Basin: West Shore Parkway and transportation planning. Bijou, 

California, October 26, 1967, California Legislature - 

Assembly Committee on Natural Resources/Planning/Public 

Works, Sacramento, CA.



California Legislature - Assembly Committee on Natural 

Resources/Planning/Public Works (1967). Report of the 

Assembly Committee on Natural Resources, Planning, and Public 

Works. Part V, Highway beautification, Beautification and 

maintenance of the Capitol Mall, Highway and fr eeway 

planning, Regional planning in the Lake Tahoe Basin, The 

filling of San Francisco Bay, California Legislature - 

Assembly Committee on Natural Resources/Planning/Public 

Works, Sacramento, CA.



California Legislature - Assembly Committee on Rules (1977). 

A User fee system for the California Tahoe Conservancy, 

California Legislature - Assembly Committee on Rules, 

Sacramento, CA.



California Legislature - Assembly Committee on Water (1969). 

A report on the California-Nevada interstate compact; an 

interim study of the Assembly Committee on Water pursuant to 

HR 443, 1969 session, California Legislature - Assembly 

Committee on Water, Sacramento, CA.



California Legislature - Assembly Interim Committee on Water 

(1966). The legislative action program for Lake Tahoe 

pollution control, California Legislature - Assembly Interim 

Committee on Water, Sacramento, CA.



California Legislature - Assembly Interim Committee on Water 

(1966). New horizons in California water development, 

California Legislature - Assembly Interim Committee on Water, 

Sacramento, CA.



California Legislature - Senate Committee on Transportation 

(1981). California/Nevada loop road connection : transcript 

of proceedings : public hearing before the Senate Committee 

on Transportation : January 23, 1981, California Legislature 

- Senate Committee on Transportation, Sacramento, CA.



California Legislature - Senate Fact Finding Committee on 

Public Health and Safety (1962). Hearing before Senate Fact 

Finding Committee on Public Health and Safety in the matter 

of recreational use of domestic water supplies ... Al Tahoe, 

California, September 18, 1962, California Legislature - 

Senate Fact Finding Committee on Public Health and Safety, 

Sacramento, CA.



California Legislature - Senate Select Committee on Tahoe 

(1984). In the matter of land acquisition and land use in the 

Lake Tahoe basin: hearing, Joint Publications Office, State 

Capitol, Sacramento, CA.



California Legislature Assembly Committee on Natural 

Resources/Planning/Public Works (1966). Executive session, 

1965-67 interim studies, Los Angeles, December 16, 1966, 

California Legislature Assembly Committee on Natural 

Resources, Planning, and Public Works, Sacramento, CA.



California Legislature Assembly Interim Committee on Natural 

Resources/Planning/Public Works (1964). Transcript of 

proceedings, Assembly Committee on Natural Resources, 

Planning and Public Works : regional planning in the Lake 

Tahoe Basin, Brockway Hot Springs Hotel, Brockway, Lake 

Tahoe, California, September 10-11, 1964, California 

Legislature Assembly Interim Committee on Natural 

Resources/Planning/Public Works.



California Legislature Assembly Interim Committee on Natural 

Resources/Planning/Public Works (1965). Report of the 

Assembly Interim Committee on Natural Resources, Planning, 

and Public Works. Part 2, Regional planning in the Lake Tahoe 

Basin, Filling of San Francisco Bay, Control of outdoor 

advertising, Administration of tide and submerged lands, Old 

Sacramento State Park, Land acquisition policies and 

procedures, Recreational boating, Riding and hiking trails, 

California Legislature Assembly Interim Committee on Natural 

Resources/Planning/Public Works, Sacramento, CA.



California Regional Water Quality Control Board--Lahontan 

Region (1966). Lake Tahoe water quality control policy, 

California Regional Water Quality Control Board.



California Regional Water Quality Control Board--Lahontan 

Region (1967). Lake Tahoe water quality control policy. 

Addendum regarding implementation, adopted May 1967, 

California Regional Water Quality Control Board.



California Regional Water Quality Control Board--Lahontan 

Region and California State Water Resources Control Board 

(1971). Interim water quality control plan for the North 

Lahontan Basin (basin 6-A), California State Water Resources 

Control Board.



California Regional Water Quality Control Board--Lahontan 

Region (1985). Staff report : triennial review of water 

quality standards in the water quality control plan for the 

North Lahontan Basin (6A). South Lake Tahoe, CA, California 

Regional Water Quality Control Board - Lahontan Region: 1 v. 

(various pagings).



California State Automobile Association (1910). Automobile 

roads from Sacramento and Stockton to Lake Tahoe and 

vicinity. San Francisco, CA, California State Automobile 

Association.



California State Automobile Association (1927). Automobile 

roads from Sacramento and Stockton to Lake Tahoe and 

vicinity. San Francisco, CA, California State Automobile 

Association.



California State Automobile Association (1928). Automobile 

roads from Sacramento and Stockton to Lake Tahoe and 

vicinity. San Francisco, CA, California State Automobile 

Association.



California State Automobile Association (1929). Automobile 

roads from Sacramento and Stockton to Lake Tahoe and 

vicinity. San Francisco, CA, California State Automobile 

Association.



California State Automobile Association (1930). Automobile 

roads from Sacramento and Stockton to Lake Tahoe and 

vicinity. San Francisco, CA, California State Automobile 

Association.



California State Automobile Association (1936). Sacramento 

and Stockton to Lake Tahoe and vicinity. San Francisco, CA, 

The Association.



California State Automobile Association (1937). Sacramento 

and Stockton to Lake Tahoe and vicinity. San Francisco, CA, 

The Association.



California State Automobile Association (1940). Sacramento 

and Stockton to Lake Tahoe and vicinity. San Francisco, CA, 

The Association.



California State Automobile Association (1949). Sacramento 

and Stockton to Lake Tahoe and vicinity. San Francisco, CA, 

The Association.



California State Automobile Association (1953). Lake Tahoe 

resorts. San Francisco, CA, The Association.



California State Automobile Association (1954). Lake Tahoe 

region. San Francisco, CA, Csaa.



California State Automobile Association and C. Automobile 

Club of Southern (1958). VIII Olympic Winter Games : Squaw 

Valley-Lake Tahoe, California. San Francisco, CA, California 

State Automobile Association.



California State Automobile Association and C. Automobile 

Club of Southern (1958). Lake Tahoe region. San Francisco, 

CA, The Association.



California State Automobile Association and C. Automobile 

Club of Southern (1962). Lake Tahoe resorts. San Francisco, 

CA, Csaa.



California State Automobile Association and C. Automobile 

Club of Southern (1962). Lake Tahoe region. San Francisco, 

CA, The Association.



California State Automobile Association and C. Automobile 

Club of Southern (1964). Lake Tahoe region. San Francisco, 

CA, The Association.



California State Automobile Association and C. Automobile 

Club of Southern (1967). Lake Tahoe region. San Francisco, 

CA, The Association.



California State Automobile Association and C. Automobile 

Club of Southern (1970). Lake Tahoe region. San Francisco, 

CA, California State Automobile Association.



California State Automobile Association and C. Automobile 

Club of Southern (1971). Lake Tahoe resorts. San Francisco, 

CA, Csaa.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1971). South Lake Tahoe. San 

Francisco, CA, Csaa.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1973). Lake Tahoe region. San 

Francisco, CA, The Association.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1973). South Lake Tahoe. San 

Francisco, CA, Csaa.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. 

(1974). Lake Tahoe communities. San Francisco, CA, California 

State Automobile Association.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1977). Lake Tahoe 

communities. San Francisco, CA, California State Automobile 

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California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1980). Lake Tahoe 

communities, Truckee and vicinity. San Francisco, CA, 

California State Automobile Association.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1980). Lake Tahoe region. San 

Francisco, CA, The Association.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1980). Northern Lake Tahoe 

region. San Francisco, CA, The Association.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1982). Lake Tahoe 

communities, Truckee and vicinity. San Francisco, CA, The 

Assn.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1983). Lake Tahoe region. San 

Francisco, CA, The Association.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1986). Lake Tahoe 

communities, Truckee and vicinity. San Francisco, CA, 

California State Automobile Association.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1986). Lake Tahoe region. San 

Francisco, CA, The Association.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. 

(1988). Lake Tahoe communities, Truckee and vicinity. San 

Francisco, CA, Csaa.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1989). Lake Tahoe Region. San 

Francisco, CA, California State Automobile Association.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1991). Lake Tahoe 

communities, Truckee and vicinity / Cartographic Department ; 

Issued by California State Automobile Association and 

Automobile Club of Southern California. San Francisco, CA, 

The Association.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1991). Lake Tahoe region. San 

Francisco, CA, The Association.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1993). Bay and Mountain 

section. San Francisco, CA, California State Automobile 

Association.



California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1993). Lake Tahoe 

communities, Truckee and vicinity. San Francisco, CA, Csaa.



California State Automobile Association. Map Drafting, D. and 

C. Automobile Club of Southern (1967). South Lake Tahoe. San 

Francisco, CA, Csaa.



California State Lands Commission (1971). U. S. Forest 

Service, Valhalla Pier Site, California State Lands 

Commission, Sacramento, CA.



California State Lands Commission (1972). Report on beach 

dedication to public use at Lake Tahoe, California State 

Lands Commission, Sacramento, CA.



California State Lands Commission (1972). Star Harbor Company 

- W8696: Wildlife Conservation Board - PRC 2754.9, California 

State Lands Commission, Sacramento, CA.



California State Lands Commission (1989). Pier extension : 

proposed negative declaration, State of California, State 

Lands Commission, Sacramento, CA.



California State Lands Commission (1989). Buoy permit : 

proposed negative declaration, State of California, State 

Lands Commission, Sacramento, CA.



California State Lands Commission (1989). Boathouse 

reconstruction : proposed negative declaration, State of 

California, State Lands Commission, Sacramento, CA.



California State Mining Bureau (1909). Map of El Dorado 

County, California : showing boundaries of the national 

forests. San Francisco, CA, The Bureau.



California State Personnel Board - Cooperative Personnel 

Services (1969). City of South Lake Tahoe, classification and 

salary survey, California State Personnel Board, Sacramento, 

CA.



California State Water Resources Control Board (1970). News & 

views : Lake Tahoe, California State Water Resources Control 

Board, Sacramento, CA.



California State Water Resources Control Board (1971). Lake 

Tahoe, report on 1969 use of water within Lake Tahoe Basin, 

California. Sacramento, CA, California State Water Resources 

Control Board: 1 v. (various pagings).



California State Water Resources Control Board (1974). Tahoe 

Basin studies report : a compendium of reports to the 

California State Water Resources Control Board, California 

State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA.



California State Water Resources Control Board (1979). 

Summary report on water use and water rights, Lake Tahoe 

basin, California State Water Resources Control Board, 

Sacramento, CA.



California State Water Resources Control Board (1979). Report 

on water use and water rights : Lake Tahoe Basin, California 

State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA.



California State Water Resources Control Board (1979). 

Appendices for the Report on water use and water rights, Lake 

Tahoe Basin, California State Water Resources Control Board, 

Sacramento, CA.



California State Water Resources Control Board (1980). Lake 

Tahoe Basin Water Quality Plan, Summary, California State 

Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA. 

	This summary describes the Lake Tahoe Basin Final Water 

Plan, in which erosion control is seen as the principal 

factor in protecting Lake TahoeÍs clarity and water quality, 

and in preventing further deterioration of the lake. Also 

described are: the erosion threats to the lake; the five 

water quality control alternatives, with a full description 

of Alternative C (Proposed Alternative, Less Restrictive 

Adherence to Land Capability); costs of remedial projects and 

management options; development controls possible to prevent 

erosion; program impacts; and implementation plans. Them 

summary includes the changes to the Lake Tahoe Water Quality 

Plan since its publication in January 1980.



California State Water Resources Control Board (1980). Lake 

Tahoe Basin Water Quality Plan, Final Plan, California State 

Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA. 

	Lake Tahoe is an outstanding natural resource. The 

exceptional clarity and purity of the waters of the lake are 

priceless as both a scientific and scenic treasure. Federal 

law requires that the high quality of the lake be maintained. 

Erosion control is seen as the principal factor in protecting 

Lake TahoeÍs clarity and water quality, and in preventing 

further deterioration. The Final Water Plan, submitted in 

accordance with requirements of Section 208 of the Federal 

Clean Water Act, describes the adverse effects of human 

activity on the lake. Rapid development in the Basin over the 

past two decades is causing a deterioration of the lakeÍs 

water quality, including a doubling of the algal growth. The 

principal control measures outlined are: (1) erosion and 

urban runoff control; (2) on-site surface runoff control; (3) 

controls on development; and (4) policies involving forest 

practices. The report suggests funding sources and describes 

implementation procedures, including liaison with Nevada 

authorities.



California State Water Resources Control Board (1980). Lake 

Tahoe basin water quality plan : summary of public comments, 

State of California, State Water Resources Control Board, 

Sacramento, CA.



California State Water Resources Control Board (1980). Lake 

Tahoe basin water quality plan : summary, State of 

California, State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, 

CA.



California State Water Resources Control Board (1980). Lake 

Tahoe basin water quality plan : final plan, California State 

Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA.



California State Water Resources Control Board (1984). Policy 

for water allocation in the Lake Tahoe Basin, California 

State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA.



California State Water Resources Control Board (1984). Policy 

for water allocation in the Lake Tahoe Basin : summary of 

draft environmental impact report, California State Water 

Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA.



California Tahoe Area Land Acquisition Commission and 

California Resources Agency (1983). A Preliminary analysis of 

possible objectives, issues, and approaches involved in 

implementation of the Lake Tahoe Acquisition Bond Act of 1982 

: a background document, California Resources Agency, 

Sacramento, CA.



California Tahoe Area Land Acquisition Commission and 

California Resources Agency (1984). The implementation of the 

Lake Tahoe Acquisitions Bond Act of 1982 : final report and 

recommendations of the Tahoe Area Land Acquisition 

Commission, California Resources Agency, Sacramento, CA.



California Tahoe Conservancy (1987). A Report on soil erosion 

control needs and projects in the Lake Tahoe Basin, 

California Tahoe Conservancy, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



California Tahoe Conservancy (1991). Progress report, 1985-

1991, California Tahoe Conservancy, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and California 

Resources Agency (1975). Draft environmental impact report 

for the California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, California 

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA: 1 v. 

(various pagings).



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1975). Land use 

ordinance, California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1975). Regional 

plan for Lake Tahoe, California, August 29, 1975, California 

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1977). Criteria 

for development and expansion of ski areas, Lake Tahoe Basin. 

South Lake Tahoe, CA, California Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency: 27 p.



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1977). An analysis 

of the carrying capacity of the California/Tahoe Region. 

South Lake Tahoe, CA, California Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency: 2 v.



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1977). Summary of 

an analysis of the carrying capacity of the California/Tahoe 

region, California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA: [21] p.



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1977). Draft 

environmental impact report, long range regional 

transportation plan, California Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1977). Final 

environmental impact report, regional transportation plan, 

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, 

CA.



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency (1977). Regional transportation plan, 

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, 

CA.



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1978). Ordinances, 

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, 

CA.



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1978). Rules and 

regulations, California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South 

Lake Tahoe, CA.



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, Sierra Pacific 

Power Company, et al. (1979). Draft environmental impact 

report for the Sierra Pacific Power Company, Lake Tahoe basin 

electrical transmission system master plan, Grove-Boand & 

Associates, Tahoe City, CA.



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1980). Draft 

regional plan update : CTRPA 1980 plan. South Lake Tahoe, CA, 

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1980). Draft 

regional transportation plan : CTRPA 1980 plan. South Lake 

Tahoe, CA, California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1980). Final 

environmental impact report on the CTRPA regional plan, 

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, 

CA.



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1980). Final 

environmental impact report : CTRPA 1980 plan--regional plan 

update. South Lake Tahoe, CA, California Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency: 1 v. (various pagings).



California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1980). Regional 

plan update : regional transportation plan, California Tahoe 

Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



California Taxpayers Association (1972). A study of factors 

relative to building a new school in the Lake Tahoe Unified 

School District. Sacramento, CA, California Taxpayers 

Association.



California Water Resources Control Board (1980). Lake Tahoe 

Basin Water Quality Plan, Summary, California State Water 

Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA. 

	This summary describes the Lake Tahoe Basin Final Water 

Plan, in which erosion control is seen as the principal 

factor in protecting Lake TahoeÍs clarity and water quality, 

and in preventing further deterioration of the lake. Also 

described are: the erosion threats to the lake; the five 

water quality control alternatives, with a full description 

of Alternative C (Proposed Alternative, Less Restrictive 

Adherence to Land Capability); costs of remedial projects and 

management options; development controls possible to prevent 

erosion; program impacts; and implementation plans. The 

summary includes the changes to the Lake Tahoe Water Quality 

Plan since its publication in January, 1980. The principal 

control measures detailed in the Final Water Plan are 

summarized in this report. They are: (1) erosion and urban 

runoff control; (2) on-site surface runoff control; (3) 

controls on development; and (4) measures involving forest 

practices. Remedial erosion control projects are estimated to 

cost $95 million in 1979 dollars. The report suggests funding 

sources and summarizes implementation procedures, including 

liaison with Nevada authorities.



California Water Resources Control Board (1980). Lake Tahoe 

Basin Water Quality Plan, Final Plan, California State Water 

Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA. 

	Lake Tahoe is an outstanding national resource. The 

exceptional clarity and purity of the waters of the lake are 

priceless as both a scientific and a scenic treasure. Federal 

law requires that the high quality of the lake be maintained. 

Erosion control is seen as the principal factor in protecting 

Lake TahoeÍs clarity and water quality, and in preventing 

further deterioration. The Final Water Plan, submitted in 

accordance with requirements of Section 208 of the Federal 

Clean Water Act, describes the adverse effects of human 

activity on the lake, such as erosion from road cuts and off-

road vehicles, destruction of natural filtering zones by 

development, construction on both ïhigh erosion hazardÍ lands 

and stable lands, and impact on runoff absorption when 

development covers excessive land. Rapid development in the 

Basin over the past two decades is causing a deterioration of 

the lakeÍs water quality, including a doubling of the algal 

growth. The principal control measures outlined are: (1) 

erosion and urban runoff control; (2) on-site surface runoff 

control; (3) controls on development; and (4) policies 

involving forest practices. The report suggests funding 

sources and describes implementation procedures, including 

liaison with Nevada authorities.



California-Nevada GovernorsÍ Programs for Progress (1963). 

Joint statement on Lake Tahoe pollution, California-Nevada 

GovernorsÍ Programs for Progress.



California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission (1958). Lake 

Tahoe faces water problems : adequate water supply, high 

water damage, sewage disposal, California-Nevada Interstate 

Compact Commission.



California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission (1958). 

Public opinion sought : Lake Tahoe faces a water problem, 

California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission.



California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission and Field 

Research Company (1958). Property owners in the Lake Tahoe 

basin appraise proposed water level plans for the lake : a 

public opinion survey conducted for the California-Nevada 

Interstate Compact Commissions of California and Nevada, 

California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission.



California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission (1960). First 

draft of Compact Articles approved in principle by action of 

the Joint California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission for 

referral to the drafting committee, California-Nevada 

Interstate Compact Commission.



California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission (1970). Lake 

Tahoe water surface elevations & releases, California-Nevada 

Interstate Compact Commission.



California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission of California 

(1958). Lake Tahoe faces water problems. Sacramento, CA.



Calkins, S. and Lake Tahoe Area Council (1960). Lake Tahoe 

Airport, Lake Tahoe Area Council, Reno, NV: 7 leaves.



Camp Agassiz - Tallac, C. (1902). A guide to the Lake Tahoe 

region : an account of the scenery, geology, natural history, 

the fishing, hunting and resorts. Tallac, CA, W.W. Price.



Campana, M. E. and R. L. Boone (1986). Hydrologic Monitoring 

of Subsurface Flow and Groundwater Recharge in a Mountain 

Watershed. Proceedings of the Symposium: Cold Regions 

Hydrology, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 

American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 

	A small-scale study in a Sierra Nevada watershed just 

east of Lake Tahoe utilized four major groups of instruments 

to delineate infiltration, recharge and subsurface flow 

contributions to streamflow. Foremost among these groups was 

an automated tensiometer-transducer system. Tensiometers were 

linked to a central scanning valve via hydraulic tubing, 

which was buried to protect against freezing. The 

investigation indicated that deep percolation/groundwater 

recharge occurred beneath the snowpack during the winter 

months, but could not determine how much of it discharged 

locally and how much flowed off-site, perhaps as part of a 

deeper system. The major conclusion of this study is that 

deep percolation and groundwater recharge occurred beneath 

the snowpack during the winter months. In addition, rain-on-

snow events provide additional pulses of infiltration 

superimposed on the steady downward deep percolation. (See 

also W90-10434) (Lantz-PTT)



Cannon, H. W. (1971). Statement In Support Of the Clean Lakes 

Act Of 1971. Congressional Record 117(24). 

	The proposed clean lakes act of 1971 would be of great 

value in improving and maintaining the unique purity and 

clarity of lake tahoe. this glacier lake is 22 miles long and 

12 1/2 miles wide, but its depth of 1645 feet is being 

diminished by algae and mud expanding in its waters as a 

result of manÍs disturbance of watershed soil. due to the 

increasing population and recreation demands upon lake tahoe, 

it is in danger of prematurely aging--a process called 

eutrophication. in the last 10 years the fertility of the 

lake has increased by 72%. this fertilization process has 

been speeded up by community development projects, lumbering, 

roadbuilding, and land clearing. a regional planning agency 

is already establishing standards and controls over air and 

water pollution, zoning, building and the general development 

of the lake and the surrounding land area. however, the lake 

needs immediate attention from past neglect. the proposed act 

would direct the environmental protection agency to provide 

technical and financial assistance to states and cities and 

to conduct a comprehensive program of pollution control and 

redevelopment of the lake and the surrounding land.



Carlson, J. R. and J. C. Buckwalter (1974). Native plants 

studied in Lake Tahoe area. [Erosion control]. Soil-Conserv 

40(2): 10-11.



Carlucci, A. F. and P. M. Bowes (1972). Determination Of 

Vitamin B12, Thiamine and Biotin In Lake Tahoe Waters Using 

Modified Marine Bioassay Techniques. Limnol Oceanogr 17(5): 

774-776. 

	Seawater bioassays for dissolved vitamin b12, thiamine 

and biotin were modified for freshwater samples. the assay 

algae are: b12, cyclotella nana; thiamine, monochrysis 

lutheri; and biotin, amphidinium carterae. the lowest 

detectable levels of dissolved vitamins are: b12, 0.1 ng/l; 

thiamine, 4 ng/l; and biotin, 0.4 ng/l. summer and winter 

samples in a water column near the center of lake tahoe, 

california, were assayed using this method, and, with one 

exception, vitamins were found only in the euphotic zone.--

copyright 1973, biological abstracts, inc.



Carney, H. J. (1987). Phytoplankton Dynamics In Large 

Temperate and Tropical Lakes: Two Case Studies (Titicaca; 

Peru; Bolivia; Tahoe; California; Nevada), University Of 

California, Davis. 

	This dissertation includes seven papers on studies of 

phytoplankton of Lake Titicaca (Peru/Bolivia) and Lake Tahoe 

(California/Nevada). The introduction discusses these papers 

in relation to current progress in the fields of ecology and 

limnology. Lake Titicaca has received relatively little 

study. Thus, two papers focus on initial phases of 

limnological work. One describes a new diatom species, 

Cyclotella andina, which at times is a dominant species in 

the plankton. The other provides a species list which 

includes 128 new records for the lake and compares the flora 

and other structural aspects of Lake Titicaca to other 

tropical and temperate lakes. A third paper reports a 

combination of assays which test for nutrient limitation, one 

of the more important factors which control the dynamics of 

these organisms. Lake Tahoe has received much more study. 

This combined with the lakeÍs proximity to the University has 

allowed more sophisticated work to be done. One paper focuses 

on the seasonality, demographic characteristics (growth and 

loss processes) and competitive interactions of dominant 

phytoplankton species. Another describes field tests of 

interspecific resource-based competition among these species. 

A third paper discusses the application of concepts of 

succession to Lake Tahoe, in particular r- and K-selection 

theory. The dissertation closes with a look to the future. 

This includes a paper on autoradiography, one of the 

techniques which holds promise for linking studies of the 

dynamics of populations, communities and ecosystems.



Carney, H. J. (1987). Field tests of interspecific resource-

based competition among phytoplankton. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 

84(12): 4148-4150.



Carney, H. J., P. J. Richeson, et al. (1988). Seasonal 

phytoplankton demographic processes and experiments on 

interspecific competition. Ecology 69(3): 664-678. 

	Population dynamics of Lake Tahoe phytoplankton species 

were studied during 1985. Four dominant diatoms were 

examined: Cyclotella glomerata, Cyclotella ocellata, Synedra 

amphicephala , and Synedra radians . All three tests 

indicated that resource-based competition was important. 

Species clearly segregated with thermal stratification and 

nutrient depletion in the epilimnion. C. glomerata packed 

within the epilimnion (0-20 m), S. radians became dominant in 

the deep chlorophyll maximum region (60-90 m), and the other 

species peaked at intermediate depths. Resource-limited 

growth was a dominant process during this time, and sinking 

and natural death were significant losses. Primary 

productivity nutrient-enrichment bioassays and growth kinetic 

assays (phosphate, nitrate, light) also indicated that 

phosphate and light limitation were important bases of 

species interactions.



Carney, H. J. and C. R. Goldman (1988). Seasonal 

Phytoplankton rho- and K-selection in Oligotrophic Lake 

Tahoe. Internationale Vereinigung fuer Theoretische und 

Angewandte Limnologie. 23(2): 672-676. 

	Lake Tahoe is a large (400 sq km surface area), deep 

(505 meters maximum, 313 meters mean depth) lake. The 

watershed is small (1.6:1 ratio of drainage basin to lake 

surface area) and consists primarily of nutrient poor soils 

which overlie granitic bedrock. Because of these watershed 

characteristics and the morphometry of the lake, Lake Tahoe 

has been ultraoligotrophic for thousands of years. The 

unusual features of this lake provide a rigorous test for the 

generality of the rho- and K-selection concept. Rho refers to 

the intrinsic rate of increase, and rho-selected organisms 

are small, fast-growing, short-lived and opportunistic 

species which rapidly occupy resource-rich areas. K refers to 

the carrying capacity, and K-selected organisms are the 

larger, slow-growing, long-lived and highly competitive 

species which use limiting resources efficiently. Data 

collected during a 1984-85 study were examined to test 

whether phytoplankton seasonality in Lake Tahoe agrees with 

the concept of rho- and K-selection. Several factors are 

generally consistent with this concept during the spring and 

summer: increasing water column stability, reduced nutrient 

concentrations, declining primary productivity and specific 

growth rate, and a shift from smaller short-lived cells to 

larger and more persistent forms. The most striking 

difference of this lake is its muted seasonality, which may 

be caused by some combination of the following factors: low 

nitrogen and phosphorus loadings and lack of silica 

depletion, unusual depth, and relatively low grazing 

pressure. If cultural eutrophication of this lake continues, 

the rate of seasonal succession will probably increase and 

become more typical for a north temperate lake.(Davis-PTT)



Carson Jr., W. D. (1980). Effluent Charges for Water 

Pollution Cont rol in California. 

	This report stems from a research project to identify an 

area of the water pollution control program in California 

where the application of effluent charges could be effective 

and beneficial. The project incorporates a case study of Lake 

Tahoe as an example of potential application of effluent 

charges and a model for answering difficult questions of 

implementation of such charges. Taxes or charges are seen as 

preferable to direct controls, except in terms of political 

acceptability. The report attempts to improve political 

acceptability by clarifying certain issues. It recommends (1) 

that charges be administered by the Regional Boards, since 

water quality management problems are regional in nature, and 

(2) that monitoring be a combination of self-reporting by the 

discharger and random audits by the Regional Boards. Numerous 

questions regarding implementation of effluent charges are 

examined. The report suggests that effluent charges can be 

applied to water quality control problems only in a 

simulation model that requires information on technology, 

pollution transfer, water quality, and treatment costs. 

Simulation studies of effluent charges applied to industrial 

point sources of water pollution have also shown effluent 

charges to be more efficient than uniform percentage 

reduction. Suggested uses of generated revenue, relevant 

federal legislation, administrative costs, and an extensive 

bibliography are included.



Cartier, K. D., L. A. Peltz, et al. (1994). Development and 

documentation of spatial data bases for the Lake Tahoe basin, 

California and Nevada, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. 

Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center, Open-File 

Reports Section, Denver, CO.



Carville, J. S. (1989). Lingering in TahoeÍs wild gardens : a 

guide to hundreds of the most beautiful wildflower gardens of 

the Lake Tahoe region. Chicago Park, CA, Mountain Gypsy 

Press.



Cave, D. L. (1987). Geochemical Reactions Between Primary-

Treated Sewage and Volcanic Phase Assemblages Near Tahoe 

City, California, University Of Nevada, Reno (0139). 

	Volcanic terrain near Tahoe City, California, was 

utilized from 1970 to 1978 as a land disposal medium for 

primary-treated sewage. Prior to effluent application, the 

primary geochemical process occurring in the latite flow 

system was weathering of aluminosilicates; feldspars were the 

dominant reactants, contributing 82 percent of total ions 

(Ca, Na, K) to solution. During effluent application, 

dissolution of plagioclase feldspars increased 260 percent; 

Ca concentrations in solution increased proportionately, but 

Na and K levels decreased. Cation exchange and adsorption 

were not viable mechanisms for continual removal of high 

sodic concentrations from solution; therefore, formation of 

disordered clays appears to have been the principal sink for 

Na, K and silica in the flow system. Cation concentrations in 

solution and resultant clay precipitation were controlled by: 

(1) aluminosilicate dissolution and resultant cation ratios 

in solution; (2) anion concentrations; and (3) aluminum 

concentrations in solution. Order No: AAC 9224917 ProQuest - 

Dissertation Abstracts



Cefalu, J. (1987). TahoeÍs economic environment crippled : 

regional governmentÍs impact. California County May-June: 

25+.



CH2MHill and Tahoe-Truckee Sanitation Agency (1978). Sewage 

disposal study for the North Tahoe - Truckee area. Redding, 

CA, CH2MHill.



Chang, C., J. Kender, et al. (1991). super(113m)Cd in Lake 

Tahoe. The 34th Conference of the International Association 

of Great Lakes Research, Ann Arbor, MI. 

	The fallout isotope super(113m)Cd (t sub( is equivalent 

) = 14.6y, 99% beta super(-), E sub(max) 0.59MeV) has been 

detected in preliminary studies of water and sediment from 

Lake Tahoe. A hollow fiber filtrator was used to dewater ca. 

1 g of Fe(OH) sub(3) freshly precipitated from 750 L of lake 

water that had been amended with a stable Cd recovery tracer. 

super(113m)Cd isolated on this precipitate was decontaminated 

from other beta super(-) emitters using the procedure 

developed earlier, and determined using a ñpancakeî 

proportional counter. Duplicate samples averaged 500 +/- 210 

x 10 super(-6) Bq/L. Naturally-occurring Cd in the lake 

ranges around 20 pM, giving a mean specific activity of 

similar to 0.2 MBq/g. In sediment cores from near midlake, 

super(113m)Cd activity exhibits a pronounced subsurface 

maximum between 2-3 cm, reaching about 17 mBq/g dry weight. 

This value agrees well with the sedimentation rate derived 

from the unsupported super(210)Pb profile.



Chang, C. C. Y., J. S. Kuwabara, et al. (1992). Phosphate and 

iron limitation of phytoplankton biomass in Lake Tahoe. Can. 

J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49(6): 1206-1215. 

	Field measurements and bioassay experiments were coupled 

to investigate the interdependent processes affecting 

phytoplankton biomass at Lake Tahoe using a trace metal 

protocol. Water samples were analyzed for suspended 

particular matter, dissolved organic carbon, major ions and 

macronutrients, adenosine triphosphate, and phytoplankton 

abundance. Concentrations of total Cd ( less than or equal to 

18 pM), Cu (2.25-8.85 nM), and Fe (22-49 nM) were similar to 

or lower than those reported for other oligotrophic lakes. 

Bioassays were carried out to assess the response of 

inoculated, single-species diatom populations (Cyclotella 

meneghiniana and Aulocosiera italica ) to additions of 

synthetic chelators (EDTA, EDDHA), and phosphate. A chemical 

speciation model along with the field data was also used to 

predict how trace metal speciation, and hence 

bioavailability, was affected by the chelator additions. 

Results suggest that phosphate was limiting to phytoplankton 

biomass. Other solutes, Fe in particular, may also exert 

controls on biomass. Nitrate limitation seems less likely, 

although Fe-limiting conditions, as suggested by the biomass, 

may have led to an effective N limitation because algae 

require Fe to carry out nitrate reduction. Small 

perturbations in chemistry may have pronounced effects on 

phytoplankton biomass in oligotrophic systems where essential 

nutrients ar at low concentrations.



Chappie, E. A., D. B. Seney, et al. (1990). Oral history 

interview with Eugene A. Chappie : Member, California State 

Assembly, 1965-1974; Member, United States House of 

Representatives, 1981-1986; March 12, 1990, April 3, 1990, 

April 5, 1990 and April 10, 1990, Placerville, California.



ChartAmerica Corporation (1976). South Lake Tahoe and 

surrounding area. San Antonio, Texas, ChartAmerica 

Corporation.



Chatfieldtaylor, J. (1989). Contemporary Traditions On Lake-

Tahoe. Architectural Digest 46(10): 270+.



Chilman, K. C. and G. Hampton (1982). A new recreation 

inventory system to aid land management decision-making: an 

application at Lake Tahoe Management of dispersed recreation 

on large wildland areas, National Forests. Symposium on 

Leisure Research, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota 

Agricultural Experiment Station.



Christensen, D. R. and R. W. Prettyman (1975). Thickening Of 

Unwanted Spent Lime Rejects. Water And Sewage Works 122(5): 

102-104. 

	The montgomery county regional advanced waste treatment 

plant in maryland is planning to treat its lime sludge by 

separating the unwanted materials (rejects) from the spent 

lime by centrifugation. the spent lime can be reused 

following recalcination. the rejects will be further settled 

in gravity thickeners before being pumped to dewatering 

equipment prior to final disposal. an investigation was 

conducted to obtain design data for the gravity thickening 

units. the tests were conducted with rejects from a 

centrifuge at the south lake tahoe advanced waste treatment 

plant in california. rejects from the centrifuge are expected 

to enter the thickeners at 3% solids. a 24 hr detention time 

in a 6 ft depth at 4% solids should result in a solids 

loading rate of 15 lb/sf/day. two 90 ft diameter rejects 

thickeners with a 10 ft side water depth are the preliminary 

design recommendations. this design will produce solids 

loading at a maximum flow of 16 lb/sf/day. (orr-firl)



Christensen, R., R. Eilbert, et al. (1980). An Exploratory 

Application of Entropy Minimax to Weather Prediction: 

Estimating the Likelihood of Multi-Year Droughts in 

California, Entropy Ltd., Lincoln, MA. 

	A new information theoretic technique was tested for 

long range forecasting of the probability of extended 

drought. Time-series data were obtained describing 

precipitation, stream flow, tree ring indices, atmospheric 

temperature and pressure, sea surface temperature, Palmer 

drought severity index, and other variables. The geographical 

region includes Far Western North America, and mid- and north 

Pacific Ocean; the time span extends from about 1850 to 1977. 

These time-series were analyzed for patterns enabling long 

range prediction of annual precipitation in a 7-station 

Sacramento-Tahoe region in California. Patterns were found in 

a randomly selected (training) half of the years enabling 

prediction of wet versus dry probabilities for the other 

(test) half with lead times of one, two or three years. The 

accuracy of the predictions on the test half of the data is 

63%, statistically significant at the 94% confidence level. 

For comparison, the accuracy obtained for a random predictor 

is 50%, and the accuracy for a one-year persistence 

hypothesis is 54%, with negligible statistical significance. 

On extreme years (extremely wet or extremely dry), the 

predictive accuracy of the patterns rises to 78%, evidence of 

their physical meaningfulness. On extreme years, the accuracy 

of the persistence hypothesis, on the other hand, degrades to 

51%.



City of South Lake Tahoe (1982). The code of the city of 

South Lake Tahoe, California : the general ordinances of the 

city, City of South Lake Tahoe, CA.



City of South Lake Tahoe (1990). City code of the city of 

South Lake Tahoe, California : codified ordinances of the 

city, City of South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Clair A. Hill Associates (1965). A preliminary report 

concerning recommended additions to the sewage treatment 

plant and Bijou pump station for South Tahoe Public Utility 

District, Bijou, El Dorado County, California, Clair A. Hill 

Associates, Redding, CA: 12 p., 2 leaves of plates.



Clarke, R. M. (1991). South Lake Tahoe Gaming: Analysis and 

History, University Of Nevada, Reno. 

	The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the gambling 

industry at the south shore of Lake Tahoe. The study is 

intended to show how the industry developed, where it is 

today, and what influences it. The thesis is divided into 

three sections. The first section is the history of the 

areaÍs gambling industry development, who and what shaped it. 

This section is primarily historical, not analytical. The 

second section is a regression analysis of the exogenous 

factors that affect the area gaming. The factors found to 

directly influence gaming were California wages and salaries, 

seasons, local non-gaming recreational offerings, holidays, 

and inflation. The third section is an attempt to create a 

demand-side oriented tourism index for South Lake Tahoe that 

will give a clear, accurate view of the local tourism trends.



Clontz, J. N. (1974). The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency : 

problems and perspectives in the Lake Tahoe Basin, University 

of San Diego, School of Law, San Diego, CA.



Coatney, R. L. (1965). Modal Analysis Of the Granitic Rocks 

Of the Northern Sierra Nevada Between Yosemite and Lake 

Tahoe, California, The Pennsylvania State University (0176).



Coats, R. N. (1975). Nitrogen Flux Through a Forested 

Watershed Near Lake Tahoe, California, University Of 

California, Berkeley.



Coats, R. N., R. L. Leonard, et al. (1976). Nitrogen uptake 

and release in a forested watershed, Lake Tahoe basin, 

California. Ecology - Durham 57(5): 995-1004.



Coats, R. N., R. L. Leonard, et al. (1978). Removal of 

nitrogen from snowmelt water by the soil-vegetation system, 

Lake Tahoe Basin, California. West-Snow-Conf., Carson City, 

NV.



Coats, R. N. (1993). Nitrogen concentration-discharge 

relationships in streams of the Lake Tahoe basin, California-

Nevada. Annual Meeting Abstracts - USA Aslo And Sws. 

	Lake Tahoe is a large ultra-oligotrophic lake in the 

Sierra Nevada. Because the Lake is undergoing rapid 

eutrophication, the input of nutrients from basin watersheds 

has been studied intensively since the early 1970Ís. This 

paper reports on the efforts to develop discharge-

concentration models for nitrate-nitrogen in 10 stream in the 

Lake Tahoe Basin. A simple 2-variable model was developed to 

compare the water types: ñshort flow-path waterî that 

dominates during storms and snowmelt, and ñlong flow-path 

waterî that dominates base flow. Stepwise linear regression 

was used to fit model parameters to the data. Both 

independent variables made a highly significant contribution 

to explaining the concentration variance. The results of this 

study may be useful for developing predictive models for 

estimating nutrient input to the Lake, and for guiding policy 

aimed at controlling that input.



Coats, R. and C. Goldman (1993). Nitrate Transport in 

Subalpine Streams, Lake Tahoe Basin, California-Nevada, 

U.S.A. Applied Geochemistry 8(2): 17-21. 

	Efforts have been taken to develop a linear model which 

relates nitrate-N concentration to two discharge variables, 

and to fit the model to the data using multiple regression. 

The data set comprises >3100 mean daily discharge and 

nitrate-N concentration values representing 45 watershed-

years. The goal was to compare the relative contribution to 

nitrate-N concentration of two dominant water types: ïshort 

flow-path waterÍ that occurs during storms and snowmelt, and 

ïlong flow-path waterÍ or base flow. The first variable is a 

reciprocal function of discharge, derived from a mixing model 

for two water types in an open system. The second variable 

uses either cumulative water discharge or cumulative nitrate-

N load for the water year. Stepwise linear regression was 

used to fit model parameters to the data. Both independent 

variables made a highly significant contribution to 

explaining the concentration variance. Values of R-squared 

ranged from 0.22 to 0.45. For one catchment, the model was 

fitted to data for eight separate water years; it explained 

up to 80% of the variance in nitrate-N concentration. These 

results indicate that the model can be used to distinguish 

anthropogenic nitrate sources from the ion pulse associated 

with early snowmelt, and to develop predictive models for 

estimating total load.



Cobourn, J. (1989). Cumulative Watershed Effects (CWE) 

Analysis in Federal and Private Forests in California. 

Symposium on Headwaters Hydrology. American Water Resources 

Association, Bethesda, MD. 

	Resource managers at the State and Federal forestry 

agencies in California are working to develop CWE analysis 

methodologies to satisfy legal requirements for consideration 

of cumulative impacts in watersheds of mixed ownership. The 

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the Clean Water 

Act of 1977, as well as the California Environmental Quality 

Act (CEQA), require that the effects of past, present, and 

future management activities be considered together to 

prevent water quality impacts. Such analysis creates a safety 

net for water quality--the ultimate best management practice 

for predicting impacts which might be missed if planning were 

carried out only at the project proposal level. Some of the 

most detailed CWE analyses in California are being performed 

by the hydrologists of the USDA Forest Service (USFS) using 

the Region 5 Forest Service methodology. Phase one of this 

approach is the calculation of a Natural Sensitivity Index 

for each watershed. Phase two is the compilation of the 

acreage of all management activities, including road 

surfaces, into a Land Disturbance History. In this phase, the 

Equivalent Roaded Acre (ERA) is often used as a unit of 

measure. Phase three is a field investigation, and phase four 

is an evaluation, based on Phases one, two, and three, of the 

possibility that the watershed may be at or near its 

geomorphic Threshold of Concern (TOC), beyond which special 

measures will be needed to ensure protection against adverse 

CWE. (See also W90-08822) (AuthorÍs abstract)



Cobourn, J. (1989). Application of Cumulative Watershed 

Effects (CWE) Analysis on the Eldorado National Forest in 

California. Proceedings of the Symposium on Headwaters 

Hydrology, American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, 

Maryland. 

	The Region 5 Office of the USDA Forest Service has 

directed the National Forests of California to develop their 

own applications of the RegionÍs ïCumulative Off-site 

Watershed Effects AnalysisÍ methodology. The Eldorado 

National Forest has developed and implemented such a process. 

Phase 1 of the process relies heavily on the Soil Survey and 

the Streamside Management Zones for calculation of a weighted 

Natural Sensitivity Index (NSI). The second phase of the 

analysis calls for the district offices to assemble the 

actual acreages and dates of various management activities, 

including proposed activities, in a Land Disturbance History 

(LDH). This summary uses the Equivalent Roaded Acre (ERA) as 

a unit of measure for normalizing the disturbance caused by 

various Harvest and Site Preparation activities. Phase 3, a 

detailed field observation of the channel system, is 

conducted if phases 1 and 2 indicate a need for concern. Once 

these phases are complete, phase 4, an estimate of the 

Threshold of Concern (TOC), is made. The estimated TOC is not 

a firm number but rather an approximation, such as 10-12% ERA 

for a very sensitive watershed. This TOC is only one part of 

a summary statement which attempts to explain management 

implications in terms of the degree of risk of initiating 

adverse CWE. (See also W90-08822) (AuthorÍs abstract)



Coil, J. A., III (1978). Spatial Heterogeneity Of Selected 

Nutrients In Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada), University Of 

California, Davis (0029).



Coleman, E. H. (1950). Map of Fallen Leaf Lodge region, Lake 

Tahoe, Calif.



Compass Maps (1974). Welcome to North Lake Tahoe. Modesto, 

CA, Compass Maps.



Compass Maps and El Dorado County Chamber of Commerce (1976). 

Map of El Dorado County. Modesto, CA, Compass Maps.



Comstock, H. O. and J. B. Goodman (1941). Lake Tahoe. Lake 

Tahoe, CA, Brockway Hotel and Hot Springs.



Cooley, R. L., J. W. Fordham, et al. (1971). Hydrology Of 

Truckee Meadows, Nevada, University of Nevada - Reno, Desert 

Research Institute. 

	The states of california and nevada and the federal 

government are involved in the fate of pyramid lake and the 

newlands irrigation project. truckee meadows, which lies at 

the base of the carson range (a spur of the sierra nevada) 

approximately 30 miles northeast of lake tahoe, was studied 

with regard to its potential as a source for additional water 

for the system. using the groundwater model, groundwater 

inflow to the meadows from areas peripheral to the basin was 

estimated to be about 5,000 acre-feet per year (ac-ft/yr). 

however, using reasonable extremes for transmissivities, the 

model indicates inflow could range from 2,000 to 8,000 ac-

ft/yr. the estimated recharge rate includes underflow from 

tributary valleys, recharge on alluvial fans and slopes, and 

underflow from the bordering mountain ranges. underflow out 

of truckee meadows occurs in the vicinity of vista and is 

apparently less than 10 ac-ft/yr. mining groundwater in the 

meadows would yield about 2 feet of water per 10 feet of 

saturated material per unit area based on an estimated 

average specific pumping carries several risks which could 

overshadow any benefits. lowering water levels in areas of 

groundwater discharge will increase hydraulic gradients 

toward the discharge areas and will likely induce movement of 

poorer quality water into pumpage areas.



Coon, T. G., M. Lopez, et al. (1987). Summer Dynamics of the 

Deep Chlorophyll Maximum in Lake Tahoe. Journal of Plankton 

Research 9(2): 327-344. 

	Vertical profiles of chlorophyll and phytoplankton 

biomass were measured in Lake Tahoe from July 1976 through 

April 1977. A deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) persisted during 

summer and early autumn (July-October) near 100 m, well below 

the mixed layer and at the upper surface of the nutricline. 

The DCM coincided with the phytoplankton biomass maximum as 

determined from cell counts. In addition, the composition of 

the phytoplankton assemblage was highly differentiated with 

respect to depth. Cyclotella stelligera was the predominant 

species in the mixed layer while the major species in the DCM 

layer included C. ocellata and several green ultraplanktonic 

species. In situ cell growth plays a substantial role in 

maintaining the DCM, but sinking of cells from shallower 

depths and zooplankton grazing above the DCM persists at the 

boundary between an upper, nutrient-limited phytoplankton 

assemblage and a deeper, light-limited assemblage. (AuthorÍs 

abstract)



Cordone, A. J., S. J. Nicola, et al. (1971). The Kokanee 

Salmon In Lake Tahoe. Calif Fish Game 57(1): 28-43. 

	Large numbers of kokanee salmon, oncorhynchus nerka, fry 

were stocked in lake tahoe from 1949 through 1955. kokanee 

became established but the population remained at a low level 

until 1963 when a dramatic increase in the number of spawners 

was observed. a fishery finally developed in 1967. major 

spawning concentrations occur in taylor creek and along the 

shores of mckinney bay. in most years from 1960 through 1968 

virtually the entire taylor creek run was composed of a 

single age group from certain strong year classes. presence 

of strong year classes suggests high survival of naturally-

spawned fish. there is some evidence, however, of high egg 

retention. lake tahoe kokanee grow rapidly and a trend toward 

increasing growth rates since 1961 is suggested. their 

length-weight relationship was log w=-3.26090 + 2.91063 log 

l. their diet consisted mostly of cladocerans. they are 

widely distributed in the limnetic zone and strongly surface 

oriented, except during the summer and early fall when large 

schools form off taylor creek at depths from 50 to 120 ft.--

copyright 1971, biological abstracts, inc.



Corps of Engineers (1969). Flood Plain Information, Trout and 

Bijou Creeks, South Lake Tahoe, California. Corps Eng Flood 

Plain Report, Corps of Engineers. 23. 

	Flooding of trout and bijou creeks, south lake tahoe, 

california, is described in a report of flood plain problems 

based on records of rainfall, runoff, and historical and 

present flood heights. maps, photographs, profiles, and cross 

sections indicate the extent of flooding that has occurred 

and which may be expected to occur in the future. the 

information is for use in study and planning ways to minimize 

vulnerability to flood damages by control of flood plain use 

by zoning and subdivision regulations, the construction of 

flood protection works, or by combinations of these 

approaches.



Corps of Engineers (1969). Flood Plain Information, Upper 

Truckee River, South Lake Tahoe, California. , Oct, Corps of 

Engineers. 27. 

	Flooding of the upper truckee river, south lake tahoe, 

california is described in a report of flood plain problems 

based on records of rainfall, runoff, and historical and 

present flood heights. maps, photographs, profiles, and cross 

sections indicate the extent of flooding that has occurred 

and which may be expected to occur in the future. the 

information is for use in study and planning ways to minimize 

vulnerability to flood damages by control of flood plain use 

by zoning and subdivision regulations, the construction of 

flood protection works, or by combinations of these 

approaches.



Costantini, E. and K. Hanf (1971). Environmental Concern and 

Political Elites: A Study Of Perceptions, Backgrounds, and 

Attitudes, Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of 

California, Davis. 

	Inevitably the question of what constitutes unacceptable 

environmental conditions is a political one. environmental 

policy is not an irresistible, simple, unchallenged response 

to empirical or scientific fact alone, but is determined 

through trial by political combat. environmental policy tends 

to be a function of the degree of concern for environmental 

problems on the part of those persons in a position to make 

or affect relevant decisions. the decision makers in the 

latke tahoe basin are examined in terms of variations in 

their level of concern for environmental problems. the 

relationship between these variations and other environmental 

perceptions, the background, and political, social and 

psychological attitudes of the decision makers is discussed. 

a larger study is concerned with identifying and analyzing 

the attitudes and interests of the most significant actors 

concerned with environmental policy in the lake tahoe basin.



Costantini, E. and K. Hanf (1972). Environmental Concern At 

Lake Tahoe, a Study Of Elite Perceptions, Backgrounds, and 

Attitudes. Environment And Behavior 4(2): 209-242. 

	Environmental policy is determined through trial by 

political combat and is, therefore, among other things, a 

function of concern for environmental problems on the part of 

those persons in a position to make or affect relevant 

decisions. a perspective is needed from which to penetrate 

this growing but diffuse concern for environmental problems 

and thus to provide a more differentiated point of departure 

for the analysis of environmental policy-making. in profile 

fashion, the perceptions, backgrounds, and attitudes of 

significant factors affecting environmental decision-making 

in a limited but environmentally significant local -- the 

lake tahoe basin -- are explored. on the basis of responses 

to a series of likert-type questions by some 300 people, who, 

by virtue of their position, reputation and activity, were 

identified as significantly affecting environmental decision-

making, an environmental concern scale was constructed as a 

measure of the respondentÍs concern for environmental quality 

at tahoe. scores on this scale led to grouping the 

respondents in terms of variations in levels of concern; 

these variations were then examined in terms of their 

relationship with (1) other environmental dispositions and 

perceptions, (2) the social background, and (3) the political 

and social psychological attitudes of the decision-makers. 

significant differences were found between high and low 

scorers on the concern scale along each of these dimensions. 

those displaying a relatively high level of environmental 

concern were more likely to be professionals or governmental 

officials and less likely to be businessmen or anchored in 

the tahoe area. (davis - chicago)



Costantini, E. and K. Hanf (1973). The Environmental Impulse 

and Its Competitors: Attitudes, Interests, and Institutions 

At Lake Tahoe, Institute of Governmental Affairs, University 

of California, Davis. 

	Inevitably, the question of what constitutes 

unacceptable environmental conditions is a political one: 

environmental policy cannot be an irresistible, simple, 

unchallenged response to empirical or scientific fact alone. 

no matter how weighty the evidence of degradation may be, the 

environmental impulse inevitably competing, perhaps stronger, 

impulses. as a consequence, what constitutes unacceptable 

environmental conditions and what to do about them are 

political questions, for it is in the political process that 

disagreement over significant social values and conflicting 

interests finds expression and seeks some form of resolution. 

two central ingredients of that process are considered: 

first, the attitudes and backgrounds of persons critically 

affecting environmental decision-making in the tahoe basin, 

and second, the framework of political institutions within 

which decisions regarding the basin are made. in particular, 

the extent to which these institutions have been responsive 

to the values of environmental quality, is examined. the 

objective is to explore the relationships between political 

institutions and institution building at tahoe on the one 

hand, and the environmental impulse and its competitors on 

the other. (snyder-california)



Costantini, E. and K. Hanf (1974). The politics of ecology 

and the Lake Tahoe Basin, Institute of Governmental Affairs, 

University of California, Davis: 85 leaves.



Costantini, E., G. Wandesforde-Smith, et al. (1974). Regional 

agency voting behavior : the Tahoe experience, Institute of 

Governmental Affairs, University of California, Davis.



Costantini, E. (1975). The Environmental Impulse and Its 

Competitors: Attitudes, Interests, and Institutions at Lake 

Tahoe, University of California, Davis. 

	A summarized and updated version is presented of a 

Technical C ompletion Report (See W74-06843). Inevitably, the 

question of what constitutes unacceptable environmental 

conditions is a political one: Environmental policy cannot be 

an irresistible, simple unchallenged response to empirical or 

scientific fact alone. No matter how weighty the evidence of 

degradation may be, the environmental impulse inevitably 

confronts competing, perhaps stronger, impulses. As a 

consequence, what constitutes unacceptable environmental 

conditions and what to do about them are political questions, 

for it is in the political process that disagreement over 

significant social values and conflicting interests finds 

expression and seeks some form of resolution. The 

relationship between political institutions and institution 

building at Tahoe on the one hand, and the environmental 

impulse and its competitors on the other is explored. 

(Snyder-California, Davis)



Court, J. E., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1972). Surface Sediments 

In Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Journal Of Sedimentary 

Petrology 42(2): 359-377. 

	Samples from 40 sites in lake tahoe and from six major 

tributaries were analyzed for mineral and biogenic components 

and for texture. the areal distribution of volcanic 

constituents of sand and gravel fractions reflects volcanic 

sources in the north and northwest parts of the basin. 

volcanic areas contribute montmorillonite to clay fractions 

whereas vermiculite and chloritic intergrades are 

characteristic weathering products of granitic sources. two 

distinct types of sediment are present. pollen-rich 

diatomaceous ooze (organic ooze) is characterized by: (a) 

abundant diatoms and pollen; (b) chloritic intergrades in the 

clay fraction; and (c) all from flat-lying, well stratified 

beds. the other sediment type (non-organic) is typified by: 

(a) diatoms and pollen rare or absent; (b) 

vermiculite/mica/montmorillonite clay fraction; (c) not 

present in flat-lying beds; and (d) texturally more varied 

than organic ooze. non-organic samples represent still-

exposed depositional products of the tioga glaciation, 

reflecting relatively rapid erosion and slumping into deeper 

parts of the basin. the principal source of non-organic 

material was the west side where volcanic rocks constitute 

about half of the area. in contrast, organic ooze samples 

result from relatively passive post-glacial fluvial erosion. 

the relative abundance of biogenic components in organic ooze 

reflects low depositional rates and the clay fraction, rich 

in chloritic intergrades points to the dominance of granitic 

source rocks in the present basin-widesource. (knapp-usgs)



Cover, A. E. and L. J. Pieroni (1969). Appraisal Of Granular 

Carbon Contacting: Phase 1. Evaluation Of the Literature, and 

Phase 2. Economic Effect Of Design Variables, Swindell-

Dressler Co., Pittsburgh, PA. 

	A literature review of tertiary waste water treatment 

gives special attention to activated carbon adsorption of 

chemical oxygen demand (cod), allowable capacity (loading) of 

carbon with organic waste matter, carbon particle size, and 

number of regeneration cycles on adsorption capacity and 

rate. the economic effects of shop fabrication and field 

erection of vessels, surge designs, plant size, idle carbon 

inventory, velocity, contact time, particle size, 

regeneration loss, carbon capacity, material costs, number of 

contacting stages, and in-place regeneration are discussed. 

most of the data were collected from carbon treatment plants 

at pomona (california), lake tahoe (california), nitro (west 

virginia), washington (new jersey), and lebanon (ohio). 

recommendations are made for further evaluation and 

experimental work.



Crescent Books (1987). Lake Tahoe : a picture book to 

remember her by. New York, NY, Crescent Books.



Crippen, J. R., B. R. Pavelka, et al. (1969). The Lake Tahoe 

Basin, California-Nevada, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, 

CA.



Crippen, J. R., B. R. Pavelka, et al. (1970). The Lake Tahoe 

basin, California-Nevada, U.S. GPO, Washington, D.C.



Crocker, C. and J. W. Dwinelle (1879). Letter to John W. 

Dwinelle : San Francisco : ALS, 1879 Oct. 17, (Concerning the 

meaning of the word Tahoe.).



Croke, E. J. (1973). An Evaluation Of the Impact Of Land Use 

On Environmental Quality, Argonne National Lab., Illinois 

Center for Environmental Studies. 

	Recent federal legislation such as the federal clean air 

act (1970) and the water pollution control act have mandated 

pollution control plans reflecting the spatial distribution 

of pollutant sources for metropolitan regions and river 

basins. such plans would necessitate the substitution of a 

comprehensive land use policy for the present technologically 

oriented pollution control strategy which is seriously 

hampered by rapid development. any environmental land use 

policy would have to consider the relationship between the 

assimilative capacity of an area and environmental quality 

standards. for example, large quantities of toxic industrial 

wastes may be contaminating new jersey groundwater due to an 

inability to assimilate the wastes. lake tahoe and atlanta 

are cited as two areas where regional development plans have 

included constraints due to assimilative capacity. current 

national environmental strategy, however, tends to disregard 

the particular assimilative capacities of different areas by 

establishing national emission and environmental quality 

standards. current land development policy, with projects 

having a 25-30 year economic lifetime can often lead to 

socioeconomic irreversibility of the consequent environmental 

problems. highway systems, airports, and the land development 

and population distribution they engender are cases in point. 

in order to insure the inclusion of environmental control in 

land use decisions by states and localities the federal 

government has a wide variety of incentives and disincentives 

at its disposal including the withholding of granting of 

funds for transportation systems, water treatment facilities 

and energy distribution systems.



Crow, L. W. and California Energy Commission (1978). 

California Climatic Thermal Zone 16 near Lake Tahoe related 

to energy requirements for heating, ventilation, and air-

conditioning. Sacramento, California Energy Commission.



Cuenca, R. (1974). Preliminary Study Of Experimental System 

For Ammonia Removal At South Lake Tahoe Advanced Wastewater 

Treatment Plant. Lake Tahoe Research Seminar II, Sands 

Vagabond Convention Center, South Lake Tahoe, CA. 

	Nitrogen first enters the treatment plant in domestic 

wastewater in the form of ammonia and organic nitrogen 

compounds. total nitrogen in domestic wastewater can vary 

from 20 to 55 mg/1. in the activated sludge treatment process 

such as that at south lake tahoe, these compounds are first 

hydrolyzed and then oxidized by microorganisms until all of 

the nitrogen is converted to aqueous ammonia. as the result 

of research conducted in south africa and israel, interest 

was stimulated in a method of ammonia removal which had never 

been tried at plant scale. the system is basically comprised 

of four components. following chemical clarification of the 

lime treated wastewater, the water is transferred to a high 

ph detention pond. the detention time in the pond varies from 

5 to 12 hrs depending on the influent flow rate. this first 

pond is followed by a second detention pond in series. this 

pond has installed a system of 46 spray nozzles. following 

the ponds is a modified stripping tower. installed in the 

interior of the tower is a system of 24 spray nozzles 

identical to those in the spray pond. the final step was 

breakpoint chlorination which had previously been used at 

south lake tahoe. (see also w76-07793) (sims - isws)



Culp, G. and A. Slechta (1966). Plant Scale Reactivation and 

Reuse Of Carbon In Wastewater Reclamation. Water And Sewage 

Works 113(11): 425-431. 

	At the 2.5 mgd tertiary sewage treatment plant at so. 

lake tahoe, activated carbon has been very effective in 

removing organic materials. efficient regeneration of the 

carbon is provided. for each mg of effluent about 740 lbs of 

carbon is removed through a 2 in. pipeline to two spent 

carbon tanks (coal-tar epoxy coating) with screened drain for 

dewatering the carbon to 43 percent moisture in 1 hr. carbon 

is moved by a variable speed stainless steel screw conveyor, 

capacity 40 to 250 lbs/hour, discharging into the top of the 

regeneration furnace. the carbon moves downward through the 

six hearths each equipped with gas-air control burners. steam 

can be added also. the regenerated carbon is discharged from 

the bottom of the furnace into a quench tank, from which it 

is pumped to the regenerated carbon storage tank, where it is 

washed to remove any fine carbon. regeneration is controlled 

by hourly determination of the apparent density of the carbon 

- it decreases with destruction of the absorbed organics to a 

final apparent density of 0.49. ash content is also 

monitored. carbon loss has averaged less than 10 percent per 

regeneration cycle. cost to regenerate and make up one pound 

of carbon was only one-sixth the cost of virgin carbon. 

regeneration costs are only 3.8 cents per one thousand 

gallons of effluent. (bean-awwarf)



Culp, R. L. and R. E. Roderick (1966). The Lake Tahoe Water 

Reclamation Plant. Journal of  the Water Pollution Control 

Federation 38(2): 147-155. 

	The authors describe the new tertiary sewage treatment 

plant of south tahoe public utility district which produces a 

high quality, colorless, odorless effluent. the article 

presents construction and operating cost estimates for plants 

of 2.5, 10.0, 50.0, 100.0, and 200.0 mgd capacity, and for 

varying degrees of treatment. a principal conclusion is that 

the total cost of providing the maximum quality tertiary 

treatment with this process would vary from 24 cents to 37 

cents/cap/month, depending on the size of the treatment 

plant. this estimated cost is based upon an average estimated 

effluent volume of 100 gpd per capita. the authors also 

conclude that ïtertiary treatment provides an economic 

advantage over desalination as a source of water, since 

wastewater can be renovated for only 10-15 percent of the 

latest realistic estimates of cost for desalinationÍ.



Culp, R. L. (1967). The Tahoe Process For Nutrient Removal. 

7th Industrial Water And Waste Conference, Texas Water 

Pollution Control Association. 

	A 2 1/2 mgd water reclamation plant was placed into 

operation during the summer of 1965 at South Tahoe, 

California. The process which evolved from the operating 

experience of this original tertiary plant plus the 

information gained from this demonstration was the basis for 

the design of an expanded process capable of handling 7 1/2 

mgd. The new process not only removes phosphates, nitrogen, 

and organics present in waste waters, but also provides for 

the recovery and reuse of chemicals employed in the process. 

All solid wastes are reduced to sterile ash by incineration. 

The total investment to provide tertiary treatment will be 

almost equal to that for providing secondary treatment at 

Tahoe.



Culp, R. L. (1969). Disease Due to ïNonpathogenicÍ Bacteria. 

Journal Of The American Water Works Association 61(3): 157. 

	Gram-negative bacteria such as e. coli and p. aeruginosa 

can, under certain conditions, become pathogenic to man--

especially to young infants and premature babies. the advent 

of sulfonamides and antibiotics has broadened the range of 

conditions within which these bacteria may act as pathogens. 

water supplies can be made and kept free of all gram-negative 

bacteria by chlorination of all water supplies, the covering 

of all finished water storage reservoirs, filtration of all 

surface waters, continuous monitoring and recording of 

chlorine residuals and turbidity in finished water, and 

elimination of cross connections to water distribution 

systems. (britton-awwarf)



Culp, R. (1969). Water Reclamation At South Tahoe. Water 

Wastes Eng 6(4): 36-39. 

	A 7.5 mgd water reclamation plant which employs advanced 

wastewater treatment practices has been operating for 9 mos 

with good results. the water is used for irrigation of 

alfalfa, other hay, and pasture land. there are plans to use 

the water for contact sports. the process starts with 

chlorination for odor control, then continues with a 

conventional activated sludge treatment with some 

recirculation of lime sludge for phosphorus removal. the 

effluent from the conventional treatment receives 5 steps of 

tertiary treatment: flocculation and coagulation with 

phosphorus removal (lime), nitrogen stripping, recarbonation, 

filtration, activated carbon columns, and chlorination. the 

sludges are incinerated with recovery of lime and carbon 

dioxide. the plant removes nearly 100 percent of the bod, 

cod, suspended solids, color, odor, coliforms and turbidity. 

the removal of phosphorus is about 94 percent and of nitrogen 

is greater than 50 percent. the spent carbon is regenerated 

with a loss of about 5 percent per cycle. the water is lifted 

270 ft to a storage tank then about 1500 feet more to indian 

creek reservoir where it is removed for use. (ledbetter-

texas)



Culp, R. L. and H. E. Moyer (1969). Wastewater Reclamation 

and Export At South Tahoe. Civil Eng 39(6): 38-42. 

	The 7.5-mgd reclamation plant at the south tahoe public 

utility district is the most advanced full-scale wastewater 

treatment plant in the world. treatment consists of 2 basic 

parts, liquid processing and solids handling. the first 2 

steps of liquid processing are the conventional ones of 

primary, or solids separation, and secondary, or biological 

oxidation. in addition, the advanced treatment provides 

chemical treatment and phosphorus removal, mixed-media 

filtration, activated carbon adsorption, and disinfection. 

the solids handling system provides for incineration of 

biological sludge, regeneration and reuse of granular 

activated carbon, and recalcining and reuse of lime, all by 

means of multiple hearth furnaces equipped with scrubbers and 

afterburners. results to date indicate that the plant removes 

all of the suspended solids, color, odor and bacteria; most 

of the bod, cod, mbas, and phosphorus; and 50 to 98% of the 

nitrogen. reclaimed water is exported from the tahoe basin 

and used to irrigate croplands. (knapp-usgs)



Culp, R. L., D. R. Evans, et al. (1971). Advanced waste water 

treatment as practiced at South Tahoe, Water Quality Office, 

Environmental Protection Agency, For sale by U.S. GPO, 

Washington, D.C. 

	A 7.5 mgd advanced wastewater treatment plant at south 

lake tahoe, california has been in uninterrupted operation 

for three years. chemical treatment, mixed media filtration, 

and granular carbon adsorption have been shown to be 

efficient, reliable, and economical processes for wastewater 

treatment. a degree of reliability and flexibility comparable 

to that achieved in electric power generation and water 

purification has been achieved by appropriate selection and 

sequencing of unit processes and proper plant design. plant 

bypasses have been eliminated. bacteria and viruses have been 

entirely eliminated from the effluent by small chlorine 

dosages. lime has been recalcined in a multiple hearth 

furnace without air pollution, and granular activated carbon 

has been successfully regenerated and reused, with stack 

gasses scrubbed to meet air pollution standards. the entire 

plant produces only clean water, sterile ash, and harmless 

gases. reclaim ed wastewater has been used to form a 

recreational lake, certified for all water contact sports by 

regular testing, and free of algal blooms. the wastewater 

treatment cost has been approximately twice the cost of 

conventional wastewater treatment, but the project has 

demonstrated that manÍs wastes need no longer degrade the 

environment if genuine desire and determination to solve the 

problem is applied. (lowry-texas)



Culp, R. L. and S. P. Hansen (1980). Carbon Adsorption 

Enhancement with Ozone. Journal of the Water Pollution 

Control Federation 52(2): 270-281. 

	Adding ozone (3 or 10 mg per liter) during activated 

carbon treatment of secondary effluent did not sufficiently 

enhance COD removal in pilot plant studies at South Tahoe, 

California, to warrant installation of a full-scale plant. 

Tests were continued until COD breakthrough occurred. The 

best test results showed an 80% increase in adsorptive 

capacity, but these high results were not duplicated in 

subsequent runs. Several characteristics of the system in 

this facility contributed to the negative results--chlorine 

residuals and low soluble COD in the effluent and low 

biological activity and normally aerobic conditions on the 

adsorption bed. Ozone-enhanced activated carbon adsorption 

has been used successfully in Europe and in Cleveland, where 

different conditions prevail. It is believed that several 

factors affect the results of ozone addition--nature of the 

organic material, amount of organic loading, presence or 

absence of aerobic conditions, species and growth of 

bacteria, and pretreatment of effluent. (Cassar-FRC)



Culp/Wesner/Culp (1979). Master plan for the South Tahoe 

Public Utility District water system. Cameron Park, CA, 

Culp/Wesner/Culp.



Culp/Wesner/Culp and Tahoe City Public Utility District 

(1982). Master plan for the Tahoe City Public Utility 

District water system, Culp/Wesner/Culp, Cameron Park, CA.



Culver, R. H. and R. H. Thomas (1972). Municipal Wastewater 

Reclamation and Reuse. Regional Workshiop by Science Council 

of Singapore and National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 

Water Resources, environment and national development - 

Volume II, Singapore. 

	Methods used to reclaim usable water from municipal 

wastewater are reviewed. the results obtained, the costs of 

construction and operation, the precautions to be observed in 

the use of reclaimed water, and alternative potential uses of 

reclaimed water are considered. the water reclamation 

projects at santee and south lake tahoe in california, and at 

windhoek in south west africa are described in detail.



Dake, J. M. K. and D. R. F. Harleman (1969). Thermal 

Stratification In Lakes: Analytical and Laboratory. Water 

Resources Research 5(2): 484-495. 

	Theories are developed for the time dependent vertical 

temperature distribution in a deep lake during the yearly 

cycle of solar heating and cooling. a heat flux balance at 

the water surface, which accounts for back radiation and 

evaporative heat loss, is formulated as a boundary condition. 

the linear, second-order heat transfer equation is solved by 

superposition of solutions for the surface absorbed radiation 

and the internally absorbed radiation. analytical solutions 

are given for three different assumptions regarding the time 

dependence of the incoming radiation and the surface heat 

losses. at certain times, the resulting temperature and 

density distribution in the epilimnion are unstable. under 

these conditions convective mixing and turbulent diffusion 

are accounted for by generating a surface mixed layer of 

uniform temperature, the depth determined by a thermal energy 

balance. the theory shows good agreement with field 

observations of temperature distributions in lake tahoe. 

experiments are performed using artificial insolation 

(mercury vapor and infrared lamps) on a laboratory tank. we 

conclude that it is possible to simulate the development of 

thermal stratification under laboratory conditions. (ross-

vanderbilt)



David, M. D. C., United States Lake Tahoe Basin Management 

Unit, et al. (1978). A study of the impacts of alternative 

land use plans for the Lake Tahoe Basin, David, M. Dornbusch 

Company, San Francisco, CA.



Davies, R. A., H. J. Kaempf, et al. (1973). Removal Of 

Organic Material By Adsorption On Activated Carbon. Chemistry 

And Industry 17: 827-831. 

	Activated carbon has found widespread use for 

prepurification of potable and industrial waters and 

treatment of municipal and industrial waste waters, not only 

for removal of color, taste, and odor, but also for 

prevention of pollution by pesticides and other biodegradable 

and nondegradable organics in general. the physical 

principles of adsorption on carbon particles and beds are 

reviewed, and some process engineering considerations are 

discussed, including costs of granular carbon reactivation, 

justification of combustion furnaces, and relative merits of 

powdery vs. granular carbons. the first full-scale 

application of granular carbon for tertiary treatment was at 

lake tahoe, where aeration tank effluent is passed through 

eight parallel adsorbers to reclaim daily 28,000 cu m of 

irrigation water. at windhoek, south africa, potable water is 

recovered from sewage in a plant processing 200 cu m/hr. 

three typical industrial installations where granular carbon 

finds use in removal of toxic and colored effluent components 

include a swiss explosive factory, a herbicide factory on the 

U.S. west coast, and a carpet mill in Pennsylvania.



Davis, R. G. (1970). Regional government for Lake Tahoe : a 

case study, Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of 

California, Davis.



Davis, J. B. and R. E. Martin (1987). . Symposium on Wildland 

Fire 2000, South Lake Tahoe, CA, U.S. Dept of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment 

Station, Berkeley, CA.



Dean, R. B. (1970). Air Stripping Of Ammonia. Pittsburg 

Sanitary Engineering Conference, Pittsburgh, PA. 

	Ammonia can be stripped from a solution by bubbling air 

through it only if the ph is first raised to 11.0 to convert 

the free ammonium ion to ammonium hydroxide. ammonia, 

however, is over 1000 times more soluble in water than is 

co2, necessitating a theoretical minimum of 220 ft3 of air 

for 90% ammonia removal from 1 gallon of water at 20c. 

stripping towers become, in essence, water cooling towers, 

with subsequent cold weather operation difficulties. also, 

the solubility of ammonia is increased with decreasing 

temperature, compounding the problem. actual performance data 

from the lake tahoe plant indicate that under plant operation 

conditions, 300 ft3/gallon are actually required. in 

addition, calcium carbonate scale is formed by reaction with 

co2 which must be removed. reducing the ammonia content of a 

fluid from 20 mg/1 to 2 mg/1 would cost 2.3 cents/1000 at ph 

11 and 9.9 cents/1000 gallons if the cost of the lime 

required to raise the ph to 11 is included. these costs are 

based on a 10 mgd plant, and they do not include scale 

removal. (see also w71-09450) (lowry-texas)



Dean, R. B. (1970). Re-Use and Disposal Of Alum and Lime 

Sludges. Pittsburg Sanitary Engineering Conference, 

Pittsburgh, PA. 

	Both lime and alum precipitation reactions produce 

sludge which must be handled in some manner. first of all, 

the choice must be made as to whether the sludge is to be 

disposed of or treated for re-use of the chemicals in it. 250 

mg/l of lime produces 500-600 mg/l of sludge with and 

underflow concentration of 2-3% or 2 tons of sludge solids 

per mgd. this sludge may be used for soil stabilization, fill 

for roads, or in agriculture. however, by heating the 

precipitated calcium carbonate, calcium oxide can be 

recovered and re-used. the cost of lime recovery is the same 

as the cost of new lime, but disposal costs are significantly 

reduced. costs reported from dayton, ohio are $10-$12 per 

ton, while the lake tahoe plant reports lime recovery as 

costing $20/ton. the results of testing 4 laboratory scale, 

75 liter treatment systems are reported and compared with 

regard to phosphate removal, sluge dewaterability, sludge 

filterability, and sludge composition. alum sludges contain 2 

al:1p and probably some ca plus some organic matter. the 

sludge will settle to 10% solids, and is amendable to 

concentration by freezing. the sludge is not biodegradable, 

and can sometimes cause clogging of the soil when disposed on 

the land. lime treated alum sludge can be filter pressed to 

remove in excess of 50% as soluble aluminate, however, 

incineration of alum sludge leaves little or no residue for 

disposal, so for alum, disposal may be less expensive than 

re-use. (see also w71-09450) (lowry-texas)



Dean, R. B. (1981). Use of Log-Normal Statistics in 

Environmental Monitoring. Chemistry in Water Reuse 1: 245-

258. 

	Most real data obtained in analytical laboratories 

follow log-normal statistics. In order to make use of the 

most powerful statistics that are available the data should 

be transformed to logs. If log-normal data are treated as if 

they were normal, quite erroneous estimates of large 

deviations from the central value will be made. Conversely, 

if truly normal data are treated as log-normal, the errors 

will usually be small and conservative. One should justify in 

each case the use of normal statistics rather than log-normal 

on all data, such as concentrations, where values less than 

zero are impossible. (Author)



Decker, L. M. and D. C. Erman (1992). Short-term seasonal 

changes in composition and abundance of fish in Sagehen 

Creek, California. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 121(3): 297-306. 

	Direct underwater observation was used to quantify 

numbers and locations of eight species of fish in 100-m 

sections along a 1,200-m reach of Sagehen Creek, California, 

at biweekly intervals between 5 July and 22 September 1983. 

Most of the eight species exhibited significant short-term 

changes in abundance and reached peak abundance at different 

times. Total fish abundance was highest in mid-July; the 

Margalef index of diversity was highest in mid-August. 

Lahontan redside Richardsonius egregius , Tahoe sucker 

Catostomus tahoensis , and mountain sucker C. platyrhynchus 

appeared to migrate from a downstream reservoir into the 

stream during the spawning season. In addition, fish were not 

distributed evenly in the study reach. All species tended to 

prefer pool habitat and pools were not uniformly distributed. 

Relative fish composition determined at long- term permanent 

sections by electrofishing was not significantly associated 

with most underwater counts made at different times or 

stations. This study illustrates mobility of an entire fish 

assemblage and indicates how long-term studies of fish 

populations may be greatly influenced by the timing and 

placement of samples.



DeMars Jr., C. J., G. T. Ferrell, et al. (1988). Host-

insect/disease interactions in drought-stressed white fir 

stands at Lake Tahoe, California. Integrated control of 

Scolytid bark beetles. T. L. Payne and H. Saarenmaa. 

Blacksburg, VA, College of Agriculture and Life Science, 

V.P.I and State Univ.: 135-146.



Denham, C. R. (1981). Numerical Correlation of Recent 

Paleomagnetic Records in Two Lake Tahoe Cores. Earth Planet. 

Sci. Lett. 54(1): 48-52. 

	Recent paleomagnetic fluctuations are smooth and well 

correlated in two short cores collected 28 km apart in Lake 

Tahoe. Cross-correlation analysis of the unit-vector time 

series data shows that the characteristic angular difference 

between the two records is only 11 degree for the past 3000 

years. this compares favorably with the characteristic 

angular differences of 7-8 degree between adjacent samples 

within each core taken separately. The correspondingly high 

values of pairwise (between cores) and serial (within core) 

correlation are significant at 99.99% confidence. These data, 

collected and previously studied qualitatively by A.S. 

Goldstein, show that the sediment in Lake Tahoe can provide 

reliable recent paleosecular variation records. The paucity 

of fine-scale paleomagnetic correlation between other cores 

from that basin is due likely to stratigraphic rather than 

rock magnetic difficulties.



Dewante, Stowell, et al. (1971). Comments on South Tahoe 

Public Utility District proposal to provide sewerage service 

for Tahoe City and North Tahoe Public Utility Districts, 

Dewante & Stowell, Sacramento, CA.



Dillon, T. M. (1974). Low Frequency Turbulence and Vertical 

Temperature Microstructure In Lake Tahoe, California - 

Nevada, University Of California, Davis.



Dillon, T. M., T. M. Powell, et al. (1975). Low Frequency 

Turbulence and Vertical Temperature Microstructure in Lake 

Tahoe, California-Nevada. Verhandlungen Internationale 

Vereinigung Limnologie 19: 110-115. 

	Lake depth temperature profile plots are usually 

presented as smooth curves, masking considerable detailing in 

structure of temperature, including ïstair stepsÍ and 

inversions. Thus, estimates of thermal eddy diffusivities can 

be obtained from a careful analysis of the small-scale 

irregularities. A device is described which can resolve the 

50 cm spectral level by modifying an expendable 

bathythermograph probe, which consists of a thermistor 

mounted on a streamlined body containing a 450 m section of 

fine two-conductor copper wire mounted on aspool from which 

it freely unwinds. A second section of the same wire is wound 

on a similar spool which remains on board when the probe is 

launched. Modification of the probe involves attaching a 

large funnel to slow the rate of descent and mounting four 

large rectangular wings on the drag funnel to provide further 

drag and spin the probe about its vertical axis to ensure 

uniform vertical descent. The descent rate is taken 

concurrently with a conventional thermistor. The fall rate is 

normally about 13 cm/sec and the time constant for XBT 

thermistor is 0.1 seconds, so that under ideal conditions 

features on the order of 3 cm might be resolved. The spectrum 

was uncontaminated at wavelengths greater than 25 cm during 

measurements taken at Lake Tahoe. (Auen-Wisconsin)



Dillon, T. M. and T. M. Powell (1976). Low-Frequency 

Turbulence Spectra in the Mixed Layer of Lake Tahoe, 

California-Nevada. Journal of Geophysical Research 81(36): 

6421-6427. 

	Low-frequency turbulence was measured in the 

unstratified mixed layer (epilimnion) of Lake Tahoe, 

California-Nevada, during August and September 1973 by using 

savonius rotor current meters positioned at three depths. 

Kinetic energy frequency spectra derived from these 

measurements were compared with the Kolmogorov inertial 

subrange prediction by assuming that TaylorÍs hypothesis is 

valid. The spectra are proportional to (wave number) to the 

(-5/3) power in a wavelength range generally between 10 m and 

100 m at all depths. In view of the shallow thermocline depth 

(18-27m), the turbulence cannot be considered isotropic in 

this wavelength range, and a true inertial subrange should 

not exist. Kinetic energy dissipation rates averged over the 

epilimnion were calculated from the -5/3 portion of the 

kinetic energy spectra and vary between 0.0004 sq cm/s to the 

3rd power (with slight winds) to 0.005 sq cm/s to the 3rd 

power (with winds ranging from 2 to 8 m/s). These dissipation 

rates are comparable with dissipation rates measured at 

similar depths in oceanic waters. (Sims-ISWS)



Dodson, R. E. (1977). Continuous Measurements Of the Natural 

Remanent Magnetization Of Sediments From Lake Michigan and 

Lake Tahoe, University Of Pittsburgh (0178).



Dozier, B. J. and P. J. Richerson (1975). An Improved 

Membrane Filter Method for the Enumeration of Phytoplankton. 

Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie 19: 1524-

1529. 

	The technique described offers two important 

modifications to the usual membrane filter method. The first 

modification is a reduced vacuum pressure of only 1 psi or 

less, which prevents destruction and minimizes distortion to 

the fragile forms by the filtration process. The other 

modification is substitution of 50% glutaraldehyde for the 

clearing agents usually used, such as cedarwood oil, 

immersion oil, anisole, and acetone vapor. Because 

glutaraldehyde is water soluble, it can be applied to the wet 

filter immediately following filtration, eliminating the need 

for an ethanol dehydration step. The new method is an 

offshoot of research initiated earlier, in which over 1,000 

phytoplankton samples had to be enumerated as part of an 

investigation into the relationship between phytoplankton 

community structure and physical processes in Lake Tahoe 

(California-Nevada). Results are given of experiments 

performed to investigate organism distribution on filters 

prepared by the new method, using several techniques 

involving equipment distinguished by funnel shape. 

Statistical results are given, in addition, for a comparison 

of counts of 10 filtered and 10 sedimented samples, including 

mean, variance, variance:mean, chi-square and pattern 

description. (Harris-Wisconsin)



Dozier, B. J. (1976). An Autoradiographic Study Of the 

Relationship Between Photosynthetic Rate and Phytoplankton 

Seasonal Succession In Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, 

University Of California, Davis.



Dozier, B. J. and J. J. Beauchamp (1978). An autoradiographic 

investigation of the seasonal photosynthetic activity of 

three diatom species in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada 

Stephanodiscus astraea, Fragilaria crotonensis, and 

Cyclotella stelligera, Algae. 20th Congress, Internationale 

Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, 

Copenhagen, Denmark, International Association of Theoretical 

and Applied Limnology. 

	Seasonal photosynthetic activity of three dominant 

diatom species in ultraoligotrophic Lake Tahoe (CA, NV) was 

measured by autoradiography, in 1975. The influence of water 

temperature, light available for photosynthesis, nitrate 

nitrogen, and total phosphorus on species-specific variation 

in photosynthetic activity was analyzed by stepwise multiple 

regression. Declining phytoplankton populations in Lake Tahoe 

were precipitated by an unfavorable change in the physico-

chemical environment rather than by zooplankton grazing, 

since in all three cases population reduction followed 

declining photosynthetic activity. Data also support the 

overriding influence of nitrate nitrogen over phosphorus as a 

limiting nutrient in Lake Tahoe. Of the four parameters, 

water temperatures was the most ciritcal affecting 

photosynthetic rate at 50 m of Stephanodiscus astraea, while 

nitrate nitrogen was the most important for Cyclotella 

stelligera, and to a lesser extent Fragilaria crotonensis. 

For all three species temperature correlated inversely with 

photosynthetic activity. Algal samples were injected with 

carbon-14 sodium bicarbonate solution with an activity of 9.2 

microCi/ml. Incubated and filtered samples were packaged with 

Kodak AR10 Autoradiographic Stripping Plates and exposed for 

3-6 weeks; five proved optimal. Results were evaluated 

according to silver grain density. (Lynch-Wisconsin)



Drew, S. E. (1982). Carson & Tahoe Lumber & Fluming CompanyÍs 

Lake Tahoe narrow gauge railroad locomotive no. 2 ñGlenbrookî 

: restoration feasibility investigation. Arcadia, CA, Short 

Line Enterprises.



Drivas, E. P. (1986). Sampling Schedules For Tahoe Basin 

Streams During Snowmelt (Nevada), University Of Nevada, Reno.



Drohojowska, H. (1992). Natural Grace For Lake-Tahoe, Rustic 

Details Enliven a Nevada Waterfront. Architectural Digest 

49(8): 156-163.



Duane, T. P. (1992). Managing the Sierra Nevada. California 

Policy Choices 8: 169-194.



Duckworth, S., D. Crowe, et al. (1979). Ozone patterns on the 

western Sierra slope : downwind of Sacramento during the 

summer of 1978, California Air Resources Control Board, 

Technical Services Division, Aerometric Analysis Branch, 

Sacramento, CA.



Duell, L. F. W. (1987). Geohydrology and Groundwater Quality 

Monitoring Network for the Antelope Valley Area, California, 

U.S. Geological Survey - Water Resources Division, Tahoe 

City, CA. 

	A basinwide ideal network and an actual network were 

designed to identify ambient groundwater quality, trends in 

groundwater quality, and degree of threat from potential 

pollution sources in Antelope Valley, California. In general, 

throughout the valley groundwater quality has remained 

unchanged, and no specific trends are apparent. The main 

source of groundwater for the valley is generally suitable 

for domestic, irrigation, and most industrial uses. Water 

quality data for selected constituents of some network wells 

and surface-water sites are presented. The ideal network of 

77 sites was selected on the basis ofsite-specific criteria, 

geohydrology, and current land use (agricultural, 

residential, and industrial). These sites were used as a 

guide in the design of the actual network consisting of 44 

existing wells. Wells are currently being monitored and were 

selected whenever possible because of budgetary constraints. 

Of the remaining ideal sites, 20 have existing wells not part 

of a current water quality network, and 13 are locations 

where no wells exist. The methodology used for the selection 

of sites, constituents monitored, and frequency of analysis 

will enable network users to make appropriate future changes 

to the monitoring network.



Dugan, G. L. (1972). Eutrophication Potential of the Lake 

Tahoe Basin California-Nevada. Water Resources Seminar Series 

1: 3-11. 

	Future seasonal and permanent populations will be 

controlled by zoning regulations to some predetermined number 

as a measure of eutrophication control of lake tahoe. the 

lake tahoe area council was formed in the 1950Ís with the 

basic function of conducting research and promoting orderly 

and environmentally sound development around the lake. a 

consultantsÍ study concluded that municipal sewage posed the 

greatest threat to the clarity of the lake, prompting a 

program of effluent export from the basin. after lengthy 

negotiations, alpine county agreed to accept the effluent in 

a proposed 160-acre reservoir located outside of the tahoe 

basin if the effluent met drinking water quality standards; 

the reservoir would be used for recreations and as a storage 

facility for irrigation water. one of the most advanced waste 

water treatment plants, operated by the south lake tahoe 

public utilities district (the several processes are listed) 

purifies the effluent before it is pumped over a 1500-ft. 

elevation to the indian creek reservoir. a 1966 fwpca 

demonstration grant and a 1969 epa grant resulted in 

intensive studies (which are described) of the basin. lake 

tahoe should not be the basic criteria for limiting 

development as when detectable degradation is observed 

environmental degradation will have already occurred.



E.L. Nuttle Co. (1964). Map of south shore of Lake Tahoe, El 

Dorado County, California, Douglas County, Nevada.



Economics Research Associates and Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency (1971). Economic analysis of projected growth for the 

Lake Tahoe Basin, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA.



Economics Research Associates and Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency (1972). Regional housing element update. Los Angeles, 

CA, Economics Research Associates.



Economics Research Associates and Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency (1972). Regional capital programming plans, 1973-1977. 

Los Angeles, CA, Economics Research Associates.



Economics Research Associates and Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency (1973). Capital programming plans, Lake Tahoe Region. 

Los Angeles, CA, Economics Research Associates.



Economics Research Associates, EDAW, et al. (1973). Housing 

element update; Lake Tahoe region. Los Angeles, CA, Economics 

Research Associates.



Economics Research Associates (1976). Socioeconomic impact of 

the California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency regional plan 

and land use ordinance. Los Angeles, CA, Economics Research 

Associates.



EDAW (1972). Tahoe : population estimates and projections. 

San Francisco, CA, Eckbo, Dean, Austin and Williams.



EDAW and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1973). A 

comprehensive regional planning program for the Tahoe Region 

: Overall program design 1973-1975. San Francisco, CA, Eckbo, 

Dean, Austin and Williams.



Eddy, G. A. and Lake Tahoe Sierra Association (1950). BirdÍs-

eye view of the Lake Tahoe region. Tahoe City, CA, Lake Tahoe 

Sierra Association.



Edson, M. S. (1955). Ultimate water requirements, American 

and Cosumnes River Basins and Lake Tahoe region, El Dorado 

County, California. Georgetown, CA, Edson.



Edwards, W. F., C. D. Irons, et al. (1883). W.F. EdwardsÍ 

touristsÍ guide and directory of the Truckee Basin. Truckee, 

CA, W.F. Edwards.



Eiland, R. G. (1968). Operation of Lake Tahoe Dam and 

Reservoir. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Dept. of Water Resources.



El Dorado County Chamber of Commerce and California Economic 

Development Agency (1964). The economic resources of western 

El Dorado County, including Placerville, California, with 

supplement south shore Lake Tahoe, El Dorado County Chamber 

of Commerce.



Elder, J. F. (1974). Trace-Metals From Ward Creek and Their 

Influence Upon Phytoplankton Growth In Lake Tahoe, University 

Of California, Davis.



Elder, J. F., S. K. Perry, et al. (1975). Application Of 

Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence to Trace Metal Analysis 

of Natural Waters. Environmental Science and Technology 

9(12): 1039-1042. 

	Energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence is a relatively 

recent development in the field of x-ray spectrometry which 

improved capability for rapid multielement analysis. 

application of the technique to analysis of dissolved trace 

metals in water requires transfer of the dissolved elements 

to a uniform target suitable for analysis. this can be 

accomplished by precipitating the elements with the 

nonspecific chelating agent, ammonium-l-pyrrolidine 

dithiocarbamate, and filtering through a membrane filter. the 

method is applicable to many types of aqueous samples and for 

analysis of most transition metals. equipment and costs, as 

well as advantages and limitations of the method are 

discussed. data from analysis of waters in the lake tahoe 

basin are presented and discussed.



Elder, J. F., K. E. Osborn, et al. (1976). Iron Transport in 

a Lake Tahoe Tributary and its Potential Influence upon 

Phytoplankton Growth. Water Research 10(9): 783-787. 

	Water from Ward Creek, a tributary of Lake Tahoe, 

California-Nevada, was analyzed for iron content from October 

1972 to April 1974. Two analytical techniques were used: a 

bathophenanthroline colorimetric method which produced total 

iron data, and X-ray fluorescence which produced total iron 

data, and X-ray fluorescence which permitted separate 

determinations of dissolved and particulate iron. Iron 

concentrations show marked seasonal variability. The total 

iron transport during a one-year period in 1972-73 was 

approximately 6000 kg or 0.2% of the total iron content of 

Lake Tahoe. Most iron in stream water of the Lake Tahoe basin 

results from erosion, producing a high predominance of 

particulate forms. Because of the possiblity of various 

breakdown mechanisms, this iron is potentially stimulatory to 

algal growth in the lake. (Katz)



Eloranta, P. V. and S. L. Loeb (1983). Near-shore littoral 

phytoplankton communities in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. 

Congress of the International Association of Limnology, Lyon, 

France. 

	Phytoplankton biomass and the species community 

structure were monitored at the near-shore sampling stations 

in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. The main aim of the study 

was to get information on the algal response to the nutrient 

load from the surrounding land areas with different degree of 

the urban development. The species richness, diversity and 

evenness were used as community parameters. The comparisons 

were also made using some single species as indicators and 

similarity indices. The differences between the stations were 

generally small and the seasonal fluctuation in biomass and 

species richness reflected the seasonal differences in water 

flow and nutrient load.



Eloranta, P. V. (1983). Periphyton pigment analyses using 

paper chromatography. Periphyton Of Freshwater Ecosystems - 

The First International Workshop On Periphyton Of Freshwater 

Ecosystems, Vaxjo, Sweden. 

	Paper chromatography was used to study the community 

structure, the proportion of degraded chlorophylls to the 

total pigment content, and the chlorophyll and carotenoid 

content of the epilithic periphyton algae from Lake Tahoe, 

California-Nevada. Analyses were made using both samples 

directly from the lake and cultured periphytic algae. The 

relative contribution of different pigment fractions to total 

light absorption by the complete periphyton extract was 

estimated by planimetric integration of absorption curves. 

From the pigment structure, estimates were made of the 

proportions of different algal groups in the samples. The 

results showed the rarity of phaeophytin a in the epilithic 

algal communities in Lake Tahoe, but often some proportion of 

chlorophyll a occurred as other forms of pigment degradation 

products.



Elser, J. J., H. J. Carney, et al. (1990). Zooplankton-

Phytoplankton Interface in Lakes of Contrasting Trophic 

Status: An Experimental Comparison. Hydrobiologia 200(201): 

69-82. 

	An experimental study was conducted to compare algal 

responses to short-term biomanipulations of zooplankton in 

three California lakes that encompass a broad range of 

productivity (ultra-oligotrophic Lake Tahoe, mesotrophic 

Castle Lake, and strongly eutrophic Clear Lake). To assess 

the potential strength of grazing in each lake, algal 

responses to a 16-fold range of zooplankton biomass were 

evaluated. Algal responses to Daphnia over a range of Daphnia 

densities from 1-16animals/L were compared. Effects of both 

ambient grazers and Daphnia were strong in Castle Lake. 

However, neither ambient zooplankton nor Daphnia had much 

impact on phytoplankton in Clear Lake. In Lake Tahoe, no 

grazing impacts could be demonstrated for the ambient 

zooplankton, but Daphnia grazing had dramatic effects. These 

results indicate weak coupling between phytoplankton and 

zooplankton in Clear Lake and Lake Tahoe, which lie near 

opposite extremes of lake trophic status for most lakes. 

These observations, along with work reported by other 

researchers, suggest that linkages between zooplankton and 

phytoplankton may be weak in lakes with either extremely low 

or high productivity. Biomanipulation approaches to recover 

hypereutrophic lakes that aim only to alter zooplankton size 

structure may be less effective if algal communities are 

dominated by large, inedible phytoplankton taxa.



Elser, J. J. and C. R. Goldman (1991). Zooplankton Effects on 

Phytoplankton in Lakes of Contrasting Trophic Status. 

Limnology and Oceanography LIOCAH 36(1): 64-90. 

	Studies were carried out in three lakes of strongly 

contrasting trophic state to evaluate how the effects of 

zooplankton on phytoplankton vary as a function of lake 

productivity. Chlorophyll and total P concentrations differed 

by 2-3 orders of magnitude among ultra-oligotrophic Lake 

Tahoe, meso-oligotrophic Castle Lake, and strongly eutrophic 

Clear Lake. Three experimental designs involving short-term 

(4 d) manipulations of nutrients, ambient zooplankton, and 

the common crustacean grazer Daphnia were performed in each 

lake. Algal responses were assessed at both the aggregate, 

community and species levels. Experiments in Lake Tahoe 

revealed a high degree of nutrient sensitivity but negligible 

grazing impacts by the very low densities of ambient 

zooplankton. Daphnia grazing had substantial impacts on Tahoe 

phytoplankton, indicating high susceptibility to grazing in 

this assemblage of relatively small-sized algal species. 

Castle Lake exhibited strong direct and indirect impacts of 

both ambient zooplankton and Daphnia on the nutrient-limited 

algal assemblage. The cyanobacteria-dominated algal community 

of Clear Lake was resistant to grazing impacts, responding 

relatively weakly only to the higher densities of Daphnia. 

Good correspondence between estimates of algal biomass made 

from chlorophyll measurements and microscopic examination 

were obtained, and, in Castle Lake, concordance between 

estimated community productivity turnover times made from 

species-specific growth determinations and community 

productivity measurements was observed. The contrasting 

responses to experimental zooplankton manipulations in the 

three lakes support the view that the coupling between 

zooplankton and phytoplankton is strongest in the lakes of 

intermediate productivity and imply that food-web alterations 

at the top of the food web are most likely to propagate to 

the level of the phytoplankton (and therefore lake water 

quality) in lakes of moderate trophic status. (AuthorÍs 

abstract)



Engineering Science Inc. (1964). Lake Tahoe survey. Arcadia, 

CA, Engineering Science Inc.



Engineering Science Inc. and Dillingham Corporation of 

California (1966). Circulation system for Tahoe Keys 

waterways. Arcadia, CA, Engineering Science Inc.



Engineering Science Inc. and Lake Tahoe Area Council (1967). 

A regional program for the protection of water resources in 

the Lake Tahoe-Truckee River Basin. Arcadia, CA, Engineering 

Science, Inc.



Engineering-Science Inc. and Placer County Board of 

Supervisors (1965). Report on waste disposal alternatives for 

North Shore area of Lake Tahoe, Engineering-Science, Inc., 

Arcadia, CA.



Environmental Protection Agency (1975). The Lake Tahoe 

Study...as Requested by the 92nd Congress in Section 114 of 

the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, 

Environmental Protection Agency, Surveillance and Analysis 

Div., San Francisco, CA. 

	An important conclusion reached by a comprehensive study 

of the Lake Tahoe Basin in 1973 and 1974 was that, while 

federal oversight and control in efforts to preserve the 

fragile ecology of the lake are adequate in terms of public 

lands around the lake, such efforts are inadequate for 

control of the activities connected with private lands. As a 

corollary, it was concluded that legal and other arrangements 

should be redefined to resolve the apparent dichotomy of 

adequacy. Various recommendations were given to resolve this 

problem, including individual actions that could be taken by 

the U.S. Congress and by the States of California and Nevada. 

Study elements described include a basic 9-point description 

of the Tahoe basin, including location, physical geography, 

political geography, status of planning, land ownership and 

land use, economic system, population, infrastructure, and 

externalities. The Tahoe Basin ecosystem and 

intergovernmental activities relating to it are also 

considered, including compact provisions and federal 

coordination, an analysis of agency activities and 

intergovernmental problems relating to federal policy, 

sewerage, air quality, erosion and sedimentation control, 

water supply, transportation, regulation of private 

development and ecosystem management. Also described are an 

assessment of the adequacy of federal control and a roster of 

programs available to resolve basin problems.



EPA (1971). Capital and Operating Costs For Conventional and 

Advanced Waste Treatment. Advanced Wastewater Treatment As 

Practiced At South Tahoe, Environmental Protection Agency, 

Water Pollution Control Research Series, Environmental 

Protection Agency: 323-364. 

	The costs of conventional and advanced waste treatment 

are estimated using data obtained from the conventional-

advanced waste treatment scheme at south lake tahoe, nevada. 

conventional treatment includes primary clarification, and 

both plug flow and completely mixed activated sludge 

secondary treatment. advanced treatment includes phosphorus 

removal through lime treatment and lime recalcining, nitrogen 

removal, recarbonation, filtration, carbon adsorption, and 

carbon regeneration. the total cost at 7.5 mgd was $166 per 

mg for conventional waste treatment and $217 per mg for 

advanced waste treatment. the cost for conventional treatment 

consists of $67.50 in capital costs and $98.50 in operating 

and maintenance costs. advanced waste treatment costs are 

divided into $74.50 for capital costs and $142.50 for 

operating and maintenance costs. capital costs are defined as 

the estimated replacement cost per mg in 1969. these costs 

are based on producing an extremely high quality reclaimed 

water with 100 percent reliability. lesser requirements 

should generate lower costs. the cost estimates are presented 

in detail in numerous tables. these cost estimates indicate 

that tertiary waste treatment adds less than $9.00 per person 

per year to the total cost of waste collection and treatment.



EPA (1971). Eutrophication Of Surface Waters--Lake Tahoe, 

Environmental Protection Agency, Water Pollution Control 

Research Series; Lake Tahoe Area Council, South Lake Tahoe, 

CA.: 154 p. 

	A survey was made of nutrient and other chemical 

constituents of surface waters from developed and undeveloped 

land areas, sewage effluents, seepage from septic tank 

percolation system and refuse fills, drainage from swamps, 

precipitation, and lake tahoe water. algal growth stimulating 

potential of the samples were bioassayed with selenastrum 

gracile as a test organism. algal response to nutrients was 

measured by maximum growth rate and maximum cell count in a 

5-day growth period. ponds simulating the shallow portions of 

the lake were used for continuous flow assay of the biomass 

of indigenous lake organisms produced by sewage effluent. 

flask assays and chemical analyses were made over two years 

on three major creeks. twenty-eight other creeks and 

precipitations were monitored by chemical analysis. 

evaluating the eutrophication potential, lake tahoe is 

nitrogen sensitive and responds to it in proportion to its 

concentration. creeks draining developed land carried twice 

the nitrogen as those draining relatively undisturbed 

watersheds. human activity doubles nitrogen inflow to the 

lake. exporting all sewage would remove 70% of the nitrogen.



EPA (1971). Wastewater Ammonia Removal By Ion Exchange, 

Battelle-Northwest, Richland, WA. 

	Pilot plant investigations of a nitrogen removal system 

employing a natural zeolite, clinoptilolite, which is 

selective for ammonium ions in the presence of sodium, 

magnesium, and calcium ions, were conducted at the south 

tahoe public utility district. the system was operated on 

both clarified and carbon treated secondary effluent and 

clarified raw sewage. 94% removal was the average ammonia 

removal obtained using tahoe tertiary effluent with single 6 

ft. deep beds. with two column semi-countercurrent operation, 

97% ammonia removal was achieved with 4.7 ft. deep beds, 

operating to an average of 250 bed volumes. for clarified raw 

sewage treated in the semi-countercurrent columns, 93% 

average ammonia removals were achieved at average throughputs 

of 282 bed volumes. regeneration was accomplished by reacting 

the exhausted zeolite with hydroxyl ions to form an alkaline 

aqueous ammonia solution suitable for air stripping and 

discharge to the atmosphere. the regenerant solution is not 

discarded and no liquid wastes are generated. a 7 1/2 mgd 

plant was designed based on the pilot plant data. estimates 

for operational costs and construction costs, based on 

current costs in the lake tahoe region and capital costs 

amortization at 6% over 20 years were $84.95/million gallons 

and $63.10/million gallons, respectively.



EPA (1981). Final Environmental Impact Statement; Wastewater 

Treatment Facilities, South Shore Lake Tahoe Basin, 

Environmental Protection Agency, San Francisco, CA. Region 

IX. 

	This Final Environmental Impact Statement on the 

wastewater treatment programs proposed by the South Tahoe 

Public Utility District and the Douglas County Sewer 

Improvement District No. 1, contains EPAÍs recommendations, 

and revisions and additions to the Draft Environmental Impact 

Statement. Based on the impact analysis of various growth 

scenarios and commitments to mitigate primary and secondary 

adverse impacts, EPA recommends for South Tahoe Public 

Utility District a 7.5 mgd maximum daily flow wastewater 

treatment plant which produces secondary treated and filtered 

effluent for agricultural irrigation in Alpine County, 

California. Possible plant expansion is contingent upon 

approval by various local and regulatory agencies and 

adequate performance under the mitigation program. The 

environmental parameters considered were water quality, 

biology, noise and air quality, and visual resources. The 

social parameters considered include land use, housing, 

transportation, recreation, public services/fiscal concerns, 

utilities, and cultural resources. The final environmental 

impact statement for Douglas County Sewer Improvement 

District No. 1 has been postponed because of lack of progress 

in developing a mitigation program.



Eppard, R. A. (1992). Effect of deicing salt on overstory 

vegetation in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Transportation Research 

Record(1352): 67-74.



Etcheverry, B. A. (1917). Miscellaneous data and maps, 

(Partial Contents: Bouquet Canyon Reservoir -- Tahoe City and 

Lake Tahoe).



Etra, J. and W. N. Johnson (1986). Water quality improvement 

and erosion control at Heavenly Valley Ski Area, Lake Tahoe 

Basin. High-Alt-Revegetation-Workshop, Fort Collins, CO, 

Colorado Water Resources Research Institute.



Etra, J. (1987). Revegetation and erosion control on harsh 

sites in Lake Tahoe basin. Erosion control : youÍre gambling 

without it, Conference XVIII International Erosion Control 

Association, Reno, Nevada, International Erosion Control 

Association, Pinole, CA.



Evans, J. R. and R. A. Matthews (1968). Geologic studies in 

the Lake Tahoe area, California and Nevada. Sacramento, CA, 

Geological Society of Sacramento.



Evans, D. R. and J. C. Wilson (1972). Capital and Operating 

Costs--Awt. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 44(1): 

1-13. 

	Advanced waste treatment methods have been utilized at 

south lake tahoe, california, to further improve on 

conventional activated sludge secondary effluent, and produce 

a valuable water resource for recreation, irrigation, and 

perhaps direct reuse. methods used include lime precipitation 

of phosphorus from secondary effluent, with subsequent lime 

recalcination, ammonia stripping, recarbonation, mixed-media 

filtration, and carbon adsorption with subsequent carbon 

regeneration. total costs in 1969 were $172/million gallons 

for conventional treatment and $212/million gallons for 

advanced waste treatment, both figures including capital and 

operating costs for treatment of 7.5 mgd of municipal wastes. 

product water contained less than 0.21 mg/l mbas, 2.9 mg/a 

bod, 16.9 mg/lcod, 1.2 mg/l turbidity, and 0 mg/l suspended 

solids for 100% of plant operating lime.



Evans, L. G. (1993). Lake Tahoe :  A Family Guide. Seattle, 

Mountaineers.



Fallon, D. and City of South Lake Tahoe (1990). City of South 

Lake Tahoe, twenty-five years : continuing the pursuit of 

excellence. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Daily Tribune.



Farrell, J. B. (1970). Ammonia Nitrogen Removal By Stripping 

With Air. Nitrogen Removal From Wastewaters, Federal Water 

Quality Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio, Advanced Waste 

Treatment Research Lab. 

	Ammonia can be desorbed or stripped from solution by 

raising the ph of the solution to the point where the 

ammonium ion is converted to dissolved ammonia, and 

contacting the solution with ammonia free air. municipal 

wastewater normally contains 15 to 25 mg/l of ammonium ion 

which is removable by stripping, but the volume of air 

required is nearly 400 cu. ft./gallon of wastewater in a 

counter current-flow packed tower. pressure drop across a 

packed tower is one psi, and since power is proportional to 

the product of pressure drop and volumetric flow rate, power 

costs were prohibitive. development of a slat filled tower in 

lieu of a packed tower halved the pressure drop and so 

reduced power costs at lake tahoe, where 90% removal 

efficiencies were then obtained in a 24 ft.high counter 

current tower. problems with ammonia stripping include the 

increased solubility of ammonia in cold water making winter 

operation more costly. scaling problems have also occurred in 

several of the locations now using the process, although the 

scale did not adhere to the tower in south africa. cost has 

been estimated at 2.9 cent/1000 gallons of wastewater treated 

exclusive of the cost of lime and facilities to raise the ph 

to 11.0. in colder weather, costs will increase sharply. an 

operating ph of 10.5 counter current operation rather than 

crossflow, and an openfill to allow easy flushing of 

accumulated solids will help to control scale in the tower.



Felts, W. E. and G. Wandesforde-Smith (1973). The politics of 

development review in the Lake Tahoe basin, Institute of 

Governmental Affairs, University of California, Davis.



Fenske, J. P. (1990). Erosion Control and Water Quality In 

the Tahoe Basin California-Nevada, University Of Nevada, 

Reno. 

	The Lake Tahoe Basin is extremely sensitive to human 

activities. Steep slopes, unstable soils, a harsh climate, 

and a short growing season to reestablish vegetation increase 

erosion potential. With the advent of development in the past 

30 years, much of which was on environmentally sensitive 

lands, eutrophication increased dramatically as did the need 

for environmental safeguards. The magnitude of sediment 

discharge and its accompanying nutrients transported to the 

lake is dependent on a readily available source of sediment 

and a water flow of high enough energy to induce movement. 

Retention structures, which treat runoff prior to discharge 

into the lake, are one way man has attempted to control the 

effects of erosion on water quality. The Tahoe City Urban 

Improvement Projects propose to divert urban runoff away from 

the lake to a retention structure for treatment. To ensure 

design integrity, a hydrogeologic site investigation was 

performed. Because of high groundwater levels encountered 

near the center of the site and the limited construction 

area, substantial berming would be required for the 

implementation of initial design proposals. Order No: AAC 

1342733 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts



Field Research Com pany and Joint California-Nevada 

Interstate Compact Commission (1958). Property owners in the 

Lake Tahoe basin appraise proposed water level plans for the 

lake; a public opinion survey conducted for the California-

Nevada Interstate Compact Commissions of California and 

Nevada. San Francisco, CA, Field Research Company.



Fielding, G. J., H. J. Schuler, et al. (1979). Highway 50 

corridor study in the South Lake Tahoe area : final report, 

Jhk Associates, Santa Ana, CA.



Fillip, J. (1989). Lake-Tahoe R/Udat Explores Controlling 

Resort Growth. Architecture-the AIA Journal 78(9): 36-37.



Findlay, W. F. (1990). Tertiary Geology Along the Sierra 

Nevada-Basin and Range Boundary Northwest of Lake Tahoe, 

California, University Of California, Davis.



Fink, R. J. (1991). Public Land Acquisition For Environmental 

Protection - Structuring a Program for the Lake Tahoe Basin. 

Ecology Law Quarterly 18(3): 485-557.



Finkelstein, C., L. Baxter, et al. (1974). Planning and 

politics : a staff perception of the Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency, Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of 

California, Davis.



Firby, J. R., R. A. Schweickert, et al. (1985). Field trip 

guide : National Association of Geology Teachers Far Western 

Section Fall meeting, October 4-6, 1985. Reno, NV, Mackay 

School of Mines, University of Nevada-Reno.



Fisher, W. K. (1920). Camp Agassiz in the Tahoe National 

Forest. Palo Alto, CA, W.K. Fisher.



Fisher, H. J. and Fisher Drafting Service (1957). Map of Lake 

Tahoe south shore. Placerville, CA, Fisher Drafting Service.



Fisher, H. and California Resources Agency (1964). Lake Tahoe 

problems, Statement before the Assembly Committee on Natural 

Resources, Planning and Public Works, September 10-11, 1964, 

Brockway.



Fisher, H. (1965). CaliforniaÍs programs and needs in water 

quality control, Report presented by Hugo Fisher, 

Administrator of Resources, before the Senate Subcommittee on 

Air and Water Pollution, San Francisco, CA: 7 leaves.



Fisher, H. (1966). Water quality control legislative needs : 

Tahoe and statewide, Paper presented before the Assembly 

Interim Committee on Water, July 22, 1966, Bijou, California.



Flint, R. W. and C. R. Goldman (1975). The Effects Of a 

Benthic Grazer On the Primary Productivity Of the Littoral 

Zone Of Lake Tahoe. . 

	The crayfish, pacifastacus leniusculus, because of its 

dominant biomass in the littoral zone occupies a unique 

trophic position in lake tahoe. submerged macrophytes above 

50 m are scarce as are animal food materials during much of 

the year, thus the crayfish population relies substantially 

on the littoral benthic periphyton for its food. this 

investigation was designed to establish what effect the 

crayfish has on the littoral zone periphyton production and 

to assess the effects of its grazing on aquatic macrophytes 

and its role in the recycling of nutrients. the nutrient 

contribution by crayfish excretion serves as an important 

source of ammonia which is converted to nitrate by 

heterotrophic activity and becomes directly available to 

periphyton. the importance of these nutrients to the benthic 

community was shown by the absence of any abnormal increase 

in nutrient levels in the water column and the lack of any 

overall increase in nitrogen in the lake indicated rapid 

recycling of this nutrient. the relationship between the 

crayfish and the benthic flora portrays a dynamic balance 

between primary and secondary production in this extremely 

oligotrophic environment. the crayfish represents an 

effective ïcleanserÍ of the littoral area and provides a 

stable food source for the lake trout. (auen-wisconsin)



Flint, R. W., R. C. Richards, et al. (1977). Adaptation of 

styrofoam substrate to benthic algal productivity studies in 

Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. J. Phycol. 13(4): 407-409. 

	A routine sampling technique has been developed using 

artificial styrofoam substrate to estimate benthic algal 

productivity in the littoral zone of lakes. Estimation of 

maximum carbon fixed in Lake Tahoe ranged from 11-.-1 mg C-.-

m-SUP--2--.-day-SUP--1- at 0-.-5 m to 17-.-1 mg C-.-m-SUP--2-

-.-day-SUP--1- at 1-.-0 m. Estimates were made for 

communities composed of both diatom and green algal 

populations in water between 0-.-5 and 3-.-0 m. Maximum 

productivity occurred between 1-2 m. The technique developed 

can give comparable estimates of productivity if adequate 

replication is undertaken to decrease problems associated 

with periphytic heterogeneity.



Florsheim, J. L. (1988). Channel Form and Process: a Modeling 

Approach, University Of California, Santa Barbara. 

	A study of channel form and process using the HEC-2 

step-backwater computation in an alluvial channel (Blackwood 

Creek, near Tahoe City, CA) and a bedrock controlled channel 

(Slide Creek, near Ojai, CA) suggests riffle-pool sequences 

and deposits upstream and downstream of bedrock constrictions 

are produced and maintained by flows with a characteristic 

distribution of shear stress or stream power per unit bed 

area. Riffle-pool sequences in Blackwood Creek are maintained 

by flows with recurrence intervals of 1.2 to 5 years when the 

shear stress on pools exceeds that on riffles. The majority 

of bed material is mobile during flows with recurrence 

interval less than 20 years, including the largest boulders, 

which may be derived from Pleistocene glacial outwash. There 

is an inverse relationship between stream power per unit bed 

area and sediment deposition in Slide Creek. Deposition 

occurs where stream power per unit bed area decreases most 

rapidly (in backwater areas and in expansions), and scour 

occurs where stream power per unit bed area increases most 

rapidly (in constrictions). The Wheeler Fire in July 1985 

burned the entire watershed of Slide Creek. Rate of material 

delivered to the channel by the process of dry ravel (dry 

sliding of debris under the force of gravity) was measured at 

39 m$\sp3$/ha per month. The first winter flow (2.1 

m$\sp3$/s), following the fire was transport limited and 

deposited 550 m$\sp3$ of small gravel in the 270 m study 

reach and 90% of this debris was derived from dry ravel 

accumulations on hillslopes near the channel. The second 

winter flow (2.5 m$\sp3$/s) was supply limited, and eroded 

the channel to the pre-fire thalweg. A reduction in particle 

size and critical shear stress associated with post-fire 

deposition of small gravel enables relatively low magnitude 

flows to transport large volumes of sediment. Radiocarbon 

dating of debris flow deposits in Slide Creek basin suggest 

that the recurrence interval of debris flows is at least 

100Ís and perhaps 1000Ís of years. In a given basin, fluvial 

transport of sediment derived from dry ravel and small 

landslides off hillslopes are more likely following a fire 

than is a large debris flow. Order No: AAC 8813990 ProQuest - 

Dissertation Abstracts



Flynn, G. J., Tahoe County Formation Review Commission, et 

al. (1984). Tahoe County Formation Review Commission final 

report, Tahoe County Formation Review Commission.



Foglesong, M. T. (1993). Water-Related Scientific Activities 

of the U.S. Geological Survey in Nevada, Fiscal Years 1991-

92, U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Div., Carson 

City, NV. 

	The U.S. Geological Survey has been collecting water 

resources data in Nevada since 1890. Most of the projects 

that constitute the current Nevada District program can be 

classified as either basic-data acquisition (about 25%) or 

hydrologic interpretation (about 75%). About 54% of the 

activities are supported by cooperative agreements with State 

and local agencies. Technical projects supported by other 

Federal Agencies make up about 28% of the program, and the 

remaining 18% consist of USGS data collection, interpretive 

projects and research. Water conditions in most of Nevada 

during fiscal years 1991 and 1992 continued to be very dry, a 

continuation of drought conditions since late 1986. The major 

water resource issues in Nevada include: water allocation in 

the Truckee River and Carson River basins; water supply needs 

of Las Vegas and the Reno/Sparks area, including water 

importation plans; irrigation and return flow contamination 

of the Stillwater Wildlife Management Area; hydrologic 

effects of weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site; 

assessment of potential long term effects of the proposed 

Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository; and drought. Future 

water resources issues in Nevada are likely to center on 

water supply for, and environmental effects of, the rapidly 

growing population centers at Las Vegas, Reno, and Elko; 

impact of operations at the Nevada Test Site; management of 

interstate rivers such as the Truckee, Carson, and Colorado 

Rivers; hydrologic and environmental impacts at heavily mined 

areas; and water quality management in the Lake Tahoe Basin.



Folt, C. L. (1982). The Effects Of Species Interactions On 

the Feeding and Mortality Of Zooplankton (Tahoe), University 

Of California, Davis. 

	Mechanisms of interaction among the adults of the 3 

species of crustacean zooplankton in Lake Tahoe were examined 

(Mysis relicta, Epischura nevadensis, Diaptomus tyrelli). 

Interference and predator/prey interactions that reduced the 

feeding and survival of these species were demonstrated. The 

intensity of these interactions varied with the absolute and 

the relative densities of the species and was hypothesized to 

provide a mechanism for the density-dependent population 

regulation of zooplankton communities. Both species of 

copepods (Diaptomus and Epischura) were severely food limited 

in Lake Tahoe. The use of algal resources by the copepods was 

measured from August 1979 to October 1980, and compared to 

the seasonal abundances of the zooplankton and the algae. 

Filtering and ingestion rates were estimated from the uptake 

of radioactivity labelled particles in natural assemblages of 

lake seston. There were strong seasonal trends in food usage, 

with very low rates (< 1ml per animal per day) found during 

the fall and winter, when the densities of zooplankton and 

phytoplankton were also very low. The interactions among the 

copepods that affected feeding and survival were studied in a 

series of laboratory experiments. The filtering rates of 

Diaptomus were reduced by an allelopathic chemical passively 

released by Epischura. The feeding rates of Diaptomus 

averaged 50% lower in 2-species trials (including Epischura) 

than in 1-species trials. An increase in the density of 

Epischura relative to Diaptomus did not reduce the filtering 

rates further. A 10-fold increase in Diaptomus density (from 

1 to 10 animals per 125mls) resulted in a decrease in the 

Diaptomus filtering rates, but was not chemically induced. 

The effects of intra- and inter-specific interactions on 

filtering rates of Diaptomus were compared at several copepod 

densities. At low densities (< 4 animals per 125 mls) only 

inter-specific interactions caused significant reductions in 

the filtering rates. However, at the higher densities, the 

effects were similar. . . . (AuthorÍs abstract exceeds 

stipulated maximum length. Discontinued here with permission 

of school.)



Folt, C. L., W. G. Crumpton, et al. (1987). The consequences 

of food resource partitioning on a size-structured 

zooplankton population. Congress In New Zealand, Hamilton, 

New Zealand, [publisher unknown]. 

	All animals were taken from the pelagic waters of Lake 

Tahoe, California-Nevada, USA. Size related patterns in food 

use by Epischura nevadensis were experimentally measured, 

seasonal patterns in algal abundance were estimated from 

samples taken at ten depths (0 to 60) and samples for total 

particulate carbon were collected. Zooplankton were separated 

into three size-classes (nauplii, copepodids and adults). 

Predation rates on both size-classes increased with the size 

of the predator. The abundances of the three algal size 

classes varied seasonally. Food use by E. nevadensis differs 

with animal size. The only species of rotifer present in the 

pelagic waters of the lake, Keratella longispina , is also to 

large for the small E. nevadensis.



Folt, C. L. and E. R. Byron (1989). A comparison of the 

effects of prey and non-prey neighbours on foraging rates of 

Epischura nevadensis (Copepoda: Calanoida). Freshwat. Biol. 

21(2): 283-293. 

	Adults of the calanoid copepod, Epischura nevadensis 

aggregate in situ near the thermocline in Lake Tahoe, 

California-Nevada, together with adults of another species of 

calanoid copepod, Diaptomus tyrelli and juveniles of both 

species. With a series of laboratory predation and algal 

clearance trials, the authors show that foraging rates of 

adult E. nevadensis are determined not only by the density of 

co-occurring potential prey (small copepods), but also by the 

presence of co-occurring non-prey neighbours (large, adult 

copepods). These effects occur at densities and in 

zooplankton assemblages found naturally, emphasizing the 

ecological importance of neighbours other than prey on 

zooplankton feeding.



Fordham, J. W., R. L. Bateman, et al. (1980). Arid Basin 

Management Model With Concurrent Quality and Flow 

Considerations: Phase III, University of Nevada-Reno, Water 

Resources Center. 

	This report is the third and final report of a three-

phase research project. The primary objective of the overall 

project was to develop an inorganic water quality-flow 

management model in which both water supply and quality 

criteria are considered in the development of operating 

policy and to demonstrate the use of the combined model in a 

real-world situation. This was done by developing a water 

quality model for the Carson River for use with a Truckee-

Carson management model and an existing Truckee quality 

model. A second objective of the research was projection of 

water quality of Carson sub-basins by applying predictive 

techniques developed on the Tahoe-Truckee System. A third 

objective was to examine long term hydrology behavior, making 

use of such climatic indicators as three growth (ring 

widths). The report includes a report on the first three 

phases, as well as an in-depth review and analysis of the 

study area and the data obtained. The 26 figures contained in 

the report graphically represent the data and schematically 

depict two river systems and locations of key control points. 

Computer programs used in data analysis are included in the 

appendices.



Fortmann, L. and J. Kusel (1990). New voices, old beliefs: 

forest environmentalism among new and long-standing rural 

residents. Rural Sociology 55(2): 214-232. 

	In the on-going sociological debate over rural-urban 

differences, rural conflict over natural resources is often 

attributed to environmental attitudes of new residents from 

urban areas. An alternative hypothesis is that new residents 

provide not new attitudes, but a new voice for attitudes 

already held by many local residents. Data from a survey of 

residents of communities near two national forests show 

little support for the hypothesis that residential status 

affects forest management attitudes, dissatisfaction, or 

action. The findings support the ñnew-voiceî thesis and show 

that it is often a female voice.



Foster, D. and California Dept. of Public Works - Division of 

Highways (1971). Control of highway-produced siltation, Lake 

Tahoe Basin, California Dept. of Public Works, Division of 

Highways, Sacramento, CA.



Foster, D. (1975). Highway Ice and Snow Removal and Deicing 

Salt Problems at Lake Tahoe. Lake Tahoe Research Seminar III, 

South Lake Tahoe, CA. 

	Problems associated with environmental effects caused by 

use of salt for highway snow and ice removal are discussed in 

regard to the Lake Tahoe Basin. Loss of vegetation along 

roadsides, and water pollution from highway runoff are 

possible dangers, together with corrosion of steel and 

deterioration of concrete on bridge supports and decks. 

Routine use of salt in California which did not begin until 

1962-63, rose to 22,000 tons in 1969. In Caltrans District 3 

costs in 1973-74 were $212,000, down from $339,546 the 

previous winter. Since 1962 the Division of Highways has had 

a ïbare pavementÍ policy. Alternative methods of snow and ice 

control have been tried or considered, including abrasives, 

vacuum equipment, chains, serrated packed snow, and chemicals 

other than salt. Abrasives, including sand and gravel, can 

lead to siltation. Chains have drawbacks, such as 

inconvenience, pavement and tire wear, and driver over-

confidence. Seventeen compounds were tested as salt 

replacements; two were considered promising--Tetrapotassium-

pyrophosphate and Urea--both are potential environmental 

hazards.



Fox, P. S. (1930). Al Tahoe (Lake Tahoe). Al Tahoe, CA, P. S. 

Fox.



Fox, F. L. (1982). Chemical Variations Of the Truckee River 

From Lake Tahoe to Truckee, California During Low Flow, 

University Of Nevada, Reno (0139).



Franks, A. L. (1975). Erosion and Sediment Control 

Technology.  Lake Tahoe Research Seminar III, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA. 

	This is the text of a slide presentation illustrating 

existing and proposed methods of erosion sediment control 

arising from the California Water Resources Control BoardÍs 

demonstration of such technology at Northstar California. The 

area is devoted half to living quarters and half to a ski 

area and to other recreational purposes. The project was 

begun in 1968 and by 1971 thirteen mosaics of vegetation 

types based on soil, geology, and reestablishment of 

vegetation were developed. As a result, only a few areas at 

Northstar have problems with erosion. Most of the soil in the 

area is a high-infiltration volcanic type; the runoff from 

most impervious areas was diverted and percolated. When this 

was impossible, standard methods of debris traps, drop inlet 

structures, screens, and energy dissipators were used.



Franks, A. L. (1980). Environmental Geology--Land Use 

Planning, Erosion and Sedimentation, West Martis Creek 

Drainage Basin, California, University Of California, Davis. 

	The West Martis Creek drainage basin is tributary to the 

Truckee River and lies north of Lake Tahoe and southeast of 

the town of Truckee, California. It is considered to be a 

portion of the Sierra Nevada physiographic province. The 

oldest rocks in the West Martis Creek Basin consist of 

andesite flows, a sill, brecciated flows, and mudflows that 

are correlated with the Pliocene Kate Peak formation. They 

are overlain along the northern border of the study area by 

Pliocene lake and stream deposits that are correlated with 

the Coal Canyon formation. One small exposure of an olivine 

basalt flow, which is probably of Pleistocene age, is located 

in the northwest portion of the area. Younger rock units 

include Pleistocene glacial deposits and recent alluvial and 

lake deposits. All layered rocks are at or close to their 

original dip. The only significant structures in the study 

area are faults. Four faults of some significance were 

mapped. Movement on them ranges in age from Pliocene to 

Recent. The year-round recreational complex of Northstar-at-

Tahoe, constructed in the West Martis Creek drainage basin, 

was the site of detailed studies of post-development erosion 

and sedimentation. These studies included extensive 

hydrologic and water quality monitoring, detailed mapping of 

the geology, and measurement of changes in the aquatic 

ecosystems. An extensive demonstration of various methods 

that may be used for source control of erosion were carried 

out and were used to develop best management practices for 

both planning and construction. To supplement the studies on 

erosion control, Rubicon Properties subdivision, in the Lake 

Tahoe basin, was included as a portion of this demonstration. 

It was demonstrated that erosion can be controlled at the 

source by using appropriate existing technology. The study 

shows that some natural, less costly methods such as the use 

of willow wattling, straw mulch, and native plants, are 

better and more effective than are the more expensive 

measures. Order No: AAC 8016847 ProQuest - Dissertation 

Abstracts



Frantz, T. C. and A. J. Cordone (1967). Observations On 

Deepwater Plants In Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada. 

Ecology 48(5): 709-714. 

	Aquatic studies of lake tahoe have disclosed a 

remarkable plant zonation. with surface area not unusually 

large, it has maximum depth of 1645 feet, mean depth of 1027 

feet. deepwater macroscopic hydrophytes in lake tahoe, found 

to depths of 500 feet, consisted of algae, mosses, and 

liverworts. most were concentrated at depths of 200-350 feet. 

only chara occasionally invades areas shallow as 20 feet; 

other deepwater hydrophytes are restricted to depths below 50 

feet. the list of identified species, probably incomplete, 

includes six algae, ten mosses, and two liverworts. although 

light transmission probably controls maximum depth of plant 

occurrence, factors limiting inshore distribution are less 

clear. substrate type at lakeÍs south end seems to control 

shoreward extension of plants. these deepwater plant beds are 

not only unusual scientific interest but appear important in 

the life history of tahoeÍs major game fish, the lake trout, 

whose maximum concentration coincides with these plant zones; 

plants apparently provide shelter for crayfish, nongame 

fishes, and small lake trout. longterm research on ecology of 

these deepwater hydrophyte communities is needed. lake tahoe 

is threatened with eutrophication from domestic wastes. 

(jones-wisconsin)



Frantz, T. C. and A. J. Cordone (1970). Food Of Lake Trout In 

Lake Tahoe. California Fish And Game 56(1): 21-35. 

	Stomachs of 1389 lake trout of five size groups were 

analyzed. samples were obtained by creel census, gill-net and 

bottom trawl. percentage of empty stomachs increased directly 

with fork length of fish. fish under 5 inches utilized 

cladocerans and copepods (over 90% by weight and frequency of 

occurrence); tendipid larvae and pupae were of secondary 

importance. fish (sculpin) became an important dietary 

component in fish 5 to 9.9 inches; cladocerans and tendipeds 

were of secondary importance and amphipods assumed 

importance. fish and cladocerans remained important in fish 

10 to 14.9 inches, fish other than sculpins and including 

small lake trout were ingested. sculpins dominated diet of 

fish 15 to 19.9 inches; importance of cladocerans diminished 

while importance of crayfish increased. fish over 19.9 inches 

relied almost entirely on fish, primarily suckers. percentage 

of stomachs containing food was highest in spring and summer, 

lowest in winter and autumn for all size groups; mean weight 

of food per stomach was also highest in spring and summer. 

fish were utilized most in spring months, least in summer. 

tabular data include seasonal stomach analyses by size group 

of lake trout. (voigtlander-wisconsin)



Fronk, C. A., J. B. Farrell, et al. (1985). Separation of 

Metals in Wastewater Sludge by Centrifugal Classification. 

Environmental Progress 4(4): 269-276. 

	The great bulk of municipal wastewater sludge is 

harmless or beneficial with toxic contaminants generally 

present in only trace amounts. There would be substantial 

benefit if these trace substances could be removed 

economically. In Lake Tahoe, California, it was discovered 

that a solid-bowl continuous decanter centrifuge with an 

internal helical conveyor for solids removal separated the 

sludge into two fractions. The primary constituent of the 

sludge was calcium carbonate, with lesser amounts of 

magnesium, phosphate, calcium hydroxyapatite, and organic 

solids. It was found that the calcium carbonate was 

concentrated in the solids in the cake, whereas the magnesium 

and phosphate compounds were concentrated in the solids in 

the centrate. Consequently, instead of just wasting a portion 

of the cake to bleed off impurities, the centrifuge was 

deliberately operated inefficiently, losing the undesirable 

phosphates and magnesium compounds in the centrate. The cake, 

which was enriched in calcium carbonate, was reburned to CaO 

and reused. The centrate solids were subsequently collected 

by a second centrifuge, using a polymer, and discarded. This 

procedure improved the economics of their process because the 

lime concentration in the reburned product was increased, 

calcium carbonate losses were lower, and lime makeup was 

reduced. The interesting results indicate that centrifugal 

classification might prove to be a useful and cost-effective 

method for removing harmful substances from sewage sludge. 

(David-PTT)



Fullmer, D. G. (1987). Sheep grazing for plantation release a 

foresthill ranger district case study. Annu-For-Veg-Manage-

Conf., Sacramento, CA, The Association.



Fullmer, D. G. (1989). Benefits of free ranging cattle 

grazing for plantation release Foresthill three year results. 

Annu-For-Veg-Manage-Conf., Redding, CA, The Association.



Galton, J. H. and K. M. Nolan (1986). Suspended-Sediment 

Transport, Lake Tahoe Basin. Proceedings of the Fourth 

Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference,  Las Vegas, 

Nevada, I. 

	Analysis of magnitude and frequency of suspended 

sediment transport in four tributary streams of Lake Tahoe 

indicated that from 1973 to 1981 suspended sediment was 

transported primarily by frequent, moderate streamflow. 

Spring snowmelt transported 73.8% of the total annual 

suspended sediment load. Ninety percent of the suspended 

sediment in these four streams was transported by flows that 

occurred more than 1.4 days/yr. Less than 13% of the total 

suspended sediment load was transported by flows that 

occurred only 1% of the time. The relationship of suspended 

sediment discharge to water discharge was found to depend 

upon factors such as amount of snow cover and the type of 

runoff that produced streamflow. Data were divided into four 

groups according to the time of year during which different 

runoff processes prevail and were further subdivided into 

high and low discharge classes within each seasonal group. 

(See also W87-05741) (AuthorÍs abstract)



Gambino, P. (1987). First records of the German yellowjacket 

Paravespula germanica (L.) from the east San Francisco Bay 

(California, U.S.A.) area. Pan Pac. Entomol. 63(4): 358. 

	The German yellowjacket, Paravespula germanica (L.), is 

native to Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia. Its 

geographical range has increased largely due to the 

activities of man, and it is now established in Australia, 

New Zealand, South Africa, North America, and South America. 

The North American population was introduced on the east 

coast and gradually spread west. The first California record 

was from South Lake Tahoe in 1983. The present report extends 

the confirmed range to coastal California.



Gangopadhyay, A. K. (1989). Economics Of Water Transfers In 

the Tahoe-Truckee Basin Of Nevada, University Of Nevada, Reno 

(0139). 

	The problem of improving water allocation in the Tahoe-

Truckee basin of Nevada has assumed great significance, 

particularly during recent drought in the State. One of the 

main issues is whether there are potential gains from both 

long-term and short-term water transfers from agricultural 

uses to non-agricultural uses. The main objective of this 

study is to examine this question and formulate, by using 

value of marginal productivity analysis and regression 

analysis, mechanisms for short-term allocation of water 

between agricultural and municipal uses for the Tahoe-Truckee 

basin of Nevada during drought. More precisely, this study 

attempts to outline procedures and implications for water 

transfers from the Sierra Valley, California to the Truckee 

Meadows in Nevada, and for water transfers from agricultural 

uses to municipal uses within the Truckee Meadows area under 

conditions of drought. Order No: AAC 9019258 ProQuest - 

Dissertation Abstracts



Garcia, R., K. H. Hansgen, et al. (1972). Observations on 

malathion thermal fogging in a mixed conifer forest at Lake 

Tahoe. [Mosquito control]. Calif-Mosq-Contr-Assoc-Proc-Pap 

40: 56-59.



Garcia, K. T. (1988). Effect of Erosion-Control Structures on 

Sediment and Nutrient Transport, Edgewood Creek Drainage, 

Lake Tahoe Basin, Nevada, 1981-83, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Water Resources Div., Carson City, NV. 

	Three sites in the Edgewood Creek basin with a combined 

drainage area of about 1.2 sq mi were selected to assess the 

effect of erosion-control structures along Nevada State 

Highway 207, on sediment and nutrient transport. The flow at 

site one is thought to have been largely unaffected by urban 

development, and was completely unaffected by erosion control 

structures. The flow at site two was from a basin affected by 

urban development and erosion control structures. Site three 

was downstream from the confluence of streams measured at 

sites one and two. Most data on streamflow and water quality 

were collected between June 1981 and May 1983 to assess the 

hydrologic characteristics of the three sites. As a result of 

the erosion control structures, mean annual concentrations of 

total sediment were reduced from about 24,000 to about 410 

mg/l at site two and from about 1,900 to about 190 ml/l at 

site three. Sediment loads were reduced from about 240 to 

about 10 tons/year at site two and from about 550 to about 

110 tons/year at site three. At site one, in contrast, mean 

concentrations and loads remained low throughout the study 

period. At site two, sediment particle size changed from 

predominately coarse prior to construction, to predominately 

fine thereafter; at site three, it changed from about half 

coarse sediments to predominately fine. Mean concentration 

and loads of total iron also were significantly reduced after 

construction at sites two and three, whereas mean 

concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus species did not 

change appreciably.



Gates, W. C. B. (1993). New Wells Safeguard Scenic Tahoe. 

Civil Engineering 63(5): 60-62.



Geological Survey of California (1870). Geologic map of a 

portion of the Sierra Nevada in the vicinity of Lake Tahoe.



Geological Survey of California (1870). Sierra region west of 

L. Tahoe.



George S. Nolte Associates (1960). North Tahoe Public Utility 

District water supply study, George S. Nolte Associates, Palo 

Alto, CA: 1 v.



Gilbert, L. E. (1993). Geodetic Shear Strain Estimates From 

the 1906 Segment Of the San Andreas Fault, California 

(Earthquakes), Columbia University (0054). 

	Shear strain rate estimates from the San Andreas fault 

segment that ruptured in the 1906 earthquake are complied. 

Those results indicate that the strain accumulation pattern 

associated with Pacific-North American plate interaction 

along the San Andreas fault varies from a narrow zone of free 

slip near Hollister to a broad locked zone north of San 

Francisco. A geodetic network between San Francisco and Lake 

Tahoe has been measured five times by first-order 

triangulation between 1880 and 1963. In 1991, it was 

resurveyed using the Global Positioning System. Calculations 

of average shear strain rates indicate: (1) Long term strain 

extends from the San Andreas fault to the westernmost Great 

Valley. (2) In the decades after 1906, strain rate in the 

Coast Ranges is elevated relative to its average. (3) 

Estimates of the orientation of the maximum right lateral 

shear strain rate in the Coast Ranges are interpreted to 

imply that the period of elevated strain rate included an 

element of enhanced fault-normal compression. (4) The maximum 

right lateral shear strain rate in the Great Valley is 

oriented approximately north-south. (5) The estimated strain 

rate in the Sierra Foothills cannot be differentiated from 

zero at the 95% confidence level. When formulated as a two 

dimensional problem, the difference between ñdeep slipî and 

ñbasal shearî models of interseismic strain accumulation 

cannot be resolved using geodetic observations of surface 

deformations. Laboratory models also fail to distinguish 

between them. Estimates of the maximum shear strain direction 

from all along the San Andreas System are everywhere parallel 

to the local faulting rather than the regional plate motion 

direction. This indicates that the deep slip mechanism 

dominates the loading process. The vertical rheological 

structure implicit in the deep slip model is corroborated by 

geological field observations that transcurrent faults are 

rooted in deep vertical ductile shear zones. The deep slip 

model can be reconciled with the rheology of predicted by 

laboratory models through the strain-softening processes 

associated with flow of composite materials such as quartzo-

feldspathic rocks. Order No: AAC 9317194 ProQuest - 

Dissertation Abstracts



Gilliland, M. W. and Western Federal Regional Council 

Interagency Task Force (1979). Lake Tahoe environmental 

assessment, Western Federal Regional Council Interagency Task 

Force.



Gilliland, M. W. and B. D. Clark (1981). The Lake Tahoe 

Basin: A Systems Analysis of its Characteristics and Human 

Carrying Capacity. Environ. Manage. 5(5): 397-407. 

	A systems analysis of the Lake Tahoe Basin indicates 

significant and accelerating environmental deterioration 

within the basin, suggests that Tahoe is poised for yet 

another round of urban expansion, delineates the portion of 

TahoeÍs resources that are consumed by gaming recreation vis-

a-vis outdoor recreation, and identifies the Federal 

government as a contributor to TahoeÍs problems. In response 

to the need for a holistic approach to basin-wide planning 

and management, ecological carrying capacity concepts are 

explored as they may be applicable to the BasinÍs growth 

patterns, and ideas on establishing a carrying capacity for 

Tahoe are developed.



Gilliland, M. W. (1982). A systems approach to the analysis 

of human carrying capacity applied to the Lake Tahoe Basin of 

California/Nevada. Analysis of ecological systems : state-of-

the-art in ecological modelling, Colorado State Univ., Ft. 

Collins, CO, Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co.



Glancy, P. A. (1969). A Mudflow In the Second Creek Drainage, 

Lake Tahoe Basin, Nevada, and Its Relation to Sedimentation 

and Urbanization. Geol Surv Res 650: 195-200. 

	A mudflow of more than 50,000 cubic yards occurred in 

the 1.5-square-mile second creek basin on august 25, 1967, 

after an intense thundershower. although the mudflow 

originated naturally, its path was affected by manmade 

features. it damaged real estate and roadways in the lower 

part of the drainage, and also polluted lake tahoe. the 

mudflow probably is typical of one erosional process believed 

common throughout the area. the sequence includes sheet and 

rill erosion of nonforested uplands, severe downstream 

channel erosion that flushes out alluvium previously 

accumulated as a result of normal runoff and mass wasting, 

and extensive deposition along the flatter and lower part of 

the drainage. estimates suggest that sheet and rill erosion 

of the upper basin contributed 60 to 80% of the debris, with 

the rest derived from the main channel. the event caused 

landscape denudation that averaged about 0.02 ft over the 

entire basin. results of this reconnaissance influenced 

design of drainage structures for a new highway route through 

the area.



Glancy, P. A. (1971). A reconnaissance of streamflow and 

fluvial sediment transport, incline village area, Lake Tahoe, 

Nevada, second progress report, 1971, Nevada Dept. of 

Conservation and Natural Resources, Division of Water 

Resources, Carson City, NV. 

	Runoff during the 1970 water year from the five major 

streams in the incline village area, lake tahoe, nevada, was 

about 17,600 acre-feet. about three-fourths of the runoff was 

from incline and third creeks. sediment transported to lake 

tahoe by the major streams was estimated to be about 10,000 

tons, of which about three-fourths was from incline and third 

creeks. about 85% of the sediment was delivered to the lake 

during the snowmelt runoff period. the annual sediment load 

was estimated to be about 68% sand, 20% silt, and 12% clay. 

sediment transported by streams during periods of runoff from 

rainfall generally contained greater percentages of silt and 

clay than that transported in runoff from snowmelt. estimated 

annual sediment yields ranged from 50 to 650 tons/sq mi from 

undeveloped areas, and 1,600 to 3,200 tons/sq mi from 

developed areas. the estimated annual yield from the 

developed area was about 12 times that from the undeveloped 

area. the highest measured concentrations of nitrogen 

transported by streams to the lake during periods of heavy 

sediment transport were of organic nitrogen, and the highest 

phosphorous concentrations at those times were attached to or 

part of the sediment particles.



Glancy, P. A., A. S. Van Denburgh, et al. (1972). Runoff, 

Erosion, and Solutes In the Lower Truckee River, Nevada, 

During 1969. Water Resources Bulletin 8(6): 1157-1172. 

	The truckee river heads in the sierra nevada at lake 

tahoe, and terminates in pyramid lake. during the 1969 water 

year, flow about 9 miles upstream from the mouth (974,000 

acre-ft) was almost four times the long-term average, due 

mainly to heavy winter rains and spring snowmelt. a short 

period of low-altitude rainfall produced the highest 

concentrations of suspended sediment, whereas a much longer 

subsequent period of snowmelt yielded a much greater total 

quantity of material. the upper 90% of the basin yielded 

about 630,000 tons of sediment at the nixon gage, whereas an 

estimated 6.8 million tons was contributed by erosion of 

about 200 acres of river bank below the gage. solute content 

at the gage ranged from 80 to 450 mg/liter, dominated by 

calcium, sodium, and bicarbonate, plus silica in the most 

dilute snowmelt and chloride in the most concentrated low 

flows. solute load totaled about 130,000 tons, of which the 

principal constituents in pyramid lake--sodium plus 

equivalent bicarbonate and chloride--amounted to almost 

40,000 tons. the total solute load during a year of average 

flow may be 45,000-55,000 tons, including 18,000-22,000 tons 

of principal lake constituents. (knapp-usgs)



Glancy, P. A. (1973). A Reconnaissance Of Streamflow and 

Fluvial Sediment Transport, Incline Village Area, Lake Tahoe, 

Nevada, Second Progress Report 1971, Geological survey, 

carson city, nev. 

	Runoff of the five major streams in the incline village 

area, nevada, was about 17,600 acre-feet during the 1971 

water year. about three-fourths of the runoff was from 

incline and third creeks. sediment transported to lake tahoe 

by the major streams was estimated to be about 11,000 tons, 

of which about 60% was from incline and third creeks. about 

90% of the sediment was delivered to the lake during the 

snowmelt runoff period. the annual sediment load was 

estimated to be about 78% sand and gravel, 13% silt, and 9% 

clay. sediment transported by streams during periods of 

rainfall runoff generally contained greater percentages of 

silt and clay than that transported by snowmelt runoff. 

estimated annual sediment yields ranged from 60 to 930 tons 

per square mile from undeveloped areas, and 620 to 7,600 tons 

per square mile from developed areas. the highest measured 

concentrations of nitrogen transported by streams to the lake 

during periods of heavy sediment transport were of dissolved 

ammonia and occurred during periods dominated by low-altitude 

runoff. (woodard-usgs)



Glancy, P. A. and United States Geological Survey (1976). A 

reconnaissance of streamflow and fluvial sediment transport, 

Incline Village area, Lake Tahoe, Nevada : Third Progress 

Report, 1972 and 1973, State of Nevada, Dept. of Conservation 

and Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources, Carson 

City, NV.



Glancy, P. A., Nevada Dept. of Highways, et al. (1977). A 

reconnaissance of sediment transport, streamflow, chemical 

quality, Glenbrook Creek, Lake Tahoe basin, Nevada, State of 

Nevada Highway Dept., Carson City, NV.



Glancy, P. A. (1988). Streamflow, Sediment Transport, and 

Nutrient Transport at Incline Village, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, 

1970-73, U.S. Geological Survey, Carson City, NV. 

	Five principal creeks, First Creek, Second Creek, Wood 

Creek, Third Creek, and Incline Creek, having a cumulative 

drainage of 17.8 sq mi, furnished a yearly average of about 

15,000 acre-ft of runoff, mainly snowmelt, to Lake Tahoe 

during the 1970-73 water years. Annual runoff from the 

individual streams ranged from 460 to 7,070 acre-ft, and 

discharges ranged from 0.2 to 110 cu ft/sec. During the 4 

years, the five streams delivered to Lake Tahoe 31,000 tons 

of sediment, which averaged about 75% percent gravel and 

sand, 15% silt, and 10% clay. Annual cumulative sediment load 

for the five creeks ranged from 1,500 to 11,000 tons; 

individual streams furnished 20 to 5,200 tons annually. 

Measured sediment transport at the stream mouths ranged from 

1 to 13,200 mg/L and from 0.001 to 1,420 tons/day; sediment 

concentrations up to 63,200 mg/L were measured at upstream 

tributary sites. Estimated annual sediment yields of 

principal drainage basins ranged from 3 to 930 tons/sq mi 

from undeveloped areas and from 26 to 5,000 tons/sq mi from 

developed areas; yields for developed areas appeared to 

average about 10 times those of undeveloped areas, and 

roadways apparently were the major source. Erosion 

disequilibrium caused by pre-study flash floods on two of the 

creeks continues to manifest itself through high natural 

sediment yields. The Second Creek flood of 1967 yielded about 

75,000 tons of sediment in one afternoon. Fluvial nutrient 

transport seems quantitatively related to magnitudes of 

sediment and water transport. Movement rates of organic 

nitrogen and particulate phosphorus were greater than rates 

of other nutrient species moving to the lake.



Glen Alpine (1930). Tahoe : Glen Alpine, Lake Tahoe, 

California. Lake Tahoe, CA, Glen Alpine.



Goddard, G. H. and Geological Survey of California (1870). 

Sierra region south of Lake Tahoe.



Goin, P., C. E. Raymond, et al. (1992). Stopping time : a 

rephotographic survey of Lake Tahoe. Albuquerque, NM, 

University of New Mexico Press.



Goin, P. (1992). Rephotographing Tahoe. Landscape 31(3): 8-

15.



Goin, P. (1992). Stopping Time a Rephotographic Survey Of 

Lake-Tahoe (Photographs From the Book). Spazio E Societa-

Space & Society 15(58): 74-85.



Goldman, C. R. (1963). Primary Productivity Measurements in 

Lake Tahoe, Appendix I. Comprehensive Study on Protection of 

Water Resources of Lake Tahoe Basin Through Controlled Waste 

Disposal, Engineering Science, Inc.: 154-157.



Goldman, C. R. and R. C. Carter (1965). An Investigation By 

Rapid Carbon-14 Bioassay Of Factors Affecting the Cultural 

Eutrophication Of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Journal 

Water Pollution Control Federation 37(7): 1044-1059. 

	Attempts were made to determine significant variability 

in the present fertility of lake tahoe, to estimate more 

precisely the lakeÍs productivity by a more comprehensive 

sampling program than previously possible, and, with carbon-

14 bioassay methods, to determine eutrophication potential of 

inflow, both natural and that enriched with sewage effluent. 

the extreme sensitivity of the carbon-14 method provides a 

means of predicting levels of nutrient addition which might 

cause objectional eutrophication. assumption that the 

physiological condition of plankton is variable in different 

parts of the lake is supported by results of study. areal 

estimates of productivity were determined by integrating 

photosynthetic curves resulting from consideration of light 

extinction, variation in temperature, and the distribution of 

plankton with depth. a secondary sewage effluent, when 

diluted to 1/3,700 of original strength, stimulates 

bioactivity in lake tahoe sufficiently to produce a 1% 

decrease in light transmittance within 12 days. measurements 

of primary productivity around the lakeÍs margin show that, 

despite extensive mixing, localized signs of eutrophication 

are evident. the extreme sensitivity of lake tahoe waters to 

any change in nutrient regime clearly evidences the potential 

of even treated effluent for speeding eutrophication. (jones-

wisconsin)



Goldman, C. R. and J. E. Court (1968). Limnological Studies 

of Lake Tahoe. Geologic Studies in the Lake Tahoe Area, 

California and Nevada. J. R. Evans and R. A. Matthews. 

Sacramento, Geological Society of Sacramento: 60-66.



Goldman, C. R. and R. Armstrong (1969). Productivity: Primary 

Productivity Studies In Lake Tahoe, California. Verh Internat 

Verein Limnol 17: 49-71. 

	Lake tahoeÍs enrichment and areal variability in 

productivity influenced by tributary streams have been 

investigated. knowledge of factors causing higher production 

rates in certain areas should enhance evaluation of nutrients 

in entire lake and assist in effectively slowing 

eutrophication. productivity measurements at the mouths of 

streams showed dispersion of stream-borne nutrients 

influencing primary productivity. calculating relative 

photosynthetic efficiences provided best comparisons of areal 

variability. relative influence of tributary waters of three 

streams was assessed; water from unpolluted control stream 

did not provoke the response as the others. although 

importance of nitrogen or phosphorus was implied, stream 

water appeared more stimulating than its nitrogen and 

phosphorus content alone implied, perhaps affected by organic 

growth factors or natural chelating agents. each stream 

bioassay was accompanied with a productivity experiment at 

the streamÍs mouth in the lake. stimulation of photosynthesis 

by stream water was seasonal. water was analyzed for calcium, 

magnesium, sodium, potassium and ultraviolet absorbance. 

absorbance was greater in streams than lake and offered 

greater promise of being a water-mass indicator; its 

measurements in water samples, compared with productivity 

data, showed relationship restricted to waters around the 

upper truckee river mouth.



Goldman, C. R., G. Moshiri, et al. (1970). Synoptic Study Of 

Accelerated Eutrophication In Lake Tahoe--an Alpine Lake. 

Water Pollution Control In Cold Climates. R. S. Murphy and D. 

Nyquist. Washington, D.C., U.S. GPO. 5501-0208: 1-21. 

	Lake tahoe was studied by the synoptic approach which 

provides a nearly instantaneous evaluation of conditions 

existing on a given day, allowing nutrient sources to be 

located accurately. increased fertility was evident at the 

south shore under the influence of the truckee river and high 

resident population, in crystal bay which contained highly 

disturbed land drainage, and near the lake outflow where 

there were high resident population and fairly extensive 

shallow water areas. although occasional high periphyton 

values were encountered near tributaries, there was less 

correlation with tributaries than was found for phytoplankton 

productivity and biomass; distribution of periphyton was 

fairly uniform around the lake. the abundance and diversity 

of benthic organisms may not be functions of the same 

environmental property as the abundance, productivity, and 

diversity of the phytoplankton. the primary producers must be 

viewed as a more sensitive indication of increased fertility 

than chemical parameters, since any additional nutrients 

appear to move rapidly into the phytoplankton. little or no 

measurable change in water chemistry was found while 

phytoplankton photosynthesis showed a very significant 

change.



Goldman, C. R. (1972). The Role Of Minor Nutrients In 

Limiting the Productivity Of Aquatic Ecosystems. American 

Society of Limnology and Oceanography Special Symposia. G. 

Likens. Lawrence, Kansas, Allen Press. 1: 21-23. 

	The limiting-factor concept is useful in understanding 

dynamics of aquatic ecosystems but it is almost certainly an 

oversimplification when applied to the organisms representing 

natural phytoplankton populations. trace elements, either 

singly or in combination, may limit aquatic environment 

productivity. of methods for determining nutrient-limiting 

factors, one measures nutrient content of the waters and 

infers limitation of specific nutrients that are in short 

supply. another collects the organisms themselves, extracts 

and analyzes their cell content; a third adds nutrients to 

the natural phytoplankton population and measures their 

growth responses; a fourth is similar to the third except 

that a test species is used in filtered water for the 

bioassay. trace element deficiencies are more likely in 

oligotrophic than in eutrophic lakes. in castle lake, 

california which is deficient in molybdenum, nitrogen-fixing 

alders appear to compete with aquatic ecosystem for 

molybdenum. algal enzyme systems are simultaneously limited 

by more than a single nutrient. the additive effect of 

phosphate additions to iron- and nitrogen-limited lake tahoe, 

california is emphasized. autoradiography is useful in 

determining relative metabolic activity. to understand lakes 

submodels that emphasize recycling time and efficiency are 

recommended as opposed to models requiring masses of data.



Goldman, C. R. (1973). Will Baikal and Tahoe Be Saved? Cry 

California 9(1): 19-25. 

	An exchange program between the united states and the 

soviet union to reduce water pollution investigates lake 

tahoe, california-nevada and lake baikal, Russia. lake 

baikal, the worldÍs oldest, largest, and deepest freshwater 

lake is very clear, low in minerals, and contains nearly 600 

plant and 1200 animal species, three-quarters of which are 

endemic. although cellulose plant effluents meet water 

quality standards for human consumption, they may be lethal 

to lake organisms. omul are declining due to overfishing and 

use of spawning streams for log flotation. logging, soil 

erosion, tourist activities, and industrial developments are 

causing eutrophication. The FSUÍs hydrometeorological 

services conduct extensive limnological research on effects 

of manÍs activities on the lakeÍs hydrological, chemical, and 

biological processes. lake tahoe is less complex and has a 

less diversified aquatic population. an environmental 

research program, research applied to national needs, is 

monitoring tahoeÍs physical and biological condition and 

surrounding terrestrial environment. university extension and 

political science programs have been established to speed 

application of research results. both areas have air 

pollution and snow removal problems; california is now 

studying the soviet unionÍs method of snow disposal. 

solutions to these problems will depend on governmental 

ability to use scientific evidence and act to protect 

mankindÍs natural heritage.



Goldman, C. R. (1974). Eutrophication of Lake Tahoe 

emphasizing water quality, United States Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Research & 

Development,Washington, D.C. and University of California, 

Davis, Institute of Ecology, Davis, CA. 

	A study of lake tahoe eutrophication showed that primary 

productivity has increased, with the seasonal maxima shifting 

from early spring to late summer. depth of maximum 

productivity may be 50-75 m. productivity increased 25-26% 

from 1968-1971 and 51% from 1959-1971. the littoral zone 

contributes about 10% of the total primary production. winter 

mixing distributes nutrients into the euphotic zone and is 

important in year-to-year productivity variation. phosphorus 

is more uniformly distributed than nitrate which forms a 

thermocline that helps determine depth of winter mixing. 

near-short areas have higher nitrogen and phosphorus levels 

and more seasonal variation. nta stimulates primary 

productivity. bacteria are important in nutrient 

regeneration; their growth is stimulated by sediment. there 

are at least 160 species of phytoplankton. cyclotella 

bodanica, melosira crenulata, and fragilaria crotonensis 

account for 80% of phytoplankton biomass. cladocerans have 

been virtually eliminated as phytoplankton grazers; this may 

be related to mysis relicta and oncorhynchus nerka. the most 

important benthic organism is pacifastacus leniusculus. 

nitrogen, iron, and phosphorus levels should be limited and 

sediment input reduced. synoptic sampling and aerial 

photography have delineated problem areas. bacterial 

regeneration of nutrients in eutrophication should be 

studied. relationships between bacteria, detritus, 

phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish need 

elaboration.(buchanan-davidson--wisconsin)



Goldman, C. R., J. C. Rundquist, et al. (1974). Ecological 

Studies of the California Crayfish, Pacifastacus Leniusculus, 

With Emphasis on Their Growth from Recycling Waste Products. 

Second International Crayfish Symposium, Baton Rouge, LA. 

	This research has two main objectives. The first is an 

investigation of the ecological role of Pacifastacus 

leniusculus in its natural habitat such as Lake Tahoe, the 

Sacramento River, and the coast range streams and lakes. The 

second objective involves cooperative research around the 

world as regards intensive crayfish culture. This paper 

reviews previous work and present outlook for the two 

objectives.



Goldman, C. R., R. C. Richards, et al. (1974). Limnological 

Studies and Remote Sensing Of the Upper Truckee River 

Sediment Plume In Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Remote 

Sensing Of Environment 3(1): 49-67. 

	The upper truckee river sediment plume in lake tahoe was 

studied using aerial photography and simultaneous 

measurements in the lake. the studies covered river discharge 

conditions during the snowmelt-runoff period in the spring of 

1971. color and multispectral aerial photography allowed 

delineation of the extent and relative density of four to 

five units within each plume.simple correlation coefficients 

are high between these uni ts and measures of suspended 

sediment, dissolved inorganic carbon, and light penetration, 

as well as measures of primary productivity and heterotrophic 

activity. corelations are inconsistent between the above 

variables and nutrients. two studies were conducted in the 

morning and afternoon of a single day; the plumeÍs eastward 

shift during the day was recorded photographically and with 

limnological measurements. high correlations between sediment 

plumes and biological conductivity coupled with evidence that 

silt particles and associated nutrients stimulate bacterial 

growth indicate that sediment plumes are accelerating the 

eutrophication of lake tahoe. (knapp-usgs)



Goldman, C. R., R. W. Hoffman, et al. (1975). A study of the 

influence of highway deicing agents on the aquatic 

environment in the Lake Tahoe basin and drainages along 

Interstate 80, Ecological Research Associates, Davis, CA.



Goldman, C. R. and E. de Amezaga (1975). Spatial and Temporal 

Changes in the Primary Productivity of Lake Tahoe, 

California-Nevada Between 1959 and 1971. Verhandlungen 

Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie 19: 812-825. 

	Intensive study of Lake Tahoe during 1967-71 and 

comparisons made with 1959-60 data show a dramatic increase 

in primary productivity for this remarkably blue and 

transparent alpine lake, a measure of increased cultural 

eutrophication that continues despite steps taken to export 

sewage from the lakeÍs basin. During the latter period 

primary productivity increased 25.6% and this increase rises 

to 51% if compared with the 1959-60 data. It is assumed that 

the rapid build-up population around the lake in recent years 

have caused soil and vegetation disturbances which have 

replaced the nutrients that formerly were derived from 

treated sewage. The euphotic zone in Lake Tahoe often exceeds 

100 m depth, and maximum phytoplankton may occur as deep as 

50-75 m. The vertical profile is established in early 

December with a single production peak in the vicinity of 50 

m. As stratification develops the unimodal productivity curve 

is transformed into a bimodal one which persists through the 

rest of the season. A trend is seen in which the seasonal 

maximum in productivity is retarded. Synoptic studies show 

that pelagic phytoplankton productivity has steadily 

increased relative to productivity in the littoral zone. 

Although the latter zone contributes only 10% of the lake 

primary productivity, it is visibly the greatest evidence of 

eutrophication in Lake Tahoe.



Goldman, C. R. and T. A. Cahill (1975). Danger Signs For 

TahoeÍs Future: The Continuing Decline in Air and Water 

Quality. Cry California(Spring): 30-35. 

	Since 1959 qualitative measurements of lake tahoeÍs 

water have shown increasing fertility. algal growth rose 25% 

between 1968-1971; since then algal growth has increased but 

the annual rate of increase has dropped. synoptic studies 

showed that high-fertility water masses are gradually 

spreading over the entire lake surface. zooplankton--daphnia 

rosea, daphnia pulex, and bosmina longirostris--have 

disappeared, perhaps due to introduction of opossum shrimp 

(mysis relicta) and red salmon fry. their disappearance may 

be contributed to the lakeÍs green algal crop increase. tahoe 

is still oligothrophic; if nutrient inflow can be retarded, 

this low fertility might be preserved. air quality of the 

basin is also declining. a 1973 california air resources 

board study revealed that eye-stinging oxidants were half as 

dense at tahoe as in los angeles, but carbon monoxide, 

hydrocarbon, and lead levels were higher. atmospheric 

aerosols--sulfur-containing particulates, fine soil, and 

automobile pollutants--are the major cause of reduced 

visibility. sulfur-containing particulates result from 

combustion of fuel oil by automobiles and planes, are a by-

product of automobile catalytic converters, and may be 

carried into the area by wind. through sound, strictly 

enforced land development restrictions, tahoeÍs beauty can 

still be preserved.



Goldman, C. R. (1976). The Use of Natural Phytoplankton 

Populations in Bioassay. Internationale Vereinigung fur 

Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie Symposium: 

Experimental Use of Algal Cultures in Limnology, Sandefjord, 

Norway. 

	Natural phytoplankton populations from Castle Lake and 

Lake Tahoe, California, incubated both in-situ and in a 

continuous-light incubator, were used in experiments on 

limiting effects of nitrogen. In environments with extremely 

low nitrients, as in these lakes, only part-per-billion 

additions of nutrients are required, and conventional culture 

technique are not likely to be effective. Adaptation time may 

be required for enzyme levels to respond to increased 

substrate levels, and photosynthetic inhibitionis requently 

the first response measured. In Castle Lake the nitrogen 

response is complicated by a natural molybdenum deficiency. 

Culture experiments with natural phytoplankton populations 

were conducted there to determine the relative availability 

of nitrogen with and without molybdenum. In early August 

1975, fiver micrograms/l of molybdenum was inhibiting with 

nitrogen and phosphorus in short supply (three micrograms 

nitrate/l, no detectable ammonia, and two micrograms/l 

phosphorus). The combination of nitate-nitrogen, phosphorus, 

and molybdenum was most stimulating, followed by nitrogen and 

phosphorus. By early September nitrogen limitation was very 

pronounced, and the organismsÍ ability to utilize nitrate 

without molybdenum was greatly reduced. In Lake Tahoe 

experiments, Fragilaria crotonenesis, a dominant diatom, 

showed particular response to nitrate addition in the 

nitrogen-limiting lake. Various other experiments at the two 

lakes are also described.



Goldman, C. R. and J. C. Rundquist (1976). A Comparative 

Ecological Study of the California Crayfish, Pacifastacus 

Zeniusculus (Dana), From Two Subalpine Lakes. 3rd 

International Symposium on Freshwater Crayfish, Kuopio, 

Finland. 

	Crayfish growth and population density were determined 

and compared for Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana) populations 

in two closely situated but limnologically distinct Sierra-

Nevada lakes, Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada) and Donner Lake 

(California). Physical, chemical and biological parameters 

for the lakes were also compared to determine whether 

differences observed in the crayfish populations could be 

related to broad limnological characteristics of the lakes. 

The crayfish population in mesotrophic Donner Lake was 

considerable less dense than in ultraoligotrophic Lake Tahoe. 

The implication of this finding for crayfish production 

management is discussed. A brief discussion of possible 

genetic differences between the two crayfish populations, 

based on gel electrophoresis, is also presented.



Goldman, C. R. (1977). Trophic Status and Nutrient Loading 

for Lake Tahoe, California - Nevada. North American Project--

A Study of U.S. Water Bodies, United States Environmental 

Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.: 465-480. 

	Lake Tahoe in California and Nevada, a subalpine, 

ultraoligotrophic lake with record Secchi readings to 40 

meters, has in recent years been subjected to increased 

nutrient inputs resulting from resident and tourist 

population growth and basin development. Because of its 

relatively small watershed and great volume, Lake Tahoe is at 

the extreme lower end of classifications based on loading; 

probably for the same reasons it is very sensitive to 

nutrient loading, as seen in data on primary productivity for 

1959-74. By 1962 even treated sewage discharge was found to 

greatly stimulate phytoplankton primary productivity in the 

nutrient-poor water. Productivity apparently stopped 

increasing by 1974 in response to extensive sewage diversion, 

mostly completed by 1970. Daphnia and Bosmina are no longer 

dominant zooplankters, and ultraplankton have increased at 

the lower end of the euphotic zone. Oxygen shows no 

measurable depletion, even at depths of 500 meters, and the 

dilute rain of organic matter into the abyssal zone is almost 

completely mineralized before it reaches the sediment. At 

present nitrogen levels the lake is rather insensitive 

tophosphorus and is an excellent example of a nitrogen-

limited system. The lake ap pears highly sensitive to 

nitrogen loading, which has caused an increase in primary 

productivity of about 5%/year. Total phosphorus loading is 

about 0.047 g/sq m/yr, and nitrogen is 0.5156 g/sq m/yr 

(1969).



Goldman, C. R., M. D. Morgan, et al. (1979). A population 

dynamics analysis of the cladoceran disappearance from Lake 

Tahoe, California-Nevada. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24(2): 289-297. 

	A comparison of the population dynamics of Daphnia 

pulicaria- and D. rosea- in 1967-1969 and during their 

decline from Lake Tahoe in 1970 showed that the decline 

resulted from a combination of increased death rates and 

decreased birth rates. The remaining cladoceran, Bosmina 

longirostris-, disappeared from the plankton in 1971. The 

elimination of cladocerans coincided with high densities of 

the opossum shrimp, Mysis relicta-, and the kokanee salmon, 

Oncorhynchus nerka-. Predation by these two introduced 

species is believed to have increased cladoceran death rates. 

Changes in the timing of the peaks of primary productivity 

are a possible cause for the decline in birth rates. A brief 

resurgence of Bosmina- in late 1974 was associated with a 

dramatic decline of the mysid population and the continued 

decline of kokanee which began in 1970. The mysids recovered 

by late 1975 but Bosmina- again disappeared and has remained 

absent since. The failure of Daphnia- to reappear suggests 

that factors in addition to predation by kokanee and Mysis- 

exclude them from Lake Tahoe. Changes in the phytoplankton 

community composition may have altered the ability of the 

cladocerans to maintain birth rates sufficiently high to 

offset increased losses due to predation.



Goldman, C. R., E. R. Byron, et al. (1981). Colonization of 

Lake Tahoe and other western habitats by the copepod, 

Skistodiaptomus pallidus (Herrick) (Calanoida). Southwest Nat 

26(1): 82-84.



Goldman, C. R. (1981). Lake Tahoe: Two Decades of Change in a 

Nitrogen Deficient Oligotrophic Lake. Congress In Japan, 

Kyoto, Japan. 

	This paper summarizes the changes in this oligotrophic 

lake due to increased recreational activity. Fluctuations in 

phytoplankton community composition and of zooplankton 

populations are discussed with regard to changing patterns of 

nutrient availability: in two decades phytoplankton biomass 

has more than doubled. Three cladocerans which had been 

dominant in the lake vanished, the introduced species Mysis 

relicta appeared as the dominant species 5-7 years after its 

introduction.



Goldman, C. R., Ecological Research Associates, et al. 

(1981). The Effects of deicing agents on the autotrophic and 

heterotrophic communities of Lake Tahoe, Ecological Research 

Associates, Davis, CA.



Goldman, C. R. and E. de Amezaga (1983). Primary productivity 

and precipitation at Castle Lake and Lake Tahoe during 

twenty-four years, 1959-1982. Congress of the International 

Association of Limnology, Lyon, France. 

	A strong bimodal productivity curve characterizes Castle 

Lake. The hypolimnetic productivity sometimes exceeds the 

productivity of the epilimnion-metalimnion. This occurs most 

frequently in late spring and early summer. The depth of 

spring mixing is an important factor influencing the annual 

fertility of the lake. Nitrogen limitation occurs and ammonia 

appears to be the major nitrogen source after nitrate 

depletion. A curious distribution of nitrate and ammonia 

persists at the bottom of the euphotic zone. Denitrification 

is evident near the bottom of the water column during years 

of unusually high productivity. An inverse relationship was 

found between primary productivity and annual rainfall, 

indicating a nutrient and perhaps phytoplankton washout from 

the lake during years of heaviest spring runoff. This 

contrasts with Lake Tahoe.



Goldman, C. R. (1985). Lake Tahoe: An oligotrophic lakeÍs 

response to nutrient loading. LAKES POLLUTION AND RECOVERY: 

EUROPEAN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL, 

Rome, Italy, European Water Pollution Control Assoc., London, 

UK. 

	Lake Tahoe is a large subalpine lake located in a deep 

graben fault basin in the Sierra Nevada between California 

and Nevada. The remarkable transparency of this 

ultraoligotrophic lake is now threatned as it enters the 

earliest stages of eutrophication. Nutrient loading from 

precipitation influences the percent change in productivity 

from year to year but the most dominant factor is internal 

loading during occasional periods of deep winter mixing, 

which returns the accumulation of nutrients to the euphotic 

zone. The lake is gradually shifting from a nitrogen-limited 

system to one increasingly sensitive to phosphorus and trace 

elements. Paleolimnological studies indicate a four-fold 

increase in recent sedimentation rate as compared with a 

period of major deforestation during the previous century.



Goldman, C. C., S. G. Paulsen, et al. (1986). Lake Tahoe 

wetlands: Prospects for control of nutrient loading at the 

transition between land and water. 6th Annual International 

Symposium, Lake and Reservoir Management:  Influences of 

Nonpoint Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation, Portland, 

OR, North American Lake Management Society. 

	Wetlands form a transitional zone between the land and 

water and remain some of the most interesting and complex 

ecosystems on our planet. Studies of artificial wetlands in 

Southern California have shown the remarkable ability of 

Pseudomonoas sp. to denitrify both primary and secondary 

sewage. Natural wetlands in the fragile Lake Tahoe basin have 

been greatly reduced by development, but provide the same 

important environmental services. Denitrification 

measurements in the Lake Country Estates marsh above Tahoe 

showed moderate levels of denitrification largely regulated 

by the availability of nitrate. Small carbon supplements 

greatly enhance the denitrification process in this system. 

New, highly efficient wetlands can be constructed to 

intracept both the particulate and dissolved nutrients 

draining from disturbed lands and fertilized areas, thus, 

reducing the nitrogen loading of receiving waters.



Goldman, C. R., E. R. Byron, et al. (1986). Changing water 

quality at Lake Tahoe : the first five years of the Lake 

Tahoe Interagency Monitoring Program, Tahoe Research Group, 

Institute of Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA.



Goldman, C. R., E. R. Byron, et al. (1986). A technical 

summary of Changing water quality in Lake Tahoe : the first 

five years of the Lake Tahoe Interagency Monitoring Program, 

Tahoe Research Group, Institute of Ecology, University of 

California, Davis, CA.



Goldman, S. J., K. Jackson, et al. (1986). Erosion and 

Sediment Control Handbook. New York, NY, McGraw-Hill Book 

Company. 

	This handbook on erosion and sediment control is an 

outgrowth of a series of professional seminars. The handbook 

is organized into chapters on each of the major subject areas 

of erosion control. Chapter 1 describes erosion problems, 

including both environmental impacts and economic costs. It 

also describes the erosion process. Chapter 2 outlines ten 

basic strategies for preventing erosion and trapping 

sediment. Chapter 3 describes how to set up and enforce an 

effective erosion and sediment control program in a city or 

county, and it outlines the key features of an effective 

erosion and sediment control ordinance. This chapter also 

includes detailed data on private sector costs for 

constructing control measures and public agency costs for 

implementing a control program. Chapter 4 shows how to use 

the rational formula to estimate runoff volumes for sizing 

temporary erosion and sediment control measures. Emphasis is 

on the use of short-duration rainfall intensity data. Chapter 

5 describes how to use the universal soil loss equation to 

estimate the volume of sediment likely to be eroded from a 

construction site. Chapter 6 discusses how to use plants and 

mulches to protect graded areas from erosion. It rates the 

effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of seven common 

revegetation techniques, describes the characteristics of 

plants that are effective in controlling erosion, and lists 

sources of information on suitable plant types throughout the 

world. Chapter 7 provides guidelines for designing water 

conveyance and energy dissipation structures such as dikes, 

swales, sample designs, and practical tips for designers and 

builders. Chapter 8 shows how to design and construct 

sediment basins and traps, straw bale dikes, and silt fences. 

The first part of Chapter 9 shows how to develop an erosion 

and sediment control plan for a site. The step-by-step 

planning process is illustrated with examples from an actual 

project. The last part of the chapter gives a method, 

designed for public officials, for evaluating the adequacy of 

an erosion and sediment control plan, and it includes a plan 

review checklist. Chapter 10 covers control measure 

maintenance.



Goldman, C. R. (1988). Primary Productivity, Nutrients, and 

Transparency During the Early Onset of Eutrophication in 

Ultra-Oligotrophic Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Limnology 

and Oceanography 33(6): 1321-1333. 

	For more than half a century, the trophic status of 

water bodies has been of interest to limnologists and 

oceanographers. This report demonstrates the close, inverse 

relationship between C14-estimated primary productivity and 

transparency during the earliest stages of cultural 

eutrophication. As the population in the Tahoe basin has 

rapidly increased, Lake Tahoe has been characterized by an 

increase in primary productivity that has averaged 5.6%/yr 

for the last 28 yr. There has been a concomitant decline n 

transparency of 0.37 m/yr. During winter months when 

transparency is highest, the average annual loss has been 

slightly greater (0.40 m/yr). The average annual Secchi depth 

has decreased by 7 m during the last 19 yr of intensive 

monitoring. There has also been a significant increase in the 

light extinction coefficient. Photosynthetic efficiency has 

increased while there has been a gradual shrinkage of the 

eutrophic zone. During the same period the total nitrate-N 

content of the lake has increased significantly, but total P 

content has not. Lake Tahoe primary production has become 

increasingly P sensitive during the last decade as N has 

accumulated in the system. A gradual increase in the N:P may 

prove to be a general evolutionary characteristic of 

oligotrophic lakes during the earliest stages of 

eutrophication. The importance of long-term studies in 

detecting gradual change that may be masked by considerable 

interannual variability is particularly evident from this 

study.



Goldman, C. R., A. Jassby, et al. (1989). Interannual 

fluctuations in primary production: Meteorological forcing at 

two subalpine lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 34(2): 310-323. 

	Meteorological factors are associated with most of the 

interannual variability in primary production at both Castle 

Lake, California and Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. At Castle 

Lake, extreme values of annual primary production, either 

much higher or lower than the long-term average, are likely 

to occur during the phenomenon of El Nino/Southern 

Oscillation. Two plausible pathways for the impacts of these 

large-scale climate events at Castle Lake were identified: 

winter snowfall, acting through its effect on the snow-ice 

pack and timing of the spring thaw; and total precipitation, 

acting through its effect on outwash rates. In contrast, no 

influence of large-scale climate events is apparent at Lake 

Tahoe, but a plausible pathway involving the impact of 

synoptic-scale phenomena on interannual variation was 

identified: local weather events.



Goldman, C. R. (1989). Lake Tahoe: Preserving a Fragile 

Ecosystem. Environment 31(7): 6-11, 27-31. 

	An overview of the history of the development of Lake 

Tahoe and the surrounding area is presented. Over the last 30 

years, water quality in Lake Tahoe has declined steadily 

despite the lakeÍs large volume. As a result of increased 

nutrient availability in the lakeÍs water, algal growth in 

the spring coats the rocks near shore, and the lake is losing 

its famous transparency. As a result of increasing concern 

about the condition of the lake, in 1970 California and 

Nevada created the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) to 

regulatefurther development in the basin. With increasing 

cooperation from the various state and federal agencies and 

clearer goals set by a 1980 agreement, TRPA began to enforce 

conservation practices based on a basin-wide zoning plan that 

classified the land according to its suitability for 

development. In addition, regulations for maintaining water 

quality were adopted as the conservation forces gradually 

assumed a more aggressive and successful posture. Research 

and monitoring programs have been implemented that 

disseminate essential water quality information that offers 

support to regulatory, planning, and research activities in 

the Tahoe basin. Eutrophication studies have been conducted 

and ways to decrease inputs into the lake implemented. 

Tributary streams and atmospheric deposition have also been 

considered and studied. Essential to preserving a lakeÍs 

ecological balance is the basic science necessary for 

understanding the structure, function, and coupling of 

terrestrial ecosystems. By developing an understanding of the 

workings of these fragile aquatic systems, it should be 

possible to conserve their quality. (White-Reimer-PTT)



Goldman, C. R. (1990). The importance of long-term 

limnological research with emphasis on Lake Tahoe and Castle 

Lake. Scientific Perspectives in Theoretical and Applied 

Limnology. R. de Bernardi. Pallanza, Italy, C.N.R., Istituto 

Italiano di Idrobiologia. 7: 221-231. 

	An account is given of long-term limnological studies of 

Lake Tahoe, California, USA, together with some comparative 

studies of Castle Lake, which evidence the importance of 

weather-mediated events and the necessity of sustaining long-

term research.



Goldman, C. R., A. D. Jassby, et al. (1990). Forest Fires, 

Atmospheric Deposition and Primary Productivity at Lake 

Tahoe, California-Nevada. Internationale Vereinigung fur 

Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie. Verhandlungen 24(1): 

499-503. 

	Forest fires are a possible link between climate and 

interannual changes in lake behavior. A 1974 fire in the 

Experimental Lakes Area of northwestern Ontario increased the 

volume of runoff water, but annual nutrient loading to the 

drainage stream was not changed significantly, nor were 

nutrients and phytoplankton productivity in the lake 

receiving the stream flow. In Elk Lake, Minnesota, fossil 

pigment stratigraphy and cladoceran remains suggest an 

increase in algal production and a change in cladoceran 

community composition in response to fires in the watershed. 

The occurrence of major fires in southern California during 

the summer of 1985 offered a unique opportunity to examine 

the atmospheric effects of fire in isolation. Lake Tahoe is 

located in a graben at the crest of the Sierra Nevada Range. 

Surface irradiation was measured continuously with a Belfort 

recording pyranograph, and photosynthetically active 

radiation at different depths in the lake was measured. 

Despite the decrease in solar radiation reaching the 

phytoplankton community, primary productivity reached the 

highest recorded levels on July 11. Lake Tahoe 

characteristically shows a vertical productivity profile with 

one peak above the thermal discontinuity and a second peak 

below it. The high primary productivity on July 11 also 

cannot be attributed to biomass. Several lines of evidence 

suggest the nutrients contributed by dry fallout during the 

fire were the most likely cause of the stimulation in 

productivity. When atmospheric deposition filtrate from the 

July fire was added to mixed-layer water, the productivity 

stimulation was similar in extent to that caused by nutrient 

spiking. These results show that large-scale fires can have a 

significant impact on monthly and perhaps even annual primary 

productivity through their effects on atmospheric deposition, 

independent of any runoff effects.



Goldman, C. R. (1992). Moving Beyond the Conflicts:  Research 

to Protect Lakes and Reserviors of the Western States. Bend, 

Oregon, The High Desert Museum: 8 p. 

	The ongoing drought has underscored the importance of 

our western water supplies and those of the entire globe.  

Availability of water is in fact likely to be the ultimate 

limiting factor for the quality of life and will eventually 

set the upper limits for sustaining the earthÍs rapidly 

expanding population.  The lakes and reserviors of the 

Pacific west are extraordinarily diverse in both their nature 

and their variety of water quality problems.  Lake Tahoe, 

situated between the states of California and Nevada, is in 

the earliest stage of eutrophication.  Our three decades of 

study underscore the necessity of conducting long-term 

measurements in order to detect and eventually reverse 

deteriorating water quality. Managed fertility in lakes and 

reservoirs remains a goal to produce fish and at the same 

time provide for multiple uses.  Education beginning at the 

primary level and extending to public consensus meetings is 

essential for diffusing conflict and arriving at workable 

compromise.  The importance of this can scarcely be 

overemphasized as we attempt to manage our limited water 

resources, predict and anticipate future conditions which 

will be influenced by changes in climate, and endeavor to 

meet human expectations for multiple water uses.



Goldman, C. R., A. D. Jassby, et al. (1993). Decadal, 

interannual, and seasonal variability in enrichment bioassays 

at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, USA. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. 

Sci. 50(7): 1489-1496. 

	The response of Lake Tahoe water to macronutrient 

supplementation has been assayed with inorganic super(14)C 

uptake since the 1960s. On the decadal scale, a change in 

bioassay response to macronutrient enrichment took place 

around 1980, with a decrease in the frequency of N 

stimulation and an increase in the frequency of P 

stimulation. On the annual scale, an effect of spring mixing 

depth on the size of the bioassay response could be observed: 

stronger mixing events resulted in a more positive response. 

On the seasonal scale, the response magnitude was affected by 

stratification, but the significance of the response was 

independent of season. In a subset of the bioassays, in vivo 

fluorescence and chlorophyll a were measured in addition to 

inorganic super(14)C uptake; bioassay results were 

essentially the same, regardless of which of these three 

bioassay response indicators was used.



Goodman, J. B. and United States Forest Service - California 

Region (1926). Tahoe National Forest, California and Nevada : 

1926. San Francisco, CA, U.S. Forest Service.



Goodwin, V., Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, et al. (1971). 

Cultural and historical significance of the Lake Tahoe region 

: a guide for planning, Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 

South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Gordon, F. and Evergreen Publishing Corp. (1956). Tahoe 

fishing, hunting, recreation map : made by sportsmen, showing 

the best spots to hunt and fish, types of fish and game found 

in the area, and all other recreation and accomadations of 

vital interest to the sportsman and tourist. Sacramento, CA, 

Evergreen Publishing Corp.



Gray, D. H., A. T. Leiser, et al. (1980). Combined 

Vegetative-Structural Slope Stabilization. Civil Engineering 

50(1): 82-85. 

	Vegetation in partnership with structural measures 

provides an attractive and cost effective method of 

stabilizing slopes and combating erosion. An effective 

approach is to use contour wattling, willow cuttings, or 

conventional slope plantings in combination with a low breast 

wall, gabion revetment, or bench structure constructed at the 

toe of a slope. Another approach is to grow vegetation in the 

voids of interstices of structural walls or revetments. The 

role of vegetation in stabilizing slopes was described; 

criteria and guidelines for successful wattling or 

revegetation of slopes were also discussed. Examples and cost 

comparisons were presented of recent vegetative-structural 

slope treatments used in the Lake Tahoe Region of California. 

(Humphreys-ISWS)



Greenfield, S. M. (1973). Ultimate Disposal Of Wastewaters 

and Their Residuals, Environmental Protection Agency, Office 

of Research and Monitoring, Washington, D.C.: 121-126. 

	The environmental protection agency provides financial 

support for projects for the development of water reuse 

technology to help meet the goals of the 1972 federal water 

pollution control act. epa supports the continued development 

and implementation of waste water reclamation, reuse, 

recycling, and recharge. emphasis is placed on the potential 

for waste water reuse in agricultural, industrial, municipal, 

recreational, and groundwater recharge applications. the 

direct interconnection of waste water reclamation plants with 

municipal water treatment plants, and projects including 

procedures for the rapid identification and removal of 

viruses and organics, epidemiological and toxicological 

analyses, advanced waste water drinking water treatment 

process design and operation, development of water quality 

requirements for various reuse opportunities, and cost-

effectiveness studies are not currently supported by epa. 

eighteen major waste water reuse projects for a total 

investment of $5,400,000 have been supported by epa. among 

these projects are ones at lake tahoe, santee, and antelope 

valley, california. most of the epa funded research in the 

fiscal year 1973 was concerned with land treatment systems 

for effluents and sludges. well-known epa financed projects 

in this area are groundwater recharge at whittier narrows, 

california, pennsylvania state universityÍs project, and the 

muskegon, michigan, spray irrigation project.



Greenlee, D. L. (1985). Denitrification Rates Of a Mountain 

Meadow Near Lake Tahoe (Acetylene, Inhibition), University Of 

Nevada, Reno.



Grenfell, W. E., Jr. and A. J. Brody (1983). Seasonal foods 

of black bears in Tahoe National Forest, California. Calif. 

Fish Game 69(3): 132-150. 

	Black bear, Ursus americanus , food habits were 

determined by analyzing 395 fecal samples collected from 1978 

through 1980. Colonial insects were eaten consistently 

throughout the year, while other animal food items were used 

sporadically. Consumption of plant material varied with 

phenology. Grasses and forbs were utilized in the spring, 

manzanita berries in the summer, and acorns eaten in the 

fall.



Greuner, L. and Lake Tahoe Historical Society (1971). Lake 

ValleyÍs past : a guide to twenty historical sites at TahoeÍs 

South Shore. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Lake Tahoe Historical 

Society.



Griffenhagen-Kroeger Inc. and South Tahoe Chamber of Commerce 

(1960). Local government for South Tahoe; prepared for the 

South Tahoe Chamber of Commerce. San Francisco, CA, 

Griffenhagen-Kroeger Inc.



Grose, L. T. and Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology (1985). 

Geologic map, Glenbrook quadrangle. Reno, NV, Nevada Bureau 

of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada-Reno.



Grose, L. T., United States Geological Survey, et al. (1986). 

Geologic map, Marlette Lake quadrangle. Reno, NV, Nevada 

Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada-Reno.



Grunsky, C. E. (1913). Evaporation from reservoirs (pen & ink 

graphs), [publisher and place published unknown].



Guerrant, D. G. (1989). Evaluation Of Infiltration, Runoff 

and Sediment Transport Characteristics In Sierra Nevada 

Watersheds Through Rainfall Simulation, University Of Nevada, 

Reno. 

	Quantitative erosion data for Tahoe Basin soils are 

lacking. Rainfall simulation was used to measured 

infiltration, runoff and erosion of Cagwin soil under three 

slope (0-15, 15-30, and $>$30%) and four plot (natural with 

duff, natural without duff, disturbed without duff, and 

disturbed with duff) condition. Simulated storms were $>$100 

yr-1 hr event. Relationships were analyzed via a modified 

PhilipÍs model and multiple non-linear regression (P = 0.01). 

All plots were significantly different. Final infiltration 

(i$\sb{\rm f}$) ranged from 4.6-6.1 cm hr$\sp{-1}$ and runoff 

from 36-59%. Natural conditions with duff demonstrated 

highest and without duff lowest i$\sb{\rm f}$. Runoff was 

reversed. Sediment discharge increased with slope, decreased 

with time, and was greatest for disturbed with duff (1,391-

35,416 Kg Ha$\sp{-1}$) and least for natural with duff 

conditions (trace). Modeled cumulative sediment vs. runoff 

demonstrated general erosivity for each slope/plot condition. 

Order No: AAC 1338576 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts



Guerrant, D. G., W. W. Miller, et al. (1990). Infiltration 

Evaluation of Four Mechanical Rainfall Simulation Techniques 

in Sierra Nevada Watersheds. Water Resources Bulletin 26(1): 

127-134. 

	Little quantitative site-specific infiltration, runoff 

and sediment transport data for Tahoe Basin soils under 

varying storm events or stage of development are available. 

Modular (M1), F-type (M2), Impact nozzle (M3), and Impact-Fan 

nozzle (M4) rainfall simulators were evaluated as to their 

practicality and ability to characterize infiltration for the 

Cagwin Soil Series within the Tahoe Basin. Three slope (0-15, 

15-30, >30 ppt) and four plot conditions (natural with duff, 

natural without duff, disturbed without duff, and disturbed 

with duff) were studied. The measured data were incorporated 

into a modified PhilipÍs infiltration model and multiple non-

linear regression analyses were used to examine relationships 

between method, slope, plot conditions, and infiltration 

characteristics. Simulation methods M1 and M4 produced 

statistically similar (P=0.01) infiltration data, as did M2 

and M3 which produced lower infiltration rates. All were 

found suitable for use in Sierra Nevada watersheds. M1 was 

considered most practical. Slope had negligible effect on 

infiltration. The plot condition was found to significantly 

influence infiltration, and the effect of each plot condition 

was significantly different. Final infiltration rates ranged 

from 4.7 to 6.2 cm/hr. Thus, the Cagwin soil demonstrated 

moderate to high infiltration rates even when exposed to 

extreme storm conditions (8-10 cm/hr). (AuthorÍs abstract)



Guerrant, D. G., W. W. Miller, et al. (1991). Site-specific 

erosivity evaluation of a Sierra Nevada forested watershed 

soil. J Environ Qual 20(2): 396-402. 

	Little quantitative site-specific infiltration, runoff, 

and erosion data for forested watershed soils of the Tahoe 

Basin are available. A Modular-type rainfall simulator was 

used to examine these variables for the Cagwin (mixed Typic 

Cryopsamment) soil series. Three slope (0-15, 15-30, >30%) 

and four plot conditions (undisturbed with natural duff, 

undisturbed without natural duff, disturbed without natural 

duff, and disturbed with natural duff removed) were studied. 

Infiltration and runoff data were incorporated into a 

modified PhilipÍs model whereas erosion data were 

incorporated into a general nonlinear model. Data sets were 

analyzed via nonlinear regression for slope and plot 

interaction. Slope had negligible effect on infiltration and 

runoff but had a significant effect on erosion. Plot 

condition had significant effects on infiltration runoff, and 

erosion. Final infiltration rates ranged from 4.7 to 6.1 cm 

h-1, runoff ranged from 36 to 59% of the application rates, 

and cumulative interrill erosion ranged from 37.5 to 108.4 g 

m-1 for a simulated design storm of 8 to 10 cm h-1. The 

findings of this investigation were consistent with those of 

related quantitative investigations and indicate that the 

Cagwin soil has a low relative erosivity. Data from this 

study further suggest that previously applied models used to 

estimate potential erosion hazards of forested watershed 

soils may well result in over-estimation of erosion 

potential.



Gupta, V. L. and J. W. Fordham (1971). Multisite Streamflow 

Simulation Of Truckee River, Nevada. Symposium on Statistical 

Hydrology, Arizona University, Tucson. 

	The problems associated with conducting sequential 

simulation studies of monthly streamflow were discussed. 

focus was on a configuration of six gaging stations in the 

truckee river system. the concepts of simulation were 

structured in such a manner that both the serial and cross 

correlations of the station-to-station dependence was 

preserved. the results were investigated by comparing the 

statistical properties of the simulated sequences and the 

historic flow inputs. some of these properties include mean, 

standard deviation, and skewness; correlograms; and frequency 

distributions. lack of meaningful agreement in the statistics 

of historic and simulated sequences for tahoe inflow, 

particularly for the low flow regime, is attributable to the 

use of a blanket ïlog-pearson type iii distributionÍ for all 

stations, for all seasons, and for each month. tahoe inflow 

is predominantly a consequence of the precipitation on the 

large body of water. lag time and the frequency distribution 

of precipitation and streamflow are distinctly different. 

consequently, postulating the same parent distribution has 

led to discrepancies. smoothing and truncating the skew 

coefficients as advocated by the method used is partially 

responsible for the lack of agreement between historic and 

simulated sequences. (see also w75-10507) (sims-isws)



Gupta, V. L. and J. W. Fordham (1972). Streamflow Synthesis -

- a Case Study. Journal Of The Hydraulics Division, American 

Society Of Civil Engineers 98(Hy6): 1049-1055. 

	A statistical simulation was prepared for monthly 

streamflow sequences in a multiple-site configuration in the 

tahoe-truckee system. data preparation consisted of: (1) 

conversion of historic streamflow values, wherever necessary, 

to what the values would be if it were not for regulation; 

and (2) reconstitution of missing flow values in the record. 

the general statistical properties of the simulated sequences 

were comparable to those of historic sequences. 

inconsistencies with regard to monthly water balance of the 

simulated sequences are outlined.



Guthe, W. G. and M. L. Shelton (1987). Estimating the Water 

Resource for a High Sierra Watershed. Water Resources 

Bulletin WARBAQ 23(5): 767-775. 

	Competition for water, concerns for maintaining 

groundwater quality, and compliance with legislative action 

require quantification of the water resource for high 

elevation watersheds in the Sierra Nevada. However, meager 

hydroclimatic data frequently hinder runoff assessments 

needed for formulating water development policies, and the 

selection of watershed models for estimating the water 

resource is limited to those requiring a minimum of 

observational data. A climatic water budget model and an 

energy slope and aspect model are employed to estimate the 

water resource for a small watershed in Sierra Valley north 

of Lake Tahoe. The models employ different assumptions and 

computational procedures, but the total water available 

estimated by both models is very similar. Measured runoff is 

estimated satisfactorily by the models, but streamflow is not 

representative of the total water resource because a 

substantial portion of the available water enters the 

regional groundwater system. This conclusion is supported by 

hydrologic and geochemical evidence, and groundwater recharge 

is estimated to be at least as great as measured runoff 

during dry years and nearly twice as large during wet years. 

(AuthorÍs abstract)



H.L. Hensley & Associates (1959). Lake Tahoe Area Council : 

program and plan of operations. Reno, NV, H.L. Hensley & 

Associates.



Hacker, P. W. (1973). The Mixing Of Heat Deduced From 

Temperature Fine-Structure Measurements In the Pacific Ocean 

and Lake Tahoe, University Of California, San Diego (0033).



Hager, D. G. (1981). Source Treatment of Industrial 

Wastewater with Granular Activated Carbon. International 

Conference on Application of Adsorption to Wastewater 

Treatment, Nashville, TN, Enviro Press, Inc., Nashville, TN. 

	Installation of a granular activated carbon (GAC) 

wastewater treatment system at Lake Tahoe some fifteen years 

ago marked the first large scale municipal application for 

the adsorption process. Following the Lake Tahoe 

installation, many municipal and industrial waste treatment 

facilities were installed with the common objective of 

reducing residual dissolved organic contaminants which have 

survived conventional biological treatment. The GAC System 

was placed at the end of the treatment sequence and the 

organics being removed were measured in terms of biological 

oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COC), total 

organic carbon (TOC) and/or soluble (organic) oxygen demand 

(SOC). More recently, industrial GAC systems have been 

designed to remove specific chemical contaminants rather than 

overall general organic reductions. Current regulatory 

actions emphasize the removal of specific organic 

contaminants from industrial effluents which are considered 

to be toxic and/or carcinogenic. For removal of specific 

organic contaminants the adsorptive capacity of activated 

carbon is more fully utilized in point of source treatment 

where specific contaminant concentrations are highest and 

other organic concentrations are lowest. Point of source GAC 

treatment provides an opportunity for recovery of valuable 

products from the wastewater via non-thermal regeneration of 

the GAC. Countercurrent adsorption systems, such as pulsed 

bed adsorbers, maximize the loading of contaminants on the 

GAC in each adsorption cycle and thereby reduce the quantity 

of carbon exhausted per gallon of treated water. Recently, 

developed fluid bed carbon reactivation technology has 

appreciably reduced fuel consumption and improved reactivated 

carbon quality in both industrial and municipal GAC water 

applications.



Hamilton, F. S. (1935). A study of Lake Tahoe with respect to 

the best regulation for future storage, University of 

California, Berkeley.



Hamilton, M. K., C. O. Davis, et al. (1993). Estimating 

chlorophyll content and bathymetry of Lake Tahoe using AVIRIS 

data. Remote Sens. Environ. 44: 2-3. 

	An AVIRIS image was obtained at Lake Tahoe on 9 August 

1990, along with in situ data. Profiles of percent 

transmission of monochromatic light, stimulated chlorophyll 

fluorescence, photosynthetically available radiation, and 

spectral upwelling and downwelling irradiance, and upwelling 

radiance were measured. Chlorophyll-a + phaeopigments, total 

particulate absorption, detritus absorption, and absorption 

due to colored dissolved organic matter were measured on 

discrete samples. Spectral reflectance at the surface was 

measured with a handheld spectroradiometer. Image 

preprocessing included increasing the instrument signal-to-

noise ratio by filtering to reduce patterned noise and 

spatial resampling, and application of LOWTRAN-7 as an 

atmospheric correction. Several analyses were then performed 

illustrating the utility of the AVIRIS over a dark water 

scene. The water-leaving radiance measured by the AVIRIS 

compares very well with the upwelling radiance measured in-

water, everywhere but in the very short wavelength channels. 

After recalibrating one AVIRIS channel, the chlorophyll 

concentration derived from the image compares extremely well 

with that measured with bottle samples. Surface 

spectroradiometer measurements made along a transect of 

varying depth were used to condition a multiple linear 

regression bathymetry model. By applying the model 

coefficients to a portion of the image, a bathymetry map of 

the shallow parts of the lake was constructed which compares 

favorably with published lake soundings, indicating the 

potential for a bottom-reflectance correction to coastal 

ocean color imagery.



Hampton, A. M. (1988). Altitudinal range and habitat of 

triclads in streams of the Lake Tahoe basin. Am. Midl. Nat. 

120(2): 302-312. 

	The distribution of freshwater triclads in streams, 

springs and seeps of the Lake Tahoe Basin was studied. 

Twenty-one streams were investigated from source to mouth in 

an elevation range from 1902 to 2792 m (6235 to 9160 ft), and 

collecting sites were established approximately every 400 m 

(quarter mile). Species of Polycelis were found at the 

highest elevations and were the most abundant and widely 

distributed of the stream triclads. They were in 81% of the 

streams and in many springs and seeps. In several cases, 

triclads of the genus Polycelis were most abundant in 

headwaters, decreasing in density downstream.



Hancock, L. (1986). Lambreth Hancock autobiography : revised 

typescript (photocopy), [ca. 1986], (Describes his years 

working for Henry J. Kaiser, first in California and later in 

Hawaii; life at Lake Tahoe; various ventures of Henry J. 

Kaiser; other members of the family.).



Hanf, K. and G. Wandesforde-Smith (1972). Institutional 

Design and Environmental Management; the Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency, University of California, Institute of 

Governmental Affairs, Davis, CA. 

	Some of the reasons why the tahoe regional planning 

agency has not lived up to the hopes that environmentalists 

had for it are considered. an explanation is presented of the 

performance of the agency in terms of relationships between 

its organizational attributes, its politico-administrative 

environment, and the structure of incentives and constraints 

in which this and all other attempts at environmental policy-

making sets within the context of the political systems must 

operate. at a more general level, it is argued that 

environmentalists have scant reason to be either surprised or 

indignant at the inadequate performance of the intergrated, 

comprehensive approach to environmental planning. little 

systematic attention has been given to the political factors 

likely to influence the design and performance of the 

regional agencies or to the political processes which, once 

set in motion by demands for regional environmental planning, 

can reasonably be expected to lead to a situation where 

regional agencies are inadequate to the task at hand. this is 

not to say that environmental planning is impossible or 

undesirable in the united states through the medium of 

regional agencies. however, it is argued that more careful 

attention must be given to analysis of the costs and benefits 

of alternative governmental arrangements with a potential for 

achieving regional environmental planning, including existing 

as well as proposed arrangements. the nature of environmental 

planning as a political process must be reconsidered, 

stressing the need to take clearer account of the 

consequences of policies advanced in the name of improved 

environmental quality.



Hannaford, J. F. and M. C. Williams (1968). Regional 

Hydrologic Area Study As an Analysis Tool In Weather 

Modification. 36th Annual Meeting of Western Snow Conf., Lake 

Tahoe, Nevada. 

	A regional hydrologic analysis of the southern and 

central sierra nevada from bakersfield, california to reno, 

nevada was made to identify trends in runoff and to identify 

trends associated with weather modification activity. most 

target areas show apparent increases in runoff during the 

period of modification operations. the pattern is clear even 

though increases may only be in the 5 to 10 percent range. 

this implies that sierra weather modification projects have 

been successful, well targeted, and effective. there is an 

apparent area of downwind effect showing increases in runoff 

of a magnitude similar to that in the target areas. no 

peripheral or downwind effects indicating decreases in runoff 

were found which could be associated with the period of 

weather modification activity. it is recognized that rigorous 

statistical proof with the data in this analysis is a virtual 

impossibility. apparent effects are small when related to 

overall discharge and potential measurement errors, so that 

detection with a suitable degree of statistical reliability 

basins may not be possible. however, an overall pattern is 

developing which appears consistent with findings of others 

in this and other areas.



Hansen, R. P., W. A. Hillhouse, et al. (1970). Public Land 

Policy and the Environment, Volume 2, Part I Environmental 

Problems On the Public Lands. Summary Statement and Case 

Studies 1 Through 8, Rocky Mountain Center On Environment, 

Denver, CO. 

	Environmental case studies of the following areas and 

practices are presented: (1) batholith granite in idaho; (2) 

lake tahoe; (3) the henderson project in colorado, a mining 

operation; (4) shirly basin in wyoming, a mining operation; 

(5) copper pit mining composite in arizona; (6) south central 

utah, a grazing area; (7) a timber cutting practice 

composite; and (8) a fire ecology composite. these case 

studies recite facts, discuss environmental impact, and 

consider problem origins, environmental considerations, and 

alternatives. a summary of all the case studies is provided 

in an attempt to define generally the areas discussed in all 

of the studies. types of environmental problems and impacts 

are set forth, as are the legal, procedural and policy 

problems associated with environmental problems and impacts. 

suggested alternative laws, regulations, policies, practices, 

and procedures for avoiding or mitigating environmental 

problems are presented.



Harding, S. T. and California Dept. of Water Resources 

(1959). Derivation of the future water requirements of the 

Lake Tahoe Basin : comments on the results of the California 

Department of Water Resources.



Harding, S. T. (1962). Water supply of Lake Tahoe.



Harrill, J. R., Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology, et al. 

(1977). South Lake Tahoe folio, hydrologic map. Reno, NV, 

Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology.



Harrington, J. M. and California Dept. of Fish & Game (1991). 

Tributylin residues in Lake Tahoe and San Diego Bay, 

California, 1988, California Department of Fish and Game, 

Sacramento, CA.



Harris, R. W., W. Jeffery, et al. (1974). Water Pollution. 

Interstate Environmental Problems: 57-84. 

	The types and mechanisms of water pollution, the various 

legal means of protecting water quality, and the application 

of those means in the lake tahoe-truckee river area in 

california are surveyed in this article. types of pollutants 

include: organic wastes, infectious agents, plant nutrients, 

synthetic organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, sediments, 

radioactive wastes, and thermal pollution. a particularly 

destructive type of pollution is created by the meat packing 

industry by penning animals in feedlots. various chemical 

techniques are available for detecting pollutants, as well as 

natural techniques such as the trout standard. once a 

pollution problem is detected, water quality control 

authorities may compel abatement under the 1972 amendments to 

the federal water pollution control act (fwpca), which places 

limitations on the discharges of effluents into navigable 

waters. in california, there are nine separate regional water 

quality control boards in charge of enforcing fwpca 

requirements. an examination of the tahoe-truckee system, 

however, reveals that federal requirements often conflict 

with state needs, and that solution to one part of the water 

quality problem--sewage treatment--can have adverse 

consequences in other areas of the environment.



Harris, R. E., P. F. Barker, et al. (1988). Land and resource 

management plan : Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, USDA 

Forest Service, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA.



Hart, O. O. (1978). An Introduction to Water Renovation and 

Reclamation. Manual for Water Renovation and Reclamation CSIR 

Technical Guide K42 16(1978): 1-16. 

	A supply of fresh surface water for all consumers is no 

longer possible in a water-poor country such as South Africa, 

therefore, water renovation and reclamation, two methods of 

conserving the water that is available, are becoming 

increasingly necessary. Successful reuse of waste water has 

been achieved in locations such as Lake Tahoe in South 

Africa, Chanute in the United States, and Windhoek in South 

West Africa. Research that began six years ago at the Stander 

water reclamation plant, Daspoort, Pretoria has done much to 

futher water reuse in South Africa. The research has dealt 

primarily with two types of raw water, biofilter humus tank 

effluent and activated sludge effluent. Unit processes have 

been developed so that final water of virtually any quality 

can be produced. Unit processes used include: lime treatment, 

clarification, quality equalization, ammonia stripping, 

recarbonation, sand filtration, chloride disinfection, ozone 

disinfection, active carbon adsorption, final treatment, 

sludge dewatering, and active carbon regeneration. The cost 

of renovated and reclaimed water is a function of plant size, 

waste water characteristics, and the degree of treatment ore 

renovation. The most expensive, but necessary, unit process 

is active carbon adsorption, while the most economical unit 

process is quality equalization.



Hasler, A. D. and B. Ingersoll (1968). Dwindling Lakes. Nat 

Hist 77(9): 1. 

	Eutrophication and subsequent extinction of lakes is a 

naturally occurring process whose rate is governed by many 

limnological and geological factors. manÍs activities, 

including waste disposal and agricultural practices, 

substantially hasten the process by polluting rivers, lakes 

and impoundments with excessive plant nutrients. consequent 

growth of blue-green algae and rooted aquatic vegetation 

initiate a cycle of events which are aesthetically offensive 

and economically costly. authors classified 12 selected 

american lakes as follows: excellent--crater, ore; excellent 

but endangered--superior and tahoe; good but endangered--

george and cayuga, ny; fair but improving--washington, 

seattle; good and improving--okoboji, iowa; fair and 

endangered--mendota, wis; poor and endangered--erie; good but 

endangered--douglas, mich; and okeechobee, fla; and poor but 

improving--apopka, fla. authors discuss diversion, improved 

sewage treatment, enlightened agricultural practices, and 

harvesting as methods of control, but discourage techniques 

such as application of biocides, which treat effects without 

eliminating nutrients. air pollution is involved as source of 

nitrogen pollution via rainfall. authors urge more and 

careful study of manifold factors influencing eutrophication 

and indicate the great promise of systems analysis as means 

of generating large-scale data needed for control.



Hasler, A. D. (1969). Cultural Eutrophication Is Reversible. 

Bioscience 19(5): 425-431. 

	Various human activities contribute to excessive 

enrichment (cultural eutrophication) of waters. among the 

symptoms of cultural eutrophication are nuisance blooms of 

algae, increased nutrient levels, depletion of hypolimnetic 

oxygen, increased turbidity, and changes in the species-

compositions of phytoplankton, invertebrates, and fishes. a 

case history is presented (zurichsee) documenting changes in 

limnological conditions, as well as additional relevant data 

from north american lakes. as methods of solving the problems 

of cultural eutrophication, author suggests that more 

extensive dissemination of information, involvement of all 

citizens and citizen groups in workshops and seminars, and 

enlightened legislation. the wisconsin resources law (1965) 

is given as an example of legislation and the philosophy of 

zoning is discussed. three examples are given (lakes monona, 

tahoe, washington) where success is curbing cultural 

eutrophication has been achieved. methods of control and 

harvesting aquatic plants and fish are discussed; also 

chemical control and sewage utilization. table gives 

estimates of nitrogen and phosphorus input to wisconsin 

surface waters. see also w68-00680. (voigtlander-wis)



Hawkins, F. F., R. LaForge, et al. (1986). Seismotectonic 

study of the Truckee/Lake Tahoe area, northeastern Sierra 

Nevada, California for Stampede, Prosser Creek, Boca, and 

Lake Tahoe Dams, Seismotectonic Section, Engineering and 

Research Center, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO.



Hawley, R. S. (1925). Property map of Lakeside Park : Lake 

Tahoe, Calif.



Hayden, M. (1971). Guidebook to the Lake Tahoe Country. Los 

Angeles, CA, W. Ritchie Press.



Hays, D. W. and U.S. Geological Survey Reclamation Service 

(1903). Lake Tahoe outlet, Truckee project, Nevada. [Reno, 

Nevada?], U.S.G.S. Reclamation Service.



Hendrickson, J. D. (1993). Community plan preparation primer, 

City of South Lake Tahoe : an individual parcel inventory and 

cumulative district assessment to assist in the preparation 

of a community plan for the South ñYî and industrial tract 

planning areas, University of California, Los Angeles.



Heoney, A. and C. Miller (1987). Living on the lake : Tahoe. 

Northern California Real Estate Journal 2(2): 8-9.



Heyman, M. (1975). Legal Review of Land Use Controls. Lake 

Tahoe Research Seminar III, South Lake Tahoe, CA. 

	Developments in the Lake Tahoe Basin since the 

organization of the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) as 

a grant experiment in legal techniques and governmental 

organization are discussed. Major topics covered are land use 

regulation and processes of governments. TRPA and CTRPA plans 

are referred to. The major concern of these plans has been 

the protection of water quality in Lake Tahoe and other Basin 

lakes, and the preservation of the vegetation and natural 

land forms. Air pollution and shoreline regulation are 

mentioned. The second part of the paper is devoted to 

litigation dealing with land use. (See also W78-00260) 

(Lynch-Wisconsin)



Hildinger, A. E. (1962). Forest trees of the Lake Tahoe area. 

South Lake Tahoe, CA, A.E. Hildinger.



Hill, B. R., J. R. Hill, et al. (1988). Sediment Sources in 

the Lake Tahoe Basin, California-Nevada: Preliminary Results 

of a Four Year Study, August 1983 - September 1987, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA. 

	Data were collected during a 4-yr study of sediment 

sources in four drainage basins tributary to Lake Tahoe, 

California-Nevada. The study areas include the Blackwood, 

General, Edgewood, and Logan House Creek basins. Data include 

changes in bank and bed positions at channel cross sections; 

results of stream-channel mapping; analyses of bank and bed 

material samples; tabulations of bed material point counts; 

measured rates of hillslope erosion; dimensions of gullies; 

suspended-sediment data collected during synoptic snowmelt 

sampling; and physiographic data for the four study basins. 

(USGS)



Hill, B. R., J. R. Hill, et al. (1990). Sediment-Source Data 

for Four Basins Tributary to Lake Tahoe, California and 

Nevada, August 1983-June 1988, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo 

Park, CA. 

	Data were collected during a 5-year study of sediment 

sources in four drainage basins tributary to Lake Tahoe, 

California-Nevada. The study areas include the Blackwood 

Creek, General Creek, Edgewood Creek, and Logan House Creek 

basins. Data include changes in bank and bed positions at 

channel cross sections; results of stream-channel 

inventories; analyses of bank and bed material samples; 

tabulations of bed-material pebble counts; measured rates of 

hillslope erosion; dimensions of gullies; suspended-sediment 

data collected during synoptic snowmelt sampling; and 

physiographic data for the four study basins. (USGS)



Hill, K. J. and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1994). 1993 

annual water quality report, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 

Zephyr Cove, NV.



Hinckle, G. and B. Hinckle (1949). Sierra Nevada Lakes. 

Indianapolis, IN, The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.



Hoefer, J. (1986). Planning in a fragile environment--Lake 

Tahoe. Proc-Soc-Am-For-Natl-Conv. Bethesda, Md., The Society: 

273-275.



Hoffman, R. W., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1981). Aquatic Impacts 

of Deicing Salts in the Central Sierra Nevada Mountains, 

California. Water Resour. Bull. 17(2): 280-285. 

	The fate and effect of sodium chloride applied to 

Californian highways in the Lake Tahoe, Truckee River, and 

Yuba River watersheds were studied over a period of 14 months 

in 1974-75. Chloride levels in streams below major freeways 

were found to be elevated during the winter. The high 

chloride levels occurred after the application of salt to 

roads, decreasing as the time from application increases. 

Small lakes receiving runoff from major highways were also 

enriched with chloride. Several of these lakes displayed a 

temporary chemocline, which was sufficiently strong to 

stabilize a temperature inversion in one lake.



Hoffman, D. S. (1984). Saving the lake! : an overview of Lake 

TahoeÍs development, University of Nevada, Reno.



Hoffman, R. J. (1990). Phosphorus in the Truckee River 

Between Vista and Patrick, Storey and Washoe Counties, 

Nevada, August 1984, US Geological Survey, Carson City, NV. 

	During calibration of a numerical water quality model of 

the Truckee River below Reno, Nevada, the modeling results 

showed an undocumented accretion of phosphorus between 

Lockwood and Patrick at streamflows of about 300 cu ft/sec. 

An examination of available historical data tended to support 

the observed increase. In August 1984, at a streamflow of 

about 300 cu ft/sec, a diel sampling program was undertaken 

at four stations along a 7.3-mile reach of the river to 

determine if the undocumented input of phosphorus was real, 

or was due to errors associated with water quality sampling 

procedures, or the riverÍs traveltime, or both. Water samples 

were collected using the equal-discharge-increment method 

across the stream, for the analysis of phosphorus, chloride, 

sulfate, and arsenic. On-site measurements included specific 

conductance, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, and pH. All 

water quality data were collected every 2 hours and 

instantaneous streamflow was measured about every 3 hours at 

each station. The results of field work and a thorough 

analysis of past sampling programs in the Truckee River 

suggest that the apparent increase in phosphorus between 

Lockwood and Patrick was most likely the result of sampling 

protocol in association with the riverÍs time of travel, 

compounded by fluctuating phosphorus loads from an upstream 

wastewater treatment plant near Reno during periods of 

moderate streamflow. During high streamflow conditions, the 

increase may also have been the result of the resuspension of 

particulate phosphorus. (AuthorÍs abstract)



Hokom, L. H. (1949). Sanitary survey of water systems Lake 

Tahoe Area, California Department of Public Health, Bureau of 

Sanitary Engineering, Sacramento, CA.



Holderman, J. C. (1991). Development Of a Bike Path In the 

Ecologically Sensitive Lake Tahoe Basin, University Of 

Nevada, Reno. 

	The environmental and developmental problems of a hike 

nÍ bike path in an ecologically sensitive mountain lake area 

were researched. The path would extend the existing Incline 

Village bike path south along Highway 28 at Lake Tahoe. The 

high recreational pressure on the Lake Tahoe area has 

resulted in environmental degradation along the shoreline. 

Subjects covered in this analysis were examination of 

historical development of the study area, planning issues, 

integration with other recreational plans, and 

Intergovernmental Cooperative agreements. Two bike path 

alternatives were established and comparison of the plans 

were assessed to determine the most feasible alternative. The 

research indicates that the development of the proposed path 

will probably slow down the degradation occurring in the area 

allowing better control of recreational use; and thus, easier 

enforcement of regulations and maintenance of the area.



Hopp, W. J. (1970). Tahoes environmental problems and 

regional controls : with a history and analysis of the Tahoe 

regional planning compact, [publisher and place published 

unknown].



Hotchkiss, W. R. (1968). Snow Avalanche - The White Death. 

Geologic Studies in the Lake Tahoe Area, California and 

Nevada. J. R. Evans and R. A. Matthews. Sacramento, 

Geological Society of Sacramento: 37-45. 

	Avalanches; Avalanch control



Howard, R. F., M. J. Singer, et al. (1981). Effects of soil 

properties, water content, and compactive effort on the 

compaction of selected California forest and range soils in 

the Sierra, Tahoe, and Modoc national forests in California. 

J Soil Sci Soc Am 45(C (2): 231-236.



Howell, R. and California Dept. of Public Works - Division of 

Highways (1971). Soil erosion transects Lake Tahoe region, 

California Division of Highways, Sacramento, CA.



Howell, R. B., J. B. Skog, et al. (1971). Hydrology and 

sediment transport (Spring 1971), Lake Tahoe Basin : interim 

report, State of California, Dept. of Public Works, Division 

of Highways, Materials and Research Dept., Sacramento, CA.



Huber, W. L. (1936). Photographs of scenic views of Nevada 

and Lake Tahoe.



Huggins, E. (1992). What shall we do tomorrow : at North Lake 

Tahoe and Truckee. Truckee, CA, Coldstream Press.



Hunsaker, J. N. and United States Lake Tahoe Basin Management 

Unit (1976). Environmental analysis report (EAR) for a 

proposed Lake Tahoe Management Unit land use plan, Lake Tahoe 

Basin Management Unit, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Hunt, R. H. and California Division of Forestry (1971). Lake 

Tahoe : urbanization under the forest canopy, California 

Division of Forestry, Sacramento, CA.



Hunter, D. A., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1990). Changes in the 

Phytoplankton Community Structure in Lake Tahoe, California-

Nevada. Internationale Vereinigung fuer Theoretische und 

Angewandte Limnologie 24(1): 505-508. 

	Qualitative and quantitative evidence suggests that the 

low phosphorus concentrations in Lake Tahoe are responsible 

for changes in the phytoplankton community structure. The 

high N:P ratio has triggered increases in species richness 

and has altered the relative contribution of algal groups to 

the total phytoplankton biomass. Diatoms no longer 

exclusively dominate the biomass. Instead, the phytoplankton 

community structure reflects a shared dominance among 

diatoms, chrysophytes and cryptophytes. The shift in algal 

group dominance may testify to resource partitioning among 

natural N:P gradients. As phosphorus becomes more limiting, 

those species that can optimize low concentrations of 

phosphorus are gaining importance. If the N:P ratio 

increases, the phytoplankton community may become 

increasingly dominated by chrysophytes. Lake Tahoe is 

characterized by a high degree of environmental variability 

which is reflected in the annual resource availability. Much 

work remains to be done to increase the understanding of the 

interactions between the extent of spring mixing and the 

resulting implications for phytoplankton growth and resource 

partitioning.



Hyne, N. J. J. (1969). Sedimentology and Pleistocene History 

Of Lake Tahoe, California - Nevada, University Of Southern 

California.



Hyne, N. J., P. Chelminski, et al. (1972). Quaternary History 

of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 

83: 1435-1448.



Hyne, N. J., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1973). Mounds In Lake 

Tahoe, California-Nevada: a Model For Landslide Topography In 

the Subaqueous Environment. J. Geology 81(2): 176-188. 

	Landslide movement of sediments is a significant mode of 

sediment transport in lake tahoe, california-nevada. a series 

of massive, basin-wide landslides deposited a large portion 

of the thick bottom sediments. the latest of these landslides 

was comparable in volume with the largest landslides ever 

recorded. several large mounds on the floor of lake tahoe 

were formed by landslides. at the base-of-slope environment, 

many mounds are well layered and rotated backward, suggesting 

deposition as coherent slump blocks. mounds further from the 

base of slope are circular or elliptical in area, have a 

pebbly mudstone sedimentary texture, display a disordered 

internal structure on seismic reflection profiles, and are 

located on an extensive layer of similarly disordered 

sediments. these mounds formed along dewatering centers 

during the rapid deposition of an incoherent landslide mass. 

a gradation exists between coherent slumps, partially 

fluidized incoherent landslide masses, and fluidized 

turbidity currents depending on the amount of water that has 

been entrained. only the fluid flow does not form a 

characteristic mound topography.



Imboden, D. M., R. F. Weiss, et al. (1977). Lake Tahoe 

geochemical study. (l). lake chemistry and tritium mixing 

study. Limnology and Oceanography 22(6): 1039-1051. 

	The study of vertical mixing in Lake Tahoe by 

temperature and oxygen measurements is limited to the top 

layer of the lake, since vertical gradients are extremely 

small at greater depth. Below 200 m the temperature gradient 

is about -1-.-6 x 10-SUP--4--degree-C m-SUP--1-, with little 

or no seasonal variation. A tritium profile was taken at a 

midlake station in 1973 together with samples for 

measurements on lake chemistry. Oxygen, nitrate, total 

inorganic carbon, and pH showed the effects of photosynthetic 

activity to a depth of about 80 m, well below the 

thermocline; average planktonic composition was calculated 

from these data. Silicate and carbonate alkalinity profiles 

were essentially uniform, showing that biological removal is 

negligible in comparison to the rate of vertical mixing. 

Essentially no variation in tritium concentration with depth 

was observed. Tritium measurements and input estimates in 

Crater Lake were used to calculate tritium concentration in 

Lake Tahoe between 1954 and 1973 and to estimate a ratio in 

tritium input of 32% precipitation to 68% vapor exchange. The 

tritium profile gives strong evidence for at least occasional 

complete mixing of Lake Tahoe. The last complete mixing may 

have occurred in March 1973 and at least one other such event 

took place between 1964 and 1968.



Ingram, W. and P. A. Sabatier (1987). A descriptive history 

of land use and water quality planning in the Lake Tahoe 

Basin, Institute of Governmental Affairs  and the Institute 

of Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA: 75 leaves.



Ingrum, B. (1986). Progress at Lake Tahoe. Urban Land 44(11): 

13-16.



Innis, G. S., D. F. Hanson, et al. (1981). A simulation model 

of management alternatives in a freshwater fishery. Ecol. 

Modelling 12(4): 267-280. 

	A model for investigating management alternatives on the 

Pyramid Lake-Truckee River system of Nevada and California is 

presented. Cutthroat trout, cui-ui, Tahoe sucker and tui chub 

are modelled with special emphasis on river spawning by 

trout. Management decision variables include hatchery input, 

water flow control, and diversion screening. Preliminary 

results indicate that some hatchery input will be needed to 

support the trout even with the best river management.



J.B. Gilbert & Associates (1973). Erosion control and surface 

water management : Lake Tahoe portion of El Dorado County, 

J.B. Gilbert & Associates, Sacramento, CA.



J.B. Gilbert & Associates (1974). Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency 1974 comprehensive planning program, preliminary 

status report : public facilities master plan - storm 

drainage and surface water runoff - fire services - power and 

gas supply, J.B. Gilbert & Associates, Sacramento, CA: 1 v.



Jackson, W. T. and D. J. Pisani (1972). Lake Tahoe water : a 

chronicle of conflict affecting the environment : 1863-1939, 

Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of California, 

Davis, CA.



Jackson, W. T. and D. J. Pisani (1973). From resort area to 

urban recreation center : themes in the development of Lake 

Tahoe, 1946-1956, Institute of Governmental Affairs, 

University of California, Davis, CA. 

	LAKE TAHOEÍS DEVELOPMENT AS A RESORT CENTER DATES TO 

1924. AFTER WORLD WAR II, IMPROVED ACCESS BY HIGHWAY AND AIR, 

DEVELOPMENT OF WINTER SPORTS FACILITIES AND AN INCREASE IN 

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING BEGAN TO TAX TAHOE CITYÍS WATER 

SUPPLIES. CONTROVERSY OVER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE USE OF BEACHES, 

BUILDING AND ZONING CODES, AND LAND USE OCCURRED IN THE 

1940ÍS AND 1950ÍS. SMALL PRIVATE UTILITY COMPANIES SUPPLIED 

WATER BETWEEN 1946-1956, MANY OF THESE BEING ABSORBED INTO 

PUBLIC UTILITY DISTRICTS AS COMMUNITIES EXPANDED. CALIFORNIA 

AND NEVADA DEPARTMENTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH DEMONSTRATED 

CONSIDERABLE CONCERN OVER SEWAGE SYSTEMS DRAINING INTO THE 

LAKE AND INTO THE TRUCKEE RIVER, THE NATURAL OUTLET OF THE 

LAKE. AS POLLUTION INCREASED BOND ISSUES TO PROVIDE A NEW 

SEWAGE SYSTEM AT TAHOE CITY WERE DEFEATED BY VOTERS AND COURT 

ACTIONS BECAME FREQUENT. CONFLICT BETWEEN THOSE WISHING TO 

PRESERVE AND THOSE WISHING TO DEVELOP THE ENVIRONMENT BECAME 

EVIDENT. ATTEMPTS AT BI-STATE COOPERATION OVER THE WATER 

LEVEL CONTROVERSY INCLUDING THE TRUCKEE RIVER AGREEMENT WHICH 

SET MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM LEVELS OF THE LAKE, AND THE PROPOSED 

BUILDING OF THE PROSSER RESERVOIR FOR STORAGE BY THE CORPS OF 

ENGINEERS, ARE TRACED. PROBLEMS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL WERE ALSO 

TACKLED ON A BI-STATE BASIS OFTEN INVOLVING BITTER CONFLICT. 

PROBLEMS OF JURISDICTION AND FINANCE CONTINUE. (EDWARDS-NORTH 

CAROLINA)



Jackson, W. T. and D. J. Pisani (1973). A Case Study In 

Interstate Resource Management: the California-Nevada Water 

Controversy, 1865-1955, University of California, Davis, 

Water Resources Center, Davis, CA. 

	A historical summary and evaluation are presented of the 

controversy between northern california and nevada over 

capture, storage, and distribution of the water supply 

originating in the sierra nevada mountains between the two 

states. the water controversy is described from the 

perspective of formal interstate efforts to satisfy those 

interests and find an equitable way of dividing ïsurplusÍ 

water between the two states. the majority of the report is 

concerned with interstate efforts to resolve differences over 

water allocation, uses, and management from 1931 to 1955. 

although significant, the california-nevada interstate water 

conference played a relatively ineffective role during this 

period.



Jackson, W. T. (1974). Early planning efforts at Lake Tahoe : 

the role of Joseph F. McDonald, 1956-1963. Davis, CA, 

Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of California.



Jackson, W. T. and T. L. Dailey (1974). Environmental 

planning efforts at Lake Tahoe : the evolution of regional 

government, 1963-1968, Institute of Governmental Affairs, 

University of California, Davis, CA: iii, 76 leaves.



Jackson, W. T. and D. J. Pisani (1974). A Case Study In 

Interstate Resource Management: the California-Nevada Water 

Controversy, 1955-1968, University of California, Davis, 

Water Resources Center, Davis, CA. 

	A history is presented of the california-nevada 

interstate compact commission from its formation in 1955 

through 1971. the commission was responsible for drafting a 

compact dividing up the surplus water of one interstate lake, 

lake tahoe, and three interstate streams, the truckee, carson 

and walker rivers. however, largely because of opposition 

from the federal government, the compact has never taken 

effect. federal agencies interested in lake tahoe, 

particularly the department of the interior, have blocked any 

chance for the two states to solve their mutual water 

problems by imposing a new set of negotiating conditions on 

the commissioners after a formal compact between the states 

was adopted. much of the criticism levelled at the compact 

commission has been unjustified considering the statutory 

limitations imposed on the commissionÍs authority when 

negotiations began. finally, this report illustrates the 

continuing conflict over water use priorities in the american 

west. throughout negotiations the relative value of water use 

for recreation was tested against the needs of farmers, power 

companies and other interest groups. the agreements reached 

by negotiators reflect the difficulty water use planners have 

had in reconciling conflicting, and often inconsistent, 

demand on a limited resource.



James, G. W. (1915). Lake Tahoe and itÍs surroundings. 

Pasadena, CA, George Wharton James.



James, G. W. (1956). The lake of the sky, Lake Tahoe in the 

high Sierras of California and Nevada; its history, Indians. 

Chicago, IL, C. T. Powner Company. 

	discovery by Fremont, legendary lore, various namings, 

physical characteristics, glacial phenomena, geology, single 

outlet, automobile routes, historic towns, early mining 

excitements, steamer ride, mineral springs, mountain and lake 

resorts, trail and camping out trips, summer residences, 

fishing, hunting, flowers, birds, animals, trees and 

chapparal [!] with a full account of the of the Tahoe 

National Forest, the public use of the water of Lake Tahoe 

and much other interesting matter



Jassby, A. D., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1992). Trend, 

seasonality, cycle, and irregular fluctuations in primary 

productivity at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, USA. 

Hydrobiologia 246(3): 195-203. 

	Primary productivity has been measured routinely at Lake 

Tahoe since 1967, and a number of mechanisms underlying 

variability in the productivity record have now been 

identified. A long-term trend due to nutrient loading 

dominates the series. Seasonality also is prominent, 

apparently controlled by direct physical factors unrelated to 

the trophic cascade. A 3-yr cycle has been detected and 

several possible mechanisms are considered. Irregular 

fluctuations also are present, caused in part by isolated 

events (a forest fire) and recurring but variable phenomena 

(spring mixing). Except possibly for the 3-yr cycle, the 

known sources of variability appear to operate ñbottom-upî 

through direct physical and chemical effects on the 

phytoplankton.



Jassby, A. D., J. E. Reuter, et al. (1994). Atmospheric 

Deposition Of Nitrogen and Phosphorus In the Annual Nutrient. 

Water Resources Research 30(7): 2207-2216.



Jeffries, J. P. (1987). The master trailbuilder of Lake Tahoe 

: [Bill Tisher]. Sierra 72(4): 79-82.



Jhk Associates and Franchise Realty Interstate Corporation 

(1976). Traffic engineering report : proposed McDonaldÍs 

Restaurant, 1035 Emerald Bay Road, South Lake Tahoe, Jhk 

Associates, San Francisco, CA: 17 leaves.



Jhk Associates (1981). Woodvista traffic impact analysis : 

draft report, Jhk Associates, San Francisco, CA: 68 leaves.



Jhk Associates (1984). Tahoe Transportation District transit 

operations program, fy 1985-89, Jhk Associates, Emeryville, 

CA: ca. 150 leaves in various foliations.



Johnson, H. (1910). Hiram Johnson photograph albums.



Johnson, J. W. (1959). Shoreline processes near the mouth of 

the upper Truckee River.



Johnson, J. W. and E. G. Hagadorn (1970). Star Harbor, Lake 

Tahoe.



Johnson, H. T. (1972). Lake Tahoe and Fragile Environment. 

Congressional Record 118(27). 

	The fragile ecosystem of the lake tahoe area basin is 

discussed and the statement of mr. paul de falco, jr., 

regional administrator (ix) of the environmental protection 

agency, made before a senate public works sub-committee is 

introduced. the presentation summarizes the work done to 

preserve the environment surrounding the lake in relationship 

to pressures of development. particular points discussed are: 

efforts to protect the quality of the waters of lake tahoe by 

implementation of a system of sewage and solid waste export; 

the possible effects on water quality due to the cycle of 

land alteration, erosion, sedimentation, transport of 

nutrients, and eutrophication; the air pollution control 

program; the activities of epa, other federal agencies, and 

the tahoe regional planning agency in protecting the basinÍs 

environmental quality. the interrelatedness of these problems 

is nowhere more evident than in the tahoe basin. defalco 

states that the fragile ecological system which is tahoe 

demands not just water pollution control or air pollution 

control, but a true environmental review, and coordinated 

efforts by state and local jurisdictions, with the 

cooperation of the federal government. (tolle-florida)



Johnson, W. N. (1985). High altitude erosion control at Lake 

Tahoe. Erosion control:  A Challenge in Our Time : Conference 

XVI International Erosion Control Association, San Francisco, 

CA, International Erosion Control Association.



Johnson, W. and J. Christophrson (1992). Trees for Tahoe 

landscapes. Fact sheet Max C Fleischmann Coll Agric, Coop Ext 

Serv(92-49): 4.



Johnson, W. and J. Christopherson (1992). Shrubs for Tahoe 

landscapes. Fact sheet Max C Fleischmann Coll Agric, Coop Ext 

Serv(92-48): 4.



Johnston, R. A., B. Pedersen, et al. (1989). Air pollution, 

transportation policy, and growth control in the Lake Tahoe 

Region, Division of Environmental Studies, University of 

California, Davis, CA: 34, [8] leaves.



Joint California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission (1968). 

California-Nevada interstate compact concerning waters of 

Lake Tahoe, Truckee River, Carson River and Walker River 

Basins, Joint California-Nevada Interstate Compact 

Commission, Reno, NV (?).



Jones, F. L., California Dept. of Parks &Recreation, et al. 

(1966). Position of the State Department of Parks and 

Recreation regarding the Lake Tahoe regional plan, California 

Dept. of Parks &Recreation, Sacramento, CA.



Jones, F. L., California Department of Parks and Recreation, 

et al. (1966). Recreation-related problems at Lake Tahoe, 

California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento, 

CA.



Jones, F. L., California Department of Parks and Recreation, 

et al. (1966). Report to the Lake Tahoe Area Council, 

California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento, 

CA.



Jones, J. R., J. Stuart, et al. (1974). Inventory of research 

activities in the Lake Tahoe area, 1878-1974. South Lake 

Tahoe, CA, Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board. 

	A bibliography of 492 research publications and items 

which might be useful to researchers for the lake tahoe area, 

california and nevada, has been compiled. a master file 

listing was made which has been subdivided into the following 

categories; air, land, water, vegetation, animal life, socio-

economic, and resource allocation. the water section of the 

bibliography contains 111 references under sub-groupings of 

limnology, water supply, water quality, water resources 

managements and waste water treatment. the bibliographical 

notations are arranged chronologically. the appendices 

include an author index, a chronological index, a subject 

index and a listing of current research activities. the 

inventory master listing will be kept current and published 

periodically.



Jones, M. M. (1975). Interpretations of Property Rights at 

Lake Tahoe:  An Investigation into the Open Texture of the 

Taking Clause, University Of Washington.



Jones, J. R., Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board, et 

al. (1976). Inventory of research activities in the Lake 

Tahoe area : a bibliography, 1845-1976. South Lake Tahoe, CA, 

Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board.



Jones, J. R. (1978). Research coordination and utilization at 

Lake Tahoe Snow. .



Jones & Stokes Associates, Tahoe-Truckee Sanitation Agency, 

et al. (1973). Environmental impact assessment, Tahoe-Truckee 

Sanitation Agency, Jones & Stokes Associates, Sacramento, CA: 

3 v.



Jorgensen, L. N., A. L. Seacer, et al. (1978). Hydrologic 

basins contributing to outflow from Lake Tahoe, California-

Nevada. Reston, VA, U.S. Geological Survey.



Juday, C. (1907). Notes on Lake Tahoe, Its Trout and Trout-

fishing. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 26: 133-146.



Kampf, H. J. (1972). Repeated Use Of Granular Activated 

Carbon In Waste Water Treatment. Water Research, 6: 493-494. 

	Granular activated carbon, which has more capacity than 

powdered activated carbon, is economical only if regeneration 

and reuse is possible. onsite thermal regeneration in a 

herreshoff furnace is the usual method. with proper oxygen 

and temperature control, a 5-7% carbon loss per cycle can be 

maintained giving a fifteen cycle lifetime for the carbon. at 

lake tahoe, costs are $5.84 per 1000 cu m for tertiary 

treatment with the product comparable to drinking water. 

(anderson-texas)



Kasperson, R. E. and M. Eichen, Eds. (1972). Water Supply 

From Renovated Wastewater--a Resource Manual For 

Massachusetts Planners, Public Officials and Citizen Groups. 

Worcester, MA, Clark University. 

	Metropolitan boston, although situated in the humid 

northeast, is faced with the prospect of water shortages due 

to growing population and per capita use. this study examines 

one source of supply--reclaimed water--in general terms and 

as it might be applied to boston. treatment techniques are 

analyzed for their abilities to deal with heavy metals and 

toxic organic materials, and for their costs. complete 

purification of waste water for all uses is expensive, lacks 

public support, and may pose long-term health hazards even 

when it meets current standards. instead of treating waste 

water to make it potable, a heirarchy of water used is 

proposed. higher order uses, including drinking, cooking, and 

bathing, require much more stringent standards than lower 

order uses such as irrigation or industrial application. 

eighteen locations currently using renovated wastewater in 

municipal, industrial, recreation, or irrigation uses are 

listed, and two in california, santee and lake tahoe, are 

described, as well as the windhoek, south africa, reclamation 

plant which supplies 1/3 of the cityÍs water. the 

metropolitan district commissionÍs quabbin reservoir in 

cental massachusetts is being depleted by 12 million gallons 

per day. immediate and long range plans are discussed, and a 

dual water supply system using reclaimed waste water for 

major lower order uses is proposed. (herr-north carolina)



Katzer, T. L. and P. A. Glancy (1978). Flood and Related 

Debris Flow Hazards Map. Carson City, NV, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Water Resources Div. 

	Estimates of the 100-year floodflow were made and the 

corresponding flood plains were outlined on the map (scale 

1:24,000) for the principal streams in the South Lake Tahoe 

quadrangle, California-Nevada. Degrees of hazard were 

assigned to the flood plains of these streams on the basis of 

floodflows and potential debris movement and are depicted on 

the map. (Woodard-USGS)



Keinath, T. M. (1973). Waste Water Renovation and Reuse:  

State Of the Art. Ultimate Disposal Of Wastewaters And Their 

Residuals, Raleigh, North Carolina, Research Triangle 

Universities. 

	The state-of-the-art of the renovation of municipal 

waste water for the reuse of such waters as a viable water 

resource is discussed. the four basic areas that this 

discussion covers are: the publicÍs attitude toward the reuse 

of renovated municipal waste water; the specific health 

considerations; the primary reclamation processes; and, the 

experiences of a reclamation facility in renovating waste 

waters for reuse. a public attitude survey was sponsored by 

the university of california at berkeley and the california 

state department of public health to determine how the public 

would respond to the concept of reusing municipal waste 

waters. the consensus was that proposals to implement the 

reuse of renovated municipal waste waters would not meet with 

serious opposition as long as the proposals are properly 

introduced. the health aspects of reusing municipal waste 

water include bacteriology, virology, algology, parisitology, 

and toxicology. the treatment processes that are capable of 

high degree of treatment required for reuse purposes are 

those that were developed under the supervision of the 

advanced waste treatment program of the environmental 

protection agency. these treatment methods include 

coagulation, adsorption, filtration, ion exchange, nitrogen 

removal, and reverse oxmosis/ultrafiltration. operation of 

the south lake tahoe, california, reclamation facility is 

discussed.



Kempkey, A. (1923). Preliminary report on the economic 

development of hydro-electric energy for Tahoe Tavern.



Ken R. White Company and Douglas County-NV County Commission 

(1964). Lake Tahoe : 1985 development plan, Lake Tahoe, 

Douglas County, Nevada, Ken R. White Company, Denver, CO: 48 

p.



Kennedy, G. M., J. H. Rogers, et al. (1971). Soils of the 

Tahoe Basin : report and general soil map, U.S. Dept. of 

Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Portland, OR.



Kennedy, D. N., California Dept. of Water Resources, et al. 

(1990). Testimony of David N. Kennedy, director, Department 

of Water Resources, State of California before the Senate 

Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Subcommittee on 

Water and Power regarding S.1554 - a bill to ratify and 

implement the interstate allocations of the Truckee and 

Carson Rivers and for other purposes, Dept. of Water 

Resources, Sacramento, CA.



Kennedy Engineers and Churchill County Board of Commissioners 

(1966). A study of the implications of wastewater export from 

Lake Tahoe Basin with regard to the water quality of the 

Carson River, Kennedy Engineers, San Francisco, CA.



Kennedy Engineers (1966). Review of waste disposal for North 

Shore of Lake Tahoe for the City of Sparks, Nevada, Kennedy 

Engineers, San Francisco, CA.



Kiefer, D. A., O. Holm-Hansen, et al. (1972). Phytoplankton 

In Lake Tahoe. Deep-Living Populations. Limnology And 

Oceanography 17(3): 418-422. 

	Most of the phytoplankton biomass in lake tahoe is 

located below the euphotic zone. chlorophyll concentration 

was low (0.1-0.2 microgram/liter) in the upper 50 m, reached 

a maximum (0.7 microgram/liter) at 100 m, and then dropped 

rapidly to 0.2 microgram/liter at 200 m. below this it 

decreased slowly except for two peaks at 320 and 350 m. the 

vertical distribution of phytoplankton volume agreed with 

that of chlorophyll. the six dominant species in cell numbers 

were: asterionella formosa, fragilaria crotonensis, melosira 

crenulata, stephanodiscus rotula, dinobryon sociale and 

elakatothrix gelatinosa. there were no qualitative 

differences in species composition throughout the water 

column, although the surface samples contained many small 

thecate dinoflagellates. the amount of pheophytin between 

100-475 m ranged from 15-25 percent of the total chlorophyll 

a pigment, similar to values found in the euphotic zone. this 

indicated that the chlorophyll in the aphotic zone derived 

from live algal cells rather than detritus, a conclusion 

supported by the healthy appearance of the cells and by their 

demonstrated photosynthethic capacity of being capable of 

fixing co2 at significant rates when exposed to near-surface 

illumination. the relationship between the distributions of 

phytoplankton standing crop and production is best explained 

by passive sinking of cells out of the euphotic zone and 

accumulation in deep waters. this recruitment of deep 

phytoplankton from surface waters may be an important feature 

of deep oligotrophic lakes, limiting primary production and 

nutrient regeneration in the euphotic zone. (holoman-

battelle)



Klamm, J. M., J. P. Woodyard, et al. (1981). Technical 

assistance to the Tahoe Basin city and county governments : 

development and assessment of regional solid waste management 

alternatives: final report, SCS Engineers, Long Beach, CA: 1 

v. (various pagings).



Klieforth, H. E. (1974). Weather Modification In the Lake 

Tahoe Basin. Lake Tahoe Research Seminar II, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA. 

	The history of weather modification by cloud seeding was 

reviewed. Some cloud seeding projects in the vicinity of lake 

tahoe were discussed.



Kramer, T. J. and Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology (1982). 

South Lake Tahoe quadrangle, land use map. Reno, NV, Nevada 

Bureau of Mines and Geology.



Krivanek, O. L. (1991). Proceedings Of Lake Tahoe Workshop On 

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy -. Microscopy Microanalysis 

Microstructures Ta Microsc Mic 2(2-3): R3-R4.



Kroll, C. G. (1973). Sediment Discharge In the Lake Tahoe 

Basin, California, 1972 Water Year, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Menlo Park, CA. 

	Streamflow and fluvial-sediment discharge data are being 

collected at selected streams and highway gutters in the lake 

tahoe basin to determine the extent of erosion from highway 

cuts and to evaluate the effects of various land treatment 

practices to reduce erosion. precipitation in the lake tahoe 

area during 1972 was 77 percent of normal; consequently, 

runoff was well below normal. seventy-six percent of the 

total annual runoff during the 1972 water year occurred from 

march through june 1972. sediment samples were collected 

during the year at streamflow gaging stations and at gutter 

stations at highway cuts to define the range of transport 

conditions. the major part (87 percent) of the annual 

suspended-sediment discharge during the 1972 water year 

occurred during the snowmelt runoff period, march through 

june.



Kroll, C. G. (1974). Sediment Discharge In the Lake Tahoe 

Basin, California, 1973 Water Year, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Menlo Park, CA. 

	Streamflow and fluvial-sediment discharge data are being 

collected at selected streams and highway gutters in the lake 

tahoe basin to determine the extent of erosion from highway 

cuts and to attempt to evaluate the effects of various land-

treatment practices to reduce erosion. this is the second 

progress report. precipitation in the lake tahoe area during 

1973 was 94 percent of normal. seventy-one percent of the 

total annual runoff during the 1973 water year occurred from 

march through june 1973. sediment samples were collected 

during the year at streamflow stations and at gutterflow 

stations at highway cuts to define the range of transport 

conditions. the major part (74 percent) of the annual 

suspended-sediment discharge from streams during the 1973 

water year occurred during the snowmelt runoff period, march 

through june.



Kroll, C. G. and California Dept. of Public Works Division of 

Highways (1976). Sediment discharge from highway cut-slopes 

in the Lake Tahoe basin, California, 1972-74, U. S. 

Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA. 

	Streamflow and fluvial-sediment discharge data were 

collected at selected streams and highway gutters in lake 

tahoe basin, calif., to determine the extent of erosion from 

highway cuts and to attempt to evaluate the effects of 

various land-treatment practices to reduce erosion. estimate 

of long-term annual total-sediment discharge from six streams 

into the lake is 7,100 tons, of which 2,300 tons is finer 

than 62 micrometers. during 1972-74, snowmelt runoff (april-

july) accounted for 65 percent of the water and sediment 

discharge. approximately 90 percent of the sediment is 

transported in suspension. sediment measured at 16 gutterflow 

stations at the base of highway cut-slopes indicates that 

less than 100 tons of fine sediment per year are contributed 

to the lake from all california state highway cuts. sediment-

transport rates are highly variable, and an unknown part of 

the measured sediment was derived from sources other than 

highway cuts. data were not adequate to demonstrate the 

effectiveness of treatments to stabilize cut-slopes.



Kuehner, R. A., G. H. Elsner, et al. (1978). Responses of 

visitors to the Rainbow Trail: an evaluation of an 

interpretive area [by the Forest Service] in the Lake Tahoe 

Basin, California SO: USDA-For-Serv-Res-Pap-PSW-U-S-Pac-

Southwest-For-Range-Exp-Stn, 1978, 131, 17 p. Maps. .



La Camera, R. J. and S. B. Browning (1988). Data on Surface-

Water Quality and Quantity, Lower Edgewood Creek Basin, 

Douglas County, Nevada, 1984-85, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Water Resources Div., Carson City, NV. 

	Selected hydrologic data were collected from August 1984 

through July 1985 at three sites on the lower part of 

Edgewood Creek, and at a recently constructed sediment-

catchment basin that captures and retains runoff from 

developed areas in the lower Edgewood Creek drainage. The 

data were collected to quantify the discharge of selected 

constituents downstream from recent and planned watershed 

restoration projects, and to Lake Tahoe. Contained in this 

report are the results of quantitative analyses of 39 water 

samples for: total and dissolved ammonium, organic nitrogen, 

nitrite, nitrate, phosphorus, and orthophosphorus; suspended 

sediment; total iron, manganese, and zinc; and dissolved 

temperature, specific conductance, pH, and dissolved oxygen; 

summary statistics (means and standard deviations), and 

computations of instantaneous loads. On the basis of mean 

values, about 80% of the total nitrogen load at each of the 

three Edgewood Creek sites is in the form of organic 

nitrogen, 12% is in the form of nitrate nitrogen, 7% is in 

the form of ammonium nitrogen, and 1% is in the form of 

nitrite nitrogen. The percentage of total phosphorus load in 

the form of orthophosphorus at the three stream sites varies 

somewhat with time, but is generally greater at the two 

downstream sites than at the upstream site. In addition, the 

percentage of the total phosphorus load that is present in 

the dissolved state generally is greater at the two 

downstream sites than at the upstream site.



Laarveld, B. C. (1976). Happy Homestead Cemetery District : 

listing of burial permits. South Lake Tahoe, CA, [publisher 

unknown].



Lahontan Regional Water Pollution Control Board (1953). Clean 

water for your vacationland, Lahontan Regional Water 

Pollution Control Board, Sacramento, CA.



Lake Tahoe Area Council and Engineering-Science Inc. (1963). 

Comprehensive study on protection of water resources of Lake 

Tahoe Basin through controlled waste disposal. Summary and 

conclusions, Lake Tahoe Area Council, Al Tahoe, CA.



Lake Tahoe Area Council (1968). Eutrophication of surface 

waters, Lake Tahoe, bioassay of nutrient sources; first 

progress report, Lake Tahoe Area Council, South Lake Tahoe, 

CA: xii, 178 p.



Lake Tahoe Area Council, California Dept. of Conservation, et 

al. (1969). Tahoe Vegetation--Soil Protection Symposium:  

Summary and proceedings. Sacramento, CA, State of California 

Dept. of Conservation.



Lake Tahoe Area Council (1969). Eutrophication of surface 

waters, Lake Tahoe, laboratory and pilot pond studies : 

second progress report, Lake Tahoe Area Council, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA: xviii, 180 p.



Lake Tahoe Area Council and United States Federal Water 

Quality Administration (1970). Eutrophication on surface 

waters - Lake Tahoe [progress report], Lake Tahoe Area 

Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA: v.



Lake Tahoe Area Council and United States Federal Water 

Quality Administration (1970). Progress report: 

Euthophication of surface waters - Lake Tahoe, Lake Tahoe 

Area Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board (1974). Research 

needs for the Lake Tahoe basin, Lake Tahoe Area Research 

Coordination Board, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board and Lake Tahoe 

Environmental Education Consortium (1975). Lake Tahoe 

Research Seminar III, Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination 

Board and the Lake Tahoe Environmental Education Consortium, 

South Lake Tahoe, CA. 

	Seven papers are presented as part of a quarterly series 

held by the Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board and 

the Lake Tahoe Environmental Education Consortium, mostly 

verbatim transcriptions of tapes recorded at the seminar. 

Highway Ice and Snow Removal and Deicing Salt Problems at 

Lake Tahoe reviews alternative methods to salt for ice and 

snow control. ï1975 Census and the Tahoe BasinÍ describes a 

census and questionnaire to be administered in six California 

counties, including the Tahoe Basin. ïLegal Review of Land 

Use ControlsÍ discusses, land use regulation and litigation 

as it related to the TRPA and CTRPA. ïErosion and Sediment 

Control TechnologyÍ, the text of a slide presentation, 

presents information on an erosion control project at 

Northstar, Cal., a ski resort. ïRevegetation and Erosion 

Control at Heavenly ValleyÍ gives deals with various methods 

of controlling erosion caused by snowmelt (also a slide 

presentation). ïEstablishing Forest Cover on Harsh Sites in 

the Sierra NevadaÍ gives the results of reforestation 

experiments using Jeffrey pine seedlings in plantable 

containers. (Areawide Waste Treatment and Erosion Control 

PlanningÍ discusses the purposes of the TRPA under Section 

208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.



Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board (1975). Abstracts 

of current research, Lake Tahoe Basin. South Lake Tahoe, CA, 

Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board.



Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board (1976). Research 

coordination and utilization, the Tahoe basin : final report 

1973-1976, Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board, South 

Lake Tahoe, CA.



Lake Tahoe Association (1920). Lake Tahoe country. Lake 

Tahoe, CA, Lake Tahoe Association.



Lake Tahoe Chautauqua Improvement Company Carnelian Springs, 

Lake Tahoe summer resort. Reno, NV, Lake Tahoe Chautauqua 

Improvement Company.



Lake Tahoe Interstate Water Conference Committee and 

California Reclamation Board (1952). Preliminary report of 

the Lake Tahoe Interstate Water Conference Committee : issued 

as a public service for the information of interested Tahoe 

property owners in the States of California and Nevada, 

California Reclamation Board, Sacramento, CA.



Lake Tahoe Joint Study Committee (1967). Report of the Lake 

Tahoe Joint Study Committee, Lake Tahoe Joint Study 

Committee.



Lake Tahoe Ry Trans Company (1899). Lake Tahoe, the most 

picturesque lake in America, the leading mountain resort of 

the coast, [unpublished].



Lake Tahoe Ry Trans Company (1905). Tahoe Tavern, Lake Tahoe, 

California, [unpublished].



Lake Tahoe Ry Trans Company and Stanley-Taylor Company 

(1911). Tahoe Tavern, Lake Tahoe, California. Tahoe City, CA, 

Lake Tahoe Ry. & Trans. Co.



Lake Tahoe Sierra Association (1930). Lake Tahoe. Tahoe City, 

CA, Lake Tahoe Sierra Association.



Lake Tahoe Transportation Company (1896). Lake Tahoe 

Transportation Company stock and transfer book, 1896.



Lamb, D., K. W. Nielsen, et al. (1976). Measurements of 

Liquid Water Content in Winter Cloud Systems Over the Sierra 

Nevada. Journal of Applied Meteorology 15(7): 763-775. 

	Investigations of the structure and organization of 

synoptic-scale storms over the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range 

during two successive winters (1971-73) were made with a 

modified B-26 aircraft. Measurements of liquid water content, 

temperature, and dew point were made along horizontal 

traverses in a vertical plane oriented roughly perpendicular 

to the main crest and extending from Lake Tahoe to 

Sacramento, California. It was shown that the spatial 

distribution of liquid water was linked to the gross terrain 

features, as was the surface distribution of precipitation. 

The main centers of cloud liquid water content tended to form 

40-75 km upwind of the main crest in highly convective cells. 

(Sims-ISWS)



Lanini, W. T. and S. R. Radosevich (1982). Herbicide 

effectiveness in response to season of application and shrub 

physiology in Tahoe National Forest, California, 

photosynthesis, xylem potential, moisture stress, phenology. 

Weed Sci 30(5): 467-475.



Laudenslayer, W. F., Jr., W. E. Grenfell, Jr., et al. (1991). 

A check-list of the amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals 

of California. Calif. Fish Game 77(3): 109-141. 

	The following is a check-list of the species of 

amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals found in California 

and adjacent off-shore waters. The list is presented to the 

extent possible, in phylogenetic order and includes 

vernacular and scientific names for each species. Information 

is also provided on the legal status of those species and 

subspecies that appear on California and federal lists of 

threatened and endangered species. California species of 

special concern (an informal designation used by the 

California Department of Fish and Game) are also included in 

the list. Subspecies are included in this check-list only 

when they appear on any of the preceding lists. This list 

includes 933 species representing 438 genera and 126 

families.



Lawrence, E. F. (1961). Correspondence and report to Arthur 

L. Wood, Crystal Bay Development Company, on the geology of 

the Lake Tahoe area, E.F. Lawrence, Reno, NV: 11 leaves.



Lazarus, R. J. (1993). A view toward the future : lessons 

from Tahoe and the Truckee. Natural resources policy and law 

: trends and directions. L. J. MacDonnell and S. F. Bates. 

Washington, D.C., Island Press: 241.



League to Save Lake, T. (1991). Is it time to say ñenoughî? : 

thresholds review critical to lakeÍs future. Keep Tahoe Blue 

Jan.-Feb.: 1-6.



LeConte, J. (1883). Physical Studies of Lake Tahoe - I. The 

Overland Monthly 2(November): 506-516.



LeConte, J. (1883). Physical Studies of Lake Tahoe - II. The 

Overland Monthly 2(December): 595-612.



LeConte, J. (1884). Physical Studies of Lake Tahoe - III. The 

Overland Monthly 3(November): 41-.



Lee, C. R. and T. Takamatsu (1974). Carbon Contact-

Filtration: How It Works. Water And Sewage Works 121(8): 84-

87. 

	Activated carbon treatment is used to remove dissolved 

organics or inorganics. the mechanism of removal can be 

adsorption which actually removes the dissolved organics from 

the solution and/or bio-oxidation of the adsorbed organics. 

the mechanism of adsorption is discussed. physical adsorption 

results from inter-molecular forces of attraction. chemical 

adsorption results from the formation of chemical bonds 

between the molecules of the adsorbate and adsorbent. the 

adsorption equilibrium depends on the concentration of the 

materials, gas pressure, and temperature. equations developed 

by freundlich and longmuir are presented. the theory of 

contact-filtration is also discussed. three modes are 

considered--single-stage system, multi-stage current flow 

system, and multi-stage counter-current flow system. waste 

treatment cost is classified into two groups: capital cost 

including construction, land, engineering and contingency; 

and, operation and maintenance cost including fuel, power, 

maintenance materials and labor. when considering carbon 

treatment costs, carbon inventory is included in the capital 

cost and the make-up carbon and carbon regeneration costs are 

included in the operation and maintenance cost. a cost 

analysis is presented for the actual expenses for carbon 

treatment incurred at a south tahoe, nevada, water 

reclamation plant during 1969 and 1970. equations, figures, 

and graphs are used to illustrate expenses and comparisons of 

costs.



Legg, K. and C. Chickering (1970). Lake Tahoe wildflowers, 

also of the central Sierras. Healdsburg, CA, Naturegraph 

Publishers.



Leggett, J. T. and F. R. McLaren (1968). The Lake Tahoe Water 

Quality Problem:  History and Prospectus. Geologic Studies in 

the Lake Tahoe Area, California and Nevada. J. R. Evans and 

R. A. Matthews. Sacramento, Geological Society of Sacramento: 

47-59.



Leicht, F. v., J. D. Hoffmann, et al. (1874). Topographical 

map of Lake Tahoe and surrounding country : compiled from the 

best authorities. S.F. [i.e. San Francisco, CA], Leicht & 

Hoffmann.



Leigh Abbott, M. R., J. A. Coil, et al. (1978). Effects of a 

Coastal Front on the Distribution of Chlorophyll in Lake 

Tahoe, California-Nevada. Journal of Geophysical Research 

83(C9): 4668-4672. 

	The existence of a distinct coastal zone was confirmed 

in Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada) by horizontal transects 

measuring chlorophyll and temperature simultaneously. 

Creation of the coastal region is influenced by bottom 

topography, the nature of the surface wind stress, and the 

difference between physical processes occurring within a 

Rossby radius of deformation and those occurring in midlake. 

Chlorophyll records from horizontal transects were decomposed 

by spectral analysis, and the normalized sectra from 

nearshore and midlake were compared. The two regions were 

found to differ at large scales, primarily because of 

differences in nutrient import, and at intermediate scales 

because of differences in the mixing regime. The coastal zone 

was observed to erode with increasing winds and weakening 

stratification, leading to little significant difference 

between nearshore and midlake chlorophyll patterns. (Sims-

ISWS)



Leigh-Abbott, M. R. (1978). The Spatial Distribution of 

Chlorophyll in Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada) and Lake 

Berryessa (California), University Of California, Davis.



Leiser, A. T., California Dept. of Transportation, et al. 

(1974). Revegetation of disturbed soils in the Tahoe Basin : 

final report, March 1971-June 1974, California Dept. of 

Transportation, Transportation Laboratory in cooperation with 

U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Sacramento, CA.



Lekisch, B. (1988). Tahoe place names : the origin and 

history of names in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Lafayette, CA, 

Great West Books.



Leonard, R. L., L. A. Kaplan, et al. (1979). Nutrient 

transport in surface runoff from a subalpine watershed, Lake 

Tahoe Basin, California. Ecol. Monogr. 49(3): 281-310. 

	Quantitative data on the watershed of Ward Creek were 

collected (1972-1975) at three stations. Precipitation in a 

normal year is over 90% snow. Water discharge and the flux of 

suspended sediments, NOSUB-3-N, phosphorus, iron and trace 

metals were dominated by the spring snowmelt runoff from mid-

April to mid-June. However, in 1974 heavy fall and summer 

rains accounted for a large percentage of the annual flux of 

sediments and nutrients in a total of only 14 d. The spring 

runoff was characterized by distinct diel water discharge 

patterns. Similar but not coincident patterns were found to 

exist for sediments and nutrients, including NOSUB-3-N, but 

not for soluble phosphorus. The principal source of suspended 

sediments in Ward Creek was streambank erosion in the lower 

reaches of the channel. The dominant form of inorganic 

nitrogen in Ward was NOSUB-3-N derived from precipitation, 

symbiotic nitrogen fixation and nitrification of organic 

nitrogen in forest soil. Phosphorus and iron were almost 

entirely in particulate form and thus their periods of flux 

occurred during high flows and sediments transport. Sediment 

and nutrient loading of Lake Tahoe from the watersheds 

reflect a history of soil disturbance and vegetation removal. 

Logging, fire and stream channel diversion have been the 

dominant perturbations. Conservative extrapolation of annual 

loading data from this study to the entire basin indicates 

that algal nutrient levels in the lake probably have 

increased sufficiently in the century of manÍs intensive 

disturbance of the basin watersheds to account for increased 

phytoplankton and periphyton production that have been 

measured and observed since 1958.



Leonard, R. L., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1981). Some 

Measurements of the pH and Chemistry of Precipitation at 

Davis and Lake Tahoe, California. Water Air Soil Pollut 

15(2): 155-167. 

	Precipitation samples were collected at Davis and Lake 

Tahoe, California, in 1972-73 and 1977-78 and analyzed for pH 

and major cations and anions. Rain and snow in this region of 

northern California are derived primarily from winter 

cyclonic storms which move easterly from the Pacific Ocean 

over Davis and then Lake Tahoe. Precipitation at both sites 

was found to be more acid than water in equilibrium with 

atmospheric CO sub(2). Acidity at Lake Tahoe apparently 

increased over the 5-yr period of the study. Sulfate was the 

dominant acid anion in 1972-73 (not measured in 1977-78). A 

major source of sulfate in precipitaion was probably industry 

in the San Francisco Bay Area, upwind of the study sites. 

Automobile exhaust emissions throughout the region, 

contribute both sulfate and nitrate precursors to the 

atmosphere. These strong acid anions are influencing 

precipitation chemistry in northern California, including the 

Sierra Nevada mountains.



Leone, G. (1987). Tahoe plan approved : development limits 

set. Northern California Real Estate Journal 1(20): 5.



Lind, R. A. and J. D. Goodridge (1978). Lake Tahoe water 

balance. Conference on Sierra Nevada Meteorology, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA, American Meteorological Society.



Lindstrom, S. G. (1990). Submerged tree stumps as indicators 

of mid-holocene aridity in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Journal of 

California and Great Basin Anthropology 12(2): 146-157.



Lintz, J. and Geoscience Information Society (1984). Lake 

Tahoe field trip : Wednesday, November 7, 1984, Geoscience 

Information Society.



Livermore, N. B., U. S. Forest Service, et al. (1968). Land 

use planning in the Tahoe basin. Tahoe Vegetation Soil 

Protection Symposium, Lake Tahoe, NV.



Livingston, Blayney, et al. (1970). Lake Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency overall program design, Livingston and 

Blayney, San Francisco, CA: 54 leaves, [1] leaf of plates.



Llewellyn, T. E. (1968). Massive Sewer Infiltration. Am City 

83(10): 90-91. 

	The north tahoe public utility district instituted a 

massive sewer repair program after it discovered that sewage 

flows were highly excessive. snow creek and lake tahoe were 

becoming polluted, 200 manholes were leaking and permitting 

entrance of surface and groundwater, and many lateral sewers 

were causing infiltration. smoke bombs employed to pinpoint 

offenders disclosed storm inlets connected to sanitary 

sewers. methods used to correct violations and sewer defects 

are described.



Loeb, S. L. and C. R. Goldman (1979). Water and nutrient 

transport via groundwater from Ward Valley into Lake Tahoe. 

Limnol. Oceanogr. 24(6): 1146-1154. 

	The amount of groundwater transported from the Ward 

Valley watershed into Lake Tahoe during the 1975 water year 

was 4.1 x 10SUP-6 mSUP-3. This was 16% of the water volume 

carried by Ward Creek and 10% of the total precipitation 

within the watershed during the same period. Of the total 

nutrient loading of Lake Tahoe from the Ward Valley 

watershed, groundwater contributed 49% of the total nitrate-

nitrogen and 44% of the total soluble phosphorus loads. 

Groundwater may be a significant source of water and 

dissolved nutrients for Lake Tahoe, particularly in the 

littoral zone. AN: 0031760 ASFA 1978 - 1987

	99 of 108



Loeb, S. L. (1980). The Production Of the Epilithic 

Periphyton Community In Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, 

University Of California, Davis. 

	A detailed investigation of the ecology of the epilithic 

periphyton community of Lake Tahoe is the focus of this 

thesis. Lake Tahoe, a deep, clear, oligotrophic lake, is 

located at an elevation of 1,898 m in the Sierra Nevada on 

the border between California and Nevada. Initially, a new in 

situ method serviced by SCUBA for measuring the productivity 

and standing crop of the naturally occurring epilithic 

periphyton was developed. Results of an experiment comparing 

the commonly used substrate colonization method with the 

natural epilithic periphyton community illustrated some of 

the advantages of this new method. The diurnal productivity 

pattern of epilithic periphyton (8 m) showed the production 

rate reached its maximum between 0900 - 1300 with the rate 

gradually increasing to the maximum during the early morning 

hours (0600 - 0900) and gradually declining after the 

maximum. The diurnal productivity pattern of the littoral 

phytoplankton (2 - 16 m) showed maximum productivity during 

the first and last hours of daylight while during midday the 

production rate was diminished. Inhibition of photosynthetic 

fixation of carbon due to supraoptimal light intensities may 

have affected the observed diurnal productivity pattern for 

phytoplankton while no such inhibition was apparent in the 

periphyton community. Seasonal patterns in the epilithic 

periphyton standing crop were more pronounced at 16 m than at 

2 m and 8 m. At no time did the standing crop of the 

community drop to zero except in the shallow eulittoral zone 

(0-1 m). Qualitative examination of the species composition 

showed the eulittoral community was dominated by 

chlorophycean and bacillariophycean species while the 

sublittoral community (1-40 m) was dominated by cyanophycean 

species (e.g. Tolypothrix, Calothrix, Scytonema and Nostoc). 

Maximum standing crop occurred during the summer and fall 

although the general characteristic of the sublittoral 

community biomass was shown to be perennial. The average 

annual TPC, TPN and Chl a were 28.10 g C m(ï-2), 1.80 g N 

m(ï-2) and 26.09 mg Chl a m(ï-2). The seasonal patterns in 

productivity were bimodal with peaks in spring and late 

summer-early fall. Spring production accounted for 25% of the 

total annual production at 2 and 8 m and 20% at 16 m. 

Productivity in 1978 was maximal at all depths (2, 8 and 16 

m) during May. Overall the total annual community production 

was fairly evenly distributed between the spring, summer and 

fall (20-35% per season) while winter production ranged from 

11-15% of the total. The perennial epilithic periphyton 

standing crop was therefore a viable, productive community 

during the entire year. Further evidence of the communityÍs 

stability was indicated by a slow turnover rate. Depending on 

what percentage of the total community TPC was living, the 

turnover rate ranged from a month to many years. At the 

average annual production rate of 2.09 g C m(ï-2)h(ï-1) it 

would take over 30 years to turn over the entire TPC pool 

(28.1 g C m(ï-2)). The depth distribution pattern of the 

periphyton community standing crop was bimodal with peaks at 

16 and 30-40 m on horizontal rock surfaces and peaks at 2 m 

and 16 m on vertical rock surfaces. Maximum standing crop on 

horizontal surfaces was at 30-40 m and at 16 m for vertical 

rock surface. From 2-30 m the standing crop on vertical rock 

surfaces was 2-13 times greater than on horizontal rock 

surfaces possibly due to differences in light and grazing on 

these two surfaces. Below 30 m the biomass was generally 

equal on the two surface orientations. The depth distribution 

patterns for epilithic periphyton productivity was bimodal 

for both horizontal and vertical surfaces. Maximum 

productivity on horizontal surfaces occurred at 40 m (4.76 mg 

C m(ï-2)h(ï-1)) and at 16 m for vertical surfaces (11.30 mg C 

m(ï-2)h(ï-1)). The general trend from 2-16 m was increased 

productivity with increased depth, a trend similar to that of 

the standing crop. Specific production (productivity(.)Chl 

a(ï-1)), however, decreased from 2-16 m. Of the littoral zone 

productivity over 50% was contributed by epilithic periphyton 

from 0-40 m and over 40 % from 0-60 m. Periphyton contributed 

most to the total littoral zone productivity during the fall, 

winter and spring while the littoral phytoplankton was most 

important during the summer. Spatial distribution of the 

epilithic periphyton productivity and standing crop were 

positively correlated with the general distribution of urban 

development around Lake Tahoe. Increased nutrient loading of 

the lake from surface and ground water sources draining urban 

areas could explain the observed higher productivity and 

standing crop of periphyton in the littoral zone adjacent to 

urban areas compared to littoral regions adjacent to 

undeveloped areas.



Loeb, S. L. (1981). An In Situ Method For Measuring the 

Primary Productivity and Standing Crop of the Epilithic 

Periphyton Community in Lentic Systems. Limnol. Oceanogr. 

26(2): 394-399. 

	An incubation chamber and a quantitative sampler were 

developed to measure the primary productivity and standing 

crop of the epilithic periphyton community in Lake Tahoe. The 

method allows in situ measurements with minimal disturbance 

to the natural community. In an experiment comparing the 

substrate colonization method with the natural epilithic 

periphyton community, artificial substrate methods 

underestimated productivity by as much as 95%. The species 

composition of the periphyton on the colonized substrates ws 

quite different from that of the natural sublittoral 

epilithic community.



Loeb, S. L., P. Eloranta, et al. (1983). Littoral 

phytoplankton productivity and biomass as indicators of 

differential nutrient loading of Lake Tahoe. Congress of the 

International Association of Limnology, Lyon, France. 

	The effects of increased urbanization of the watershed 

of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, have increased nutrient 

loading of the lake and are believed to have accelerated the 

rate of eutrophication. An investigation of the seasonal and 

spatial trends in water quality and phytoplankton production 

in the littoral zone of Lake Tahoe revealed several findings: 

(1) littoral phytoplankton productivity was highest at the 

south end of the lake adjacent to the most heavily developed 

region of the watershed; (2) phytoplankton biomass was 

generally higher at the south end of the lake and partly 

explained the spatial distribution pattern of productivity; 

(3) station SS-3, located on the south shore off the Tahoe 

Keys development which was previously a marsh area, had the 

highest mean annual phytoplankton biomass and productivity, 

and the highest species diversity of the nine study sites.



Loeb, S. L., J. E. Reuter, et al. (1983). Littoral zone 

production of oligotrophic lakes. The contributions of 

phytoplankton and periphyton. Periphyton Of Freshwater 

Ecosystems:  First International Workshop On Periphyton Of 

Freshwater Ecosystems, Vaxjo, Sweden. 

	Littoral zone primary productions can be expressed as 

the summation of the integral production of its phytoplanton 

and benthic components. This expression represents a ñwedgeî 

of littoral zone, 1 m wide, extending from the shore a 

distance, x, to where the depth of the water, z, is equal to 

the maximum depth of the littoral zone (i.e. 1% of surface 

light intensity). The periphyton community contributed 63% of 

the total littoral production (0-60 m) in Lake Tahoe at a 

site where the benthic substratum was rock. Evaluation of 

littoral productivity on a water column basis (i.e. m super(-

2) of lake surface) illustrated that periphyton contributed 

varying amounts to the total productivity depending upon the 

depth of the water column, the time of year, the degree 

bottom of slope, and the benthic substratum type.



Loeb, S. L. (1986). Algal biofouling of oligotrophic Lake 

Tahoe: Causal factors affecting production. Algal Biofouling 

28: 159-173. 

	The algal biofouling of oligotrophic Lake Tahoe refers 

to the increased growth of attached algae, periphyton, on 

naturally occurring rock substrata along the shoreline. 

Persistent patterns of periphyton production have been 

observed and associated with land disturbance (i.e., 

development) within the watershed. Nutrient bioassays 

demonstrated productivity can be stimulated with increased 

availability of nitrogen alone or phosphorus and nitrogen 

together. Both stream and ground waters have been identified 

as nutrient loading pathways from the watershed to the lake.



Loeb, S. L. and S. H. Hackley (1987). Distribution of 

Submerged Macrophytes in Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada, 

and the Possible Influence of Groundwater Seepage. 

Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte 

Limnologie, Verhandlungen 23(4): 1927-1933. 

	The study of factors regulating the sparse occurrence of 

macrophytes in oligotrophic lakes affords researchers an 

opportunity to examine potentialgrowth regulating factors 

among plant supporting and non-supporting areas. The 

objectives of this study were: (1) describe the distribution 

pattern of the submerged macrophytes in the shallow (0-10 m) 

littoral zone, (2) examine the seasonal growth pattern, and 

(3) determine whether differential groundwater seepage into 

the lake was associated with the growth distribution patterns 

of these plants. A survey of spatial distribution of 

submerged macrophytes revealed that these plants were very 

rare in the shallow (0-10 m) littoral zone of Lake Tahoe. 

Tracheophytes dominated the submerged aquatic plant beds. The 

two major macrophyte growth areas were adjacent to marshes 

along the shore. The importance of this relationship is not 

known although it may be related to chemical differences in 

seepage water, sediment type, or, historically, to periods 

when the lake level elevation was lower. The species 

composition within the plant beds was quite heterogeneous. A 

transect across the macrophyte bed illustrated how the 

species composition changes abruptly from myriophyllum 

spicatum and ceratophyllum demersum to potamogeton 

richardsonii. The sediment profile outside the plant bed 

showed it to be deep sands with low organic matter content 

while the sediment inside the bed was organic in composition 

until a coarse sand and pebble layer was reached 

approximately 20 cm below the sediment-lake interface. The 

chloride analyses on the lake and interstitial waters 

verified that interstitial water samplers were not drawing 

lake water back into the sediments. The increased amounts of 

chloride inside the plant beds compared to outside were 

believed to be the result of plant decomposition. For two 

nutrient species, ammonium and soluble iron, there were 

strong concentration gradients between the interstitial 

waters and the overlying lake waters. The movement of 

nutrients by diffusion across this gradient from sediment 

into lake would be relatively slow compared to movement into 

the lake due to groundwater seepage.



Logan, T. L. (1983). Regional Biomass Estimation Of a 

Coniferous Forest Environment From Noaa-Avhrr Satellite 

Imagery (California, Landsat), University Of California, 

Santa Barbara. 

	A predominately non-linear relationship has been 

established between regional coniferous forest biomass and 

corresponding visible and near-infrared spectral channels 

from the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer 

(AVHRR). The relationship bears resemblance to a generally 

well-behaved two-dimensional ñRoosterÍs Tail,î with shallow 

crescentic layers of biomass decreasing in quantity with 

increasing visible wavelength reflectance. The relationship 

was determined by preparing a 1.2 million acre continuous 

biomass data plane of the Eldorado National Forest near Lake 

Tahoe, California, and comparing it with AVHRR imagery co-

registered to a common spatial resolution of 827 x 827 meter 

pixels. The biomass data plane was created by calibrating a 

Landsat-based forest stratification map (produced from the 

modelling of Landsat, digital terrain, and ground truth 

data), with field data and species biomass regression 

equations. Correlation, multiple regression, and 

multispectral classification techniques were employed to 

interrogate the relationship between forest biomass and 

spectral reflectance. The correlation analysis revealed a 

poor linear relationship between biomass and several popular 

channel transformations (Transformed Vegetation Index; 

Normalized Difference; Gray-McCrary Index; Eigenvector Images 

1 and 2), and the AVHRR near- and thermal-infrared bands. 

Sixty-one percent (r**2) of the total biomass variance was 

explained by the AVHRR visible channel, and a similar amount 

was explained by the joint regression of the visible and 

near-infrared channels. Multiple regression and multispectral 

classification techniques were then used in a ïTrain and 

TestÍ procedure to determine their comparative biomass 

prediction capabilities. Both techniques produced total 

biomass estimates to within 1% of the actual value, but the 

classification technique did so with a residual standard 

error considerably less than that for the regression 

technique. These results suggest a potential for the accurate 

regional estimation of coniferous forest biomass from AVHRR 

satellite imagery, and contribute toward developing the 

procedures that will be necessary to assess whether world 

vegetation--and its associated stored carbon--is a key 

element in controlling the quantity of carbon in the 

atmosphere. If a relationship can be found, then the 

theorized dependency of climate on atmospheric carbon may 

permit its regulation through the management of world 

vegetation.



Longwell, J. S. and M. Bennett (1956). Correspondence and 

notes regarding water supply at Brockway Hot Springs, Lake 

Tahoe, California, (Correspondence with Maillard Bennett, 

General Manager, Brockway Hot Springs).



Longwell, D. (1973). Remarks, Region IX. Conference on 

Environmental Quality Sensors (Second) Held at National 

Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. 

	The Pacific Southwest Region (IX) of EPA includes 

Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, American Samoa, Guam, 

and the Pacific Islands Trust Territory. Due to the complex 

topography and associated environmental problems, remote 

sensing techniques have great application in the region. An 

ongoing study of Lake Tahoe is using remote sensing to detect 

algal growth and sediment plumes. Photographic and thermal 

infrared imagery were used for an extensive aerial survey of 

the San Francisco Bay area to identify outfalls. Aerial 

photographs taken at Moss Landing (CA) and in the Los Angeles 

area documented sediment plumes for enforcement purposes. 

Current aerial photography missions include a survey of oil 

fields in the Bakersfield (CA) area, and a survey of the Las 

Vegas-Lake Mead vicinity to aid in siting sampling stations.



Lord, E., United States Geological Survey, et al. (1883). Map 

of the Carson Valley : [Nev.]. [Washington, D.C.?], United 

States Geological Survey.



Lowry, M. M., United States Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, 

et al. (1994). Blackwood Creek water quality monitoring 

report, water year 1980-1993, USDA Lake Tahoe Basin 

Management Unit, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Luck, R. F. (1973). Natural decline of an insecticide-induced 

outbreak of the pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae 

(Fitch), at South Lake Tahoe, California. Berkeley, CA, 

University of California.



Luck, R. F. and D. L. Dahlsten (1975). Natural decline of a 

pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae [Fitch]), outbreak 

at South Lake Tahoe, California following cessation of adult 

mosquito control with malathion [Pinus contorta, Pinus 

jeffreyi]. .



Lynard, W. G., E. J. Finnemore, et al. (1980). Urban 

Stormwater Management and Technology: Case Histories, Metcalf 

and Eddy, Inc., Palo Alto, CA. 

	This report is the third in a series on urban stormwater 

and combined sewer overflow management. It presents 12 case 

histories representing most promising approaches to 

stormwater control. The case histories were developed by 

evaluating completed and operational facilities or ongoing 

demonstration projects that have significant information 

value for future guidance. Essential elements of the case 

history evaluations cover approch methodology, design 

considerations, costs, effectiveness, and environmental and 

socioeconomic impacts. Eight of the case histories assess 

Best Management Practices (BMPs) and expand the data base on 

source control methodology, focusing principally on planning 

and storage alternatives. Special considerations are given to 

flood and erosion control measures also having a dual benefit 

of stormwater control. The project sites evaluated are 

Bellevue, Washington; Montgomery County, Maryland; Lake 

Tahoe, California; The Woodlands, Texas; Orange County, 

Florida; San Jose, California; Middlesex County, Connecticut; 

and Boulder, Colorado. The remaining four case histories 

evaluate the control of combined sewage overflows and 

document a systems approach in applying unit process 

alternatives. The effectiveness and unit costs of storage and 

treatment processes are presented, together with evaluations 

of areawide and systemwide integration of these technologies. 

Storage, the key element of an integrated approach, can 

involve storage/wet-weather treatment or storage/dry-weather 

treatment, or both. The project sites are Seattle, 

Washington; Saginaw, Michigan; Mount Clemens,Michigan; and 

Lancaster, Pennsylvania.



Mabury, S. A. (1993). Hydroxyl Radical In Natural Waters 

(California, Photolysis), University Of California, Davis. 

	Indirect or sensitized photolysis is important for the 

degradation of aquatic pollutants in natural waters. Hydroxyl 

radical is the most reactive of the intermediaries in this 

degradation. It was hypothesized that the photo-oxidative 

capacity of natural field waters is driven by the interaction 

of sunlight with various dissolved constituents via the 

production and consumption of hydroxyl radical. The dynamics 

of hydroxyl in several natural waters was investigated, and a 

laboratory system for measuring the reactivity of organic 

chemicals towards hydroxyl was developed in order to more 

thoroughly determine the role of hydroxyl in limiting the 

persistence of aquatic pollutants. The dynamics of hydroxyl 

production and consumption is largely driven by the 

interaction of sunlight with various dissolved constituents. 

Numerous pathways exist for producing hydroxyl; the 

mechanisms by which hydroxyl is produced in field waters was 

investigated by monitoring the most active species 

responsible for its production. Hydrogen peroxide, nitrate, 

copper, iron, DOC, and hydroxyl radical were measured in 

field waters from rice fields, Clear Lake, and Lake Tahoe in 

California, employing a combination of analytical techniques 

during sunlight irradiation experiments. Additionally, the 

scavenging of hydroxyl by carbonate species, and the 

resultant secondary product the carbonate radical, was also 

investigated. Results indicate that a photo-Fenton reaction 

dominates in waters with elevated levels of copper. Nitrate 

and iron were shown to be ready sources of hydroxyl via 

direct photolysis while hydrogen peroxide was only a minor 

source. Carbonate radical levels were found to be 

approximately 10$\sp{-14}\ M$ in each of the waters tested, 

and would be an important sink for some organic pollutants. 

Steady-state concentrations of hydroxyl were highest in rice 

fields (10$\sp{-16}\ M$) containing copper, iron or nitrate, 

and lowest in Clear Lake water (10$\sp{-18}\ M$) due to high 

scavenging rate constants. Lake Tahoe water showed low 

hydroxyl production rates but high concentrations given the 

absence of dissolved organic matter that scavenges hydroxyl. 

The laboratory system for experimentally determining the 

reactivity of organic compounds towards hydroxyl uses a 

standard competitor, p-nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline (PNDA), to 

compete with a particular pesticide for hydroxyl. Hydroxyl is 

produced by the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide, and the 

degree to which the pesticide competes with PNDA for 

hydroxyl, reveals its reactivity. Results indicated that 

carbaryl was the most reactive, carbofuran and MCPA were of 

intermediate reactivity and hexazinone one of the least 

reactive of the pesticides tested. Experiments in irradiated 

field water showed that dissipation of the pesticides 

followed the order of reactivity.



MacDonald, C. and W. E. Rudge (1929). Lake Tahoe, California. 

Mount Vernon, N.Y., Priv. print. for Claire MacDonald by W.E. 

Rudge.



Machida, D. T. and J. B. Gussman (1988). The California Tahoe 

Conservancy: Applying the Principles. Coast. Manage. 16(1): 

39-46. 

	This paper reports on the utilization and advantages of 

the conservancy model at Lake Tahoe and discusses the 

programs of the California Tahoe Conservancy. In 1984, the 

Conservancy was activated by the California Legislature. The 

conservancy model was adopted because it offered several 

important advantages. Among these is an orientation toward a 

broad range of resource protection objectives and a goal of 

resolving land use conflicts. The ConservancyÍs acquisition 

and restoration programs are unique because of their special 

focus on water quality objectives. The agency is implementing 

new programs for the transfer of development rights in the 

Lake Tahoe Basin.



Mackey, P. F. (1968). Evolution of Land Use Patterns in the 

Lake Tahoe Basin with Emphasis on the Spatial Patterns 

Resulting from Early Transportation and Mining Developments. 

Geologic Studies in the Lake Tahoe Area, California and 

Nevada. J. R. Evans and R. A. Matthews. Sacramento, CA, 

Geological Society of Sacramento: 67-81.



Maloney, F. E. and J. O. N. Heaton (1971). Nevada (Analysis 

Of State Water Pollution Law and Comparison With Present and 

Proposed Tennessee Law). The 1971 Water Pollution Study for 

the State of Tennessee, [publisher and place published 

unknown]. 

	The state board of health is supreme in all non-

administrative health matters and includes within its area of 

control the water pollution problem. water pollution matters, 

however, are but a samll part of the area of its interest. in 

defining potential polluters, nevada law does not 

specifically include either the state or federal governments, 

creating a serious gap in coverage. administrative procedures 

for water pollution control are essentially nonexistent. 

there is no classification of water, standards for streams or 

effluents, or financial incentives to aid in pollution 

control. procedures are established for the inspection and 

control of water supply systems. no permit system is used for 

the state as a whole; however, as concerns the lake tahoe 

watershed, permits must be issued prior to construction of 

any building or water or sewage system. all enforcement of 

the water pollution laws is by judicial action initiated by 

the attorney general. the board of health has no enforcement 

powers. pollution of state waters constitutes a misdemeanor. 

strict controls are placed upon boat owners. two tables 

compare nevada pollution control law to the present and 

proposed law of tennessee.



Marrin, D. L. (1983). Ontogenetic changes and intraspecific 

resource partitioning in the tahoe sucker, Catostomus 

tahoensis [Fish, food habits, habitat, prey density, 

subalpine lake, California]. Environ Biol Fish 8(1): 39-47.



Martin, S. K. (1987). The Ecology Of the Pine Marten (Martes 

Americana) At Sagehen Creek, California, University Of 

California, Berkeley. 

	Pine marten (Martes americana) ecology was studied at 

Sagehen Creek, California on 40 km$\sp2$ of the Tahoe 

National Forest. Ten marten were fitted with radio collars 

and located an average of 41 times for investigation of 

movement patterns, den use, and habitat preferences. Nine 

radio-collared marten were continuously monitored for a total 

of 2,780 hours to study activity patterns. Habitat was 

characterized by measuring 42 variables on plots centered on 

146 marten locations. Three 4- to 10-week track plate surveys 

were completed. Prey availability by habitat type was 

investigated by trapping small mammals on 20 trap lines 

during June and September 1981, 1982, and 1983. Food habits 

were studied by analyzing the contents of 100 marten scats. 

The average home range size was 1.39 km$\sp2$ for all marten. 

Snags, stumps and logs were preferentially selected as den 

sites. An activity peak for all marten was observed in early 

afternoon hours and males were more active than females at 

night. Discriminant function analysis separating sites used 

by marten from randomly selected sites developed several 

models accounting for 31-54% of the variation in the data. 

High basal area, downfall cover, living ground cover and log 

density characterized marten habitat. Trapping and census 

data for several small mammal species revealed that deer mice 

(Peromyscus maniculatus) and voles (Microtus montanus and 

Phenacomys intermedius) were most abundant in habitats 

preferentially used by marten and that chipmunks (Eutamias 

sp.) and chickaree (Tamiasciurus douglasii) were distributed 

evenly throughout most habitats. The most common small mammal 

prey items, measured by percent frequency of occurrence in 

scats, were montane vole (10.6%), chickaree (6.8%), and 

chipmunk (5.8%). Prime marten habitat is found in mature 

forests dominated by red fir, a mixture of red fir and white 

fir (Abies concolor), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) 

with a total basal area of 30-60 m$\sp2$/ha. Downfall cover 

of 10-20%, stump densities of 50-90/ha, and log densities of 

20-50/ha contribute to optimal marten habitat within the 

preferred forest types.



Martin, J. P. (1990). Ecogeographic analysis of Lake Tahoe 

tributaries, San Jose State University.



Martinelli, D. M. (1989). Geophysical Investigations Of the 

Northern Sierra Nevada-Basin and Range Boundary, West-Central 

Nevada and East-Central California, University Of Nevada, 

Reno. 

	The seismicity, heat flow, and crustal thickness of the 

Sierra Nevada-Basin and Range transition were examined in the 

Reno-Carson City-Lake Tahoe region. From seismic reflection 

and refraction data the crustal structure exhibits crustal 

thinning from the Sierra Nevada (40 km) to the Basin and 

Range (29 to 33 km). Heat flow values in the Tahoe Basin are 

transitional between the high values of the Basin and Range 

province and the low values of the Sierra Nevada. The 

seismicity of the area for the years 1980-1987 was examined. 

The main result from the seismicity study is that the 

hypocentral depths shallow from the Sierra Nevada into the 

Basin and Range which is consistent with the changes in heat 

flow and crustal thickness. A significant transitional zone, 

20 to 30 km wide exists in the crustal properties between 

these two provinces.



Massoth, H. P., III (1978). Salt Toxicity to Conifers In the 

Lake Tahoe Basin, University Of Nevada, Reno.



Matthews, R. A. (1968). Geological Hazards of the Lake Tahoe 

Basin Area. Geologic Studies in the Lake Tahoe Area, 

California and Nevada. J. R. Evans and R. A. Matthews. 

Sacramento, CA, Geological Society of Sacramento: 14-26.



Matthews, R. A. and California Division of Mines & Geology 

(1968). Preliminary geologic map of the Lake Tahoe basin, 

northern half. Sacramento, CA, California Division of Mines 

and Geology.



Matthews, R. A., C. Schwarz, et al. (1970). Lake Tahoe Basin, 

a preliminary bibliography, 1969, Resources Agency, 

Department of Conservation, Division of Mines & Geology, 

Sacramento, CA; Pacific Southwest Forest & Range Experiment 

Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, CA.



Matthews, R. A. and A. L. Franks (1971). Cinder Cone Sewage 

Disposal At North Lake Tahoe, California. Water And Sewage 

Works 118(1): 2-5. 

	As a result of extensive field investigations and 

evaluations ïcinder coneÍ was selected as sewage disposal 

area to handle 20 mgd of sewage. seismic refractions gave 

indications of rock formations and that the effluent will 

flow towards the truckee river drainage to the west. four 

drill holes were made and carefully studied by bore hole 

television cameras. results of the drilling and water testing 

of these holes indicated that the subsurface would accept the 

effluent 1500 ft of trenches were made in the area and 

graphed into 4 groups. percolation rates of group 1 was 620 

gpm after 30 hours and decreased to 300 gpm after 200 hours. 

group 2 a similar material to group 1 has a percolation rate 

of 250 gpm after 200 hours. this decreased rate is due to 

shorter trench length rather than variation of material. 

tests indicate that percolation rate in group 3 and 4 may be 

too rapid to provide filtration and treatment. data from 

spring no. 8 showed an increase in chloride with increase in 

coliform count. no change of the quality of water of the 

other sampling areas was detected. (rayaan-texas)



Mavko, B. B. (1980). Crustal and Upper Mantle Structure Of 

the Sierra Nevada, Stanford University. 

	During the summers of 1977 and 1978 an array of eight 

temporary short-period seismic recorders was deployed in the 

Sierra Nevada. The four northernmost stations were deployed 

during the summer of 1977 between Lassen Park to the north 

and Lake Tahoe to the south. The remaining four stations were 

deployed during the summer of 1978 extending the array south 

to Bridgeport. The combined eight-station coverage of the 

array extended approximately 350 km in a north-south 

direction along the axis of the Sierra. The purpose of this 

study was to look for lateral variations in the upper mantle 

velocity structure beneath the Sierra using teleseismic P-

wave residuals. Such variation, in the form of gradual 

thinning of the high-velocity lithosphere from north to 

south, has been postulated to explain the difference in 

elevation between the high southern Sierra and the low 

northern Sierra. In addition, the Sierra Nevada province 

marks the western boundary of the Basin and Range, a region 

known to have a particularly thin lithosphere and a low-

velocity upper mantle. Since teleseismic P waves arriving in 

the Sierra pass through the crust as well as the upper 

mantle, it was necessary to determine first the effects of 

crustal structure on travel time. A number of existing 

gravity and seismic refraction studies indicate a deep 

crustal root under the Sierra, extending to about 47 km under 

Lake Tahoe and thickening to about 57 km farther south under 

Mt. Whitney. North of Lake Tahoe the crust is only poorly 

constrained by the existing refraction studies. Therefore, 

several east-west crustal profiles were constructed in the 

northern region based on the Bouguer gravity. These indicate 

a northward thinning of the crust to about 35 to 38 km under 

Mt. Lassen. A three-dimensional model of the crustal root, 

constructed from the various gravity and refraction profiles, 

indicates a monotonic increase in travel time from north to 

south of as much as 0.4 sec, due to crustal effect alone. 

After correcting the observed teleseismic residuals for 

crustal and topographic effects there is still a variation of 

as much as 0.5 to 0.5 sec from north to south across the 

array (arrivals relatively later to the south). In addition, 

there are significant variations in travel time patterns 

depending on the azimuth of wave arrivals. Two simple 

modeling approaches have been used to infer the upper mantle 

velocity structure from the observed variations in travel 

time. In model 1 it is assumed that lateral velocity 

variations are distributed throughout a fixed depth range of 

about 60 to 160 km. The resulting best fit indicates a north-

south trend in upper mantel P velocities from about 7.9 

km/sec near Lassen, to low velocities of 7.6 km/sec near Mono 

Lake. Superimposed is an east-west trend near Lake Tahoe from 

relatively fast velocities (7.85 km/sec) on the west to 

relatively slow velocities (7.7 km/sec) on the east. In model 

2, a fixed velocity contrast is assumed between the 

lithosphere and asthenosphere, with variations in travel time 

resulting from variations in lithospheric thickness. The 

preferred model indicates a thinning of the lithosphere from 

110 km near Lassen to 60 km near Mono Lake. The increase in 

elevation from north to south in the Sierra can be 

isostatically compensated with either a variable lithospheric 

thickness or a variable crustal thickness, although neither 

extreme seems realistic. A particularly attractive range of 

models, compensated by a combination of variable crust and 

lithosphere, has the variable lithosphere inferred from the 

teleseismic observations and a lithosphere-asthenosphere 

density contrast slightly less than or equal to 0.04 

g/cm(ï3).



McBride, J. R. and D. F. Jacobs (1986). Presettlement forest 

structure as a factor in urban forest development. Urban Ecol 

9(3-4): 245-266. 

	Characteristics of presettlement forests at Menlo Park 

and South Lake Tahoe, CA were compared with the present 

characteristics of the urban forests in these cities. 

Urbanization of forest types in both cities led to decreased 

tree density (in Menlo Park from 279 to 43/ha; in South Lake 

Tahoe from 761 to 373/ha), decreased tree cover (in Menlo 

Park from 92 to 34%; in South Lake Tahoe from 57% to 19%). In 

contrast, urbanization of the oak savannas at Menlo Park has 

resulted in an increase in tree density from (4 to 35/ha) 

crown cover (from 14 to 25%) and the number of species (from 

3 to 130). The number of tree species has increased in both 

cities as a result of urbanization of presettlement forests 

(in Menlo Park from 5 to 145; in South Lake Tahoe from 1 to 

6). The uneven-aged structure of presettlement oak savannas 

at Menlo Park has been modified to an all-aged structure as a 

result of tree planting and the mortality of older age 

classes.



McDonald, K. R. (1965). Wastewater Reclamation At Lake Tahoe, 

California. Water And Sewage Works 112(10): 366-370. 

	Transformation of wastewater into high-grade useable 

water is achieved at south lake tahoeÍs sewage reclamation 

plant. the process includes flocculation; the floc is removed 

by filtration in two multimedia pressure separation beds of 

special design. final polishing is in twin columns of 

activated carbon. the plant is automated and includes 

equipment for regeneration of the carbon. key to the tertiary 

treatment process is the addition of alum and a 

polyelectrolyte to the water before filtering. the 10 ft. in 

diameter by 38 ft. long separation beds operate under 

pressure, in series at 5 gpm/sq. ft. backwash flow is 15 

gpm/sq. ft. the two carbon columns operate in parallel. each 

is 12 ft. in diameter and 24 ft. high with 14 ft. depth of 

carbon bed. (bean-awwarf)



McDonald and Smart (1974). Tahoe regional general plan 

implementation: financial feasibility, McDonald & Smart, San 

Francisco, CA.



McEvoy, J., S. Williams, et al. (1970). Visual pollution in 

the Lake Tahoe Basin : a report to the Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency based on the application of a quantitative 

method of assessing the visual environment, University of 

California, Davis, CA.



McEvoy, J., III (1972). Multi- and Interdisciplinary Research 

- Problems Of Initiation, Control, Integration, and Reward. 

Policy Science 3(2): 201-208. 

	Some of the difficulties of initiating and completing 

interdisciplinary research involving both bio-physical and 

social systems are reviewed. drawing on experience as project 

director of a large interdisciplinary project concerned with 

manÍs environmental effects on lake tahoe, a structural 

analysis is included of the organization of universities 

which has the effect of inhibiting interdisciplinary 

research. specific suggestions for the conduct and design of 

such projects are made. the political implications of recent 

changes in national science policy are also reviewed. (davis-

chicago)



McGauhey, P. H., R. Eliassen, et al. (1963). Comprehensive 

Study On Protection Of Water Resources Of Lake Tahoe Basin 

Through Controlled Waste Disposal [Prepared for the Lake 

Tahoe Area Council]. San Francisco, CA, Engineering Science, 

Inc. 

	The lake tahoe shore development for recreational 

purposes, one of the worldÍs clearest lakes, has increased 

resident human population and subjected it to aggravated 

eutrophication influences. this detailed base line study was 

undertaken to determine resources of basin, evaluate its 

present status, and suggest programs to avoid further 

deterioration. topical coverage of 16 chapters indicates its 

scope: introduction; geography of basin; climatology and 

hydrology; geology and hydrology; land use patterns; 

population forecasts; water consumption; existing sewerage 

facilities; quantity and characteristics of wastes; ground 

disposal studies; limnology and hydrography of lake tahoe, 

lacustrine eutrophication; methods of effluent disposal; 

design criteria and cost estimating bases; alternative 

treatment and disposal systems; summary and conclusions. nine 

appendices include: list of figures; proposed compact terms 

for tahoe basin; glossary of limnological terms; analytical 

methods used; temperature measurements; microplankton 

analyses; chemical characteristics; periphytic 

microorganisms; primary productivity measurements. these 

studies suggest that lake tahoe is very sensitive to 

additions of plant nutrients, and that additional nitrogen 

will be more damaging to its water quality than phosphorus. 

ideally, control of eutrophication should be accomplished by 

diversion of effluents from the lake, or by distillation of 

secondary effluents--at great expense.



McGauhey, P. H., G. A. Rohlich, et al. (1968). Eutrophication 

Of Surface Waters-Lake Tahoe, Lake Tahoe Area Council, South 

Lake Tahoe, CA. 

	Increasing eutrophication of surface waters in the u.s. 

has directed attention to a need for methods of assaying 

influents. the need for applying bioassay techniques to 

determine the algal growth stimulating potential of influents 

to surface waters is particularly acute at lake tahoe because 

of the uinque clarity of the lake waters. both batch and 

continuous chemostat techniques were applied in the 

laboratory to determine the biostimulatory effects on lake 

tahoe water of various concentrations of sewage effluents, 

surface runoff, and seepage from inhabited and uninhabited 

land areas as a prelude to demonstration tests with pilot 

ponds simulating shallow areas of the lake. the green alga s. 

gracile was used as a test organism, with the specific or 

maximum mass growth rate of cells as the principal parameter 

of growth response. lake tahoe as well as the majority of 

inflows to the lake were found to be nitrogen-limiting. added 

phosphorus had little effect on eutrophication. algal growth 

rates for sewage effluents were found to be significantly 

higher than that resulting from equivalent concentrations of 

nitrogen and phosphorus. numerous shortcomings of bioassay 

techniques are identified.



McGauhey, P. H., Lake Tahoe Area Council, et al. (1970). 

Eutrophication of surface waters--Lake Tahoe (Indian Creek 

Reservoir), Lake Tahoe Area Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA: 

xi, 141 p.



McGauhey, P. H., Lake Tahoe Area Council, et al. (1970). 

Eutrophication of surface waters--Lake Tahoe, pilot pond and 

field studies: third progress report, Lake Tahoe Area 

Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA: x, 109 p.



McGauhey, P. H., G. L. Dugan, et al. (1972). Eutrophication 

of surface waters--Lake Tahoe, U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



McGauhey, P. H., E. J. Middlebrooks, et al. (1972). Manmade 

Pollution and AmericaÍs 100,000 Lakes. Public Works 103(3): 

87-88. 

	To combat the problem of pollution of our lakes, it has 

been advised that research be done to determine several 

factors in relation to sewage effluents and their effects on 

the eutrophication process: (1) the concentration at which 

nitrogen and phosphorus will trigger or support substantial 

algal growth, (2) the growth stimulating effect of sewage 

that has had its p and n partially removed, and (3) the 

ability of nutrient removal processes to reduce n and p to 

levels below that critical to algal growth. in addition, it 

is felt that since increasing populations tend to accelerate 

pollution in lake basins, the need for pollution research 

takes on other aspects: (1) the residual ability of tertiary 

sewage effluents to stimulate algal growth; (2) the ultimate 

fate of nutrients removed from sewage in a basin; and (3) the 

effect of manÍs near-shore and shoreline modifications on the 

beauty and biology of the system. lake tahoe is cited as an 

example of efficient wastewater reclamation and treatment. 

(mackan-battelle)



McGauhey, P. H., D. B. Porcella, et al. (1975). 

Eutrophication Of Surface Water - Lake TahoeÍs Indian Creek 

Reservoir, Lake Tahoe Area Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA. 

	From april 1969 to october 1974 field and laboratory 

analyses and observations were made at approximately weekly 

intervals to evaluate the relationship between the quality of 

water impounded at indian creek reservoir (icr) and the 

reclaimed water exported by the south tahoe public utility 

district. the reclaimed water comprised from 70 to 80 per 

cent of the annual impoundment. on the average the reclaimed 

water contained 0.1 to 0.2 mg/l of phosphorus and 15-24 mg/l 

of ammonia, the latter making it toxic to fish implanted in 

icr. however, as the reservoir matured, nitrification-

denitrification removed most of the nitrogen from the system 

and by march 1970 the reservoir had become a excellent trouth 

fishery. excess n is comparison with p evidently precluded 

blooms of blue green algae but low phosphorus did not prevent 

the impoundment from becoming typical of a highly productive 

environment, with vascular plants invading to considerable 

depths because of the high degree of clarity of the reclaimed 

water. by 1974 the biosystem was at an approximately steady 

state. this state may not remain because of the appearance of 

epiphytic blue green algae which caused taste and odor 

problems in the water and in the fish. it is concluded that 

the reservoir responds to more complex factors than are 

measurable by analysis of reclaimed water. the results show 

why a system of wastewater reclamation must be designed on 

the basis of the natural as well as the man-controlled 

components of the system, and points the way to the necessary 

parameters and institutional concepts if water is to be 

reclaimed for a specific purpose.



McGlashan, N. V. (1905). The legend of Tahoe. Sunset 

Magazine.



McGlashan, C. F., M. N. McGlashan, et al. (1986). From the 

desk of TruckeeÍs C.F. McGlashan : his letters to Eliza 

Donner Houghton, Donner Party survivor, investigative report 

of a massacred wagon train, Truckee-Tahoe adventures and 

more. Truckee, CA, Truckee-Donner Historical Society.



McKenna, S. A., N. L. Ingraham, et al. (1992). Stable Isotope 

Study of Bank Storage Mechanisms in the Truckee River Basin. 

Journal of Hydrology JHYDA7 134(1): 203-219. 

	River, groundwater, and snow samples were collected in 

the Truckee River drainage basin in northern California and 

Nevada to determine the mechanisms of bank storage. Lake 

Tahoe, the source for the Truckee River, had average stable 

isotope concentrations of delta-deuterium (delta-D) of -57 

and delta-oxygen-18 (delta-O18) of -5.5. These compositions 

are more enriched than the average local precipitation, 

calculated to be -117 in delta-D and -15.8 in delta-O18, due 

to continued evaporation during the long residence time of 

the water in the lake. Thus, Lake Tahoe water can be easily 

recognized allowing for easy tracing as bank storage. An 

enrichment threshold value was developed to explain the 

stable isotopic ratios observed in the Truckee River. A 

delta-D value of -85 was determined to be the threshold 

value, below which evaporation can explain the isotopic 

composition observed in the Truckee River, and above which 

the presence of Lake Tahoe water is required. There does not 

appear to be a direct relationship between the delta-D value 

of the Truckee River and the discharge to the river from Lake 

Tahoe, at least in the upper reaches of the basin. The rise 

in delta-D of the river to a value similar to that of the 

lake appears to move progressively upstream and is thought to 

be related to the discharge of the bank-stored Lake Tahoe 

water. (AuthorÍs abstract)



McKeon, O. F. (1946). The railroads and steamers of Lake 

Tahoe. The Western Railroader. San Mateo, CA. 9: 1 p. l., 22 

p.



McLaren, F. (1975). Areawide Waste Treatment and Erosion 

Control Planning. Lake Tahoe Research Seminar III, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA. 

	Under section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control 

Act, the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) was designated 

the planning agency for the Tahoe Basin, and is the only such 

agency in Region IX. The purpose of the project is to develop 

a regional water quality facilities plan, not a report or 

study. It will define implementable improvements necessary to 

control surface water runoff in the Tahoe BasinÍs erosion 

control program. Water quality standards will not be 

reevaluated; the program will be designed to implement 

existing standards. Management of all the surface water 

runoff, especially from urban areas, will be basic to the 

plan. Runoff from filling stations, golf courses, parking 

lots, logging areas, and streets will be considered, as well 

as fertilizer use, waste disposal in marinas, solid waste 

management, septic tanks, and shoreline erosion. (See also 

W78-00260), (Lynch-Wisconsin)



Medford, B. (1974). Research Needs for the Lake Tahoe Basin, 

Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA. 

	This tentative assessment of research needs is intended 

to provide a channel of communication between researchers, 

sponsors and research users. Trends relating to environmental 

quality in the Lake Tahoe area are the conflicting use of 

natural resources, the failure of the market system to 

account for long-range costs such as pollution, and the 

democratization of recreation leading to increased demand for 

recreation opportunities and facilities, and expansion of 

recreation home ownership. Problems afflicting the Lake Tahoe 

Basin are: the threat of irreversible water pollution, 

degradation of the pure air, overdevelopment in places, 

under-development elsewhere, traffic congestion, crowded 

facilities, severe seasonal fluctuations in the economy, a 

shortage of housing in middle and low income categories, 

uncontrolled erosion, damaged vegetation along highways, and 

a high frequency of social problems. Six broad categories of 

research needs are surveyed: air, water, land and vegetation, 

fish and wildlife, social sciences, and resource systems.



Melgin, W. L. (1985). The Influence of Hillslope Hydrology on 

Nitrate Transport in a Forested Watershed, Near Lake Tahoe, 

University Of Nevada, Reno.



Merchant Maps (1990). South Lake Tahoe. Cincinnati, OH, 

Merchant Maps Division.



Meyer, P., Tahoe Research Group, et al. (1970). What is the 

TRPA : a bureaucratic hassle, an eco-sell-out, or a pragmatic 

problem solver? Davis, CA, University of California - Tahoe 

Research Group.



Meyer, P. (1974). The Scientist and Decision Making At Lake 

Tahoe. Lake Tahoe Research Seminar II, South Lake Tahoe, CA. 

	The ward valley plan adopted by placer county, nevada, 

in 1970 was investigated in an attempt to determine the ways 

scientists influence the content of public policies. to 

gather data, 40 interviews were conducted, public documents 

were examined, and public hearings were attended. it was 

found that the suggestion to make a land-use plan for ward 

valley first came from the technicians on the county staff, 

who initially determined both the nature of the problem that 

faced the county and the general approach the county would 

take to solve it. after developing their proposal, the staff 

presented it to the planning commission and received 

permission to produce a plan. after gathering information, 

the staff drafted a plan without much direction from the 

commissioners or supervisors. the staff presented their plan 

at public hearings. it was the only such plan presented; no 

one besides the staff had invested the time and energy to 

produce a detailed plan for the valley. consequently, the 

county politicians had no respectable alternative, and the 

board of supervisors simply adopted the plan recommended by 

the staff. the influence of academic scientists on the ward 

valley plan was very gradual and unrecognized and occurred 

over a number of years prior to the staffÍs work.



Middlebrooks, E. J., E. A. Pearson, et al. (1971). 

Eutrophication Of Surface Water: Lake Tahoe. J Water Pollut 

Contr Fed 43(2): 242-251. 

	Although n and p are major factors in the nutrient-rich, 

or eutrophic condition that leads to algal blooms, their 

presence is not always the critical factor in eutrophication. 

an effort was made to develop suitable methods of assaying 

the algal growth-stimulating potential of various influents 

to lakes and streams and to apply these methods to an 

evaluation of their ability to increase the eutrophication of 

water. a test algae, selenastrum gracile, was used to assess 

quantitatively biostimulation by exposure to surface runoff, 

seepages, effluents from various wastewater treatment 

processes, and lake tahoe (california) water. initial growth 

response to the test algae was much greater with batch-type 

assay data than with steady-state conditions. both batch and 

continuous flow assays indicated that the biostimulatory 

properties of secondary effluents were much greater than that 

from raw or primary treated wastes. wastewater effluents of 

all types showed higher growth response rates than could be 

accounted for by the amount of n and p present in the 

samples.--copyright 1971, biological abstracts, inc.



Middlebrooks, E. J., D. B. Porcella, et al. (1971). 

Biostimulation and Algal Growth Kinetics Of Wastewater. J 

Water Pollut Contr Fed 43(3 Part 1): 454-473. 

	An investigation was made of the biostimulatory 

characteristics and algal growth potential of wastewater 

effluents and surface runoff in lake tahoe. specific 

parameters studied were the maximum growth rate and the 

maximum cell concentration for waters that have undergone 

various degrees of treatment. growth rates increased linearly 

with total n, and algal growth approached a maximum rate at 

an initial total p concentration of 50 micro g/l. all types 

of wastewater effluents apparently are toxic to algal growth 

in the assay used, and deviations from the expected growth 

response predicted by n and p concentrations could be caused 

by the presence of toxicants. all effluents could be expected 

to increase the algal productivity of lake tahoe.--copyright 

1971, biological abstracts, inc.



Mietens, C. (1990). (Exanthema subitum, Lake Tahoe disease 

and herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) infection.). Klinische 

Paediatrie 202(2): 67-68.



Miller, L. (1899). Loye Holmes Miller papers, 1899-1957.



Miller, L. H. (1920). Journal, Tahoe trip, 1919, [publisher 

and place published unknown].



Moana Corporation (1970). Chinquapin. Tahoe City, CA, Moana 

Corporation.



Morgan, M. D., S. T. Threlkeld, et al. (1978). Impact of the 

introduction of kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) and opossum 

shrimp (Mysis relicta) on a subalpine lake. J. Fish. Res. 

Board Can 35(12): 1572-1579. 

	Introductions of (M. relicta) and (O. nerka) are common 

management tools for improvement of local sport fisheries. 

This paper summarizes published information from varied 

sources and presents supplemental data on the impact of these 

introductions on the Lake Tahoe zooplankton and fish 

communities. Concomitant with peak spawning runs of kokanese 

and the establishment and high densities of Mysis was the 

disappearance of the three pelagic cladoceran species in the 

lake. Population dynamics analysis of the cladoceran 

populations indicate that their elimination was due to 

increasing death rates (related to Mysis and kokanee 

predation) and decreasing birth rates (possibly related to 

cultural eutrophication). Changes have also been observed in 

the fish populations. Lake trout have altered their food 

habits to include large quantities of Mysis, but this has 

been done to the exclusion of other prey types. Thus, 

improvement in lake trout condition has been indicated only 

in years when Mysis is abundant. Recent evidence of a 

sustained decline in the mysid population suggests that 

unless lake trout shift back to more traditional food 

sources, their condition could deteriorate to below pre-mysid 

levels. Finally, mean weight and abundance of kokanee 

spawners have declined since the cladoceran disappearance, 

suggesting a negative impact on the whole population which 

fed heavily on cladocerans.



Morgan, M. D. (1979). The Dynamics Of an Introduced 

Population Of Mysis Relicta (Loven) In Emerald Bay and Lake 

Tahoe, California-Nevada, University Of California, Davis.



Morgan, M. D. (1980). Life history characteristics of two 

introduced populations of Mysis relicta-. Ecology 61(3): 551-

561. 

	Introducted M. relicta- take 4 yr to reach reproductive 

age in Lake Tahoe, California-Navada and 1-2 yr in Emerald 

Bay, an isolated (for Mysis-). The duration of embryonic 

stages in the Emerald Bay population ranged from 50 d for the 

egg stage to 6 d for the laste embryonic stage. The number of 

eggs per egg-bearing female in Emerald Bay increased 

significantly with the total length of the female. A decline 

in brood size with age of the brood occurred in Emerald Bay 

but not in Lake Tahoe. The average number of eggs per brood 

in Lake Tahoe was significantly less than in Emerald Bay. 

However, there was no difference in the number of stage 5 

embryos per brood in both systems. Differences in generation 

time and total reproductive output in the Lake Tahoe and 

Emerald Bay populations were most closely related to 

differences in the overall production and mean depth of the 2 

systems. In addition, these traits and whether reproduction 

is seasonal or continuous among other mysid populations are 

strongly correlated with the total production of the 

environment. These results suggest that differences in M. 

relicta- life history traits among populations may represent 

a phenotypic and not an evolutionary life history adaptation.



Morgan, M. D., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1981). Impact of 

Introduced Populations of Mysis Relicta on Zooplankton in 

Oligotrophic Subalpine Lakes. Congress In Japan, Kyoto, 

Japan. 

	The crustacean zooplankton in Fallen Leaf Lake, 

California in July 1913 and August 1970 was dominated by 

Daphnia pulicaria, D. rosea, Bosmina longirostris and 

Diaptomus sp. Samples from August 1978 and 1979 revealed that 

only Bosmina was still abundant. Both Daphnia species were no 

longer present and Diaptomus existed as a rare population. 

Similarly, the crustacean zooplankton of neighboring Donner 

Lake was dominated by D. rosea, B. longirostris, Diaptomus 

pallidus and Epischura nevadensis in August 1970 but by 

August 1978 and June 1979, only Bosmina and Epischura were 

still abundant. D. rosea and Diaptomus were rare. The 

cladoceran fauna of nearby Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada (D. 

pulicaria, D. rosea and B. longirostris ) disappeared from 

the plankton shortly after 1970. Detailed studies have 

implicated predation by Mysis relicta (introduced into the 

lake between 1963 and 1965) as the primary cause of these 

extinctions. Mysis was also introduced into Donner and Fallen 

Leaf Lake in 1965 and is therefore considered the most likely 

reason for the decline of the cladoceran populations in these 

lakes.



Morgan, M. D. (1981). Abundance, Life History, and Growth of 

Introduced Populations of the Opossum Shrimp (Mysis Relicta) 

in Subalpine California Lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries 

and Aquatic Sciences 38(8): 989-993. 

	Lake productivity was an important factor in the growth 

of opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta), introduced into Donner 

Lake and Fallen Leaf Lake, California, in 1965. This species 

is important in the food dynamics of fish populations. The 

overall densities of populations in Donner Lake were 238 per 

sq meter in August 1978, 123 per sq meter in June 1979, and 

108 per sq meter in November 1980. In Fallen Leaf Lake, the 

densities were 114 per sq meter in August 1978 and 103 per sq 

meter in June 1979. These figures indicate that the mysids 

are well-established throughout both lakes. Mysids reproduced 

in the spring at ages 1 and 2 years, living for 2 years. In 

nearby Lake Tahoe, a much less productive lake, the growth 

rate of mysids was much slower, taking twice as long to reach 

similar population densities. The Lake Tahoe population was 

not reproductive during its first 2 years. (Cassar-FRC)



Morris, R. J., C. M. Skau, et al. (1970). A Preliminary Study 

Of the Relationships Between Stream Water Quality and 

Watershed Characteristics For the Truckee River, University 

of Nevada-Reno, Center for Water Resources Research. 

	Water quality along the truckee river between lakes 

tahoe and pyramid in northeast california and northwest 

nevada was investigated. the six major sampling sites defined 

five major watersheds along the truckee river between the 

outlet dam at lake tahoe and the inlet to pyramid lake at 

nixon. each watershed was characterized by: (1) area; (2) 

percentage area logged from 1959 through 1968; (3) percentage 

area burned from 1959 through 1968; (4) percentage area 

covered by paved and dirt roads; (5) soil-type percentage for 

each of eight types common to the area; and (6) vegetation of 

land-use percentage for each of twelve kinds found in the 

entire truckee watershed. results of chemical analyses for 

nitrate and organic nitrogen, phosphate, and boron are 

tabulated. the overall levels of nitrogen and phosphate are 

comparatively low from tahoe dam to boynton lake (just above 

the sewage treatment plant at reno). the levels fluctuate 

around that separating oligotrophic and eutropic conditions, 

commonly taken as 0.1 mg/liter for nitrogen and 0.01 mg/liter 

for phosphate. boron concentrations ranged from .03 mg/liter 

below verdi to 3.18 mg/liter at steamboat above sewage 

treatment plant.



Morris, F. A. and Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 

(1981). Meadowland natural treatment processes in the Lake 

Tahoe basin : a field investigation, Environmental Monitoring 

Systems Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV.



Moshiri, G. A., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1970). The Effects Of 

Variations In Oxygen Tension On Certain Aspects Of 

Respiratory Metabolism In Pacifastacus Leniusculus (Dana) 

(Crustacea:Decapoda). Physiological Zoology 43(1): 23-29. 

	Responses of the crayfish, pacifastacus leniusculus, 

from lke tahoe to variations in oxygen tension were 

determined under laboratory conditions. these results were 

supplemented by experiments which yielded data on ventilation 

rates, also under conditions of varying oxygen levels. 

results show the relationship between oxygen concentration 

and uptake to be linear within the range tested. ventilation 

rate remained constant with a decrease in oxygen level down 

to 2.5 ml/1, at which point it started to decline. the 

efficiency of oxygen utilization showed a mean of 22.1% down 

to a concentration of 3.88 ml/1, at which point it began to 

increase. in addition, a direct relationship was observed 

between utilization efficiency and increase in temperature. 

these results indicate that in this species the patterns of 

ventilation and oxygen utilization are direct consequences of 

a decrease in metabolism rather than adaptations for the 

regulation of oxygen uptake. (svensson-washington)



Moyer, H. E. (1968). The South Lake Tahoe Water Reclamation 

Project. Public Works December: 87-94.



Moyle, P. B., D. M. Baltz, et al. (1983). Instream flow 

requirements of native California stream fishes, Water 

Resources Center, University of California, Davis, CA.



Muir, J. (1900). Lake Tahoe in Winter. Sierra Club Bulletin 

3(2): 119-126.



Mullen, J. R. and P. Nady (1985). Water Budget for Major 

Streams in the Central Valley, California, 1961-77., U.S. 

Geological Survey, Water Resources Div., Tahoe City, CA. 

	A compilation of annual streamflow data for 20 major 

stream systems in the central Valley of California, for water 

years 1961-77, is presented. The water-budget tables list 

gaged and ungaged inflow from tributaries and canals, 

diversions, and gaged outflow. Theoretical outflow and gain 

or loss in a reach are computed. A schematic diagram and 

explanation of the data are provided for each water-budget 

table. (USGS)



Murvosh, C. M. (1992). On the occurrence of the water penny 

beetle Eubrianax edwardsii in lentic ecosystems (Coleoptera: 

Psephenidae). Coleopt. Bull. 46(1): 43-51. 

	The occurrence and distribution of the water penny 

beetle, Eubrianax edwardsii (LeConte), was studied in Lake 

Tahoe, Walker Lake, and Pyramid Lake in Nevada, and Upper 

Salmon, Haven, Goose, and Gold Lakes in the Sierra Nevada of 

California. Although larvae were relatively common in Gold 

Lake, only one was found in the stream outflow. Larvae were 

more abundant close to shore, but could be found as far out 

as 15 m and in water almost 2 m deep. The probability of 

finding a larva increased with the size of the rock, but most 

(181) rocks sampled had no larvae, while 32 rocks had 1, 2 

rocks had 2, 1 rock had 3, and no rocks bore more than 3 

larvae. The cause(s) of these patterns is (are) unknown. 

Little is known about the ecology of this insect. Larvae were 

easily found along the six shore sites of Gold Lake and in 

Goose Lake. They were not collected in any of the other 

sampled lakes.



Myles, G. A., University of Nevada - Center for Water 

Resources Research, et al. (1966). Water based recreation in 

Nevada, Tahoe, Center for Water Resources Research, Desert 

Research Institute and Max C. Fleischmann College of 

Agriculture, University of Nevada, Reno, NV. 

	National studies estimate that the U.S. population will 

double by the year 2,000, but that in this same period the 

demand for outdoor recreation will triple. with nevadaÍs 

rapidly expanding population, estimated to be 500,000 in 

1966, and increasing tourist travel by automobile, it is 

likely that the demand for water based recreation within the 

state will exceed national averages. the purpose of this 

study is to provide information concerning: (1) the use of 

water based recreational areas, (2) desire for satisfaction 

with facilities and services, (3) the using publicÍs 

willingness to pay for use of areas and facilities, (4) the 

expenditures of visitors, and (5) characteristics of 

recreational users and the effect of these characteristics on 

demand for various areas, facilities and services. a survey 

was conducted at major water areas providing information for 

all of nevadaÍs major water recreation areas. results are 

given for each area because each has its own peculiarities 

and information is more meaningful on an area basis. a 

summary of and recommendations for all areas are provided. 

this work is concerned primarily with lake tahoe located in 

the sierra nevada mountains at 6,000 ft.



Myles, G. A. (1967). Water Based Recreation In Nevada: 

Western Desert and Northern Lakes, University of Nevada, 

College of Agriculture, Reno, NV. 74. 

	A study of nevadaÍs water-based recreational facilities 

was conducted, june 18-sept 10, 1965, by 7 students from the 

university of nevada. it included lakes tahoe, pyramid, 

topaz, walker and lahontan reservoir in the west; rye patch 

and wildhorse reservoirs, ruby and angel lakes in the north, 

and lakes mead and mojave in the south. information sought 

covered use of water-based recreational facilities, 

satisfaction with or desire for facilities and services, 

public willingness to be charged for use of areas and 

facilities, expenditures of visitors and characteristics of 

visitors which affected demand for facilities, areas and 

services. reviews and summaries of reports for each of the 

above lakes, except lakes mead and mojave and lake tahoe 

which are covered in separate volumes, were given. on the 

basis of the findings, recommendations included charging of 

high prices for facilities with exclusive features for higher 

socio-economic groups and nominal fees for those of lower 

groups satisfied with fewer services; facilities for younger 

aged groups; a wide variation of facilities where feasible; 

more definitive directions for tourists; insect control; and 

more accurate estimates of visitor numbers.



Myrup, L. O., T. M. Powell, et al. (1979). Climatological 

estimate of the average monthly energy and water budgets of 

Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Water Resour Res 15(6): 1499-

1508.



Nachlinger, J. L. (1985). The Ecology Of Subalpine Meadows In 

the Lake Tahoe Region, California and Nevada (Phytosociology, 

Phenology, Plant Associations, Sierra Nevada Vegetation, 

Snowpack Augmentation), University Of Nevada, Reno.



Nachlinger, J. L. (1988). An ecological survey of the 

candidate Lyon Peak Needle Lake Research Natural Area, Tahoe 

National Forest, California. Berkeley, CA, Pacific Southwest 

Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service.



Nakao, D. I. and California Office of Transportation 

Laboratory (1976). Revegetation of disturbed soils in the 

Tahoe region : final evaluation, June 1974-June 1976, 

California Dept. of Transportation, Sacramento, CA.



Nakao, D. I., M. M. Hatano, et al. (1976). Highway Operation 

and Plant Damage, California State Dept. of Transportation 

Laboratory, Sacramento, CA. 

	A five-year study was undertaken by Caltrans in 1973 to 

study the effects of deicing salts on terrestrial vegetation 

and to explore other possible causes of plant damage, both 

natural and man-made, and to recommend alternative courses of 

action. The study is divided into two phases: (1) soil 

chemistry and salt analysis, and (2) vegetation damage 

assessment and recommendations for mitigation. The 

Environmental Branch of the Transportation Laboratory is 

performing phase 1, and the University of California at Davis 

has contracted to perform that portion of the research 

dealing with vegetation (phase 2). An interim report was 

prepared on the first phase of the study for the period of 

April 1973 - June 1975. Fifteen study sites, in and around 

the Tahoe Basin, were selected for in-depth study. A total of 

2,459 soil samples were analyzed. Generally, salt 

concentrations in the soil are highest next to the roadway, 

decreasing with increased distance from the roadway. 

Concentrations are higher in drainage paths running through 

the downhill section of a study site. Salt application rates 

were recorded for possible correlation with soil analysis, 

topography, and plant damage. Ozone concentration data 

monitored from August 1974 through July 1975 indicated that 

the levels are below the Environmental Protection Agency air 

quality standard of 0.08 PPM (hourly average). (Sims-ISWS)



Nakao, D. I., R. B. Howell, et al. (1976). Highway Operation 

and Plant Damage-Data Appendix (Soil Chemistry, Salt 

Application, Ozone, Precipitation), California State Dept. of 

Transportation Laboratory, Sacramento, CA. 

	The Transportation Laboratory is engaged in a study of 

the effects of deicing salts on roadside vegetation in and 

around the Lake Tahoe Basin. The portion of the study dealing 

with soil chemistry, salt application rates, ozone, and 

precipitation was reported in an Interim Report dated January 

1976. This Appendix Report contains the backup data for that 

Interim Report.



Nakao, D. I., K. L. Baumeister, et al. (1979). Deicing salt 

application rates at terrestrial vegetation study sites in 

the Lake Tahoe vicinity (1974-1978), California Office of 

Transportation Laboratory, Sacramento, CA.



Narnhagen, E., E. R. Byron, et al. (1988). Epischura Density 

as a Factor Controlling the Establishment of Bosmina 

Populations in Lake Tahoe. Internationale Vereinigung fur 

Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, Verhandlungen IVTLAP 

23(4): 2082-2086. 

	Conditions are explored under which Bosmina longirostris 

populations can successfully colonize Lake Tahoe and coexist 

with Mysis relicta. The timing of the decline of Epischura in 

the late summer and autumn months is probably the most 

important factor determining whether Bosmina will occur in 

any given year. If Epischura populations decline in August or 

September, Bosmina is free to grow throughout September and 

October and can achieve high densities depending on food 

availability. If Epischura populations persist into October 

or November before declining in abundance, Bosmina will not 

be able to colonize the lake because of inherent resting egg 

production and declining ambient temperatures. The impact of 

Mysis predation on Bosmina populations has apparently been to 

shift Bosmina vertical distribution higher in the water 

column. Bosmina population abundance is now controlled by 

Epischura abundance to a large extent. In short, Bosmina 

populations in Lake Tahoe do not exhibit high enough birth 

rates to overcome the impact of invertebrate predation and 

their ability to colonize the lake is essentially controlled 

by the population behavior of their predators. (Miller-PTT)



Naslas, G. D. (1991). Infiltration, Runoff, Nutrient and 

Sediment Transport Analysis Of Soils In the Lake Tahoe Basin 

Through Rainfall Simulation, University Of Nevada, Reno. 

	Quantitative erosion, infiltration and nutrient 

transport data for the Lake Tahoe Basin are limited. Meeks 

and Umpa soils were subjected to a simulated storm event, 

using a modular simulator, in order to determine 

infiltration, runoff and sediment transport rates and runoff 

was analysed for soluble nutrients. Three slope gradients and 

four plot conditions were studied per soil type. The 

interaction of soil type and plot condition controlled 

maximum nitrate concentration, with mean maximum nitrate 

concentrations of 1.486 and 0.57 mg l-1 for the Umpa and 

Meeks respectively. The interaction between soil type, plot 

condition and slope significantly controlled infiltration and 

runoff (P = 0.0011) and erosion (P = 0.0164). Maximum 1-hr 

final infiltration rates of 4.5 and 6.1 cm hr-1 were measured 

for the Meeks and Umpa soils respectively. Wooded plots 

exhibited strong water repellency resulting in 75-97% of the 

applied water running off. Sediment and nitrate release were 

not related.



Naslas, G. D., W. W. Miller, et al. (1994). Effects of soil 

type, plot condition, and slope on runoff and interrill 

erosion of two soils in the Lake Tahoe basin. Water Resour. 

Bull. 30(2): 319-328. 

	Few studies have addressed sediment discharge due to 

interrill erosion from natural and minimally disturbed alpine 

and subalpine forested watersheds. Infiltration, runoff, and 

surface erosion of two Tahoe Basin soils under several 

conditions were investigated using rainfall simulation. A 

significant three-way interaction among soil type, plot 

condition, and slope was identified. Although high 

erodibility was commonly associated with disturbance and/or 

high slope, this was not always the case. Soil type, plot 

condition, slope, and duration of the event were all found to 

be important factors in determining the amount of erosion. 

Decreased water clarity in Lake Tahoe has been partly 

attributed to increased algal growth associated with surface 

runoff and erosion from adjacent watersheds. Interpretive 

evaluation for resource management planning should be event 

based and carefully delineated on a site-specific basis.



Naslas, G. D., W. W. Miller, et al. (1994). Sediment, 

Nitrate, and Ammonium In Surface Runoff From 2 Tahoe Basin 

Soil. Water Resources Bulletin 30(3): 409-417.



Nathan, H. and P. Barusch (1976). Tahoe: the bistate 

stalemate [Environmental protection]. .



Nathenson, M. and United States Geological Survey (1989). 

Chemistry of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, and nearby 

springs, Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo 

Park, CA.



National Automobile Club and C. E. Erickson & Associates 

(1960). Map of Lake Tahoe recreational area. Berkeley, CA, 

C.E. Erickson & Associates.



Neilson, J. A. (1972). Lake Tahoe vegetation I : a symposium, 

Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of California, 

Davis, CA.



Neilson, J. A. (1973). Lake Tahoe vegetation II : natural 

vegetation zones, Institute of Governmental Affairs, 

University of California, Davis, CA: 35 leaves.



Nelson, S. N., J. C. Goddard, et al. (1976). A guide to the 

research resources of the University of California, Davis, 

with respect to Lake Tahoe and the Lake Tahoe Basin. Davis, 

CA, Office of Research Development, University of California.



Nevada Dept. of Highways (1930). Automobile roads from Carson 

City and Reno to Lake Tahoe and vicinity. Carson City, NV, 

State of Nevada Department of Highways.



Nevada Fish & Game Commission and California Dept. of Fish & 

Game (1962). AnglerÍs guide to Lake Tahoe, State Printing 

Office, Carson City, NV.



Nevada Legislature - Legislative Commission (1978). 

Feasibility of creating a new county to govern the north 

shore area of Lake Tahoe, Legislative Commission of the 

Legislative Counsel Bureau, State of Nevada, Carson City, NV.



Nevada Legislature - Legislative Commission (1986). Review of 

the activities of the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 

Legislative Commission of the Legislative Counsel Bureau, 

State of Nevada, Carson City, NV.



Nevada Legislature - Legislative Commission (1988). Review of 

the activities of the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 1987-

1988, Legislative Commission of the Legislative Counsel 

Bureau, State of Nevada, Carson City, NV.



Nevada State Dept. of Conservation & Natural Resources 

(1970). Compacts for the future, Nevada-California, Lake 

Tahoe, Truckee, Carson and Walker Rivers, Nevada State Dept. 

of Conservation & Natural Resources, Carson City, NV.



Nevada State Dept. of Health - Division of Public Health & 

Engineering (1953). Lake Tahoe watershed; report on water 

pollution control, Nevada State Dept. of Health - Division of 

Public Health & Engineering, Carson City, NV.



Nevada State Engineers and California Dept. of Engineering 

(1949). Joint report on the use of water in the Lake Tahoe 

watershed, Nevada State Engineers, Carson City, NV.



Nevada Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Raymond P. Smith 

Associates (1969). A general plan for Lake Tahoe, Nevada. 

[Nevada], Nevada Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.



Nichols, S. L. and Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology (1973). 

South Lake Tahoe folio: tinted relief map. Reno, NV, Bureau 

of Mines and Geology.



Nichols, S. L. and Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology (1975). 

Glenbrook folio: tinted relief map. Reno, NV, Nevada Bureau 

of Mines and Geology.



Nichols, S. L. and Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology (1975). 

Marlette Lake folio: tinted relief map. Reno, NV, Nevada 

Bureau of Mines and Geology.



Nolan, K. M. and B. R. Hill (1991). Suspended-Sediment 

Budgets for Four Drainage Basins Tributary to Lake Tahoe, 

California and Nevada, 1984-87, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Sacramento, CA. 

	Effective management of lands surrounding Lake Tahoe, 

California and Nevada, requires an understanding of processes 

controlling sediment delivery to the lake from tributary 

streams. Erosional processes were monitored along four Lake 

Tahoe tributary basins during 1984-87, and sediment budgets 

were formulated to identify processes that supply sediment to 

tributary streams. Data collection was adequate to describe 

the processes most important in the mobilization, transport, 

and storage of sediment in three of the four study basins. In 

the fourth basin, Logan House Creek, measured sediment output 

did not compare favorably with sediment output predicted by 

the sediment budget. Erosional processes in Logan House Creek 

apparently are operating too slowly to be adequately 

quantified in a 4-year study. Channel erosion mobilized more 

than 95% of the sediment in study basins with balanced 

sediment budgets. Average annual sediment yields from the 

study basins ranged from 0.7 to 67.9 megagrams/sq km. 

Differences in the processes and rates of channel erosion and 

in the sources of sediment within channel systems seem to be 

controlled by differences in precipitation, geology, basin 

physiography, and, to an unknown degree, land use. Because 

alluvial channels are the dominant source of mobilized 

sediment in the study basin, land-use changes virtually 

anywhere in a basin could affect sediment yields in that 

basin.



North Tahoe Public Utility District and California Department 

of Parks & Recreation (1980). Kings Beach State Recreation 

Area : general development and resource management plan, 

California Department of Parks & Recreation, Sacramento, CA.



North Tahoe Public Utility District (1987). Master water 

plan, North Tahoe Public Utility District, Tahoe Vista, CA.



Nylund, V. and K. Westman (1981). Frequency of visible 

symptoms of the crayfish plague fungus (Aphanomyces astaci ) 

on the American crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus ) in 

natural populations in Finland. Freshwater Crayfish 5: Apers-

From. 

	The occurrence of the brown spots indicative of crayfish 

plague fungus (A. astaci ) was investigated in three lakes 

inhabited by self-propagating populations of the American 

crayfish (P. leniusculus ). The 236 crayfish examined came 

from catches made with crayfish traps. In two of the lakes, 

in which the crayfish populations originated from adults 

imported in 1969 from Lake Tahoe, Nevada, USA, the frequency 

of infected crayfish was high - 47% and 52%. In one lake, in 

which the population had developed from juveniles imported 

from Sweden in 1971, the crayfish showed no brown spots at 

all. AN: 0910099 ASFA 1978 - 1987

	56 of 108



OÍDonnell, C. M., R. L. Webb, et al. (1951). Airport proposed 

for Lake Tahoe : report, California Aeronautics Commission, 

Sacramento, CA.



OÍRourke, E. V. (1990). Sounds and images of the fabulous 

fifties : history of the Tahoe Truckee Unified School 

District, 1949-1956. Sacramento, CA, E.V. OÍRourke.



Orcutt, R. G., L. D. Bottoroff, et al. (1975). Optimal 

Planning Of Regional Wastewater Systems and Their Impacts On 

Stream Quality With a Case Study Of the Carson River Basin. 

Available From The National Technical Information Service, 

Springfield, Va(En): 14. 

	The problem of wastewater transportation, treatment, and 

utilization in the carson river and lake tahoe basins served 

as a basis for the development of the methodologies 

presented. a general heuristic algorithm for determining near 

optimal regional wastewater facilities was derived. dynamic 

programming was employed for the suboptimization of 

interlinked wastewater transportation systems. the diurnal 

variation of dissolved oxygen due to photosynthesis was 

modeled. a regression relationship involvnig nutrients, flow, 

and temperature was used to estimate the magnitude of the 

photosynthesis component of the model. possible future 

population growth patterns in the carson valley and the 

nevada portion of lake tahoe were analyzed with the algorithm 

to determine the near optimal wastewater facilities to serve 

them. the impacts of these systems on dissolved oxygen levels 

in the carson river were assessed with the simulation model. 

sensitivity analysis of significant parameters was performed 

to achieve a better understanding of their significance in 

achieving a solution to the type of problem under 

consideration. (fallon-nevada)



Orlob, G. T., L. G. Selna, et al. (1966). Development Of a 

Mathematical Model For Prediction Of Temperature In Deep 

Reservoirs-Phase Ii: High Discharge-Volume Ratio Reservoirs, 

Water Resources Engineers, Inc., Lafayette, CA. 

	The modification of the mathematical model for 

computation of temperature distribution in reservoirs to make 

it useful for that of reservoirs which have highly variable 

horizontal cross-sections or which experience time varying 

independent inflow and outflow is discussed. the mathematical 

model is designed to account for net heat flow input from the 

atmosphere. using this model, it would be possible to 

simulate a complete annual cycle of temperature change in an 

operating reservoir. certain assumptions, such as the 

independence of heat flow and reservoir surface temperature, 

would continue to restrict the versatility of the model. the 

objective of this report is to give a detailed account of the 

generalizations made in the one dimensional reservoir 

temperature model mentioned in the phase-i report. the model 

was tested using the data obtained in the lake tahoe studies.



Orme, A. R. and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). The 

shore-zone system for Lake Tahoe : a report prepared for the 

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Orr, R. T. and J. Moffitt (1971). Birds of the Lake Tahoe 

region. San Francisco, CA, California Academy of Sciences.



Otton, J. K., R. A. Zielinski, et al. (1989). Uranium in 

Holocene Valley-fill Sediments, and Uranium, Radon, and 

Helium in Waters, Lake Tahoe-Carson Range Area, Nevada and 

California, U.S.A. Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 

13(1): 15-28. 

	The uranium content of sediments in the Lake Tahoe-

Carson Range area of Nevada and California approaches 0.6%; 

however, the average is in the range of 300-500 ppm. Waters 

associated with these sediments locally contain as much as 

177 ppb uranium. Modest levels of helium and radon also occur 

in these waters. Uraniferous waters are clearly entering the 

private and public water supply systems in some parts of the 

study area; however, it is not known how much uranium is 

reaching users of these water supplies. Many of the waters 

sampled in the study area exceed the published health effects 

guidance level of the Environmental Protection Agency. 

Regulatory standards for uranium in waters have not been 

published, however. Much uranium is stored in the sediments 

along these stream valleys. Estimates for a marsh and a fen 

along one drainage are 24,000 and 15,000 kg, respectively. 

The potential effects of man-induced environmental changes on 

the uranium are uncertain. Laboratory studies of uraniferous 

sediment rich in organic matter may allow us to evaluate the 

potential of liberating uranium from such sediments and 

creating transient increases in the level of uranium moving 

in water in the natural environment. (Doria-PTT)



Owen, P. H. and J. P. Barry (1972). Electrochemical Carbon 

Regeneration, Environics, Inc. Huntington Beach, CA 

Environmental Protection Agency. 

	Experimentation was conducted to investigate a process 

of electrochemical regeneration of granulated activated 

carbon spent in the adsorption treatment of municipal 

secondary effluent. electrochemically regenerated carbon and 

virgin carbon were compared by their respective abilities to 

remove soluble cod organics from sand-filtered secondary 

effluents during simultaneous dynamic exhaustion. it was 

found that electrochemical regeneration of granular activated 

carbon can restore the working capacity for removing soluble 

cod organics to from 42 to 61% of the capacity of virgin 

carbon. the 61% of cod capacity electrochemically regenerated 

is about 77% as good as the average thermal regenerated 

capacity. as compared to thermal regeneration of carbon, the 

costs of electrochemical regeneration are much lower. based 

on the electrolysis cell energy requirement measured as 15.3 

watt hours per gram cod adsorption capacity regenerated, the 

calculated cost of electrical power to regenerate and rinse 

the carbon spent in treating 1000 gallons of lake tahoe-type 

waste water was 0.66 cents. this is equivalent to 3.2 cents 

per pound of carbon at a dosage of 207 lbs carbon per million 

gallons of effluent.



Paerl, H. W. and C. R. Goldman (1972). Heterotrophic Assays 

In the Detection Of Water Masses At Lake Tahoe, California. 

Limnol Oceanogr 17(1): 145-148. 

	A sensitive biological method for water mass detection 

was successfully tested in the extremely oligotrophic waters 

of lake tahoe, california. a trace amount of 14c dissolved 

acetate is added to water samples and microbial incorporation 

monitored; assimilation rates demonstrate the presence of 

water masses originating from stream outflow. the same 

technique also shows microbial stimulation of tahoe water 

when stream water is added in culture experiments. 

autoradiographs indicate that bacterial cells, sometimes 

associated with detrital matter, are responsible for the 

acetate uptake.--copyright 1972, biological abstracts, inc.



Paerl, H. W. (1973). The Regulation Of Heterotrophic Activity 

By Environmental Factors At Lake Tahoe, California - Nevada, 

University Of California, Davis.



Paerl, H. W. (1973). Detritus In Lake Tahoe: Structural 

Modification By Attached Microflora. Science 180(4085): 496-

498. 

	Water samples were collected from lake tahoe over a 

vertical profile of 0 to 440 m to investigate microbiological 

utilization of detritus. subsamples were filtered through 

metricel filters, fixed with glutaraldehye, dehydrated by 

stepwise immersion in increasing concentrations of ethyl 

alcohol, portions mounted and gold plated, and viewed by 

scanning electron microscopy (sem). subsamples were also 

monitored for microbial heterotrophic activity as a measure 

of mineralization rates by determining acetate uptake. total 

particulate carbon, and acetate concentrations were 

determined in samples taken from all depths. in a separate 

study, detritus was collected from ward creek, a tributary of 

lake tahoe, homogenized, sterilized, and divided into 

dialysis bags which were impervious to detritus and 

microorganisms, but allowed passage of nutrients and 

metabolic waste products. two sets of dialysis bags were 

used: one containing sterile detritus and one containing lake 

water and live microorganisms. both sets were incubated in 

lake tahoe and periodically examined by light microscopy and 

sem. the results show that readily identifiable groups of 

microorganisms present on nonliving particulate organic 

matter (detritus) in the upper waters of lake tahoe are 

attached in specific ways and appear responsible for detrital 

aggregation. this microflora is associated with active 

heterotrophic metabolism, but deeper waters possess little 

detrital microflora and little heterotrophic activity. 

(little-battelle)



Paerl, H. W., R. C. Richards, et al. (1975). Seasonal Nitrate 

Cycling As Evidence For Complete Vertical Mixing In Lake 

Tahoe, California-Nevada. Limnology And Oceanography 20(1): 

1-8. 

	A study of annual nitrate cycling in lake tahoe provided 

evidence that the lake is both oligotrophic and holomictic. 

beginning with the spring phytoplankton bloom, a sequence of 

biological nitrogen transformations isresponsible for 

formation of a nitrate gradient, characterized by a distinct 

ïnitracline.Í the main processes responsible are nitrate 

depletion by phytoplankton uptake and deep water 

nitrification by bacteria. sinking detritus appeared to be 

the main source of reduced nitrogen available for 

nitrification. as cooling proceeded during fall and winter 

1972, depression of the nitracline revealed the process of 

vertical mixing and eventual turnover of the water mass. 

(jess-isws)



Paerl, H. W. and N. J. Williams (1976). The Relation Between 

Adenosine Triphosphate and Microbial Biomass in Diverse 

Aquatic Ecosystems. Internationale Revue Der Gesamten 

Hydrobiologie 61(5): 659-664. 

	The ratio of carbon to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in 

living phytoplankton cells was consistent over depth and 

nutrient level in water samples from Lake Tahoe, California. 

The ratio fluctuated by no more than + or - 1% of the mean 

between maximum and minimum nutrient conditions. A survey of 

lakes differing in trophic level and having diverse 

phytoplankton and bacterial assemblages demonstrated that ATP 

can accurately measure total living microbial biomass. ATP 

discriminates living from dead or detrital material because 

it rapidly breaks down to mono- and di-phosphate nucleotides 

in extracellular solution or dead cells. Only living cells, 

therefore, contain appreciable amounts of ATP. Results 

indicate that conventional phytoplankton enumeration methods 

tend to overestimate biomass among armored species (such as 

diatoms) harboring intracellular remnants from former growth 

periods. Previous attempts to measure carbon-ATP ratios of 

natural microbial communities failed because of the 

difficulty of separating living from nonliving components. 

The present study overcame this problem by autoradiographic 

examination of carbon-14 labelled viable cells, which allowed 

separation of the phytoplankton. Since both ATP 

determinations and labelling could be performed on natural 

algal communities determining carbon-ATP ratios was possible. 

(Lynch-Wisconsin)



Paerl, H. W. and S. M. Merkel (1982). Differential Phosphorus 

Assimilation in Attached vs. Unattached Microorganisms. 

Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 93(2): 125-134. 

	One aspect of particle-related phosphorus uptake was 

investigated - differential uptake activities of attached vs. 

free floating bacteria in natural aquatic ecosystems. This is 

significant in determining the relative importance of 

phosphorus uptake and cycling on particle-bound vs. free-

floating microorganisms. Microautoradiography was used to 

study the uptake of phosphorus. A variety of aquatic 

ecosystems was studied, exhibiting a range of trophic states. 

Lake Tahoe, California, a deep ultra-oligotrophic lake, was 

studied, as was Heart Lake, Ontario, which is a small, 

shallow, eutrophic lake, and Lake Taupo on the North Island 

of New Zealand, which is a deep oligo-mesotrophic lake. 

Samples were also taken from the Newport River Estuary in 

North Carolina. In all systems studied particle-rich waters 

showed higher uptake rates per unit volume than particle-poor 

waters. Bacteria associated with particles were responsible 

for elevated uptake rates and exhibited higher relative 

uptake rates per cell than free-living bacteria. Differences 

in cellular phosphorus uptake between attached and unattached 

bacteria were greatest under oligotrophic and least under 

eutrophic conditions. The significance of these findings with 

regard to particles as nutrient-concentrating 

microenvironments in natural waters is discussed. (Baker-FRC)



Paget, F. and California Division of Water Resources (1949). 

Report on the use of water in the Lake Tahoe Watershed in 

California, Dept. of Public Works, Division of Water 

Resources, Sacramento, CA.



Palme, L. and R. A. Curletti (1955). Vikingsholm : an 

authentic Viking castle in the romantic Sierra Nevada of 

California. Santa Barbara, CA, C. W. Haagen.



Palmer, D. F., T. L. Henyey, et al. (1979). Paleomagnetic and 

sedimentological studies at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. 

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 46(1): 125-137. 

	Three cores taken in Lake Tahoe were split into two 

complete replicates for paleomagnetic study stratigraphic and 

mineralogical analysis. Stratigraphic correlation is based on 

two distinctive horizons (volcanic ash and diatomite) and 

upon three different sedimentological regimes dominated by 

(1) poorly bedded silts and muds, (2) well bedded graded 

units, and (3) finely laminated silts. These correlations 

served as the standards for the evaluation of the 

paleomagnetic data. Extrapolation of SUP-14C dates obtained 

in the upper sections of the Lake Tahoe sediments suggests 

that the lower sections of the cores may reach ages of 

25,000-30,000years B.P. X-ray, optical, Curie point, and 

hysteresis measurements show that magnetite is the only 

important magnetic mineral in the sediments and occurs in the 

size range of 10 m. Hematite is essentially absent. Based on 

large changes in the declination and inclination of the 

natural remanent magnetism (NRM) within single graded layers 

the paleomagnetic signature is a post-depositional remanent 

magnetism (PDRM). This PDRM is believed to be caused by 

magnetic orientation during compaction. Paleomagnetic 

measurements show three regimes that are correlated with the 

stratigraphic regimes. NRM declination and inclination data 

show good correlation between the three cores and agree well 

with the correlation based on sediment character. NRM 

intensity variations are due largely to the variations in 

magnetite content and its occurrence as either single 

detrital grains or as inclusions within the larger silicates. 

Thus the variation in paleo intensity was not determined.



Parker, V. T. and M. P. Yoder Williams (1989). Reduction of 

survival and growth of young Pinus jeffreyi by an herbaceous 

perennial, Wyethia mollis. Am Midl Nat 121(1): 105-111.



Pearson, E. A., E. J. Middlebrooks, et al. (1971). Kinetic 

Assessment Of Algal Growth. Chemical Engineering Progress, 

Symposium Series 67(107): 5-14. 

	It is well known that nutrients such as nitrogen and 

phosphorus are required for algal metabolism. however, the 

question remains, is nitrogen or phosphorus usually or 

frequently limiting the growth rate or standing stock in most 

receiving waters. to effectively control the rate of 

eutrophication of our natural waters, this question must be 

answered. it is not enough to remove nitrogen and phosphorus 

from wastewaters in hopes of reducing the growth rate or 

standing stock of plankton in waters concerned. there is an 

urgent need to develop methods or techniques for assessing 

the biostimulatory character of waste effluents, natural 

runoff, etc., estimating the level of consequences one might 

expect for a given level of rate-limiting nutrient or 

substance. in no single case is this need more urgent than in 

the case of lake tahoe. although action to remove sewage 

effluents from the basin is well underway, human activity in 

the area is rapidly increasing and it is not known whether 

other inputs to the lake should be controlled to limit the 

rate of eutrophication or enrichment of the lake. a 

laboratory method of evaluating the capacity of aquatic 

environments to grow algae is definitely needed. (gutierrez-

texas)



Pepper, J. E. (1972). An approach to environmental impact 

evaluation of land-use plans and policies: the Tahoe Basin 

planning information system, University Of California, 

Berkeley.



Pepper, J. E., R. E. Jorgensen, et al. (1974). Influences on 

wastewater management on land use: Tahoe Basin, 1950-1972, 

Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.



Pepper, J. E. and Pepper Bice Associates (1976). Density 

transfer systems : Options for the Lake Tahoe Basin, Pepper 

Bice Associates.



Perkins, M. A. and L. A. Kaplan (1978). Epilithic periphyton 

and detritus studies in a subalpine stream. Hydrobiologia 

57(2): 103-109. 

	The accumulation of epilithic periphyton in Ward Creek, 

a permanent stream within the Lake Tahoe basin, California, 

was measured weekly at three stations from July through Sept, 

1972. Subsamples were analyzed for total carbon and adenosine 

triphosphate content. The mean total carbon content at three 

stations over the period of investigation was 0-.-508 0-.-263 

mg carbon cm-SUP--2-. Live biomass, as estimated from ATP 

measurements, averaged 0-.-121 0-.-115 mg carbon cm-SUP--2-. 

It was estimated that approximately 76% of the organic carbon 

accumulating on rock substrates was present at detritus. 

Scanning electron microscopy of rock substrates suggested 

that much of this detrital accumulation may consist of diatom 

stalk materials. AN: 8156510 ASFA 1978 - 1987

	106 of 108



Peterson, D. L. and Pacific Southwest Forest Range Experiment 

Station (1992). Guidelines for evaluating air pollution 

impacts on class I wilderness areas in California. Albany, 

CA, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.



Phillips, B. R. M., Grefe Inc., et al. (1978). The cumulative 

impacts of shorezone development at Lake Tahoe.



Pierce-Arrow Line (1924). Lake Tahoe, the scenic daylight 

way, Pierce Arrow Line.



Pillsbury and Hillen (1902). Lake Tahoe and a guide to its 

mountains, lakes and trails. Tallac, CA, Pillsbury and 

Hillen.



Pinkerman, K. O. and California Office of Transportation 

Laboratory (1979). South Lake Tahoe cold weather carbon 

monoxide and hydrocarbon study : final report, California 

Dept. of Transportation, Office of Transportation Laboratory, 

Sacramento, CA.



Pisani, D. J. (1977). Lost parkland: lumbering & park 

proposals in the Tahoe-Truckee Basin SO: J-For-Hist, Jan 

1977, 21 (1): 4-17. Map. Ref. .



Pisani, D. J. (1977). Federal Reclamation and Water Rights in 

Nevada. Agricultural History 51(3): 540-558. 

	Since their initiation in 1905, Federal reclamation 

projects in Nevada have exacerbated water rights 

controversies between California and Nevada, as well as 

between these states and the Federal Government. The dispute 

over the Federal GovernmentÍs claim to Lake TahoeÍs surplus 

water, the conflict between the Reclamation Bureau and 

established agricultural interests in Nevada, and the 

controversy over the use of Pyramid Lake water exemplify the 

complications introduced by Federal reclamation projects. 

Much confusion could have been avoided by post-poning these 

projects until already existing water rights controversies 

had been settled. However, the Federal Government is not 

entirely to blame, as the limited water supply could not 

satisfy all competing users and the legal system could not 

adjust quickly enough to the increased importance of water 

for industrial and recreational use, as opposed to 

agricultural needs. (Russell-Arizona).



Placer County and Planning Associates (1969). North Tahoe 

general plan. Auburn, CA, Placer County.



Placer County Planning Dept. (1976). North Tahoe urban design 

study : environmental impact report, Placer County Planning 

Dept, Auburn, CA.



Porcella, D. B., P. H. McGauhey, et al. (1971). Biological 

Response to Tertiary Treated Effluent In Indian Creek 

Reservoir. Preprint, Presented At 44th Annual Conference Of 

Water Pollution Control Federation, Session 25: 3-8. 

	Indian creek reservoir receives tertiary effluent from 

the south tahoe public utility district. an on-going study is 

observing the effects of nutrient removal (mainly phosphorus) 

and the possibility of impoundments as a process for 

reclaiming water from sewage. the reservoir is changing from 

a low diversity and high production to a higher diversity and 

lower production aquatic ecosystem, a more balanced system 

less likely to be disturbed. high levels of nitrogen and 

phosphorus exist, although considerable removal of both 

nitrogen and phosphorus occurs in the reservoir. a balance 

accounted for phosphorus, but a deficit was found for 

nitrogen that was attributed to nitrification-

denitrification. algal growth was observed that was 

associated with benthic algae. the diversity of benthic 

organisms was lower than expected in a mature reservoir, but 

is apparently increasing. fish survival during the 1971 

season indicates that the reservoir continues to be a 

suitable environment for planted trout species. aquatic 

vascular plants are present in some abundance, particularly 

in the shallow water areas. though sufficient phosphorus is 

available no objectionable algal blooms have occurred. water 

quality, both chemically and biologically, differs 

dramatically from the tertiary effluent, from which it 

predominantly derives, suggests impoundment as an economical 

process to reduce nitrogen following phosphorus removal. 

(morgan-texas)



Porcella, D. B. and P. H. McGauhey (1976). Before Removing 

Nutrients...Re-Analyze Lake Tahoe. Water and Wastes 

Engineering 13(2): 17-19. 

	The use of tertiary effluent as irrigation water for the 

Indian Creek Reservoir is discussed in relation to the effect 

of nutrient addition on algal blooms. Observations made at 

the reservoir after its filling revealed a water quality 

which is conducive to aquatic weed development but not to 

phytoplankton blooms. Influent nutrient levels indicated that 

substantial plant productivity should be observed, and the 

aquatic weed growth confirmed this to be the case. Factors 

which may have a role in controlling the presence and 

quantity of blue green algae in Indian Creek Reservoir 

include: the presence of excess inorganic nitrogen relative 

to low phosphorus concentrations, low levels of trace 

elements which may be limiting to blue greens and other algal 

groups, the low phosphorus levels in reservoir waters, low 

concentrations of biostimulatory organic compounds which are 

probably removed by activated carbon treatment, and the 

possible toxicity of high nitrogen levels to specific algae. 

(Kreager-FIRL)



Porter, D. R. (1985). Alluvial pursuit : Lake TahoeÍs 

environmental conundrums. Urban Land 44(4): 34-35.



Post, R. L. (1989). Woods rose (Rosa woodsii). Reno, NV, Fact 

Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Post, R. L. (1989). Western serviceberry (Amelanchier 

alnifolia). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev 

Coop Ext: 2 p.



Post, R. L. (1989). Squaw carpet (Ceanothus prostatrus). 

Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 

p.



Post, R. L. (1989). Red osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) 

[Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext]. (89-67): 

2.



Post, R. L. (1989). Mountain whitethorn (Ceanothus 

cordulatus). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno 

Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Post, R. L. (1989). Lewis flax (Linum lewisii). Reno, NV, 

Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Post, R. L. (1989). Greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphyos 

patula). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev 

Coop Ext: 2 p.



Post, R. L. (1989). Antelope bitterbrush (Purshia 

tridentata). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno 

Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Powell, T. M., P. J. Richerson, et al. (1975). Spatial scales 

of current speed and phytoplankton biomass fluctuations in 

Lake Tahoe. .



Prater, E. B. (1857). Eli B. Prater letters : to his family, 

1857-1890.



Price, R. C. (1966). Statement to Assembly Interim Committee 

on Water [on the California-Nevada Interstate Compact and its 

relationship to the subject of export of sewage from the Lake 

Tahoe Basin]. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Dept. of Water Resources.



Price, R. C. (1966). California beautiful : waters to enjoy, 

State of California, The Resources Agency, Department of 

Water Resources, Sacramento, CA.



Reid, J. G. and California Legislature Assembly Interim 

Committee on Water (1965). Pollution of Lake Tahoe, a brief 

summary : a staff report to the Assembly Interim Committee on 

Water, California Legislature Assembly Interim Committee on 

Water, Sacramento, CA.



Reinhardt, D. and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1970). 

Environmental planning conference for Lake Tahoe, May 3-4, 

1970 : preliminary report and summary, Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency, Crystal Bay, NV.



Reno Evening Gazette (1885). Truckee Basin and Lake Tahoe 

directory for 1884-5 : giving name, business and residence of 

the adult population on the line of the C.P.R.R., from 

Truckee to Wadsworth, inclusive, also of Lake Tahoe. Reno, 

NV, Reno Evening Gazette, Book & Job Print.



Resource Concepts Inc., Nevada Dept. of Transportation, et 

al. (1990). Roadside erosion control and revegetation needs 

associated with the use of de-icing salt within the Lake 

Tahoe Basin. Carson City, NV, Resource Concepts, Inc.



Reuter, J. E., S. L. Loeb, et al. (1982). Nitrogen fixation 

in periphyton of oligotrophic Lake Tahoe. First International 

Workshop On Periphyton Of Freshwater Ecosystems, Vaexjoe, 

Sweden. 

	Heterocystous blue-green algae dominate the biomass of 

the upper sublittoral ( similar to 2-60 m) epilithic 

periphyton community in nitrogen deficient, oligotrophic Lake 

Tahoe. Representative genera are Calothrix, Polypothrix, 

Nostoc and Scytonema . Samples obtained from three locations 

using SCUBA were assayed for N-fixation using the acetylene 

reduction technique. Seasonal rates ranged from 4-561 mu gN m 

super(-2) h super(-1) with a distinct summer maximum and 

winter minimum. Laboratory experiments along with physico-

chemical lake data suggest that temperature regulates the 

seasonal cycle of N-fixation. This community is perennial, 

actively fixes N throughout the entire year and is in sharp 

contrast to the ephemeral nature of planktonic N-fixers. The 

estimated loading rate of nitrogen resulting from periphyton 

N-fixation was 0.03 kg N ha super(-1) (of lake surface) yr 

super(-1), which is very small (< 1%) in relation to other 

inputs of inorganic-N. The ability of this community to 

utilize atmospheric N sub(2) appears to be a successful 

adaptive strategy for survival in N-deficient environments.



Reuter, J. E. (1983). Inorganic Nitrogen Uptake By Epilithic 

Periphyton Communities In Oligotrophic, Nitrogen Deficient 

Lakes (Tahoe, Castle, Nevada, California), University Of 

California, Davis. 

	The research conducted for this dissertation focused on 

nitrogen metabolism in the epilithic periphyton communities 

growing on rocks of N-deficient Lake Tahoe and Castle Lake. 

The goals of this study were to: (1) quantify the seasonal 

patterns of total inorganic-N (as N(,2), NH(,4)(ï+) and 

NO(,3)(ï-)) assimilation by eulittoral (splash zone) and 

sublittoral (submerged) communities, (2) determine the 

physico-chemical parameters regulating N-uptake, and (3) 

characterize periphyton inorganic-N uptake in a variety of 

other N-deficient lakes. The sublittoral community in Lake 

Tahoe was perennial with viable biomass present throughout 

the year. Heterocystous blue-green algae (e.g. Calothrix, 

Tolypothrix, Scytonema and Nostoc) dominated the biomass in 

this zone. These species were also found to dominate the 

biomass in the sublittoral of the other N-deficient lakes. 

Rates of N(,2)-fixation were measured using the acetylene 

reduction technique and annual areal rates ranged from 4-561 

(mu)g N m(ï-2) hr(ï-1) with a distinct summer maximum and 

winter minimum. Rates of biomass specific N(,2)-fixation (per 

unit Chl a, nitrogen and ash-free dry weight) showed similar 

trends. The annual loading of N in Lake Tahoe due to N(,2)-

fixation was 0.23-0.35 g N m(ï-2) bottom yr(ï-1). N(,2)-

fixation activity was essentially undetectable in the 

epipelic community growing on the soft sediments in Castle 

Lake. The phytoplankton communities in the lakes studied were 

in striking contrast to the periphyton communities because 

pelagic N(,2)-fixing species were completely absent. Solar 

radiation appeared to be the most important factor 

controlling the vertical distribution of heterocystous 

species while temperature was considered to regulate the 

seasonal pattern of N(,2)-fixation. Inorganic-N levels are 

low throughout the year and experimental evidence indicates 

that under ambient conditions this parameter does not 

influence N(,2)-fixation. The kinetics of NH(,4)(ï+) and 

NO(,3)(ï-) uptake fit the Michaelis-Menten equation. Half-

saturation constants (K(,t)) were usually very large (100-500 

(mu)g N l(ï-1)), i.e. two orders of magnitude greater than 

ambient substrate levels. These data indicated that these 

communities did not have a high affinity for low 

concentrations of inorganic-N. Estimates of total daily N-

uptake showed that sublittoral periphyton in Lake Tahoe 

depended on N(,2)-fixation as its major source of N. This 

pathway accounted for 30-90% of the total daily N-uptake on 

an annual basis. The ratio of total daily C/N uptake ranged 

from 16-65 and exhibited no apparent seasonal pattern. 

However, the correlation between PC/PN and C/N uptake was 

positive and significant (p < .05).



Reuter, J. E., S. L. Loeb, et al. (1986). The physiological 

ecology of nuisance algae in an oligotrophic lake. ALGAL 

BIOFOULING. Evans, L: 115-127. 

	Periphyton growth in oligotrophic Lake Tahoe appears to 

be regulated by nutrient input and provides additional 

evidence of cultural eutrophication. A stalked diatom 

community, Gomphoneis herculeana , dominates the biomass in 

the eulittoral (splash) zone, and it is the luxuriant growth 

of this alga which has caused algal biofouling problems in 

this pristine lake. The rates of nitrogen uptake at natural 

substrate levels, measured under no flow (static) conditions 

were too low to account for this communityÍs N-demand. Water 

movement (e.g., wave action) may be an important mechanism 

which acts to increase the bio-availability of nutrients and 

therefore allows these algae to achieve high rates of growth 

even though ambient substrate concentrations are low.



Reuter, J. E., S. L. Loeb, et al. (1986). Inorganic nitrogen 

uptake by epilithic periphyton in a N-deficient lake. 

Limnology and Oceanography 31(1): 149-160. 

	Seasonal patterns of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and 

inorganic carbon uptake by the sublittoral epilithic 

periphyton community in N-deficient, oligotrophic Lake Tahoe 

were examined. The biomass dominants of this community, N 

sub(2)-fixing blue-green algae (e.g. Calothrix, Tolypothrix), 

and Nostoc ) were persistent and retained their nitrogenase 

activity throughout the year. Seasonal rates of N sub(2) 

fixation exhibited considerable variation, with a distinct 

summer maximum and winter minimum. Uptake of both NO sub(3) 

super(-) and NH sub(4) super(-) followed Michaelis-Menten 

kinetics. K sub(t) values were typically extremely high (>100 

mu g N liter super(-1)) compared to the ambient 

concentrations of these forms of nitrogen (<10 mu g N liter 

super(-1)). N sub(2) fixation was the most important source 

of inorganic N to the yearly N budget of this benthic 

community. Low ambient substrate concentrations coupled with 

a low physiological affinity for these substrates at ambient 

levels were responsible for the relative unimportance of NO 

sub(3) super(-) and NH sub(4) super(-) uptake.



Reuter, J. E., T. Djohan, et al. (1992). The use of wetlands 

for nutrient removal from surface runoff in a cold climate 

region of California--results from a newly constructed 

wetland at Lake Tahoe. Journal of Environmental Management 

36(1): 35-53. 

	Pollutant removal by wetlands represents a potential 

mitigation technique for treating urban runoff in the cold 

climates of the Sierra Nevada. This is especially encouraging 

in the Lake Tahoe Basin, where research has demonstrated the 

link between nitrate and phosphorus, and a precipitous 

increase of algal growth in the lake. In September 1987 a 

plastic-lined, gravel-filled wetland was constructed for 

experimental purposes and is the first demonstration of its 

kind in a subalpine region of the western United States. The 

primary objective of our research was to evaluate the 

effectiveness of this system in removing nitrogen, 

phosphorus, iron, suspended sediments and other constituents 

from runoff. Data collected between August 1987 and March 

1989 show that the average per cent removal of total 

Kjeldahl-N as it passed through the wetland was low at -3%. 

In contrast, nitrate concentrations declined by greater than 

+85-90%. Changes in particulate phosphorus concentrations 

between inflow and outflow decreased by +47%, however, the 

soluble-P component showed a -28% reduction due to a 

contamination of the gravel during construction.



Reynolds, J. H. and J. A. Cissell (1980). Land Application of 

Waste Water. Journal of the Water Pollution Control 

Federation 52(6): 1284-1290. 

	Various research studies dealing with the application of 

waste water to the land are cited for brief review. Design 

parameters were investigated in a winter spray irrigation 

study and in a study applying raw and secondary treated waste 

water to overland areas in Oklahoma. Specific case studies 

were reported from South Tahoe Public Utility District; 

Toulumne County, California disposal system; Tallahassee, 

Florida; Michigan State University Water Quality Management 

Facility; West Dover, Vermont; Puerto Rico; and Oahu, Hawaii. 

Long-term effects of land applications were studied on the 

high plains of west Texas. Effects on groundwater nitrate 

concentrations and microbial penetration were also 

investigated. The impact of such practices on the quality of 

surface waters was investigated in Muskegon County, Michigan. 

Movement and adsorption characteristics of a virus in a soil 

column of loamy sand were assessed using waste water seeded 

with poliovirus. Several forest ecosystems irrigated with 

treated municipal waste water were examined. Proceedings of a 

5-day symposium on water reuse contained several papers 

dealing with land application. (Baker-FRC)



Rez, P. (1991). Proceedings Of Lake Tahoe Workshop On 

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy -. Microscopy Microanalysis 

Microstructures Ta Microsc Mic 2(2-3): R5-R5.



Rhodes, J. S., C. M. Skau, et al. (1983). Techniques for 

evaluating spatial and temporal variability in surface water 

quality as related to soil moisture and subsurface water flux 

in forested watersheds, University of Nevada, Reno in 

cooperation with Water Resource Center, Desert Research 

Institute, Reno, NV.



Rhodes, J., C. M. Shau, et al. (1984). Nitrate nitrogen flux 

in a forested watershed -- Lake Tahoe, USA. Recent 

Investigations In The Zone Of Aeration 2: 671-680. 

	Nitrate nigrogen is the limiting factor for algal growth 

in oligotrophic Lake Tahoe, U.S.A. Studies attempt to trace 

NO sub(3)N from precipitation to streamflow through 

intermediary aeration zones of snow and soil vadose zones on 

a nearby 79.6 ha, forested watershed. Instrumentation 

consists of a precipitation network, 46 piezodmeters, 31 

neutron soil moisture across tubes, 40 pressure-vacuum soil 

water samples and a recording stream gage. Over 99% NO 

sub(3)N in precipitation was depleted as measured in 

streamflow. Hydrologic processes favoring denitrification and 

plant uptake are thought to be responsible. Fractionation in 

snow was observed but only minor amounts reached the 

channels.



Rhodes, J. J. G. (1985). A Reconnaissance Of Hydrologic 

Nitrate Transport In an Undisturbed Watershed Near Lake Tahoe 

(Precipitation, Groundwater, Snowmelt), University Of Nevada, 

Reno.



Richards, R. C., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1975). Where Have All 

the Daphnia Gone. the Decline Of a Major Cladoceran In Lake 

Tahoe, California-Nevada. Verhandlungen International Verein 

Limnologie 19: 835-842. 

	An investigation was made into the causes of the virtual 

disappearance of daphnia from lake tahoe. it is suspected 

that the change in the zooplankton community structure was 

due to introduction of 11.1 million kokanee salmon fry into 

the lake from 1949-1960 and the introduction of 333,000 

opossum shrimp (mysis relicta) in 1963-1965 to provide forage 

for game fish. a primary productivity increase of 25 percent 

occurred from 1967-1971. decline in the cladoceran population 

may be due to competition with the mysids for food. there are 

indications that adult mysis prey upon cladocerans and 

rotifers. another possible reason for decline of daphnia is 

the heavy utilization of them as food by kokanee. interaction 

of two nearly simultaneous species introductions at different 

trophic levels has caused disruption throughout the lake 

tahoe ecosystem. research must deal with the fate of daphnia, 

feeding habits of mysis and the fishery as the system 

stabilizes. (katz)



Richerson, P. J. (1969). Community Ecology Of the Lake Tahoe 

Plankton, University Of California, Davis.



Richerson, P., R. Armstrong, et al. (1970). Contemporaneous 

Disequilibrium, a New Hypothesis to Explain the ïParadox of 

the PlanktonÍ. Proceedings of the National Academy of 

Sciences 67(4): 1710-1714. 

	Unexpectedly high diversity found in even small samples 

of lake phytoplankton has been termed ïthe paradox of the 

plankton.Í a small volume of water, for example 10 ml, 

usually shows some tens of species where the competitive 

exclusion principle might lead to expectation of only one or 

a few species. patches of water may exist in which one 

species competes advantageously relative to the others. they 

are stable enough for considerable patchiness among 

phytoplankton, but are obliterated frequently enough to 

prevent exclusive occupation of each niche by a single 

species. with epilimnion mixing, only one or at most, a few 

niches for primary producers might be expected. in samples 

from castle lake, california, a high degree ofpatchiness for 

many phytoplankton species was found, indicating mixing rate 

is sufficiently slow in relation to the algal productivity 

rate, for many different niches to exist simultaneously. in 

lake tahoe, productivity per unit biomass ratios show that 

turnover times for carbon are often less than one day. high 

diversity is associated with high productivity per unit 

biomass and high zooplankton populations. a contemporaneous 

disequilibrium model is a plausible explanation of the 

diversity.



Richerson, P. J., B. J. Dozier, et al. (1975). The Structure 

of Phytoplankton Associations in Lake Tahoe (California-

Nevada). Verhandlungen International Vereinigung Limnologie 

19: 843-849. 

	Phytoplankton associations and their diversity as 

related to the physical environment were investigated in Lake 

Tahoe and its Emerald Bay (essentially a separate lake, about 

1/10th of the dimension of the main lake, connected over a 

2.5 m-deep sill). These 1973 observations were a portion of a 

larger study to relate phytoplankton distribution as directly 

as possible to physical environmental conditions. Physical 

measurements included current speed, current fluctuations and 

temperature structure. Biological measurements included in-

situ chlorophyll fluorescence and phytoplankton sample 

enumeration. Diversity spectra were analyzed by several 

techniques, including averaged and unaveraged methods. The 

observations confirmed the existence of spatial heterogeneity 

in phytoplankton associations. Even in the horizontal 

direction, patterns may exist on length scales ranging 

downward to about 200 m. The results were generally 

consistent both with the comparisons of chlorophyll and with 

turbulence measurements which showed divergence in the 

spectral form of chlorophyll and velocity variance at similar 

length scales. The cause for the lack of regular variation in 

phytoplankton community structure observed is obscure. (Auen-

Wisconsin).



Richerson, P. J., M. Lopez, et al. (1978). The Deep 

Chlorophyll Layer of Lake Tahoe. 20th Congress, 

Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte 

Limnologie, Copenhagen, Denmark. 

	Six hypotheses offered by several authors to explain the 

occurrence in lakes of deep chlorophyll maxima in the 

vicinity of the compensation depth were evaluated with 1976-

77 data for ultraoligotrophic Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada). 

All six fit Lake Tahoe to some degrees, but none too 

strongly. Shade adaptation was surprisingly unimportant. The 

six hypotheses are: (1) The layer may be a by-product of 

shade adaptation; chlorophyll per unit cell biomass may 

increase with depth, but not biomass itself. (2) Zooplankton 

biomass may be higher above the maximum and grazers may prune 

the upper part of the profile. (3) Better nutrient conditions 

at depth may permit biomass to accumulate despite low 

photosynthetic rates. (4) Lower respiration rates could 

permit differential biomass accumulation at depths; such 

lower rates could be due to low temperatures or secondarily 

to better nutrient conditions which favor cells with smaller 

surface-to-volume ratios. (5) The layer could result from 

differential sinking rates of cells in nutrient-poor surface 

waters compared with nutrient-rich deeper waters. (6) 

Eucaryotic cells may be able to compete with bacteria for 

organic substrates at low temperatures, and it has been shown 

that heterotrophic uptake is a very strong function of 

temperature in Lake Tahoe. The Lake Tahoe epilimnion is 

consistently dominated by the very small diatom Cyclotella 

stilligera, while at the deep maximum (peak at 105 m) the 

much larger C. ocellata was dominant.



Roberts, F. C., R. F. Luck, et al. (1973). Natural decline of 

a pine needle scale population at South Lake Tahoe. 

[Chionaspis pinifolaie]. Calif-Agric 27(10): 10-12.



Rogers, J. H., United States Soil Conservation Service, et 

al. (1972). Soil survey of the Tahoe Basin area, California 

and Nevada : an interim, unedited report, U.S. Dept. of 

Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Forest Service, 

Portland, OR.



Rogers, J. H., United States Soil Conservation Service, et 

al. (1974). Soil survey, Tahoe Basin Area, California and 

Nevada, U.S. Soil Conservation Service and Forest Service, 

Portland, OR.



Rohlich, G. A. (1972). A Lake--How Does It Behave. Conference 

On The Management Of Recreational Lakes, Marinette County, 

WI, Wisconsin University Center. 

	The definition of a lake as a body of water surrounded 

by land is too restrictive, since the entire lake basin 

influences the character and behavior of the lake. the 

importance of stratification, benthos, and eutrophication are 

discussed. unpolluted waters have a wide variety of species 

and a dynamic biological balance. under eutrophic conditions, 

there are comparatively few species which dominate with the 

consequent absence of biological balance. domestic and 

industrial waste waters are sources of organic materials and 

energy. the trophic nature of a lake is influenced by 

climatic conditions, topography, conformation, wind patterns, 

geology, erosion, and human influences. techniques for 

measuring eutrophication are discussed. eutrophication 

affects water quality, water supplies, recreational uses, and 

agricultural uses. approaches which have been taken to solve 

eutrophication problems are mentioned, e.g., diversion of 

effluents around a lake (as in lakes mendota and kegonsa, 

madison, wisconsin; lake tahoe, nevada-california; and lake 

washington, washington); urban drainage; removal of weed 

debris and rough fish; dredging of lake sediments; withdrawal 

of hypolimnetic water; watershed zoning; and control of 

nuisance plant growth.



Rosecrance, J. D. (1984). The Degenerates Of Lake Tahoe: a 

Study Of Persistence In the Social World Of Horse Race 

Gambling (Nevada), University Of California, Santa Barbara. 

	Horse racing, AmericaÍs number one spectator sport, is 

also an important social phenomena affecting the daily lives 

of millions of Americans. The horse racing industry is 

supported by a hard core of regular patrons whose continuing 

support and steadfastness are amazing. These ñregularsî 

sustain participation despite the financial, social and 

psychological costs associated with this activity (most 

knowledgeable observers agree that 95 percent of all horse 

players lose money from this endeavor). This phenomena has 

led to a specific research question: Why do inveterate horse 

players persist in an activity that is personally so costly? 

The behavior patterns of inveterate horse players have not 

been adequately investigated by social science researchers. 

The matrices of the racing world are frequently 

incomprehensible and seemingly irrational to outside 

observers. The procedure used to address the research problem 

was participant-observation of inveterate horse players in 

their natural environment. The subjects selected for this 

study were the approximately 65 horse players who regularly 

frequent HarrahÍs Race Book, Lake Tahoe, a legal offtrack 

betting establishment. The researcher, himself a veteran 

horse player, is a long-standing member of this group and was 

assured an ease of entree. Because of prior experience the 

researcher had developed a reservoir of empathetic knowledge 

which facilitated data collection. The use of the grounded 

theory approach (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) served as an 

overall guide to the collection and analysis of data. The 

format selected for presenting the study was to proceed from 

an ethnographic accounting to substantive generalization, 

culminating in a discussion of the theoretical implications 

of the research. When the ethnographic data was analyzed, the 

rewards of group membership (such as reaffirmations of self-

worth and a secure, relaxed atmosphere) emerged as the most 

salient factor in the persistence demonstrated by HarrahÍs 

regulars. Since group membership can only be maintained by 

sustained participation, discontinuance of the activity is 

extremely problematic. The prevailing social relationship in 

this milieu is a form of comradeship--the sharing of 

specialized contingencies. Although sociologists have not 

prominently identified this form of relationship, similar 

patterns can be located in a wide variety of settings. Order 

No: AAC 8402471 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts



Rosenfeld, R. and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). An 

ordinance regulating the construction of piers, breakwaters, 

harbors, barriers, and other structures and altering 

shoreline and underlying lands within the lakes of the Tahoe 

Basin. Berkeley, CA, R. Rosenfeld.



Rush, F. E., B. R. Scott, et al. (1972). Bathymetric 

Reconnaissance Of Marlette and Spooner Lakes, Washoe County 

and Carson City, Nevada, U.S. Geological Survey, Carson City, 

NV. 

	Maps, curves, and tables describe bathymetric data for 

marlette and spooner lakes between carson city and lake tahoe 

in the carson range of the sierra nevada. marlette lake is at 

an altitude of 7,838 feet and spooner lake, at about 6,980 

feet. marlette lake is about 1,600 feet higher than lake 

tahoe and about 3,200 feet higher than carson city. both 

lakes drain to lake tahoe. the principal source of water for 

the lakes is snowmelt. the marlette lake basin has an area of 

3.0 square miles and spooner lake basin, about 1.2 square 

miles. precipitation at marlette and spooner lakes averages 

about 27 inches per year, or an average annual total of each 

basin of about 4,500 acre-feet and 1,700 acre-feet, 

respectively. of these amounts, an estimated 60% runs off to 

the lakes. a continuously recording, electronic fathometer 

was used to measure the depths of marlette and spooner lakes, 

making a total of 19 traverses on marlette lake and 17 on 

spooner lake.



Rush, F. E., United States Geological Survey, et al. (1973). 

Bathymetric reconnaissance of Lake Tahoe, Nevada and 

California, State of Nevada, Dept. of Conservation and 

Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources, Carson City, 

NV. 

	This bathymetric map (scale 1:62,500) of lake tahoe in 

california and nevada is based on a soundings map of the u.s. 

coast and geodetic survey (1923). the deepest sounding in the 

lake, 1,646 feet and the only sounding greater than 1,600 

feet, was about 6 miles due east of the truckee river outlet 

and along the axis of the lake. most of the steep slopes 

shown by the closespacing of the bathymetric coutours on the 

east and west sides of the lake are of fault origin. in 

addition, a fault scarp extends southwestward from stateline 

point at the north end of the lake towards the deepest point 

in the lake. about 2 miles north of emerald bay at rubicon 

point, the lake depth increases 1,300 feet in about the same 

horizontal distance, producing a bottom slope of about 45 deg 

from horizontal. smaller maps and illustrations show general 

distribution of lake-bottom sediments; approximate mean 

annual precipitation in the lake tahoe basin; mean monthly 

flow of upper truckee river near meyers, california; flow 

from lake tahoe to truckee river; and annual variations in 

stage of lake tahoe. summary tables are presented for lake 

morphometry, water temperature, water quality, light 

penetration, and dam-design.



Rybock, J. T. (1978). Mysis Relicta Loven In Lake Tahoe: 

Vertical Distribution and Nocturnal Predation, University Of 

California, Davis.



Sabatier, P. A., S. M. Hunter, et al. (1987). The devil shift 

: perceptions and misperceptions of opponents. The Western 

Political Quarterly 40(3): 449-476.



Sabatier, P. A. and S. Hunter (1989). The incorporation of 

causal perceptions into models of elite belief systems. The 

Western Political Quarterly 42(3): 229-261.



Sabatier, P. A. and N. W. Pelkey (1990). Land development at 

Lake Tahoe, 1960-84 : the effects of environmental controls 

and economic conditions on housing construction, FAU/FIU 

Joint Center for Environmental and Urban Problems, Fort 

Lauderdale, FL; Institute of Ecology, University of 

California, Davis, CA.



Sabine, C. (1992). Magmatic Interaction In the Crystal Range 

Suite, Northern Sierra Nevada Batholith, California, 

University Of Nevada, Reno. 

	The approximately 225-km$\sp2$ Desolation study area 

lies at the northern end of the Sierra Nevada batholith, 

southwest of Lake Tahoe. The area is underlain by early- to 

middle-Jurassic metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the 

Mount Tallac pendant, a group of middle-Jurassic plutonic 

rocks, and several Cretaceous plutons. Extensive glaciated 

exposures and a diversity of igneous lithologies ranging from 

leucogranite to anorthosite ideally suit the area for 

geologic and remote sensing studies. Among Jurassic plutons 

is the Crystal Range suite, which includes the Pyramid Peak 

leucogranite and numerous consanguine dioritoid bodies, 

hybrid rocks, and microdiorite dikes. Dioritoid and 

leucogranite magmas interacted as demonstrated by field 

(lobate contacts, composite dikes, hybridization), 

petrographic (ocellar quartz, rapakivi texture, acicular 

apatite), and geochemical evidence (Harker diagrams, 

variation across contact zones). Low initial 

$\sp{87}$Sr/$\sp{86}$Sr ratios indicate a mantle origin for 

dioritoids; a range of higher ratios in leucogranite suggests 

melting of an isotopically diverse crust. Alignment of the 

Crystal Range suite, dioritoid bodies, and foliation patterns 

with regional structural trends in metamorphic rocks suggests 

emplacement was influenced by geologic structures. The 

Crystal Range suite was among the earliest plutonic units to 

invade metamorphic rocks. A U-Pb zircon age from Pyramid Peak 

leucogranite is 164 $\pm$ 7 M.A. thesis. A model is proposed 

in which crustal anatectic leucogranite magma is generated by 

underplating of mafic magma from the mantle. Faults and shear 

zones provide conduits for concomitant ascent and interaction 

of mafic and felsic magmas early in a plutonic cycle. As 

plutonism continues, melting and magmatic interaction in the 

lower crust generate large volumes of intermediate magma. 

Thermal softening produces a more ductile crust, allowing 

ascent of large diapiric plutons. Other mafic-felsic suits in 

the Sierra Nevada batholith intrude metamorphic rocks and are 

surrounded by younger plutons as predicted by the model. 

Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner imagery led to 

discoveries of a large mafic body, obscured by vegetation, 

and a silicic facies of a mafic granodiorite and allowed 

discrimination of plutons according to composition. 

Correlation of wavelengths of emittance minima with pluton 

compositions produced images that semiquantitatively depict 

variation in SiO$\sb2,$ SCFM, quartz, and hornblende content. 

Order No: AAC 1345766 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts



Sacramento Ridesharing Project (1981). Lake Tahoe 

transportation alternatives, winter 1981-1982, California 

Dept. of Transportation, Sacramento Ridesharing Project, 

Sacramento, CA.



Sangwan, B. and Indian Chief Publishing House (1990). The 

Complete Lake Tahoe guidebook. Tahoe City, CA, Indian Chief 

Publishing House.



Sato, S. (1985). Lake Tahoe: A vanishing jewel? Shiga 

Conference ï84 on Conservation and Management of World Lake 

Environment, Otsu, Japan. 

	A description is given of the Lake Tahoe basin, its 

institutional evolution and struggles and management 

strategies of the past and present, indicating the lesson to 

be learned from incongruous development. The possibility of 

halting the development to preserve the environment is 

examined.



Schaffer, J. P. (1984). The Tahoe Sierra : a natural history 

guide to 106 hikes in the northern Sierra. Berkeley, CA, 

Wilderness Press.



Schaffer, J. P. (1985). Desolation Wilderness and the South 

Lake Tahoe Basin. Berkeley, CA, Wilderness Press.



Scharpf, R. F., M. Srago, et al. (1974). Conifer damage and 

death associated with the use of highway deicing salt in the 

Lake Tahoe Basin of California and Nevada, Dept. of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, California Region, San 

Francisco, CA. 

	In the winter of 1972-73 severe damage to conifers was 

observed along the major state and county highways in the 

lake tahoe basin. local foresters suspected highway deicing 

salt as the cause of damage. a biological evaluation was 

begun in the spring of 1973 to determine the cause and 

distribution of damage to the roadside conifers, the species 

affected, and the relationship of tree damage to the 

distances of trees from the highways. estimates from the 

evaluation indicated that some 3000 trees died or were 

damaged on more than 300 locations in the basin. browning of 

foliage, branch dieback, and in many cases, dead trees of all 

sizes and ages were observed. damage and death were greater 

for trees near highways and less for trees at greater 

distances from the highways; in some cases damage occurred up 

to 60 feet from the pavement. tests in the greenhouse, which 

involved adding different concentrations of salt solution to 

potted trees, duplicated symptoms and damage observed in the 

field. it was concluded that salt applied to the highways is 

a major cause of damage and death to roadside conifers in the 

basin. damage probably will continue to occur if the use of 

sodium chloride for highway deicing continues at the present 

level. (see also w76-07793) (sims - isws)



Scharpf, R. F., R. V. Bega, et al. (1981). Elytroderma 

disease reduces growth and vigor, increases mortality of 

Jeffrey pines at Lake Tahoe Basin, California, U.S. Dept. of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and 

Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, CA.



Scharpf, R. F. and R. V. Bega (1988). Elytroderma disease in 

young, planted Jeffrey pine, South Lake Tahoe, California, 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific 

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, CA: 

2.



Scharpf, R. F. (1991). The role of pests in the ecology of 

pine-fir forests at South Lake Tahoe, California. Soc-Am-For-

Natl-Conv., San Francisco, CA, The Society (Bethesda, MD).



Schlesinger, D. A., A. M. McCombie, et al. (1983). An 

evaluation of climatic, morphoedaphic, and effort data as 

predictors of yields from Ontario sport fisheries. Ont. Fish. 

Tech. Rep. Ser.(10). 

	The purpose of this study was to determine the relative 

usefulness of the morphoedaphic index (MEI = total dissolved 

solids/mean depth), angling effort (E), lake surface area 

(A), and long-term mean annual air temperature in the lake 

vicinity (TEMP) for predicting sport fishing yields (Y) for a 

set of 85 Ontario lakes, 6 Minnesota lakes, and Lake Tahoe, 

California. Angling effort proved to be the best single 

independent variable, producing the equation: log sub(10) 

super(Y) = 0.668 (log sub(10) super(E)) - 0.507 with r 

super(2) = 0.611 where Y is stated in kg/ha/yr and E in 

angler-hours/ha/yr. When the MEI is given in mg/L/m, it 

considerably improved the correlation. In contrast, lake 

surface area and TEMP were of questionable value as 

independent variables, as indicated by a step-wise regression 

analysis.



Schmidt, A. R. (1980). Is it too late for Tahoe? [Environment 

impacts]. Am For 86(5): 16-19, 56-59.



Schmidt, W. J. (1985). Structure Of the Northern Sierra 

Nevada, California, Rice University. 

	Structural features on megascopic, mesoscopic, and 

microscopic scales have been examined in a study area located 

in the central portion of the northern Sierra Nevada (west of 

Lake Tahoe). Structures observed within the study area are 

correlated with regional deformational events of the northern 

Sierra Nevada. Although at least four regionally extensive 

deformational events have affected the rocks of the northern 

Sierra Nevada, the effect of only three events are recognized 

in the study area. Structures associated with post-

Ordovician/Silurian and pre-Late Devonian deformation were 

not identified due to overprinting of later deformational 

events. There is ample evidence supporting extensive late 

Paleozoic-early Mesozoic deformation in the study area. 

Structures from this event formed as the result of 

compressive deformation along a northwest-striking, east-

dipping convergent plate boundary along the western margin of 

the Sierran province and may be related to the accretion of 

an exotic terrane, Sonomia. Although a significant component 

of strike-slip motion may have existed along the plate 

boundary, the structures appear to be related to the normal 

component of convergence. The intense, short-lived Nevadan 

orogeny deformed rocks throughout the study area. This latest 

Jurassic event is thought to be the result of an arc-

continent collision. Nevadan structures, which have an 

anomalous north to north-northeast trend in the study area, 

are often indistinguishable from late Paleozoic-early 

Mesozoic structures due to similarities in style and 

orientation. Analysis of strain from quartz microfabrics 

indicates that Nevadan deformation is, at least locally, non-

coaxial. The non-coaxial deformation is probably related to 

left-lateral oblique convergence. The last deformational 

event that affects rocks in the study area occurred in the 

Cretaceous. Cretaceous structures have a consistent northwest 

trend throughout the northern Sierra Nevada. The anomalous 

trend of Nevadan structures in the study area is most likely 

related to Cretaceous deformation. In the northern Sierra 

Nevada, post-Nevadan, dextral oroclinal folding, which 

occurred prior to or during the Cretaceous deformational 

event, is the result of right-lateral oblique convergence.



Schultz, F. M. and C. Lake Tahoe Area (1959). Early history 

of the Lake Tahoe Area Council, Lake Tahoe Area Council.



Schulze, K. L. (1968). Tertiary Treatment Of Waste Water. 

Developments In Industrial Microbiology 9: 175-185. 

	Using data obtained from continuous flow culture of 

bacteria, it was demonstrated that secondary waste water 

treatment processes are inherently incapable of attaining 

high grade removal of nutrients, especially nitrogen and 

phosphorus compounds. activated sludge plants have maximum 

removal capability of 49% for nitrogen and 33% for phosphate 

related to primary effluent. this necessitates the 

development of tertiary treatment. a survey of the physico-

chemical and biological tertiary treatment methods and their 

results were presented. special emphasis was placed on an 

attempt to assess the possibility of large scale nutrient 

removal by biological means. pilot plants at lebanon, ohio 

and full scale operations at santee valley and lake tahoe 

public utility district plants in california were described. 

it is suggested that combination of a tertiary treatment slip 

with irrigation for crop production be used as a possible 

solution. it is urged that industry substitute another 

detergent filler for phosphates. (waid-texas)



Schumann, H. H. (1975). Operational Applications of Satellite 

Snowcover Observations and Landsat Data Collection Systems 

Operations in Central Arizona. NASA Workshop on Operational 

Applications of Satellite Snowcover Observations, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 

	Repetitive Landsat and NOAA-4 satellite imagery together 

with aerial surveys are being evaluated to develop an 

operational capability for mapping snowcover distributions on 

the Salt-Verde watershed of central Arizona. Satellite 

telemetry is being used also for near-real time relay of 

hydrologic data to aid in the management and operation of 

reservoirs on the Salt and Verde Rivers. For use in rating 

satellite imagery, the depth and distribution of snowcover 

was measured by examination of oblique aerial photographs of 

snow markers. This method allowed rapid and economical 

determination of snow depths. The Landsat Data-Collection 

System (DCS) relays hydrologic data from remote and 

relatively inaccessible earth-based sensors. The Landsat 

telemetry system relays information from streamflow- and 

snow-monitoring installations located in the upper parts of 

the Salt-Verde Watershed.



Schuster, R. O., E. C. Toftner, et al. (1977). Tardigrada of 

Pope Beach, Lake Tahoe, California. .



Schwarz, C. F. (1982). Conceptual Ecologic Modeling In 

Regional Environmental Management and Land Planning: a Case 

Study Of Lake Tahoe Water Color Transparency, University Of 

California, Berkeley. 

	The main value of conceptual ecologic modeling (CEM) for 

land use planners is for visualizing and understanding the 

factors affecting their problems. CEMs of land use problems 

are usuallyfeasible and provide the general analysis 

plannerÍs most often need. I used CEMs to study the 

protection of lake water color and transparency. I developed 

a general then a detailed CEM of natural factors affecting 

those qualities. I estimated the areal distribution of 

nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and potential suspended 

sediments on watersheds. I developed other detailed CEMs of 

nutrient and sediment release and delivery to the lake, their 

horizontal and vertical dispersal in it, lake nutrient 

cycling, their effect on water color and transparency via 

increased lake organic matter production, and suspended 

sediment deposition. Management of nutrient stores and 

accumulation processes is needed to offset water quality 

damages caused by urbanization. Careful, periodic removal of 

biomass and litter deposits and quick reestablishment of 

forest cover are the only feasible methods. CEMs for the lake 

revealed that capability classification based solely on a 

siteÍs qualities is inadequate. It does not account for the 

antagonistic or synergistic effects of off-site conditions. 

Classification must include upslope and downslope conditions 

affecting the net consequences of land alterations. I 

recommend a classification scheme using ratings of above and 

below ground conditions affecting release and transmission of 

nutrients and sediments along the fall line on which projects 

are proposed. I include a rating of channel delivery 

efficiency from the base of fall lines to the lake. The 

complexity of information in CEMs poses potential 

communication difficulties. Planners encourage public 

participation in their analysis process. They must also 

explain the reasons for their recommendations to 

decisionmakers. This problem can be readily overcome by using 

modern science communication techniques. The graphical nature 

of CEMs is inherently advantageous for communication. CEMs 

are useful for organizing and synthesizing scientific 

information on many planning problems, for communicating 

understanding of possible consequences of alternative land 

use decisions and as stimuli of insights producing a 

comprehensive range of environmental management alternatives.



Schweickert, R. A., J. R. Firby, et al. (1985). Field trip 

guide: the Northern Sierra Nevada / Nevada and California. 

Reno, NV, University of Nevada - Reno.



Scott, E. B. (1964). The saga of Lake Tahoe; a complete 

documentation of Lake TahoeÍs development over the last one 

hundred years. Crystal Bay, NV, Sierra-Tahoe Publishing 

Company.



Scott, V. H., R. A. Matthews, et al. (1978). Groundwater 

resources of the South Tahoe Public Utility District. Davis, 

CA, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering, University of 

California, Davis.



Seagraves, A., A. Seagraves, et al. (1987). Tahoe : lake in 

the sky. Lakeport, CA (P.O. Box 1141, Lakeport 95453), 

WESANNE Enterprises.



Sebastian, F. and R. Sherwood (1969). Clean Water and 

Ultimate Disposal. Water And Sewage Works 116(8): 297-300. 

	The unique application of thermal systems for solid 

waste reclamation and disposal at the south tahoe phosphate 

removal and water reclamation plant was presented. three 

unique thermal processing systems were employed. bartlet snow 

pacific multiple hearth furnaces were used in the thermal 

treatment systems. the first system processes a relatively 

wet dewatered sludge, 15-20 percent total solids, obtained 

from the addition of lime to raw primary sludge. elimination 

of all odors and steam plume was obtained. lime treatment of 

the sewerage plant effluent produces another distinct sludge 

which was centrifuged producing a cake of about 50% moisture. 

this sludge was recalcined at temperatures approaching 1900 

deg f. for eventual recovery of the lime. dry lime storage 

was possible without the associated dust problems by the 

application of a thermal disc cooler. the tdc utilized water 

as the heat transfer liquid and decreased the temperature of 

the calcined lime from 1400deg f to less than 400 deg f. 

there was virtually no recarbonation as the system was 

totally enclosed. the third system was used in the 

regeneration of activated carbon at the cost of $0.023 per 

lb. (galwardi-texas)



Sebastian, F. P. (1970). Waste Water Reclamation and Reuse. 

Water And Wastes Engineering 7(7): 46-47. 

	In march 1968 the south tahoe (calif.) water reclamation 

plant, the first, largest and most fully integrated plant in 

the world today producing water of potable quality directly 

from sewage effluent, began operation and has since processed 

one billion gallons of waste water, enough drinking water 

quality effluent for the annual household needs of 30,000 

people. the incremental cost of discharging secondary 

effluent is $.166 per 1000 gallons. the stated operational 

cost includes carbon adsorption and regeneration at $.036 per 

1000 gallons. public resistance to the use of renovated water 

is lessening. use of this type of water in long distance 

space flights will help increase public acceptance. according 

to the u. s. public health service, drinking water standards 

do not apply to direct use of reclaimed water for drinking. 

research is reportedly planned to establish the needed 

standards for water from heavily polluted sources. the 

potential benefits of purified waste water are greater than 

the incremental costs. the value of secondary effluent is 

generally nil, whereas tertiary effluent ranges in value from 

$.09 per 1000 gallons to the cost value of fresh water, on 

san francisco peninsula, of $.18 to $.376 per 1000 gallons. 

the virtual elimination of biostimulants and elimination of 

the need for ocean outfalls with unknown effects on bay and 

ocean ecology can be accomplished with tertiary treatment. a 

simplified flowsheet of south tahoe water reclamation plant 

is included in the article. (selby-texas)



Sebastian, F. P. (1971). Tahoe and Windhoek: Promise and 

Proof Of Clean Water. Chemical Engineering Progress, 

Symposium Series 67(107): 410-412. 

	Technical and economic achievements in water reclamation 

have been demonstrated in full-scale operations at lake 

tahoe, california, and windhoek, south west africa. at these 

locations it has been shown that sewage effluent can be 

safely treated to produce drinking quality water. the plant 

at tahoe consists of a conventional activated sludge plant 

with an added tertiary system. a significant step in 

compatibility of thermal reclamation processes used at tahoe 

is the development of exhaust gas cleaning devices that cool 

and clean the gases so effectively that particulate matter is 

unmeasureable. in the first years of operation the effluent 

was better than the standards set, the median bod was 0.98 

mg/liter and the median cod was 10.83 mg/liter. the total 

operating cost of the tertiary process based on 7.5 million 

gal/day is 14 cents/1000 gal. and the amortization cost is 

8.75 cents/1000 gal, while the incremental cost above 

secondary treatment is 1.5 cent/person/day. during trial runs 

undertaken to study the overall performance of the plant, 

test work included a determination of the fate of polio 

viruses, bacteria, and parasites. tests showed little or no 

viruses were present passing into the chlorination tank, 

giving no indication as to the effectiveness of the levels of 

chlorine used. as a result of the tests it was shown that 

completely acceptable water could be produced from specified 

sewage effluents. (gutierrez-texas)



Sebastian, F. P. (1974). Purified Wastewater-the Untapped 

Water Resource. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 

46(2): 239-246. 

	Purified wastewater has become an increasingly important 

source of water. a recent u.s. government study of 155 

communities with populations over 25,000 indicates, for 

example, that 145 presently have some raw waste in their 

water supplies. several communities, including windhock, 

south west africa; lake tahoe, california; colorado springs, 

colorado; and rye meads, u.k., have recently applied advanced 

waste treatment technology to boost existing tap, trout lake, 

swimming, irrigation, and industrial cooling water supplies. 

treatment plants for the respective communities utilize 

biological-algae-physical-chemical, biological-physical-

chemical, biological-physical-chemical, and extended-

biological techniques to meet required quality standards. 

some earlier problems of wastewater reuse have been resolved. 

first, problems of dissolved solids buildup have not resulted 

because not all water is recycled. second, a number of toxic 

materials present in wastewater are effectively eliminated in 

the advanced treatment stage. third, potential hazards from 

viruses have been virtually nonexistent to this point. cost 

estimates for the summarized advanced treatment methods 

indicate conventional primary-secondary-tertiary treatment is 

more expensive than independent physical-chemical treatment 

for similar effluent, although the latter is generally more 

expensive in producing water up to primary-secondary 

treatment quality. potential benefits arising from the 

development of an advanced treatment potential, in addition 

to increased water supplies, are listed. (schroeder-

wisconsin)



Sedway Cooke Associates and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency 

(1972). Tahoe region basinwide conservation and development 

suitability policies and criteria. San Francisco, CA, Sedway 

Cooke Associates.



Sedway/Cooke (1981). Final Environmental Impact Statement; 

South Tahoe Public Utility District and Douglas County Sewer 

Improvement District No. 1, Appendix B: Mitigation Program, 

Sedway/Cooke, San Francisco, CA. 

	The Mitigation Task Force, which was created to 

coordinate the actions of the agencies with authority to 

reduce the environmental impacts of the proposed expansion of 

the South Tahoe Public Utility District, has identified 97 

measures to be implemented by 28 agencies. The measures and 

the agency responsible for implementation of each measure are 

presented in a matrix. There are 13 areas of impact: water 

resources and water quality; geology and soils; biology; 

noise; meteorology and air quality; visual resources; land 

use and housing; transportation; recreation; public 

services/fiscal concerns; utilities; cultural, archeological 

and historical resources; and the Carson Valley. In the water 

resources and quality category there are sixteen required 

measures in the areas of erosion and drainage projects, on-

site runoff controls, development restrictions, and forest 

practices; and one recommended measure, monitoring. For each 

measure, the statements of the responsible agencies are 

given, and implementation statements from all agencies are 

also presented.



Seibert, H. and M. Penniman (1975). Revegetation and Erosion 

Control at Heavenly Valley. Lake Tahoe Research Seminar III, 

South Lake Tahoe, CA. 

	At Heavenly Valley in the Lake Tahoe Basin of California 

and Nevada, the largest ski resort in the U.S. with 20 square 

miles of skiable terrain, one of the biggest problems in any 

ski area is erosion during the spring runoff. The entire 

mountain at Heavenly Valley is granodiorite which has been 

weakly glaciated, resulting in a shallow soil mantle. The 

surface consists of rocks mixed with finer soil. Because of 

its sandy nature, the soil has poor internal stability and a 

small amount of water causes erosion. Serration, berms, heavy 

jute netting, log placement, and revegetation (grass, squaw 

carpet, manzanita) were used in an effort to control erosion 

from snowmelt. Grass planting (wheatgrass and alpine 

timothy), using a mulching process and jute netting, cost 

about $10,000 per acre. To prevent vegetative disruption, ski 

lifts have been installed by means of helicopters, at a cost 

of $23,000 per lift. A table showing cost breakdown is 

appended to this paper, which is the test of a slide 

presentation.



Sercelj, A. and D. P. Adam (1975). A late Holocene pollen 

diagram from near Lake Tahoe, El Dorado County, California. .



Sharp, J. V., R. L. Bateman, et al. (1970). Digital 

Simulation Model Of Inorganic Water Quality Of Tahoe-Truckee 

System, Nevada-California, Progress Report., University of 

Nevada-Reno, Center for Water Resources Research, Reno, NV. 

	This is a progress report on research to develop a 

digital model to simulate inorganic water quality in a 

complex system. for purposes of developing the model, the 

tahoe-truckee river system was studied. regular and special 

analysis contributing to development and testing of the model 

are preliminary analyses of geology, geomorphic features, 

soils, and groundwater; daily stream flow records from many 

stations; monthly flow records; and reservoir storage and 

release records. the digital model, now approaching final 

stages of refinement, contains a hydrologic model providing 

monthly flows, a set of predictive equations, and a set of 

equations for simulating regulation. the purpose of the model 

is to describe and predict variation of water quality in 

terms of total dissolved solids so that accurate management 

decisions in areas of water quality control, waste disposal 

and pollution control can be made. by use of the model at its 

present state of refinement, the observed amounts of total 

dissolved solids is reasonably near the simulated amounts, 

and further development of the model is expected to produce 

more accurate simulation. many parts of the model are given 

as formulae. (yensen-arizona)



Shea, P. J., M. I. Haverty, et al. (1984). Effectiveness of 

fenitrothion and permethrin for protecting ponderosa pine 

trees from attack by the western pine beetle [Tahoe National 

Forest, Eldorado National Forst]. J Ga Entomol Soc 19(4): 

427-433.



Shedd, R. A. (1977). Lake Tahoe historical sketches. South 

Lake Tahoe, CA, R.A. Shedd.



Shellito, J., Lake Tahoe Environmental Education Consortium, 

et al. (1976). Tahoe reflections : an anthology, 1974-1976. 

South Lake Tahoe, CA, Lake Tahoe Environmental Education 

Consortium.



Shireman, H. C. (1972). Filtration Boasts Tertiary Treatment, 

Mixed-Media Filters, Plus Filter Aids, Turn In a Top 

Performance. Water And Waste Engineering, New York, Vol9, 

No4, P34 37. 

	In-depth, coarse-to-fine filtration in mixed media 

downflow beds, utilizing alum or polymer filter aids, can 

play an important part in many overall treatment schemes. 

coarse-to-fine filtration adds to overall plant reliability 

in terms of continuous operation, consistent effluent 

quality, and backing up biological and chemical treatment 

upsets. filtration prior to granular carbon adsorption 

protects the carbon against fouling by suspended solids and 

colloidal matter. the selection between pressure filters or 

open gravity beds is based on the overall economies of 

pumping and construction materials. lime, alum, or nonionic, 

anionic, or cationic polymers may be used as filter aids on 

mixed media beds, and can maintain turbidity as low as0.05 

jtu. the optimum dose of filter aid allows the terminal head 

loss (usually 10 ft.) and turbidity breakthrough (about 1 to 

2 jtu) to occur simultaneously. filter underdrain systems are 

used to support the filter media, collect the filtered water, 

and distribute the backwash water uniformly over the bed. a 

bed of supporting gravel (usually 8 to 18 in. in depth and 2 

in. to 10 mesh in gradiation) is used between the fine media 

and the underdrain. in sewage filters, a 3 in. thick layer of 

coarse (1 mm) garnet is needed between the fine media and 

supporting gravel. a detailed evaluation of mixed media 

filters on stream in south tahoe from 1965 to 1970 is 

included along with typical removals, cost tables, and a flow 

diagram. (barron-texas)



Shlemon, R. J. (1972). A quantitative study of soil 

erodibility in the Lake Tahoe Basin, Institute of 

Governmental Affairs, University of California, Davis, CA.



Siddiqi, F. H. (1984). Strength Evaluation Of Cohesionless 

Soils With Oversize Particles (Rockfill Dams, Cyclic Earth 

Static System Compliance Correction), University Of 

California, Davis. 

	Modeling criteria to be used for the preparation of the 

conventional laboratory specimens needed for the prediction 

of the static and cyclic strength behavior of the ñtotalî 

material containing oversized particles, is presented and its 

validity discussed. To experimentally verify the validity of 

the modeling criteria, laboratory static and cyclic triaxial 

tests were performed on the assumed prototype material with 

2-inch maximum size particles and the modeled conventional 

specimens with 1/2-inch maximum size particles. The results 

obtained for the assumed prototype and the modeled specimens 

were compared and conclusions regarding the validity of the 

modeling criteria were drawn. Two distinctly different types 

of gravelly materials were selected for the study. One 

material came from Lake Valley Dam, a rockfill dam located in 

the Sierras, approximately 50 miles northwest of Lake Tahoe, 

and owned by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company of San 

Francisco. The other material came from Oroville Dam. Where 

as the Lake Valley gravel is very well graded, the Oroville 

gravel is more uniformly graded. To investigate the influence 

of relative density on the modeling criterion, the tests were 

conducted on samples with wide range of relative density. The 

specimens of the Lake Valley gravel were prepared at relative 

densities of 40 and 60 percent for cyclic tests and 58 

percent for static tests. A relative density of 84 percent 

was utilized for cyclic testing of the Oroville gravel. The 

modeling criteria presented in this study very closely 

predicted the cyclic and static undrained strength behavior 

of the assumed prototype materials.



Siebert, H. L., R. G. Bailey, et al. (1972). Land use 

planning at Lake Tahoe. .



Sierra Libraries Information Consortium (1978). . Living at 

Tahoe : the land use decision making process, Tahoe City, CA, 

Bureau of Governmental Research, University of Nevada, Reno, 

NV.



Sierra Pacific Power Company and E.D.A.W. Inc. (1978). Lake 

Tahoe Basin : electrical transmission master plan and 

environmental impact assessment, Sierra Pacific Power 

Company.



Simpson, R. G. (1974). Selected Hydrologic Data, Sagehen 

Creek Basin Near Truckee, California, 1954-72, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA. 

	Sagehen creek in tahoe national forest near truckee, 

calif., drains a near-virgin environment. since december 1953 

the average discharge of sagehen creek has been 12.4 cubic 

feet per second, the annual peak flows range from 27 to 765 

cubic feet per second, and minimum daily flows occur in 

autumn and are generally about 2.0 cubic feet per second. 

mean water temperature is about 2 deg c in the winter and 13 

deg c in the summer. sediment concentration during 1968-72 

has ranged from 1 to 26 milligrams per liter. conductivity 

measurements ranged from 40 to 140 micromhos. results of 

coliform bacteria counts and chemical analyses of water 

samples and surveys of plant and animal life have indicated 

no pollution. little or no scour or fill has occurred, and no 

changes in channel alinement have been noted. (knapp-usgs)



Singer, M. (1974). Erodibility Of Tahoe Soils. Lake Tahoe 

Research Seminar II, South Lake Tahoe, CA. 

	The erosion program at tahoe has three major focuses: 

(1) to measure actual amounts of erosion occurring on 

different kinds of soil, (2) to determine actual erodibility 

of soils, and (3) to trace the sources of sediments found in 

streams. plots were established at seven sites on seven 

different soil series. the plots were 50 feet long and 6 feet 

wide, surrounded on three sides by redwood borders which were 

buried in the soil and extend a bit above the soil surface so 

that just erosion and just sediment movement within those 

borders could be measured. at the bottom end of the plots a 

pit was dug and lined with a cloth so that the sediment could 

be caught and weighed after different storm events. rainfall 

on each of the sites was measured. the data from the plots 

were used to develop mathematical models to predict erosion. 

the basic chemical and physical properties of the different 

kinds of soils found in the tahoe basin were used to trace 

sediments from their source to the lake.



Sinton, P. and F. S. Walter (1962). Childhood memories of 

summers at Lake Tahoe. San Francisco, CA, Grabhorn Press 

(Priv. print.).



Skalski, A. M. (1983). Factors and Effects Of Crowding On 

Lake Tahoe Beaches, University Of Nevada, Reno.



Skau, C. M. (1970). College Sees Need For Resource 

Management...Thus Need For a Renewable Natural Resources 

Division. . 

	The renewable natural resources division, university of 

nevada, is concerned with education, research, development 

and management of undeveloped areas such as rangelands, 

forests, streams and lakes. a master plan is developed for 

the tahoe basin, based on hydrologic, vegetation and soil 

studies. improvement of wildlife habitat is advocated for 

rangelands. soil surveys offer methods of interpreting 

species distribution. environmental effects on quality are 

emphasized. (popkin-arizona)



Slayback, R. D. and R. F. Clary, Jr. (1987). Vegetative 

solutions to erosion control in the Tahoe basin. Erosion 

control : yourÍre gambling without it, Conference XVIII 

International Erosion Control Association, Reno, NV, 

International Erosion Control Association, Pinole, CA.



Slayback, R. D. (1988). Plants for erosion control in the 

Tahoe Basin. Am Nurseryman 167(1): 166.



Sloane, B. A. and T. E. Dickinson (1979). Computer Modeling 

for the Lake Tahoe Basin: Impacts of Extreme Land-Use 

Policies on Key Environmental Variables. Journal of 

Environmental Systems 9(1): 39-56. 

	A socio-economic computer simulation model of 

population, growth and land-use in the Lake Tahoe Basin 

utilizes the best available statistical data and incorporates 

views of regional planners and interested citizens. The model 

compares broad long-range social and economic implications of 

potential governmental policies. Major variables or submodels 

are: available jobs; locally employed seasonal residents; 

housing demand; housing supply; housing market 

reconciliation; basin acreage; year-round residents 

employment status; business units; year round residentsÍ age 

structure; tourist visitor days; tourist amenities; and 

special factors. Computer simulation runs were made of seven 

extreme land-use policy packages which included the following 

policies: (1) construction and subdivision moratorium; (2) 

housing occupancy limitation, (3) removal of most campground 

and commercial limitations; (4) increase in number of 

residential units per acre; (5) additional acres zoned 

residential; (6) doubling of gambling casino facilities; and 

(7) new light industry. Each policy package was simulated 

using three different model versions to accomodate its high 

sensitivity to assumptions about tourism. Results show that 

the number of acres developed and the related lake water 

clarity reduction would be greater with upzoning policies 

such as density variances than with simulatory ones such as 

new industry promotion.



Smith, E. R., A. C. Hammon, et al. (1947). E.R. Smith map of 

Lake Tahoe & vicinity. Bijou, CA, Edw. R. Smith.



Smith, R. M. (1959). Geographic factors relative to the Lake 

Tahoe Basin, Lake Tahoe Area Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Smith, R. M. (1959). Littoral drift - a study, Lake Tahoe 

Area Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Smith, R. M. (1960). Aerial mapping : problems, costs and 

procedures for the Lake Tahoe area, R.M. Smith, Reno, NV.



Smith, R. M. (1960). Objectives of a planning program at Lake 

Tahoe, R.M. Smith, Reno, NV.



Smith, R. M. (1960). A preliminary survey and analysis of 

planning and development problems - Lake Tahoe portion of 

Washoe County, Nevada, R.M. Smith, Reno, NV.



Smith, R. M. and Universal Inc. (1963). A report and analysis 

of the demographic, economic, geographic and financial 

aspects of the Lake Tahoe basin and surrounding areas with 

particular reference to present and future trends in the 

southshore section, especially as applied to the Nevada 

(Douglas Co.) portion, in order to ascertain the potential 

need for a new savings and loan facility proposed to be 

located at the Kingsburg Grade intersection in Douglas 

County, Lake Tahoe, Universal Inc.: 28 p.



Smith, R. M. and Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Commission of 

Nevada and California (1967). A comparison of existing 

subdivision, zoning & other developmental controls in the 

Lake Tahoe basin, R.M. Smith, Reno, NV: 55 p.



Smith, R. M. and Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Commission 

(1969). Reconnaissance report, Lake Tahoe basin area, Lake 

Tahoe Regional Planning Commission, Reno, NV.



Smith, R. M. and United States Tahoe Regional Planning Agency 

(1970). Nevada Tahoe general plan; a general plan document 

for the Nevada portion of the Lake Tahoe Basin, Reno, NV.



Smith, R. M. and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). 

Housing study of the Lake Tahoe Basin; a report, 

[unpublished]: [4], 62 p.



Smith, G. L. (1973). A flora of the Tahoe basin and 

neighboring areas. San Francisco, CA, University of San 

Francisco.



Smith, R. C., J. E. Tyler, et al. (1973). Optical Properties 

and Color Of Lake Tahoe and Crater Lake. Limnology And 

Oceanography 18(2): 189-199. 

	Spectral irradiance has been measured as a function of 

depth in crater lake, oregon and lake tahoe, california. in 

lake tahoe, secchi disk observations and submarine photometer 

measurements have been recorded year round since july 1967 

and beam transmittance has been measured as a function of 

depth. from these data the radiant energy input and certain 

optical properties of the two lakes are presented. since 

color is a principal esthetic feature of these lakes, a 

complete color analysis is also presented. this information 

provides an objective standard with which to compare possible 

future changes in the optical properties and in the esthetic 

appearance of crater lake and lake tahoe. the method can be 

applied generally to quantify the optical deterioration of 

any aquatic habitat and can detect such deterioration before 

it is noticeable by casual visual observation. (holoman-

battelle)



Smith, J. L. (1975). Water Yield Improvement Research Of the 

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station and Its 

Usefulness to Wildland Resource Management. Lake Tahoe 

Research Seminar IV, South Lake Tahoe, CA, Lake Tahoe 

Environmental Education Consortium. 

	The project mission was to determine the effect of 

vegetation manipulation upon snow accumulation and melt, so 

that the changes imposed by vegetation manipulation can be 

programed to accomplish the desired purpose. an ultimate goal 

is to develop a model that can be used to estimate such use 

under any level of plant cover and for any complex of soil, 

aspect and slope. the results of the study suggest a feasible 

approach in developing such a model. water balances are 

computed by combining calculations for plant water use, soil 

water movement and energy balance. the current research task 

is the combining of all snow hydrology data into models of 

snowmelt with which a land manager, prior to timber harvest, 

may predict, the effects of alternative land management 

practices upon time of water delivery to the streams. a 

second task is the combining of the snow hydrology, plant 

water use and soil water movement data into models with which 

the land manager can determine prior to harvest the optimum 

form of harvest cut for maximizing water yield, aesthetic 

considerations, change in time of water yield or other 

management objectives.



Smith, J. K., A. J. Englande, et al. (1978). Characterization 

of Reusable Municipal Wastewater Effluents and Concentration 

of Organic Constituents, Gulf South Research Inst., New 

Orleans, LA. 

	Organic concentrates were collected from operating 

advanced waste water treatment plants for use in health 

effects testing. After reverse osmosis, the organics were 

further concentrated and then recovered by liquid/liquid 

extraction. Also, chemical, physical, and biological analyses 

were conducted of effluent to determine how the quality of 

the effluents compared with drinking water criteria. All 

advanced treatment plants tested were characterized by high 

quality effluents. Spot samples taken over a six to nine 

month period at six plants determined that nitrogen (ammonia 

and nitrate), phenol, odor, carbon chloroform extract, 

turbidity, and specific heavy metals exceeded drinking water 

standards in most cases. The plants tested were: Lake Tahoe, 

California; Blue Plains, District of Columbia; Pomona, 

California; Dallas, Texas; Escondido, California; and Orange 

County, California. (Small-FRC)



Smith, Z. G. and United States Forest Service - Pacific 

Southwest Region (1979). Summary draft environmental impact 

statement : Land management plan part 2 : Lake Tahoe Basin 

Management Unit : El Dorado, Placer, Alpine counties, 

California and Washoe, Douglas counties and Carson City, 

Nevada, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, 

Berkeley, CA.



Smith, A. Y. and R. J. Blackwell (1979). Application of 

Digital Image Processing Techniques and Information Systems 

to Water Quality Monitoring of Lake Tahoe. Satellite 

Hydrology, Fifth Annual William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium 

on Remote Sensing, Sioux Falls, South Dakota. 

	Lake Tahoe is one of very few natural lakes in the 

United States which has remained relatively undamaged by the 

encroaching developments of man. The management of TahoeÍs 

water quality has become a subject of intensive study in 

recent years in an effort to define and limit the effects of 

nonpoint source pollutants that are input from the 

contributing drainage basins. As an aid to the water quality 

management effort, the Image Processing Laboratory at 

CaltechÍs Jet Propulsion Laboratory has interfaced Landsat 

data with topographic digital imagery from the Defense 

Mapping Agency, conventional maps, and tabular data to create 

a comprehensive information data base for Lake Tahoe and its 

environs. The project used the resources of the JPL developed 

IBIS programs to augment data gathered by the U.S. Forest 

Service and Department of Agriculture for the Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency. The IBIS dat base method allowed cross 

correlation of Landsat imagery and topographic data with a 

variety of environmental parameters relating to such 

indicators as surface runoff, drainage basin acreage, and 

terrain configuration. Parameters were evaluated and compared 

for each drainage basin defined by the Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency (1977). The methods used to construct and 

update the information data base are described and evaluated. 

In addition, the utility of including Landsat imagery is 

discussed.



Smith, Z. G. and United States Forest Service (1980). Land 

management plan part 2 : Lake Tahoe Basin management unit, El 

Dorado, Placer, Alpine counties California, Washoe, Douglas 

counties, and Carson City, Nevada : final environmental 

impact statement, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest 

Region, Berkeley, CA.



Smith, R. L. and R. S. Oremland (1983). Anaerobic oxalate 

degradation: Widespread natural occurrence in aquatic 

sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46(1): 106-113. 

	Significant concentrations of oxalate (dissolved plus 

particulate) were present in sediments taken from a diversity 

of aquatic environments, ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 mmol/liter 

of sediment. These included pelagic and littoral sediments 

from two freshwater lakes (Searsville Lake, Calif., and Lake 

Tahoe, Calif.), a hypersaline, meromictic, alkaline lake (Big 

Soda Lake, Nev.), and a south San Francisco Bay mud flat and 

salt marsh. The oxalate concentration of several plant 

species which are potential detrital inputs to these aquatic 

sediments ranged from 0.1 to 5.0% (wt/wt). In experiments 

with litter bags, the oxalate content of Myriophyllum sp. 

samples buried in freshwater littoral sediments decreased to 

7% of the original value in 175 days. This suggests that 

plant detritus is a potential source of the oxalate within 

these sediments. These results suggest that anaerobic oxalate 

degradation is a widespread phenomenon in aquatic sediments 

and may be limited by the dissolved oxalate concentration 

within these sediments.



Smith, G. L. (1983). Supplement to a flora of the Tahoe basin 

and neighboring areas. Wasmann J. Biol. 41(1-2): 1-46. 

	This supplement presents new distribution records and 

adds 2 new families, 38 genera, 111 species, 14 infraspecific 

taxa and 2 natural hybrids to the flora of the Tahoe basin 

and neighboring areas.



Smith, E. (1991). Incline Village/Crystal Bay defensible 

space handbook : a volunteerÍs guide to reducing the wildfire 

threat. Reno, NV, University of Nevada-Reno.



Smith, S. O., California Dept. of Parks & Recreation, et al. 

(1991). Emerald Bay barges archaeological survey, 1989-1990, 

California Dept. of Parks & Recreation, Sacramento, CA.



Snider, W. M., J. L. Kershner, et al. (1987). Instream flow 

requirements of salmonid resources, Lake Tahoe Basin, 

California and Nevada, Resources Agency, State of California. 

Dept. of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.



Snyder, J. H. (1985). Fiscal Year 1984 Program Report 

(California Water Resources Center), University of 

California, Davis, Water Resources Center. 

	A synopsis is presented of the results of each of the 

research projects sponsored under the 1984 Water Research 

Institute Program (WRIP) for the University of California 

Water Resources Center. It also contains summaries of water 

problems and issues in California and the Water Resources 

CenterÍs Program Goals and Priorities, Information 

Dissemination Activities and Cooperative Arrangements. The 

California WRIP package is a subset of the CenterÍs overall 

research program and consists of five projects investigating 

the following topic areas: The Diffusion of Low-Volume 

Irrigation Technology in Western Agriculture, Structural 

Impacts of the Reclamation Reform Act of 1982 on California 

Agriculture, The Direct Quantification of Atmospheric Dry 

Acid and Nutrient Deposition on Western Mountain Lakes, 

Application of a Paired Watershed Research Design to Evaluate 

Instream Effects of Watershed Management Activities in North 

Coastal California, Interaction of Nemagon (DBCP) with 

Constituents of Water-Soil Systems.



South Tahoe Public Utility District and Brown and Caldwell 

(1959). Specifications for construction of sewage treatment 

plant, Brown and Caldwell, San Francisco, CA: 126 p.



South Tahoe Public Utility District and Jones & Stokes 

Associates (1979). Final environmental impact report for the 

South Tahoe Public Utility District water system master plan, 

Jones & Stokes Associates, Sacramento, CA.



South Tahoe Public Utility District, Jones & Stokes 

Associates, et al. (1983). South Tahoe Public Utility 

District wastewater facilities planning program: draft 

supplemental environmental impact report, Jones & Stokes 

Associates, Sacramento, CA.



Southern Pacific Company (1900). Lake Tahoe, California : 

[brochure]. San Francisco, CA, Southern Pacific Company: 1 

sheet ([15] p.).



Southern Pacific Company (1900). By Tahoe shores. San 

Francisco, CA, Southern Pacific Company.



Southern Pacific Company (1902). Lake Tahoe. San Francisco, 

CA, Sunset Press: 1 sheet.



Southern Pacific Company (1909). A guide to the Lake Tahoe 

region, California. San Francisco, CA, Southern Pacific 

Company.



Southern Pacific Company (1915). The Tahoe country. San 

Francisco, CA, Southern Pacific Company.



Southern Pacific Company (1926). Tahoe Tavern, California : 

reached by Southern Pacific, Lake Tahoe Route via Ogden. Lake 

Tahoe, CA, Lake Tahoe Co.



Southern Pacific Company (1927). Lake Tahoe. [San Francisco, 

CA, Southern Pacific Company.



Spink Engineering Company (1967). A report on the formation 

of a municipal water system for the City of South Lake Tahoe, 

California, Spink Engineering Company, Sacramento, CA.



Squires (ed.), P. (1977). Final Report on The Pyramid Lake 

Pilot Project, 1970-1975, Volume 1, Text of Report, 

University of Nevado-Reno, Lab. of Atmospheric Physics, Reno, 

NV. 

	A randomized cloud seeding project was carried out over 

an area of 1052 sq. mi. near Lake Tahoe for 3 winter-spring 

seasons. Six remotely controlled silver iodide generators 

were located on the upper western slopes of the Sierra 

Nevada, and precipitation was measured by means of 23 

recording gauges and 54 non-recording gauges. A total of 132 

experimental periods (corresponding to forecast synoptic 

scale storms) averaged some 35 hours in duration. The 

preliminary statistical analysis is based on a comparison of 

periods randomly assigned to be seeded, or not seeded, on a 

50-50 basis. However, for a variety of reasons, seeding 

actually occurred for only about half the total hours 

assigned to be seeded. Thus, the effect of seeding can appear 

here only in a somewhat diluted form. The varying duration of 

experimental periods was taken into account by assuming a 

Gamma distribution of precipitation amounts, with the shape 

parameter a linear function of duration; the effect of 

seeding then appeared as a change in the scale parameter. By 

means of a forecast, storms were classified as heavy, 

moderate, light or marginal. The evidence for a positive 

seeding effect is not conclusive; however, the apparent 

effect or seeding all categories of storms was an increase of 

16%. In the group comprising heavy and moderate storms, the 

apparent increase was 25%. If the true effect had been equal 

to this, the chance of detecting it, at the 5% significance 

level, would have been about 1 in 5.



Stafford, A. A. (1936). Touring Tahoe, a handbook of useful 

information for the Lake Tahoe visitor. Carson City, NV, 

StaffordÍs ïMARK TWAINÍ Book Shop.



Stander, G. J., L. R. J. Van Vuuren, et al. (1970). Current 

Status Of Research On Waste Water Reclamation In South 

Africa. Preprint. 

	The efficient removal of the predominately organic 

impurities from waste water calls for the application of more 

sophisticated techniques than are normally applied in 

conventional water treatment. the successful operation of 

large-scale plants at windhoek and lake tahoe have confirmed 

that a combination of biological, chemical and physical 

processes may be considered as most feasible current approach 

in waste water reclamation. research conducted by the 

national institute of water research has been focused on 

further refinements to some individual process units. a pilot 

plant was constructed in pretoria to study the physico-

chemical route for waste water reclamation. these 

investigations have culminated in the design and construction 

of a 1 million gal/day demonstration plant which will be a 

basis for further research on waste water reclamation in 

south africa, with the main objectives of formulating design 

criteria for larger reclamation plants and to evaluate costs 

and performance data. particular emphasis is placed on the 

technique developed for the application of powdered activated 

carbon as an integral part of the renovation process for the 

adsorption of dissolved organics from secondary effluents. 

(selby-texas)



State of California (1971). Special Water Quality Provisions. 

California Water Code Ann Secs 13950 thru 13951. 

	If any area of any district in the lake tahoe basin 

provides a sewer system and treatment facilities sufficient 

to handle and treat any resultant waste, along with 

transportation facilities sufficient to transport resulting 

effluent outside the basin, then the further use of cesspools 

or other means of waste disposal is a public nuisance. such 

district shall require all buildings to be connected with the 

sewer system within a period of not less than 90 days. on or 

after january 1, 1972, waste from within the lake tahoe 

watershed shall be placed in sewer systems and treatment 

facilities only. such waste may be placed in holding tanks 

until it can be transported to treatment facilities. use of 

cesspools, septic tanks, or other means of waste disposal 

after january 1, 1972, shall be a public nuisance. occupying 

a building which discharges waste in violation of this 

section is a public nuisance, and actions may be brought to 

enjoin such occupants. if the regional board of the lahontan 

region finds that the operation of septic tanks and cesspools 

will not affect water quality and that sewering would damage 

the environment, then this section shall not apply. 

(robinson-florida)



State of California (1975). Fallen Leaf Protection 

Association v South Tahoe Public Utilities District 

(Provisions of California Water Code Requiring Specific 

Property Owners to Connect to Sewer Lines Upheld Against 

Constitutional Challenge). 120 Cal Rptr 538-47. 

	Plaintiff property owners challenged the validity of 

sections of the California Water Code by a cross-complaint 

alleging inverse condemnation. The plaintiffsÍ property was 

located in the Lake Tahoe Basin; plaintiffs disposed of waste 

through the use of cesspools and septic tanks. The Public 

Utilities District, in the course of constructing a sewer 

collector line through the property had sought to restrain 

plaintiffs from occupying any buildings on their property. In 

the cross-complaint plaintiffs claimed fair market value of 

their property, contending that the state lacked the power to 

compel them to connect to a sewer line, and that certain 

provisions of the California Water Code were arbitrary, 

unreasonable, and discriminatory. The California Third 

District Court of Appeal held that the actions of the state 

under the Water Code to be a valid exercise of police power 

in light of legislative determination that a clear and 

present danger to the environment exists in the Lake Tahoe 

Basin; that under the circumstances no invidious 

discrimination against specific property owners could be 

found; and that a statute based on a permissible legislative 

purpose is to be presumed valid unless plainly arbitrary.



State of Nevada Permits for Diversion, Transfer, 

Appropriation of Water from Interstate Streams; Stored Water; 

Waste Water. Nev. Rev. Stat. secs 533.515 thru 533.540. 

	A permit for water appropriation may be granted in 

Nevada when the point of diversion lies outside the state if 

the other state authorizes the diversion of its water for use 

in Nevada. No permit will be issued to change the use or to 

transfer water or water rights of any water appropriated for 

beneficial use in Nevada for use beyond the state borders. 

Waters from interstate streams may be diverted within Nevada 

for beneficial use in another state only when state has a 

reciprocal water diversion agreement. It is a misdemeanor to 

divert and not use or to waste water of any river, stream, or 

creek during the irrigation season. Lake Tahoe may be used by 

the United States for reservoir purposes to aid the Truckee-

Carson reclamation project. Guidelines and procedures are 

provided for the refunding of water district funds from 

county treasuries to water users and calimants of rights to 

waters of the Carson River or its forks. (Mulligan-Florida)



State of Nevada (1963). Protection Of Lake Tahoe Watershed. 

Nevada Revised Statutes Secs 445.080 THRU 445.120. 

	For the purpose of protecting lake tahoe, it is unlawful 

for anyone to construct without a permit: (1) any commercial 

or private building unless it does not require domestic water 

or sewage disposal, (2) any water supply system, or (3) any 

sewage disposal system. when the source of domestic water or 

place for sewage disposal would create a health hazard, the 

permit should be denied. direct discharge of sewage or other 

wastes into any water body within the watershed is 

prohibited. if discharge into lake tahoe is considered 

necessary by the health division, the division shall issue a 

permit subject to the installation of the necessary sewage 

works to protect the lake. the division is empowered to make 

necessary rules, regulations, and inspections to carry out 

the purposes of the act. (gallagher-florida)



State of Nevada (1974). Morales V. Westergard (California-

Nevada Interstate Compact and Lake Tahoe Condominiums).  Nev. 

Rev. Stat. sec 522 P2D 1224-25(Nevada, 1974). 

	Petitioner developers attempted to get their condominium 

map, which described their developmentÍs sewage and water 

supply systems, approved by the bureau of environmental 

health. the bureau refused to give its approval, however, 

finding that the developmentÍs use of water from the lake 

tahoe basin would violate the california-nevada interstate 

compact. as a result of this decision, petitioner sought a 

writ of mandamus from the supreme court of nevada to compel 

the bureau to approve the condominium map. the court granted 

the relief sought, finding that the developmentÍs proposed 

use of water would not violate the interstate compact. the 

court noted that water taken by the development from the lake 

tahoe basin would be returned, except for a minimal amount 

which would be used for lawn care, to the basin by natural 

gravity through the closed sewer system. therefore, the 

compactÍs aim of controlling and conserving water use within 

the basin would not be violated by the approval of the 

condominium map.



State of Nevada (1975). Protection of Lake Tahoe and its 

Watershed. Nev. Rev. Stat. secs 445.080 thru 445.120. 

	Written permission must be obtained from the bureau of 

environmental health before any person, firm, association or 

corporation can construct any dwelling or building for human 

occupancy or commercial use, any drinking water procurement 

or distribution system, or any sewage collection or disposal 

system in the Lake Tahoe watershed. Permission is also 

required for any construction in Lake Tahoe, any alteration 

of the shoreline, or any dredge and fill operation. No 

permits will be issued if a health hazard or threat to water 

quality would result. Discharge of wastes into the lake or 

its watershed is prohibited except in certain instances which 

require a discharge permit. The bureau of environmental 

health is authorized to enforce reasonable regulations and to 

inspect any property in the watershed area to determine 

compliance with the regulations. Anyone violating any 

provisions of this act or any regulations promulgated to 

enforce it shall be quilty of a misdemeanor. (Cocheu-Florida)



State of Nevada (1975). California-Nevada Interstate Compact. 

Nev. Rev. Stat. sec 538.600. 

	The major purposes of the California-Nevada Interstate 

Compact are to promote equitable apportionment of water, 

governmental cooperation, and future development, use, 

conservation and control of water within the Lake Tahoe, 

Truckee River, Carson River and Walker River Basins. 

Guidelines for the creation, financing and general powers of 

a California-Nevada Compact Commission are stated. 

Information regarding storage rights and construction of an 

overflow weir for Lake Tahoe is given. Allocations and 

diversion rights for the waters of the Truckee and Carson 

Rivers are specified. Detailed plans for the distribution of 

waters of the Walker River are described, including 

allocations for the Topaz Reservoir and the Walker River 

Indian Reservation. Waters of the Walker River in excess of 

allocated amounts shall be administered by a watermaster 

nominated by the Commission. Both states have the right to 

develop ground waters and springs within their boundaries if 

such use does not reduce the water allocated to the other 

state, and either state may initiate proceedings if it 

believes its allocation is adversely affected. Violations of 

this compact shall be investigated by the commission which 

may take any necessary remedial action including injunctive 

relief. (Mulligan-Florida)



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Willows (Salix species). 

Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 

p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). White fir (Abies concolor). 

Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 

p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). White alder (Alnus 

rhombifolia). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno 

Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Western chokecherry (Prunus 

virginiana). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno 

Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Sulfur flower, buckwheat 

(Eriogonum umbellatum). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ 

Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Sugar pine (Pinus 

lambertiana). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno 

Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). River birch (Betula nigra). 

Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 

p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Quaking aspen (Populus 

tremuloides). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno 

Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Ponderosa pine (Pinus 

ponderosa). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev 

Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Mountain spiraea (Spiraea 

densiflora). Reno, NV, Fact-Sheet-Coll-Agric-Univ-Nev-Reno-

Nev-Coop-Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Mountain pride penstemon 

(Penstemon newberryi). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ 

Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Mountain delphinium 

(Delphinium glaucum). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ 

Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Moss pink (Phlox subulata). 

Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 

p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Leopard lily (Lilium 

pardalinum). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno 

Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Jeffrey pine (Pinus 

jeffreyi). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev 

Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Incense cedar (Calocedrus 

decurrens). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev 

Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). HartwegÍs Iris (Iris 

hartwegii). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev 

Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Evening primrose (Oenothera 

hookeri). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev 

Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Crimson columbine (Aquilegia 

formosa). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev 

Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Common yarrow (Achillea 

millefolium). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno 

Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Common monkey-flower 

(Mimulus guttatus), Lewis monkey-flower (Mimulus lewisii). 

Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 

p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). BrewerÍs lupine (Lupinus 

breweri), Sierra lupine (Lupinus confertus), GrayÍs lupine 

(Lupinus grayi). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev 

Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Blanket flower (Gaillardia 

aristata). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev 

Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Black cottonwood (Populus 

trichocarpa). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno 

Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). ApplegateÍs paintbrush 

(Castilleja applegatei). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ 

Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.



Steiner, F. (1983). Regional planning in the United States: 

Historic and contemporary examples. Landscape Plann 10(4): 

297-315. 

	Landscape planning occurs within the jurisdiction of 

various levels of government, from local to international. 

Early ideas about regional planning are traced from the 19th 

century into the 20th century. The social vision of the New 

Deal is discussed in relationship to the harnessing of human 

and natural resources in such projects as the Tennessee 

Valley Authority, the Columbia Basin Irrigation Project, and 

the Greenbelt new towns. The ideas about regional planning of 

John Friedmann and Ian McHarg are contrasted. Examples of 

American regional planning are summarized, and include: the 

Appalachian Regional Planning Commission; New YorkÍs 

Adirondack Park Agency; the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency; 

the New Jersey Pinelands Commission; and the U.S Forest 

ServiceÍs system for land and resource management.



Stollery, D. J. (1969). Tales of Tahoe, Lake Tahoe history, 

legend and description. Tahoe City, CA, Tahoe City World.



Stone, R. H., III (1980). Contamination Of the Truckee-Tahoe 

Watershed By Upwind Seeding Programs, University Of Nevada, 

Reno.



Strome, M. (1980). Passenger rail feasibility study : 

California access to South Lake Tahoe, [publisher and place 

published unknown.



Strong, D. H. (1981). Preservation efforts at Lake Tahoe, 

1880 to 1980 Nevada, forest lands. J For Hist 25(2): 78-97.



Strong, D. H. (1984). Tahoe, an environmental history. 

Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press.



Strub, T., T. M. Powell, et al. (1983). Temperature and 

transport patterns in Lake Tahoe: Satellite imagery, field 

data and a dynamical model. Congress of the International 

Assocation of Limnology, Lyon, France. 

	The use of satellite images, in situ temperature 

sections, measured winds and a numerical wind-driven model 

have enabled them to determine the mean spring and summer 

surface temperature structure at Lake Tahoe. Typical 

afternoon SW winds cause upwelling on the West and in the 

South, and the accumulation of warm water on the East. Cold 

water from the West moves to the Northeast and at least 

during some periods warm water from the East returns to the 

West in a large clockwise gyre which occupies the northern 

half of the open lake. The current pattern in the South is 

less clear nad may be more variable due to winds that switch 

from northerly to southerly during the day, and have also 

been found to be more variable from day to day. Areas of warm 

water identify locations where water is blown against the 

shore; these indicate that the shoreline inflows in the 

Northeast will not be dispersed as rapidly as inflows on the 

west side. Previous synoptic studies have found high levels 

of primary productivity in the northeast and southeast corner 

(Godlman 1974), and we suggest that inflowing water may be 

trapped against the coast there by the wind-driven currents.



Strub, T. and T. M. Powell (1983). Surface temperature and 

transport patterns in Lake Tahoe -- comparison between 

satellite images and a numerical model. Eos Trans. Am. 

Geophys. Union. 64(45): 743. 

	Some 62 satellite images showing surface temperature 

fields during summers of 1980-82 have been analyzed. The 

authors present the mean fields, sequences of image, and the 

dominant horizontal patterns of covariability as determined 

from eigenvector analysis. The data suggest a semi-permanent 

east-west temperature gradient and a large clockwise gyre in 

the northern half of the lake. They drive a 3-layer, finite 

difference, numerical model with actual winds measured during 

summer, 1982. Model results explain the cold water that 

upwells on the west and the warm water that accumulates on 

the east of the basin, as well as the temporal development of 

the gyre.



Strub, P. T. and T. M. Powell (1986). Wind Driven Surface 

Transport in Stratified Closed Basins: Direct Versus Residual 

Circulations. Journal of Geophysical Research 91(7): 8497-

8505. 

	The dynamics of wind-driven circulations in moderate-

sized, stratified basins is investigated through numerical 

modeling of a variety of wind fields observed at Lake Tahoe. 

Direct and residual circulation characteristics of stratified 

and homogeneous basins are described. Previous studies of 

stratified closed basins have emphasized residual 

circulations that result in a single cyclonic mean gyre 

during light to moderate winds. Lake Tahoe observations have 

shown that currents are more constant in direction, with a 

double gyre pattern of surface circulation dominated by an 

anticyclonic northern gyre. Model experiments demonstrate 

that the curl of the wind stress must be included to obtain a 

direct double gyre circulation similar to observations. 

Horizontally uniform winds cause a residual circulation 

similar to that reported at other lakes. The model can be 

used to calculate the vorticity budget in order to clarify 

the role of wind stress curl in creating the direct double 

gyre. (Michael-PTT)



Strub, P. T. and T. M. Powell (1987). Surface temperature and 

transport in Lake Tahoe: Inferences from satellite (AVHRR) 

imagery. Cont. Shelf Res 7(9): 1001-1013. 

	Analysis of satellite infra-red images in summer at Lake 

Tahoe, California-Nevada, shows that upwelling on the west 

side of the lake causes an east-west temperature gradient 

that changes in strength from early spring to late summer, 

with maximum horizontal gradients in late June and early 

July. The mean temperature fields, sequences of individual 

images, and empirical orthogonal function analysis all 

suggest the presence of a large anticyclonic gyre in the 

north of the lake and a weaker cyclonic gyre in the south. 

This agrees with a numerical model of the lakeÍs surface 

circulation, which has been driven by the measured diurnal 

summer wind fields. This circulation pattern is different 

from that reported at other lakes and may be an important 

factor in maintaining areas of maximum primary productivity 

seen in past synoptic studies of the lake.



Suhr, L. G. (1971). The Concept Of Wastewater Reclamation. . 

	The concepts of wastewater reclamation versus its 

antithesis, that wastewater is fit only for disposal, are 

discussed. probably the most important aspect of wastewater 

reclamation is pollution abatement. biological oxygen demand 

in natural waters is lowered and there is less loss of 

desirable fauna. the lessened p and n levels in turn lessen 

eutrophication dangers. the reclaimed waters may be used in 

agriculture, industrial processes, groundwater recharge or 

domestic recyling. the economic advantages that may be gained 

are illustrated by the las vegas, nevada situation where the 

estimated net costs of recycling may be less than the cost of 

merely retreating waste water for disposal, and colorado 

springs where recycled effluent provides 2 qualities of non-

potable water. past reclamation projects described are those 

of chanute, kansas, windhoek, south-west africa, south lake 

tahoe, california and denver, colorado. the treatment process 

and removal efficiency for the south tahoe plant are 

detailed. the major problems of reuse involve bacterial and 

viral content and dissolved solids content. much public 

education will be necessary in order to gain widespread 

acceptance of recycled domestic water. (see also w72-03716) 

(casey-arizona)



Suk, T. J., J. L. Riggs, et al. (1986). Water contamination 

with Giardia in back-country areas. National Wilderness 

Research Conference:  Current Research, Fort Collins, CO. 

	Cysts of Giardia spp. were detected in 27 of 78 water 

samples collected at remote streams in CaliforniaÍs Sierra 

Nevada range. The data suggest that intensity of human 

recreational use may play a significant role and/or be a 

useful indicator in the contamination of surface water with 

Giardia . Cysts of Giardia spp. were detected in 26 of 309 

fecal samples collected from cattle grazing in back-country 

areas in the Sierra Nevada. The use of monoclonal antibodies 

allowed the detection of human-infective Giardia in cattle 

stools.  The role of wild mammals in the transmission of 

human giardiasis remains unclear.



Suk, T. J., K. Sorenson, et al. (1986). Map Showing the 

Number of Giardia Cysts in Water Samples from 69 Stream Sites 

in the Sierra Nevada, California. Sacramento, CA, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Water Resources Div. 

	During 1984, 60 stream sites were sampled for the 

presence of Giardia sp. cysts. The sampling sites ranged in 

elevation from 6,000 to 12,000 feet, and were distributed 

over a distance of more than 200 miles, from the Lake Tahoe 

basin in the north to Mt. Whitney in the south. Cysts of 

Giardia were detected in 27 of 78 samples. The number of 

cysts detected ranged from 1 to 41. Of the 27 samples 

positive for Giardia, only 1 cyst was detected in each of 10 

samples, 2 cysts were detected in each of 8 samples, 3 cysts 

were detected in each of 3 samples, 4 cysts were detected in 

each of 2 samples, and 5, 6, 14, and 41 cysts were detected 

in 1 sample each. (USGS)



Summit Engineering Corporation (1980). Double Diamond 

Development : internal circulation analysis, Summit 

Engineering Corporation.



Sunset Photo-Engraving Company (1880). Sierra highlands. [San 

Francisco, CA, Sunset Photo-Engraving Company.



Symonds, P. J. (1972). Central places in a resort region: a 

study of urbanization of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Sacramento, 

CA, [publisher unknown].



Tahoe City Public Utility District and Dewante Stowell 

Consulting Engineers (1983). Rubicon water system 

reconstruction : project report, Dewante and Stowell, 

Sacramento, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1967). Report On Water 

Distribution In the Lake Tahoe Region, Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA. 

	Although the largest fresh-water lake in california is 

within the confines of the tahoe basin, the basin, as a 

whole, has never had adequate waterdistribution systems to 

serve the public. there are 66 separate water companies in 

the tahoe basin, some of which have multiple isolated water 

systems. present trends in the development of water 

distribution are discussed. water distribution goals and 

recommendations of the tahoe regional planning agency are 

outlined: maintain federal water quality standards; water 

systems should provide adequate supplies for fire protection 

as well; existing developed areas should be required to meet 

these standards; and new developments should be required to 

meet these standards. a brief description of the various 

individual water systems is included. (davis-chicago)



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1970). Report on Lake Tahoe 

region solid waste collection and disposal, Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA: iii, 7 p.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Lake Tahoe Regional Fire 

Association (1970). Report on Lake Tahoe region fire 

protection, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, 

CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1970). Report on Lake Tahoe 

region electrical supply, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 

South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Lake Tahoe Area Council 

(1970). Research coordination and utilization, the Tahoe 

Basin, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1970). Report on water 

distribution in the Lake Tahoe region, Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1970). The plan for Lake 

Tahoe. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and United States Forest 

Service (1971). Recreation resources of the Lake Tahoe region 

: a guide to planning, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South 

Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Hydrology and Water 

Resources Of the Lake Tahoe Region, a Guide For Planning, 

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, Committee on Water 

Distribution, South Lake Tahoe, CA. 26. 

	Most of the land development activity in the lake tahoe 

region reveals either lack of awareness of important aspects 

of the hydrology of the area or else deliberate ignoring of 

them. only recently has zoning of floodplain areas been 

recognized as a need. local governmental agencies have not 

yet developed realistic systems for disposal of storm 

drainage; present practice is simply either to deliver 

overland flow from storms directly to lake tahoe or else to 

the nearest stream and without any treatment to reduce its 

potential for water pollution. no one in authority has 

recognized that the effect of increased runoff from urban 

areas into the natural drainage systems is bad. however, some 

attention is being devoted to on-site problems in developed 

areas. several guides to planning are presented. (1) the 

damage to manÍs installed facilities caused by such natural 

events as storms and floods, avalanches, and landslides can 

be held to a minimum by delineating the areas where they have 

occurred and zoning to avoid them. (2) the adverse effects of 

increased runoff caused by changes in land use can be reduced 

by recognizing these effects in advance and modifying the 

land use accordingly. (3) the consequences of structural 

manipulation of water can be evaluated by analyzing the 

short-term, long-term, off-site, and on-site effects of the 

proposed change. (4) the shoreline erosion of lake tahoe 

could be evaluated in terms of damage done during which water 

levels and the feasibility of lowering the lake during 

periods when storms are most likely to occur. (5) climatic 

conditions such as smog or manmade weather modification could 

be evaluated in terms of their consequences to the natural 

drainage systems.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Report on Lake Tahoe 

Region wastewater collection, treatment and disposal, Tahoe 

Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA: ii, 1l, [23] 

p.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and United States Forest 

Service (1971). Geology and geomorphology of the Lake Tahoe 

Region : a guide for planning. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Geology 

Committee of Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Forest 

Service.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and United States Forest 

Service (1971). Scenic analyses of the Lake Tahoe region : a 

guide to planning ; prepared for Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency and Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 

South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and 

Forest Service.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and United States Forest 

Service (1971). Land resources of the Lake Tahoe region : a 

guide for planning, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South 

Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Water Resources In the 

Lake Tahoe Region, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA.  Committee on Water Distribution. 16. 

	An overall view of the water resource in the lake tahoe 

region is presented. this region includes lake tahoe and its 

outlet, the truckee river. a history is presented of the 

various claims and uses of the lake tahoe water. the 

operating policies for the lake tahoe discharge gates as 

developed over the last 60 years are described. because the 

region spans two states, california and nevada, a discussion 

of the california-nevada interstate compact is presented 

together with nevada state water policy and current divisions 

and uses of the lake tahoe water in both california and 

nevada. finally, future needs in the region are examined. 

(davis-chicago)



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and United States Forest 

Service (1971). Vegetation of the Lake Tahoe Region; a guide 

for planning, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Proposed regional 

plan, Lake Tahoe region California-Nevada, Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Lake Tahoe region 

storm drainage, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Report On Lake Tahoe 

Region Waste Water Collection, Treatment and Disposal, Tahoe 

Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA, Committee on 

Water Distribution. 

	The basic goals of the waste water program for the lake 

tahoe basin are: (1) the preservation of water quality in 

lake tahoe by the removal of waste water from the basin 

through connections of all waste-producing facilities to an 

adequate collection, treatment and export system; and (2) 

encourage and support the development of treatment methods 

which will produce water suitable for beneficial reuse in the 

basin. a history of the lake tahoe region waste water 

collection, treatment, and disposal is presented. the present 

status of sewage export; policy regarding the disposal of 

sewage and industrial waste waters within the lake tahoe 

basin; future service areas; future projects, and an outline 

of regional waste water treatment plants and export systems 

are included. (davis-chicago)



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Water resources in the 

Lake Tahoe Region, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Limnology and Water 

Quality Of the Lake Tahoe Region, a Guide For Planning, Tahoe 

Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA, Committee on 

Water Distribution. 14. 

	This review of the water quality of lake tahoe provides 

several conclusions and recommendations pertinent to 

planning. knowledge of the aquatic ecosystem in the lake 

tahoe basin is so limited that the ecosystem can be described 

only by broad trends and care must be taken in predicting the 

effects of increased human population in the basin. available 

data indicate that the waters of lake tahoe are still 

relatively pure. some typical initial signs of pollution are 

appearing in some tributary streams and several near-shore 

areas of the lake. the similar deterioration of the aquatic 

ecosystem caused by urbanization in other areas is starting 

in the tahoe basin. corrective and preventive action should 

be taken before the final results of these trends become 

apparent. several recommendations are: (1) begin soil 

stabilization practices in these areas contributing 

sedimentation and require such practices to be followed in 

future development; (2) improve existing and future storm 

drainage facilities; (3) consider reduction of area of 

impervious surfaces and retention of some storm water on-site 

to be percolated into the soil; (4) prohibit discharge of 

petroleum and other toxicants into lake tahoe, streams and 

storm drainage systems; (5) investigate the effects of 

fertilizers in the tahoe basin; (6) establish streamside 

environmental zones on each side of all annual streams; (7) 

use only pesticides that have been proved to be 

environmentally safe; (8) do not introduce new species into 

the aquatic ecosystem until ecologic effects have been 

studied and proven safe; (9) investigate the role of 

nutrients in the lake tahoe ecosystem. (davis-chicago)



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1972). Shoreline ordinance, 

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1972). Land use ordinance, 

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA. 

	 Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1972). Lake Tahoe open 

space element : revised draft, Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and EDAW Inc. (1973). Lake 

Tahoe, conservation, recreation & open space elements, Eckbo, 

Dean, Austin & Williams, San Francisco, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1973). Transportation systems 

planning process, Tahoe area : study design (revised) and 

unified work program for the Tahoe Region, Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1973). Stateline subregional 

study : preliminary draft , April 23, 1973, Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and J.B. Gilbert & Associates 

(1974). 1974 comprehensive planning program : public 

facilities master plan : storm drainage & surface water 

runoff, fire services, power & gas supply. Sacramento, CA, J. 

B. Gilbert & Associates.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Cooper Clark Associates 

(1974). Natural hazards of the Lake Tahoe basin, California--

Nevada, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1974). Lake Tahoe Basin : 

justification for designation as regional water quality 

planning agency (Section 208), Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1975). Final environmental 

impact report on the Tahoe regional transportation plan 

alternatives : appendix to the draft environmental impact 

report developed by the Tahoe Regional Transportation Study, 

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1975). The CTRPA regional 

plan : draft, May 12, 1975, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 

South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1976). Tahoe Basin national 

recreation areas : feasibility study, Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1976). Preserving Lake 

TahoeÍs water quality : a draft plan for the Tahoe basin, 

January, 1976. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1976). General Plan update 

workbook : 1976, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1977). Lake Tahoe Basin water 

quality management plan, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 

South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1978). Tahoe regional plan : 

proposed, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, 

CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1978). Impact assessment : 

Tahoe regional plan : proposed, Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1978). Housing and community 

development element, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South 

Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1979). Grading ordinance, 

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1981). Lake Tahoe basin water 

quality management plan ; Draft environmental impact 

statement. Sacramento, CA, The Board.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Association of Bay Area 

Governments (1982). How to protect your property from erosion 

: a guide for homebuilders in the Lake Tahoe Basin, Tahoe 

Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1982). Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency rules and regulations of practice and 

procedure. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and California Technical 

Assistance Associates (1982). Utilization and assessment of 

public transportation in the Tahoe basin. Sacramento, CA, 

California Technical Assistance Associates.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1982). 1982 air quality plan 

for the Lake Tahoe Basin : draft environmental impact 

statement, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, 

CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1982). Environmental impact 

statement for the establishment of environmental threshold 

carrying capacities, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South 

Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1983). Regional plan for the 

Lake Tahoe Basin : draft. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe 

Regional Planning Agency.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1983). Regional plan for the 

Lake Tahoe Basin : part 1, goals and policies, Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1983). Environmental impact 

statement for adoption of a regional plan for the Lake Tahoe 

Basin, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1983). Environmental impact 

statement for adoption of a regional plan for the Lake Tahoe 

Basin, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1986). The regional plan : 

goals and policies for the Lake Tahoe basin, 1986 : striving 

for the balance, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1986). Regional plan for the 

Lake Tahoe Basin : goals and policies, Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1986). Environmental impact 

statement for adoption of a regional plan for the Lake Tahoe 

Basin, certified February 23, 1984 : draft supplement, Tahoe 

Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1987). Draft environmental 

impact report/environmental impact statement, regional 

transportation plan, Lake Tahoe Basin, Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1988). Water quality 

management plan for the Lake Tahoe Region, Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA. 

	Contents: v. 1. Water quality management plan -- v. 2. 

Handbook of best management practices -- v. 3. SEZ protection 

and restoration program -- v. 4. Capital improvements program 

for erosion and runoff control -- v. 5. Summary -- v. 6. 

Responsiveness summary and response to comments -- v. 7. 

Technical appendix.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1988). Compliance measures 

list and related information and analysis: prepared pursuant 

to the requirements of Chapter 32, TRPA code of ordinances, 

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Tahoe Redevelopment 

Agency, et al. (1988). South Lake Tahoe redevelopment plan 

eir/eis, Brady and Associates.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Alpengroup (1990). TRPA 

community plans environmental impact statement, environmental 

impact report, Tahoe City, Lake Forest : Placer County Tahoe 

area general plan amendment, environmental impact report, 

Alpengroup.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1992). Regional 

transportation plan : air quality plan for the Lake Tahoe 

region. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, United States Forest Service, 

et al. (1993). Cultural and historical significance of the 

Lake Tahoe region : a guide for planning. Berkeley, CA, 

California Indian Library Collections [distributor].



Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, United States Forest Service, 

et al. (1993). Geology and geomorphology of the Lake Tahoe 

Region : a guide for planning. Berkeley, CA, California 

Indian Library Collections [distributor].



Tahoe Regional Planning Commission of Nevada and California 

and Wilsey/Ham/Blair (1964). Lake Tahoe 1980 : regional plan, 

Wilsey, Ham & Blair.



Tahoe Regional Transportation Study, Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency, et al. (1975). Tahoe regional transportation plan : 

draft. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Regional Transportation 

Study.



Tahoe Research Group - University of California and National 

Science Foundation - Research Applied to National Needs 

Program (1975). A multidisciplinary research program in the 

Tahoe Basin; proposal and progress report, Tahoe Research 

Group, University of California, Davis, CA: [ii] 159.



Tahoe Research Group - University of California - Davis and 

National Science Foundation (1971). Research proposal 

submitted to the National Science Foundation : July 1971, 

Tahoe Research Group, University of California, Davis, CA.



Tahoe Tavern and Lake Tahoe Ry & Trans Company (1909). Tahoe 

Tavern, Lake Tahoe, Cal, Tahoe Tavern and Lake Tahoe Railway 

& Transportation Co.



Talbot, G. J. and I. Bluitt (1907). Letter to Irene Bluitt : 

Brockway, Calif. : ALS, 1907 July 8, (Contains description of 

the Brockway Hotel, a Lake Tahoe resort where he worked.).



Tallac House (1890). BaldwinÍs Tallac House : the gem of 

wonderland, the enchanted spot of the West. Lake Tahoe, CA, 

Tallac House.



Talley, S. N. (1977). An ecological survey of the Babbitt 

Peak Candidate Research Area on the Tahoe National Forest, 

U.S. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, 

CA.



Taylor, J. (1989). Alpine Echoes Above Lake-Tahoe - European 

Sensibilities Shape a Nevada. Architectural Digest 46(7): 84-

91.



Tebbutt, T. H. V. (1967). Reclaimed Water For Industry. Effl 

And Water Treat J 7: 587-593. 

	Summary information is given of the potential use of 

reclaimed waste water from industry and the possibilities for 

thus increasing the supply of potable water in many places. 

water for cooling is the largest use, with steam generation, 

process needs, and potable water in that order. re-cycling 

and utilization of sewage effluent and other good management 

procedures are suggested as methods of reducing water demand. 

to prevent growth of micro-organisms, chlorination of sewage 

water may be necessary but the cost of such treatment is less 

than half that of using potable water. reclaimed waste water 

would be of better chemical quality than most available river 

or canal waters. various processes for contaminant removal 

are presented. studies in progress to prevent eutrophication 

of lake tahoe by sewage effluent and the production of good-

quality water from industrial effluent at a plant in sw 

africa are described. (lang-usgs)



Teclaff, L. A. and E. Teclaff (1972). Saving the Land-Water 

Edge From Recreation, For Recreation. Arizona Law Review 

14(1): 39-64. 

	Water-based recreation depends heavily on the land-water 

edge and is exacting a significant toll from this 

ecologically fragile area. the nature of the recreational 

threat to the land-water edge is examined. the effects of 

common law water rights such as public rights and 

navigability, alienation of trustland under navigable waters, 

and riparian and appropriation doctrines are discussed. both 

federal and state governments have encouraged the public use 

of the edge, but these governmental acquisitions represent 

only a tiny inroad into the amount of privately held land 

located in the edge zone. legal constraints on the use of the 

edge are examined including the wild and scenic rivers act of 

1968; the rivers and harbors act of 1899; the fish and 

wildlife coordination act; the national environmental policy 

act; state plans such as the san francisco bay plan, 

wisconsinÍs shoreland zoning system, and the tahoe basin 

compact; the 1969 proposals of the commission on marine 

science, engineering, and resources; and the proposed 

national land use policy act of 1971. possible solutions are 

advanced for resolving the conflict between use and 

conservation of the edge.



Templin, W. E., D. B. Green, et al. (1980). Water-Quality 

Data from Taylor Creek Drainage Basin, El Dorado County, 

California, July 1975 through October 1976., U.S. Geological 

Survey, Water Resources Div., Menlo Park, CA. 

	Data were collected from July 1975 through October 1976 

to establish benchmark water-quality conditions in the Taylor 

Creek drainage basin in California. The Taylor Creek drainage 

basin is a high-altitude system of lakes and streams which 

forms one of the tributaries to Lake Tahoe in the Sierra 

Nevada of California and Nevada. Sampling sites were 

distributed between the upper and lower reaches of the basin. 

Streamflow and water-quality data were collected at 13 stream 

sites. Water-quality data and depth profiles were collected 

at six lake sites. The reconnaissance included measurement 

and evaluation of the following selected characteristics: 

major chemicals, nutrients, fecal coliform bacteria, 

phytoplankton, periphytic algae, benthic macroinvertebrates, 

primary productivity, and stream community diversity. (USGS)



Terrill, J. K. and Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology (1982). 

South Lake Tahoe quadrangle : land use map. Reno, NV, Nevada 

Bureau of Mines and Geology.



Theodore J. Wirth Associates and Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency (1972). Report and draft environmental impact 

statement for the Lake Tahoe plan and effectuating 

ordinances, Theodore J. Wirth Associates: 115 p.



Thomas, H. E. and E. V. Goldsmith (1945). The Shasta, Sierra, 

Lassen, Tahoe, and Donner strawberries. Berkeley, CA, 

Agricultural Experiment Station.



Thomas, D. F. (1985). The use of sheep to control competing 

vegetation in conifer plantations on the Downieville Ranger 

District, Tahoe National Forest: 1981-1984. .



Thomas, W. H., B. C. Cho, et al. (1991). Phytoplankton and 

Bacterial Production and Biomass in Subalpine Eastern Brook 

Lake, Sierra Nevada, California. II. Comparison with Other 

High-Elevation Lakes. Arctic and Alpine Research ATLPAV 

23(3): 296-302. 

	In ice-free seasons, phytoplankton production in 

subalpine Eastern Brook Lake, Sierra Nevada, California, 

ranged from 11.9 to 61.4 microgm C/L/d. Integrated production 

ranged from 40 to 235 mg C/sq m/d and yearly values would be 

23.8 gm C/sq m/yr (1986) and 22.4 gm C/sq m/yr (1987). These 

values were in the middle ranges of those for other north-

temperate, high-elevation lakes. Photosynthetic efficiencies 

were 0.016 to 0.103% and were similar to those in other 

subalpine lakes. Near-surface chlorophyll (ice-free season) 

ranged from 1.46 to 2.62 microgm/L but approached 25 

microgm/L under the ice (winter 1987). Ice-free seasonal 

chlorophyll values in Eastern Brook Lake were similar to 

those for other Sierra Nevada lakes except Lake Tahoe (lower 

values), but were generally higher than estimated values for 

other lakes. Dominant genera (ice-free season) were Chlorella 

and Disphora. Other genera were dominant in other lakes. 

Under the ice (1987) a massive bloom of the Chrysophyte 

Dinobryon occurred; a similar winter bloom was reported for a 

Colorado lake. Bacterial production ranged from 3 to 19 

microgm C/L/d and was similar to that in Austrian alpine 

lakes, but greater than that for a Norwegian mountain lake. 

In contrast with other mountain lakes, nutrients were rarely 

detectable in Eastern Brook Lake and the biota must depend on 

regeneration. It was concluded that Eastern Brook Lake is 

oligotrophic, no ultraoligotrophic. (See also W92-01416) 

(AuthorÍs abstract)



Thomas Houseworth & Company (1872). Pacific coast scenery. 

San Francisco, CA, Thomas Houseworth & Company.



Thomasson, K. (1962). Planktological Notes From Western North 

America. Arkiv For Botanik, Series 4(14): 437-463. 

	Ranging form lake tahoe to lakes in the jasper national 

park, accessible by public transportation, were visited and 

phytoplankton recorded. these included lake tahoe, crater 

lake, lake brietenbush in the mt. hood national forest, grand 

teton lakes, yellowstone lake, two medicine lake, watertown 

lake, lakes in banff national park, and in the jasper 

national park. the occurrence of tabellaria teilingii in the 

grand teton national park lakes is mentioned. the abundant 

occurrence of ducellieria chodatii in the plankton of some 

shallow lakes in the canadian rockies is also noteworthy. 

among the desmids there are some plants which are interesting 

from a phytogeographical as well as a taxonomical point of 

view. the phytoplankton of western north american lakes which 

were visited seems to be definitely boreal. there are few 

endemic boreo-american phytoplankters to be found, e.g., 

stephanodiscus niagarae, peridinium volzii f. 

vancouvererense, and staurastrum natator v. rhomboideum. only 

lake tahoe seems to differ entirely from a phytogeographical 

perspective; it has a plankton community related to the lake 

communities in the eastern united states. the eastern united 

states have a very rich algal flora, particularly desmids, 

due to the presence of a phytogeographical element 

characterized as neotropical. (jones-wisconsin)



Threlkeld, S. T. (1981). The Recolonization of Lake Tahoe by 

Bosmina Longirostris: Evaluating the Importance of Reduced 

Mysis Relicta Populations. Limnology and Oceanography 26(3): 

433-444. 

	Bosmina longirostris reappeared in Lake Tahoe after an 

absence of more than three years. Demographic analyses and 

feeding experiments suggested that predation by Mysis 

relicta, which was introduced to the lake, may have been 

responsible for BosminaÍs decline and disappearance. Bosmina 

reappeared when there was a reduction in Mysis relicta from 

about 380/sq m. Other factors including biological and 

physical influences may have had more to do with the 

reappearance of Bosmina than the reduction in Mysis. 

Considerable annual variation occurs in Lake Tahoe plankton 

dynamics, predator assemblages, and in interactions between 

the littoral and pelagial. Bosmina may have been reintroduced 

by wind-induced advection from Emerald Bay. (Small-FRC)



Threlkeld, S. T. (1983). Empty loricas and the dynamics of 

Kellicottia longispina in a subalpine, oligotrophic lake. 

Biology Of Rotifers - Third International Rotifer Symposium, 

Uppsala, Sweden. 

	The seasonal dynamics of K. longispina in Lake Tahoe and 

an isolated embayment of Lake Tahoe, Emerald Bay, were 

investigated for an 18-month period in 1977-79. Population 

birth and death rates were similar in the two systems, 

although productivity and Mysis relicta densities were higher 

in Emerald Bay. The timing of population changes was also 

similar. A major population increase in late winter 1978 was 

preceded by an increase in egg ratio; the subsequent spring 

decline of K. longispina was concurrent with decreased birth 

rates and increased death rates. Empty loricas of K. 

longispina were occasionally abundant in the plankton samples 

and seemed to result from K. longispina deaths when densities 

were high and when egg ratios were declining; it is possible 

that population senescence was responsible for the high 

densities of empty loricas observed. A potentially important 

predator, M. relicta , defecates K. longispina remains in 

compact fecal pellets; however, it is unlikely that the 

observed empty loricas resulted from Mysis -related deaths.



Threlkeld, S. T. and J. A. Harrington, Jr. (1985). 

Contributions of satellite remote sensing to analysis of 

spatial variability in zooplankton distributions. 

Hydrobiologia 127(1): 3-8. 

	Zooplankton populations in Lake Tahoe and other large 

lakes often exhibit considerable variability due to changing 

predator assemblages and interactions between littoral and 

pelagial regions. Wind-induced advection of Emerald Bay 

populations of Bosmina longirostris into Lake Tahoe was 

hypothesized to be the mechanisms for BosminaÍs reappearance 

in the main body of that lake in late 1978 following an 

absence of more than three years (Threlkeld 1981). LANDSAT 

satellite imagery is examined here to determine if a 

significant spatial-temporal interaction in water quality in 

Emerald Bay and Lake Tahoe consistent ith this hypothesis 

occurred during the period when Bosmina reappeared. 

Densitometer measurements of LANDSAT MSS band 4 and 5 images 

were compared by ANOVA; significant station-season 

interactions weredetected, and enlarged LANDSAT film images 

revealed plumes, streaks and other surface features which may 

have been associated with the hypothesized mixing events in 

Lake Tahoe. A major limitation of this method is the need for 

pre-flyover ñwater truthî data for interpretation of 

detectable surface features.



Tilzer, M. M., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1975). The Efficiency 

of Photosynthetic Light Energy Utilization by Lake 

Phytoplankton. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung 

Limnologie 19: 800-807. 

	Eight lakes of different trophic state and latitude were 

compared for degree of overall photosynthetic efficiency as 

measured by annual means as well as seasonal fluctuations. 

The study utilized data collected by different investigators 

in tropical Lake Chad (Africa), highly productive lakes 

Wingra and Sammamish (U.S.), shallow and very productive Loch 

Leven (Scotland) and Clear Lake (U.S.), less productive and 

transparent sub-alpine Lake Tahoe and Castle Lake (U.S.), and 

alpineVorderer Finstertaler See (Austria). The latter two 

have thick, light-absorbing ice covers in winter. 

Efficiencies range from 0.035 to 3% and are mainly controlled 

by events in the upper layers where light energy inputs are 

high. Biomass concentrations per unit volume have the 

greatest effects on efficiency by influencing the percentage 

of total light which is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments. 

In oligotrophic lakes photosynthesis per unit of biomass is 

controlled by both abiotic and biotic factors and governs the 

seasonal efficiency fluctuation, while in densely populated 

lakes biomass changes are most important. In extremely turbid 

lakes, as well as in transparent lakes with extremely low 

populations, efficiency fluctuations are controlled by 

variations of total light attenuations, since limitation by 

plant light attenuation is most pronounced here. (Harris-

Wisconsin)



Tilzer, M. M., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1976). Influence of 

Sediment Inflow in Phytoplankton Primary Productivity in Lake 

Tahoe (California-Nevada). Internationale Revue der Gesamten 

Hydrobiologie 61(2): 169-181. 

	The effects of both dissolved and particulate 

allochthonous materials on phytoplankton primary productivity 

were studies under conditions of reduced underwater light 

intensities and higher nutrient concentrations in a Lake 

Tahoe sediment plume during maximum spring runoff. Nutrient 

concentrations in the plume increased in proportion to 

sediment density whereas light transmission of the water was 

reduced with little effect on the spectral composition except 

for red light. Comparison with clear lake water conditions 

showed that light inhibition of photosynthesis at the lake 

surface was less pronounced in the plume than in clear water 

and light limitation occurred more rapidly in deeper layers. 

Lake experiments and laboratory bioassay results suggested 

that iron had the greatest stimulatory effect on both 

photosynthetic activity and biomass growth at maximum 

sediment densities. It was concluded that: (1) Increased 

turbidity reduces integral photosynthesis though this effect 

is diminished by less surface light inhibition, (2) increased 

nutrient inputs lead to higher primary productivity, and (3) 

the effects of combined sediment and nutrients inputs is 

dependent on the increase of the biomass relative to the 

increase of non-living seston in influencing the portion of 

underwater light which is absorbed and utilized by the 

photosynthetic pigments of the algae. (Luedtke-Wisconsin)



Tilzer, M. M., H. W. Paerl, et al. (1977). Sustained 

viability of aphotic phytoplankton in Lake Tahoe (California-

Nevada). .



Tilzer, M. M. and C. R. Goldman (1978). Importance of mixing, 

thermal stratification and light adaptation for phytoplankton 

productivity in Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada). Ecology 

59(4): 810-821. 

	Lake Tahoe is highly transparent (Secchi readings 20-42 

metres) and never freezes over. Deep mixing throughout its 

500-metre water column occurred in March 1974 and 1975. 

Between June and Oct 1974, a distinct epilimnion of 15- to 

30-metre thickness existed. Phytoplankton, which is dominated 

by diatoms, showed no significant vertical shifts in species 

composition. Chlorophyll a concentrations were highest at the 

bottom of the trophogenic zone (75-100 m) during thermal 

stratification. Maximum photosynthetic rates were observed at 

greater depths during winter mixing of the lake than during 

thermal stratification. At a defined light-saturated 

photosynthetic rate, integral photosynthesis in general was 

enhanced during thermal stratification relative to levels 

attained during lake mixing.



Tilzer, M. M. (1978). Predictions of Productivity Changes in 

Lake Tahoe at Increasing Phytoplankton Biomass. 20th 

Congress, Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und 

Angewandte Limnologie, Copenhagen, Denmark. 

	Regression analysis applied to primary productivity 

parameters monitored in 1974 in ultraoligotrophic Lake Tahoe 

(California, Nevada) facilitated predictions of changes in 

phytoplankton photosynthesis which would accompany increasing 

phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll-a) with eutrophication of 

the lake. Photosynthetic profiles would become compressed 

vertically but photosynthetic rates per unit volume would 

rise. An increment of chlorophyll-a from 0.1 to 10 mg/cu m 

would lead to only a 14-fold increase in average 

photosynthetic rates in the trophogenic zone, and due to 

self-shading integral photosynthesis would rise by no more 

than 80%. With increased phytoplankton biomass, light 

extinction would increase rapidly, but nonplant light 

extinction would also rise with enrichment of detritus, 

bacteria, zooplankton, and dissolved organic matter. A shift 

toward green in lake color would decrease light extinction, 

as would an increase in average phytoplankter size. At 

present maximum winter concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen, 

the main limiting nutrient, are extremely low (13 mg/cu m); 

since increases which may be significant for phytoplankton 

growth are hardly detectable; primary productivity has been 

used as a measure of changes over the past 18 years, during 

which productivity has increased about 60%. Data from other 

lakes are included for comparison. (Lynch-Wisconsin)



Tilzer, M. M. and A. J. Horne (1979). Diel patterns of 

phytoplankton productivity and extracellular release in 

ultra-oligotrophic Lake Tahoe. Int. Rev. Gesamt. Hydrobiol. 

64(2): 157-176. 

	Phytoplankton in Lake Tahoe is dominated by diatoms and 

chrysophytes. High water transparency permits photosynthesis 

to a maximum depth of over 100 m. Average annual primary 

production rates in the entire trophogenic zone are 0.5-0.6 g 

C/mSUP-3/year. Nutrient concentrations and biomass parameters 

showed little diel variation. Photosynthesis in mixed water 

columns decreased in the afternoon. This decline can be 

attributed to inactivation of algae by overoptimal light 

during mid-day hours. As the summer season progressed, algae 

became adapted to highlight intensities and thus were less 

susceptible to light inhibition. Extracellular release by 

algae averaged 12.57.4% of assimilated carbon without 

significant vertical differences. Damage of cells by light 

thus can be excluded. Respiratory losses overnight comprised 

at least 30% of the carbon assimilated during the preceding 

day. Integral photosynthesis showed a logarithmic 

relationship to incident light which can be used to predict 

daily production rates from mid-day incubation with an error 

of well below 10%.



Todd, A. H. and J. Rector (1984). State/Federal Relationships 

in Water Quality Management on the National Forests in 

California. Options for Reaching Water Quality Goals, 

Twentieth Annual Conference of the American Water Resources 

Association Symposium, Washington, D.C. 

	Much of the water produced in California originates on 

lands managed by the United States Forest Service (USFS). As 

a result, the National Forests play an increasing role in 

providing high quality water for public demands. A framework 

of cooperative responsibility for control of nonpoint sources 

of pollution between the USFS and State Water Resources 

Control Board has been established to meet the guidelines of 

the Clean Water Act (Section 208). A discussion of the 

institutional setting in which Federal and State planning is 

conducted, decisions are made, and conflicts are realized or 

resolved with regard to meeting water quality goals. How 

Forest Service water quality management guidelines and Best 

Management Practices are integrated with the review process 

of the National Environmental Policy Act is also described.



Townley, J. M. (1980). The Pyramid Lake-Newlands Project 

Controversy, 1903-1926, Nevada Historical Society and 

University of Nevada, Reno, NV. 

	Historical records were used to study the Newlands 

Project, NevadaÍs initial Federal reclamation project, during 

the period 1903 through 1926. Since 1903 there has been 

controversy over the allotment of Truckee River water among 

users. In 1923 the Bureau of Reclamation turned over 

operational control of the project to the locally directed 

Truckee-Carson Irrigation District. Early U.S. Department of 

Interior actions to supply water to the Newlands Projectand 

the effect on Pyramid Lake, now the Pyramid Lake Paiute 

Reservation, were studied. Records from newspapers, archival 

collections, and various Federal agencies were used to 

investigate the problems encountered in construction of the 

Truckee-Carson Project, the struggle for control of Lake 

Tahoe as a storage reservoir, and the treatment of the Paiute 

as a homesteader on the project. From this historical study 

three publications were prepared that will probably be 

consulted when the litigation concerning the Truckee-Carson 

Irrigation District, the Pyramid Lake Pauite Reservation, and 

the water users of the Truckee and Carson Rivers is examined 

in Federal court. The study shows that original estimates of 

potentially reclaimable acreage were high and the actual 

60,000 acres reclaimed are not enough to economically justify 

the creation of the project. Failure to purchase control of 

the Tahoe City dam forced up land prices in the reclamation 

district from $22/acre to over $100/acre. The Paiute Indians 

lost approximately 30,000 acres, were excluded from entry 

within the project, and were isolated on a reservation with 

no consideration of Winters Doctrine rights. (Seigler-IPA)



Trexler, D. T. and Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology (1979). 

South Lake Tahoe quadrangle: earthquake hazards map. Reno, 

NV, Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology.



Trimm, M. and Mountain-Valley Library System (1977). Lake 

Tahoe, a bibliography : its history, natural history and 

travel guides : with holding locations for Sierra Libraries 

Information Consortium, Mountain-Valley Library System, 

Sacramento, CA.



Tunzi, M. G. and D. B. Porcella (1974). Carbon-14 

assimilation, chlorophyll, and particulate organic matter in 

steady state systems at Lake Tahoe. [Algal gro wth]. .



Tuohy, D. R., W. Jerrems, et al. (1994). A pottery jar from 

Lake Tahoe, Placer County, California. Berkeley, CA, 

California Indian Library Collections [distributor].



Twiss, R. H. and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1976). 

Housing policy evaluation : [draft]. South Lake Tahoe, CA, 

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.



Twiss, R. H. (1987). Regional Environmental Thresholds and 

Impact Assessment. The International Symposium on 

Environmental Impact Assessment, Beijing, China. 

	Evaluation of certain critical environmental impacts 

requires information on the regional environmental context.  

Further, the assessment of regional and community plans (as 

opposed to individual projects) can be extremely difficult 

because of the lack of specificity of the plans, the lack of 

regional environmental information, and the need for improved 

planning methods.  In the Lake Tahoe Basin of California (an 

area of some 1,360 sq. km), regional development is being 

planned and controlled on the basis of a rigorous framework 

of environmental information and planning tools.  The 

creation of ñEnvironmental Threshold Carrying Capacitiesî has 

greatly aided the review and testing of plans and project 

proposals. This paper briefly describes the technical aspects 

of the unique planning system now in use, in terms of its 

various components:  legal and institutional structure, land 

and resource inventories, environmental modeling, land 

capability mapping, the establishment of environmental 

thresholds, monitoring and enforcement.  The accounting 

system being developed to evaluate planning proposals is 

presented, with special reference to the planning format, 

information needs, and the use of a geo-based information 

system in assessing environmental impacts.  Special reference 

is made to the need to be able to relate assessment of 

individual projects and community plans to regional 

constraints.



U.S. Coast Geodetic Survey (1930). United States, California-

-Nevada, Lake Tahoe. Washington, D.C., U.S. Coast and 

Geodetic Survey.



U.S. Forest Service - Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit 

(1985). Proposed land and resource management plan : Lake 

Tahoe Basin Management Unit, USDA, U.S. Forest Service, 

Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.



U.S. Forest Service - Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit 

(1985). Draft environmental impact statement : land and 

resource management plan : Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, 

USDA, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San 

Francisco, CA: 461.



U.S. Geological Survey Reclamation Service (1905). Truckee - 

Carson Project, Nevada. [Reno, Nevada?], U.S. Geological 

Survey Reclamation Service.



U.S. Geological Surveys West of the 100th Meridian (1881). 

Topographical map of Lake Tahoe region, Sierra Nevada, 

California and Nevada. Washington, D.C., U.S. Geological 

Surveys West of the 100th Meridian.



U.S. Public Health Service and United States Bureau of 

Reclamation (1964). Water quality control study, American 

River-Tahoe Basin diversions, California ; a preliminary 

evaluation of effects on water quality and water use, Dept. 

of Health, Education, and Welfare, San Francisco, CA.



Unger, C. D. and California Air Resources Board - Planning 

Division (1979). Meteorology and air quality in the Tahoe 

basin, California Air Resources Board - Planning Division, 

Sacramento, CA.



United States (1965). A Bill to Promote the Preservation, For 

the Public Use and Benefit, Of Certain Portions Of the 

Shoreline Areas Of the United States, U.S. G.P.O., 

Washington, D.C. 

	Actions aimed at establishing national shoreline 

recreation areas and federal assistance for state-

administered shoreline recreation areas are authorized in 

this bill. the secretary of the interior is directed to 

investigate what actions are required to preserve the 

following shoreline areas: (1) cumberland island, georgia; 

(2) huron mountains, michigan; (3) channel islands, 

california; (4) fire island, new york; (5) cape flattery, 

washington; (6) leadbetter point, washington; (7) mosquito 

lagoon, florida; (8) pigeon point, minnesota; (9) popham-

saint john, maine; (10) parramoure island, virginia; (11) 

great salt lake, utah; (12) lake tahoe, nevada-california; 

(13) smith island, north carolina; and (14) the shores of 

hawaii. within two years findings shall be submitted to 

congress as to: (1) actions needed to preserve such areas; 

(2) acquisition and development costs; (3) land procurable 

through donation; (4) recreational suitability; and (5) 

scenic, scientific, historic, and recreational values. to 

assist state acquisition and preservation, the secretary may 

pay one-half the purchase price of state-administered 

shoreline recreation areas. the secretary of agriculture 

shall investigate the suitability of national forest lands as 

shoreline recreation areas.



United States (1971). Wastewater Reclamation, National 

Industrial Pollution Control Council, Washington, D.C.  

(Avail from U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.). 

	Gross withdrawals of water will exceed the ultimate 

supply of 650 billion gallons per day shortly after 1980. 

technology needed to recycle wastewater is currently 

available, as evidenced by south tahoe wastewater district. 

both industry and agriculture are already practicing limited 

reuse by treating some of their wastewaters to suitable 

levels and reusing them in places where a low-quality 

effluent can be tolerated. however, there are 8 major areas 

in which progress must be made before wastewater recycling 

will gain in popularity on a large scale. these progress 

needs are: (1) development of definitive public health and 

process engineering design criteria for total use of 

reclaimed water; (2) development of advanced monitoring and 

controlling instrumentation and techniques; (3) development 

of improved pollutant reuse methods; (4) initiation of a 

feasibility study of wastewater reclamation on a regional 

scale; (5) continuation of feasibility and pilot studies on 

wastewater desalting; (6) establishment of an inventory of 

water demands and sources according to user quantity and 

quality requirements; (7) determination of values of 

reclaimed waters for innovative uses; and (8) initiation of a 

program of public education on the need for water 

reclamation. (lowry-texas)



United States (1972). Environmental Problems Of the Lake 

Tahoe Basin, Hearing Subcomm. On Air And Water Pollution 

Comm. On Public Works, U.S. Senate, 92d Cong, 2d Sess. 21: 

31. 

	This hearing took extensive testimony and documentary 

evidence on every aspect of the ecosystem of the lake tahoe 

region; the text of inquiries concerning the region, and 

committee reports and studies on each aspect are given. 

included are studies on hydrology and water resources, water 

distribution and water waste collection and the limnology and 

water quality of the region. plans for continuation of 

existing regulatory ordinances and implementation of others 

to regain the quality of this region are discussed in each 

study. the tahoe regional planning agency provided a 

contribution to the hearings. the planning agency has taken 

some very strong stands. there are now in excess of 53 

million dollars in claims pending against the agency for 

regulation of land use. the hearings are intended to resolve 

questions and to provide the immediate information, legal and 

ecological, necessary to work toward the preservation of lake 

tahoe. (smith-adam-florida)



United States (1981). Act to Grant the Consent of the 

Congress to the Tahoe Regional Planning Compact, and to 

Authorize the Secretary of Agriculture and Others to 

Cooperate with the Planning Agency Thereby Created, U.S. 

G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



United States (1981). An Act to Provide for the Orderly 

Disposal of Certain Federal Lands in Nevada and for the 

Acquisition of Certain Other Lands in the Lake Tahoe Basin, 

and for Other Purposes, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



United States (1982). An Act to Authorize the Secretary of 

Agriculture to Sell the Portion of the Tahoe National Forest 

Known as Blyth Arena, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



United States - Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (1973). Lake 

Tahoe, a special place, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



United States - Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit (1982). Land 

acquisition plan for the Lake Tahoe Basin (P.L. 96-586) : 

final environmental impact statement, USDA Forest Service, 

Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



United States - Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, Jhk & 

Associates, et al. (1987). Waterborne transportation 

feasibility study. San Francisco, CA, Jhk & Associates.



United States Army Corps of Engineers (1969). Flood plain 

information : Upper Truckee River : South Lake Tahoe, 

California, United States Army Corps of Engineers, 

Sacramento, CA.



United States Army Corps of Engineers and El Dorado County 

(1969). Flood plain information, Trout and Bijou Creeks, 

South Lake Tahoe, California : prepared for El Dorado County, 

United States Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, CA.



United States Army Corps of Engineers (1971). Flood plain 

information : Truckee River, Tahoe City, California, United 

States Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, CA.



United States Bureau of Outdoor Recreation - Pacific 

Southwest Region (1971). Lake Tahoe : strategies to save a 

lake, United States Bureau of Outdoor Recreation - Pacific 

Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.



United States Bureau of Reclamation and United States Army 

Corps of Engineers (1957). Reconnaissance appraisal of 

possible ways to relieve flood damage around Lake Tahoe, 

United States Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, CA.



United States Bureau of Reclamation and United States Army 

Corps of Engineers (1959). Lake Tahoe operation studies, 

United States Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, CA.



United States Bureau of Reclamation (1964). Lake Tahoe Basin, 

California-Nevada : a reconnaissance appraisal of ways to 

develop a supplemental water supply for Lake Tahoe Basin, 

United States Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, CA.



United States Bureau of Reclamation (1972). Lake Tahoe Basin, 

California-Nevada : status report, United States Bureau of 

Reclamation, Sacramento, CA.



United States Bureau of the Census (1970). Tahoe City, 

unincorporated, Placer Co., California : [showing 1970 census 

districts]. Washington, D.C., U.S. Bureau of the Census.



United States Bureau of the Census (1970). Map of the city of 

South Lake Tahoe, El Dorado County, California : [showing 

1970 census districts]. Washington, D.C., U.S. Bureau of the 

Census.



United States Civil Aeronautics Board (1978). Lake Tahoe 

service investigation, United States Civil Aeronautics Board, 

Washington, D.C.



United States Congress - House Committee on Agriculture 

(1991). Designation of the Lake Tahoe Basin National Forest : 

report (to accompany H.R. 1058 ... referred jointly to the 

Committees on Interior and Insular Affairs and Agriculture), 

U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



United States Congress - House Committee on Interior and 

Insular Affairs (1980). Providing for the orderly disposal of 

certain Federal lands in Nevada and for the acquisition of 

certain other lands in the Lake Tahoe Basin, and for other 

purposes : report together with minority views to accompany 

H.R. 7306, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



United States Congress - House Committee on Interior and 

Insular Affairs -Subcommittee on National Parks and Insular 

Affairs (1981). Legislative history of the Lake Tahoe 

Preservation Act (H.R. 7306), U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



United States Congress - House Committee on Public Lands 

(1937). Providing for the acquisitions of lands for the Tahoe 

National Forest and for the Great Smoky Mountains National 

Park, U. S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C. 

	Hearings ... Seventy-sixth Congress, first session, on 

S. 2583, to provide for the acquisition of certain lands for 

and the addition thereof to the Tahoe National Forest, in the 

state of Nevada, and the acquisition of certain other lands 

for the completion of the acquisition of the remaining lands 

within the limits of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 

in East Tennessee. August 13, 1937



United States Congress - House Committee on Public 

Works/Subcommittee on Rivers and Harbors (1966). Water 

pollution hearings on South Lake Tahoe, Calif. Hearings, 

Eighty-ninth Congress, second session. Washington, D.C., U.S. 

GPO.



United States Congress - House Committee on the Judiciary 

(1969). Tahoe regional planning compact. Hearings, Ninety-

first Congress, first session ... November 12, 1969, U.S. 

G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



United States Congress - House Committee on the Judiciary - 

Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations 

(1981). Tahoe regional planning compact : hearing before the 

Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations 

of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 

Ninety-scixth Congress, second session, on H.R. 8235 ... 

November 13, 1980, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



United States Congress - Senate Committee on Energy and 

Natural Resources (1980). Lake Tahoe Basin : report together 

with additional views (to accompany H.R. 7306), U.S. G.P.O., 

Washington, D.C.



United States Congress - Senate Committee on Energy and 

Natural Resources (1982). Sale of Blyth Arena, Tahoe National 

Forest, Calif. : report (to accompany H.R. 2863), U.S. 

G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



United States Congress - Senate Committee on Energy and 

Natural Resources - Subcommittee on 

Parks/Recreation/Renewable Resources (1981). Lake Tahoe 

scenic area : hearing before the Subcommittee on Parks, 

Recreation, and Renewable Resources of the Committee on 

Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-

sixth Congress, second session, on H.R. 7306 ... Incline 

Village, Nev., October 13, 1980, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, 

D.C.



United States Congress - Senate Committee on Energy and 

Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Water and Power (1990). 

Truckee-Carson-Pyramid Lake Water Rights Settlement Act : 

hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the 

Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States 

Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on S. 

1554 ... February 6, 1990, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



United States Congress - Senate Committee on Interior and 

Insular Affairs (1981). Authorizing the secretary of 

agriculture to sell the portion of the Tahoe National Forest 

known as Blythe Arena : report (to accompany H.R. 2863) 

(including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office), 

U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



United States Congress - Senate Committee on Public Works - 

Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution (1972). 

Environmentalproblems of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Hearing, 

Ninety-second Congress, second session. August 21, 1972-

Brockway, California, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



United States Congress - Senate Committee on the Judiciary 

(1969). Tahoe regional planning compact : report [to 

accompany S.118], U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



United States Department Of Agriculture - Forest Service 

(1981). Land Acquisition Plan For The Lake Tahoe Basin, 

Nevada, California, U.S. Forest Service, California 

Department of Agriculture, San Francisco, CA: 116. 

	PURACQUISITION OF 29,450 ACRES OF ENVIRONMENTALLY 

SENSITIVE LANDS WITHIN THE 205,520-ACRE LAKE TAHOE BASIN IN 

EL DORADO AND PLACER COUNTIES, CALIFORNIA AND WASHOE AND 

DOUGLAS COUNTIES AND CARSON CITY, NEVADA IS PROPOSED. ALL 

UNIMPROVED LANDS WITHIN THE BASIN THAT ARE IDENTIFIED UNDER A 

BROAD DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE WOULD BE 

ELIGIBLE FOR ACQUISITION. EMPHASIS WOULD BE PLACED ON 

ACQUIRING THOSE LANDS THAT, IF DEVELOPED, REPRESENT THE 

GREATEST THREAT TO WATER QUALITY IN LAKE TAHOE. LAND WOULD BE 

RANKED BY RELATIVE SENSITIVITY TO DISTURBANCE. AN 11-TIERED 

SENSITIVITY HEIRARCHY HAS BEEN DEVELOPED THAT EXTENDS FROM 

STREAM ENVIRONMENT ZONES AND AREAS OF POOR NATURAL DRAINAGE, 

WHICH CONSTITUTE THE MOST SENSITIVE LAND, TO AREAS MODIFIED 

BY HUMAN ACTIVITY WITHIN ZONES FOR COMMERCIAL OR TOURIST 

PURPOSES. THE COST OF ACQUISITION OF TARGETED LAND RANGES 

FROM $58 MILLION TO $237.6 MILLION. AT LEAST A PORTION OF THE 

COST OF THE LAND WOULD BE PAID WITH FUNDS OBTAINED FROM THE 

SALE OF PUBLIC LANDS IN CLARK COUNTY, NEVADA. POSDECREASES IN 

LAND DISTURBANCES AND FEWER ADDITIONS TO THE AMOUNT OF AREA 

COVERED BY IMPERVIOUS SURFACES WOULD IMPROVE WATER QUALITY. 

ACQUISITION OF THE SENSITIVE LAND WOULD RESULT IN LESS 

DISTURBANCE OF SOILS AND DESTRUCTION OF VEGETATION, 

MAINTENANCE OF NATURAL INFILTRATION RATES IMPORTANT TO 

SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER INTERCHANGE, AND RESTORATION AND 

STABILIZATION OF CURRENTLY DISTURBED AREAS. MORE HABITAT 

WOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR WILDLIFE, AND SHORE ZONE AREAS THAT 

PROVIDE HABITAT FOR THE ENDANGERED TAHOE YELLOW CRESS WOULD 

BE LESS LIKELY TO BE DISTURBED. OTHER ENDANGERED SPECIES THAT 

WOULD BENEFIT FROM FEWER CONFLICTS WITH HUMAN ACTIVITY WOULD 

INCLUDE GOSHAWKS, SPOTTED OWLS, BALD EAGLES, OSPREYS, AND 

LAHONTAN CUTTHROAT TROUT. VISUAL, RECREATIONAL, AND CULTURAL 

RESOURCES WOULD SUFFER FEWER DISTURBANCES. AIR QUALITY IN THE 

BASIN WOULD IMPROVE DUE TO ELIMINATION OF POTENTIAL EMISSION 

SOURCES. NEGLAND ACQUIRED WOULD BE REMOVED FROM THE COUNTY 

TAX BASE. FEWER PERSONS WOULD BE ABLE TO LOCATE IN THE BASIN, 

RESULTING IN LESS LOCAL SUPPORT FOR TRANSPORTATION METHODS 

DESIGNED TO CURB THE EMISSION OF POLLUTANTS, POORER 

HORTICULTURAL PRACTICES, AND FEWER PRIVATE FEEDING PROVISIONS 

FOR WILDLIFE IN TIMES OF STRESS. THE RECREATIONAL POTENTIAL 

OF THE BASIN WOULD DECLINE DUE TO PROHIBITION OF FURTHER 

DEVELOPMENT ON ACQUIRED LANDS. THE NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK 

ALLOWED TO GRAZE WITHIN THE BASIN COULD DECLINE. THE HIGH 

VALUE OF REAL ESTATE AND HIGH COST OF WATER QUALITY 

PROTECTION PRACTICES WOULD CAUSE ECONOMIC HARDSHIPS FOR MANY 

COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. LEGSANTINI-BURTON ACT



United States Department of Agriculture - Forest Service 

(1981). Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit Land Management 

Plan, California and Nevada, California Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 

	PURIMPLEMENTATION OF A LAND-MANAGEMENT PLAN IS PROPOSED 

FORTHE 136,871-ACRE LAKE TAHOE BASIN MANAGEMENT UNIT 

CONSISTING OF PORTIONS OF ELDORADO, TAHOE, AND TOIYABE 

NATIONAL FORESTS IN EL DORADO, PLACER, AND ALPINE COUNTIES, 

COLORADO AND CARSON CITY, WASHINGTON, AND DOUGLAS COUNTIES, 

NEVADA. THE PREFERRED MANAGEMENT PLAN WOULD LIMIT 

RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT TO LOW HAZARD LANDS IN FULLY SERVED 

AREAS OFFERING WATER ORIENTATION. AREAS OUTSIDE THIS 

DEVELOPED CORE WOULD BE MANAGED FOR A VARIETY OF RECREATIONAL 

OPPORTUNITIES. A POTENTIAL SITE NEAR SPOONER JUNCTION THAT IS 

NOT CURRENTLY SERVED BY SEWER INSTALLATIONS WOULD BE 

DEVELOPED TO INCREASE THE LIMITED DEVELOPMENT POSSIBILITIES 

ON THE EASTERN SHORE OF THE LAKE. EXISTING DEVELOPMENTS WOULD 

BE RETAINED UNLESS SITE-SPECIFIC EVALUATIONS SHOWED THAT 

CHANGE OR REMOVAL WAS WARRANTED. SKI DEVELOPMENT WOULD BE 

CONSIDERED ONLY AT SITES IN THE EXISTING FULL SERVICE AREAS 

THAT ARE EASILY SERVED BY PUBLIC TRANSIT. THE DARDANELLES 

WITHIN THE LAKE TAHOE BASIN WOULD BE MANAGED FOR PRIMITIVE 

RECREATION, WHILE THE DARDANELLES OUTSIDE THE BASIN WOULD BE 

MANAGED FOR SEMIPRIMITIVE RECREATION. THE PORTION OF THE 

DARDANELLES WITHIN THE ELDORADO NATIONAL FOREST WOULD BE 

CONSIDERED FOR WILDERNESS STATUS, AND THE FREEL AREA WOULD BE 

MANAGED AS A ROADLESS AREA, WITH SOME MOTORIZED ACCESS 

ALLOWED DURING THE WINTER. LINCOLN CREEK AND PYRAMID WOULD BE 

MANAGED FOR A VARIETY OF LOW-INTENSITY DISPERSED RECREATION 

USES WITH EMPHASIS ON NONMOTORIZED RECREATION. TIMBER HARVEST 

WOULD BE ALLOWED ONLY AS NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN OR ENHANCE 

RECREATION AND OTHER RESOURCE VALUES. PRESCRIBED BURNING 

WOULD BE ALLOWED TO TREAT INACCESSIBLE LANDS. ONLY 1.25 MILES 

OF ROAD AND 0.5 MILES OF SEWER AND POWER LINES WOULD BE 

INSTALLED IN THE AREA YEARLY. ANNUAL COST OF MAINTAINING THE 

BASIN UNIT UNDER THE PREFERRED PLAN IS ESTIMATED AT $2.7 

MILLION IN 1975 DOLLARS. POSTHE PLAN WOULD PROVIDE AN 

ULTIMATE SUMMER CAPACITY ON EXISTING NATIONAL FOREST LAND FOR 

6,670 OVERNIGHT USERS AND 13,500 DAY USERS, AN INCREASE OVER 

THE PRESENT CAPACITY OF 2,125 AND 6,955 RESPECTIVELY. SKI 

DEVELOPMENTS WOULD INCREASE SKIER CAPACITY FROM 10,700 

VISITORS TO 28,700 VISITORS. ROADLESS AREA CAPAICITY WOULD 

PROVIDE FOR 1,745 WILDERNESS VISITORS AND 9,940 NONWILDERNESS 

VISITORS. A TOTAL OF 21,300 ACRES OF WILDERNESS WOULD BE 

PRESERVED, AND AN ADDITIONAL 13,600 ACRES COULD BE PRESERVED. 

NEGMANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES WOULD DEGRADE VISUAL QUALITY ON 16 

PERCENT OF THE MANAGEMENT AREA AND, IN COMBINATION WITH 

ACTIONS BY VISITORS, WOULD DAMAGE CULTURAL SITES. DEVELOPMENT 

AND USE OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES WOULD DISTURB AND DISPLACE 

WILDLIFE AND DISRUPT FISHERY RESOURCES. LANDS MANAGED AS 

WILDERNESS WOULD BE REMOVED FROM USE AS RANGE BY LIVESTOCK 

RANCHERS, AND COMMERCIAL TIMBER ACTIVITIES WOULD BE 

PROHIBITED ON WILDERNESS LANDS. PRESCRIBED BURNING ACTIVITIES 

WOULD DEGRADE AIR QUALITY IN LOCAL AREAS FOR SHORT PERIODS. 

LEGNATIONAL FOREST MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1976



United States Employment Training Administration and Lawrence 

Berkeley Laboratory - Physics/Computer Science/Mathematics 

Division (1982). Report 3, social indicators for planning and 

evaluation, 1980 census of population. South Lake Tahoe City, 

California.  Springfield, VA, National Technical Information 

Service: iv, 30 p.



United States Environmental Protection Agency (1971). 

Eutrophication Of Surface Waters--Lake Tahoe Indian Creek 

Reservoir, Environmental Protection Agency, Lake Tahoe Area 

Council. 

	The water impounded at indian creek reservoir was 

approximately one-third surface runoff and direct 

precipitation and two-thirds reclaimed water exported from 

south tahoe public utility district plant. during 1969 to 

1971 field and laboratory studies determined the temporal 

changes and relationships between water quality 

characteristics of indian creek reservoir and those of the 

reclaimed water. reclaimed water contained 0.01 to 0.04 mg/l 

phosphorus and more than 15 mg/l ammonia. initially the 

reservoir would not support fish life, but as the reservoir 

matured, ammonia levels declined to less tha 4 mg/l and by 

1970 it was an excellent trout fishery. approximately 70% of 

the ammonia nitrogen was lost to the atmosphere by 

nitrification-denitrification. good biological productivity 

indicated access to other phosphorus sources, probably 

runoff. relative to conductivity and chemical components the 

water is of good irrigation quality. bioassays showed growth 

stimulating ability of reservoir water to exceed that of 

reclaimed water. various parameters showed that the reservoir 

responds to more complex factors than those measurable in the 

reclaimed waste water, raising the question of optimum water 

treatment for recreational impoundments.



United States Environmental Protection Agency, Nevada 

Environmental Protection Services, et al. (1978). Report on 

Lake Tahoe, Carson City, Douglas, and Washoe Counties, 

Nevada, El Dorado and Placer Counties, California : EPA 

Region IX, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory 

Environmental Monitoring & Support Laboratory, Corvallis, OR.



United States Environmental Protection Agency (1979). 

Environmental impact statement : South Tahoe Public Utilities 

District and Douglas County Sewer Improvement District No.1 

proposed wastewater treatment facilities : El Dorado and 

Alpine Counties, California and Douglas County, Nevada, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, San Francisco, CA.



United States Environmental Protection Agency (1981). 

Technical appendices : appendix A : comments on DEIS : final 

environmental impact statement : South Tahoe Public Utility 

District and Douglas County Sewer Improvement District No. 1, 

El Dorado and Alpine Counties, California and Douglas County, 

Nevada. San Francisco, CA, U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency.



United States Environmental Protection Agency, Sedway Cooke & 

Associates, et al. (1981). Technical appendices : appendix B 

: mitigation program : final environmental impact statement : 

South Tahoe Public Utility District and Douglas County Sewer 

Improvement District No. 1, El Dorado and Alpine Counties, 

California and Douglas County, Nevada. San Francisco, CA, 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.



United States Environmental Protection Agency, South Tahoe 

Public Utility District, et al. (1981). Final environmental 

impact statement : wastewater treatment facilities, South 

Shore Lake Tahoe Basin, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Region IX, San Francisco, CA.



United States Environmental Protection Agency, South Tahoe 

Public Utility District, et al. (1981). Wastewater treatment 

facilities, South Shore Lake Tahoe basin, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Region IX, San Francisco, CA.



United States Environmental Protection Agency (1981). 

Technical appendices : draft environmental impact statement : 

South Tahoe Public Utilities District and Douglas County 

Sewer Improvement District No. 1, proposed wastewater 

treatment facilities, United States Environmental Protection 

Agency, Region, I. X., San Francisco, CA.



United States Environmental Protection Agency, South Tahoe 

Public Utility District, et al. (1981). South Tahoe Public 

Utilities District and Douglas County Sewer Improvement 

District No. 1 proposed wastewater treatment facilities : El 

Dorado and Alpine Counties, California and Douglas County, 

Nevada : draft environmental impact statement, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX, San Francisco, 

CA.



United States Environmental Protection Agency - Office of 

Technology Transfer (1969). Wastewater purification at Lake 

Tahoe, Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Transfer, 

Washington, D.C.



United States Federal Insurance Administration (1978). Flood 

insurance study : city of South Lake Tahoe, California, EL 

Dorado County, Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, 

Federal Insurance Administration, Washington, D.C.



United States Federal Water Pollution Control Administration 

(1966). . Conference in the Matter of Pollution of the 

Interstate Waters of Lake Tahoe and its Tributaries, U.S. 

Dept. of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control 

Administration, Washington, D.C.



United States Forest Service and United States Geological 

Survey (1910). Collection of U.S. Forest Service and U.S. 

Geological Survey maps of national forest areas in 

California.



United States Forest Service (1963). Lake Tahoe area : 

Eldorado-Tahoe-Toiyabe national forests, California and 

Nevada. Washington, D.C., U.S. Forest Service.



United States Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency (1971). Soils of the Lake Tahoe region : a guide for 

planning, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, 

CA.



United States Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency (1971). Scenic analyses of the Lake Tahoe region : a 

guide to planning, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA.



United States Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency Technical Committee (1971). Hydrology and water 

resources of Lake Tahoe region : a guide fo r planning, Tahoe 

Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



United States Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency Technical Committee (1971). Fisheries of Lake Tahoe 

and its tributary waters; a guide to planning, Tahoe Regional 

Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



United States Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency (1971). Climate and air quality of the Lake Tahoe 

region; a guide to planning, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 

South Lake Tahoe, CA.



United States Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency (1971). Wildlife of the Lake Tahoe region : a guide 

for planning, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake 

Tahoe, CA.



United States Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency (1971). Lake Tahoe basin : land capabilities. 

California, U.S. Forest Service.



United States Forest Service (1972). Lake Tahoe basin land 

suitabilities planning guide map. California, U.S. Forest 

Service.



United States Forest Service (1973). Proposed general plan 

for management of national forest lands in the Lake Tahoe 

basin - Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit (portions of the 

Eldorado, Tahoe, and Toiyabe National Forests) : 

environmental statement, United States Forest Service, 

Washington, D.C.



United States Forest Service (1976). USDA-Forest Service 

environmental statement : land use plan, Truckee-Little 

Truckee Rivers Planning Unit, Dept. of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Tahoe National Forest, Toiyabe National Forest.



United States Forest Service (1978). Trails of the Lake Tahoe 

basin : Lake Tahoe Visitor Center, Dept. of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Washington, D.C.



United States Forest Service (1978). Birds of the Lake Tahoe 

Basin, Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C.



United States Forest Service (1978). Trees of the Lake Tahoe 

Basin, Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C.



United States Forest Service - California Region (1917). 

Route map, Plumas, Tahoe, and Eldorado National Forests, 

California. San Francisco, CA, U.S. Forest Service, Region 5.



United States Forest Service - California Region (1919). 

Route map, Plumas, Tahoe, and Eldorado National Forests, 

California. San Francisco, CA, U.S. Forest Service, Region 5.



United States Forest Service - California Region (1973). 

General plan for management of national forest lands in the 

Lake Tahoe basin, 1973 : review draft, Forest Service, 

California Region, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, San Francisco, 

CA.



United States Forest Service - California Region and Lake 

Tahoe Basin Management Unit (1976). Lake Tahoe Basin 

Management Unit, California and Nevada : 1976. San Francisco, 

CA, U.S. Forest Service.



United States Forest Service - California Region and Lake 

Tahoe Basin Management Unit (1978). Land management plan, 

part I, USDA Forest Service, California Region, San 

Francisco, CA.



United States Forest Service - California Region and Lake 

Tahoe Basin Management Unit (1979). Lake Tahoe Basin 

Management Unit, California and Nevada : 1979. San Francisco, 

CA, U.S. Forest Service.



United States Forest Service - Intermountain Region and 

United States Forest Service - California Region (1962). 

Multiple use management plan for National Forest lands : Lake 

Tahoe Basin. San Francisco, CA, U.S. Forest Service, Region 

5.



United States Forest Service - Intermountain Region and 

United States Forest Service - California Region (1969). 

Multiple use management plan for national forest lands in the 

Lake Tahoe Basin, Forest Service, Region 4 and 5, U.S. Dept. 

of Agriculture, San Francisco, CA.



United States Forest Service - Lake Tahoe Basin Management 

Unit (1976). Environmental analysis report : proposed off-

road recreational vehicle plan, United States Forest Service 

- Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



United States Forest Service - Lake Tahoe Basin Management 

Unit (1988). Land and resource management plan, Lake Tahoe 

Basin Management Unit, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, South Lake Tahoe, 

CA.



United States Forest Service - Lake Tahoe Basin Planning Team 

and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1972). Lake Tahoe basin : 

planning for environmental quality, United States Forest 

Service - Lake Tahoe Basin Planning Team, South Lake Tahoe, 

CA.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest, R. (1990). 

Environmental impact statement for the Tahoe National Forest 

land and resource management plan, 1990, USDA Forest Service, 

Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region 

(1978). Land management plan, Lake Tahoe Basin management 

unit, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San 

Francisco, CA.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region and 

Geometronics Service Center (1979). Lake Tahoe Basin 

Management Unit, California and Nevada. San Francisco, CA, 

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region 

(1980). Summary of the final environmental impact statement : 

Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit : land management plan, part 

2, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San 

Francisco, CA.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region 

(1980). Final environmental impact statement : Lake Tahoe 

Basin Management Unit : land management plan, part 2, USDA 

Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region 

(1980). Final environmental impact statement : Lake Tahoe 

Basin Management Unit : land management plan, part 2, USDA 

Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region 

(1985). Proposed land and resource management plan : Lake 

Tahoe Basin Management Unit, USDA, Forest Service, Lake Tahoe 

Basin Management Unit, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region 

(1985). Draft environmental impact statement : land and 

resource management plan : Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, 

USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San 

Francisco, CA: 461 p. in various pagings.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region 

(1988). Lake Tahoe Basin management unit. South Lake Tahoe, 

CA, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region 

(1988). Record of decision, final environmental impact 

statement, land and resource management plan, Lake Tahoe 

Basin Management Unit, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region 

(1988). Land and resource management plan, Lake Tahoe Basin 

Management Unit, USDA Forest Service, Lake Tahoe Basin 

Management Unit, South Lake Tahoe, CA.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region 

(1988). Final environmental impact statement, land and 

resource management plan, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, 

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region, San 

Francisco, CA.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region 

(1988). Overview of the forest plan, U.S. Dept. of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San 

Francisco, CA.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region 

(1990). Record of decision : USDA Forest Service, final 

environmental impact statement : Tahoe National Forest, land 

and resource management plan. San Francisco, CA, Pacific 

Southwest Region, USDA Forest Service.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region and 

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1994). East shore project : 

summary : Lake Tahoe basin management unit, United States 

Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA: 

14.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region and 

Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit (1978). Final environmental 

impact statement : land management plan, USDA Forest Service, 

Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region and 

Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit and Geometronics Service 

Center (1979). Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, California 

and Nevada : 1979. San Francisco, CA, United States Forest 

Service - Pacific Southwest Region.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region and 

Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit (1988). Lake Tahoe Basin 

management unit, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.



United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region and 

Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit and Geometronics Service 

Center (1992). Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, California 

and Nevada : 1992. San Francisco, CA, United States Forest 

Service - Pacific Southwest Region.



United States Geological Survey (1901). Lake Tahoe and 

vicinity : California-Nevada, U.S. Geological Survey.



United States Geological Survey, N. B. o. M. a. Geology, et 

al. (1973). South Lake Tahoe folio, slope map. Reno, NV, 

Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology.



United States Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit and United 

States Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region (1994). Final 

environmental impact statement : Tallac historic site master 

plan., United States Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region, 

San Francisco, CA.



United States National Ocean Service and United States 

Federal Aviation Administration (1989). Lake Tahoe Airport, 

South Lake Tahoe, California : digitized from OC 5416, 

surveyed March 1989, 7th edition, United States National 

Ocean Service, Corbin, VA.



United States National Ocean Service (1992). United States, 

California--Nevada, Lake Tahoe. Washington, D.C., National 

Ocean Service.



United States National Park Service (1940). Map of the 

Comstock area. Berkeley, CA, United States National Park 

Service.



United States Soil Conservation Service (1970). Snow load 

zones, Lake Tahoe Basin : Alpine, El Dorado & Placer 

counties, California; Carson City, Douglas & Washoe counties, 

Nevada. Portland, OR, United States Soil Conservation 

Service.



United States. Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning 

Agency (1975). Soils of the Lake Tahoe region : a guide for 

planning, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, 

CA.



Van Denburgh, A. S., R. D. Lamke, et al. (1973). A Brief 

Water-Resources Appraisal Of the Truckee River Basin, Western 

Nevada, U.S. Geological Survey, Carson City, NV. 

	The study area for this water-resources appraisal in 

nevada lies at the western edge of the great basin and 

encompasses 12 hydrographic areas but excludes the lake tahoe 

basin. eleven of the areas are part of the truckee river 

drainage basin, and the 12th, the fernley area, borders the 

basin to the east. altitudes in the study area range from 

10,778 feet atop mt. rose to 3,460 feet at the deepest point 

in pyramid lake (depth, 335 feet). precipitation averages 5 

to 10 inches per year at lower altitudes, and more than 40 

inches in the higher mountain areas. within the truckee river 

basin in 1969, 43,000 acre-feet of water was withdrawn for 

domestic, public-supply, and industrial use. about 70% of the 

total is obtained from the truckee river and hunter creek. 

the remainder, about 12,000 acre-feet per year, is pumped 

from wells. the greatest groundwater withdrawal is made to 

supply the reno-sparks municipal system. groundwater ranges 

from dilute (specific conductance less than about 600 

micromhos, dominated by calcium, sodium, and bicarbonate) in 

and near recharge areas and near streams, to saline (more 

than 5,000 micromhos, dominated by sodium and chloride) in 

the lowest, downgradient areas. the quality of surface waters 

deteriorates in a downstream direction, culminating in the 

saline waters of pyramid lake (about 5,000 mg per liter of 

dissolved solids) and fernley sink (more than 50,000 mg per 

liter). (woodard-usgs)



Van Etten, C. (1985). Prewar wood : speedboats of Lake Tahoe, 

1910-1941. Tahoe City, CA, Sierra Maritime Pub.



Van Etten, C. (1987). Tahoe City yesterdays. Tahoe City, CA, 

Sierra Maritime Publications.



Van Seters, P. (1989). Magnificent Places: Public Efforts to 

Protect Natural Resources, University Of California, 

Berkeley. 

	This dissertation is a socio-legal comparative case 

study of three government agencies dealing with matters of 

land use and environmental protection: the San Francisco Bay 

Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC), the Tahoe 

Regional Planning Agency (TRPA), and the California Coastal 

Zone Conservation Commission (CCZCC), later renamed 

California Coastal Commission (CCC). BCDC, TRPA and CC(ZC)C 

represent a new breed of administrative organizations that 

brought about what is commonly referred to as the ñquiet 

revolution in land use control.î The innovative quality of 

these new agencies appears most prominently in the following 

characteristics: (1) their affirmative responsibility for 

problems of environmental management heretofore outside the 

scope of government; (2) the welding of planning to 

regulatory authority; and (3) a ñregionalî jurisdiction that 

cuts across the traditional boundaries of local governments. 

While the Bay Commission, the Tahoe Agency and the Coastal 

Commission share important attributes of legislative mandate 

and institutional design, they display equally important 

differences. These differences are explored and assessed in 

subsequent chapters of this study: the ways in which official 

mandates were elaborated into institutional missions; the 

variant interplay of planning and regulation; the patterns of 

administrative organization and culture; the modalities of 

public participation. Thus the study identifies variations of 

structure and context that account for the variable 

accomplishments of these new land use agencies. The 

underlying analytic theme of this dissertation is to point 

out and explicate a characteristic tension between 

ñresponsivenessî and ñaccountability,î between ñopennessî and 

ñintegrity,î in contemporary law, policy and administration. 

Administrative agencies have emerged as todayÍs most 

representative legal institutions. In recent thinking about 

administrative law and public administration, attention has 

shifted from the containment of ñadministrative discretionî 

to the promotion of ñinstitutional competence.î Comparison of 

the historical records of BCDC, TRPA and CC(ZC)C testifies 

that this latter is no panacea and highlights the dilemmas 

involved in designing institutions that are both competent 

and fair. Order No: AAC 9029078 ProQuest - Dissertation 

Abstracts



Van Tassel, B. H. (1987). Wood chips to games chips : casinos 

and people at North Lake Tahoe. Sacramento, CA, Spilman 

Printing Co.



Varnhagen, E., E. R. Byron, et al. (1987). Epischura density 

as a factor controlling the establishment of Bosmina 

populations in Lake Tahoe. Congress In New Zealand, Hamilton, 

New Zealand. 

	The timing of the decline of Epischura in the late 

summer and autumn months is probably the most important 

factor determining whether Bosmina will occur in any given 

year. If Epischura populations decline in August or 

September, Bosmina are free to grow throughout September and 

October and can achieve high densities depending on food 

availability. If Epischura populations persist into October 

or November before declining in abundance, Bosmina will not 

be able to colonize the lake because of inherent resting egg 

production and declining ambient temperatures. The impact of 

Mysis predation on Bosmina populations has apparently been to 

shift Bosmina vertical distribution higher in the water 

column. Bosmina population abundance is now controlled by 

Epischura abundance to a large extent. In short, Bosmina in 

Lake Tahoe do not exhibit high enough birth rates to overcome 

the impact of invertebrate predation and their ability to 

colonize the lake is essentially controlled by the population 

behavior of their predators.



Vernon, E. J. (1949). Tahoe trails and Sierra Mountain 

memories, E.J. Vernon.



Vincent, W. F. (1977). Ecophysiological Studies On the 

Aphotic Phytoplankton Of Lake Tahoe, California - Nevada, 

University Of California, Davis.



Vincent, W. F. (1978). Survival of Aphotic Phytoplankton in 

Lake Tahoe Throughout Prolonged Stratification. Congress In 

Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark. 

	The chlorophyll content of the 350-450 m stratum of Lake 

TahoeÍs aphotic zone remained statistically unchanged from 

Dec. 1975 to Dec. 1976, thereby demonstrating that exchange 

between the deep aphotic zone and overlying waters was 

minimal even throughout the period of surface mixing in early 

1976. Algae collected from within this zone began 

photosynthesizing immediately upon re-exposure to euphotic 

light levels and photosynthetic rates were not increased with 

up to 116 hours further preincubation in the light. To 

supplement chlorophyll estimates of ñlight reaction 

potentialî the enzyme catalysing the rate determining step of 

the dark reaction, ribulose 1.5-diphosphate carboxylase 

(RuDPCase) was assayed down the water column. RuDPCase levels 

per unit microbial biomass for deep aphotic populations were 

not statistically different from levels in the euphotic 

community. Settling velocities measured over a wide range of 

nutritional conditions for six aphotic algae isolated into 

uni-algal culture were too slow to account for a recent 

euphotic origin of these cells by passive sedimentation.



Vincent, W. F. and C. R. Goldman (1980). Evidence for algal 

heterotrophy in lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Limnol. 

Oceanogr. 25(1): 89-99. 

	Significant differences in the uptake of SUP-14 organic 

compounds between light and dark bottle incubations of water 

were recorded from Lake Tahoe. The response to light did not 

occur in situ below the max depth of inorganic C 

photoassimilation and was completely inhibited by a 

photosynthetic inhibitor. Dark acetate uptake in the deep 

euphotic zone was strongly inhibited by a eucaryotic 

inhibitor. Microautoradiographic analysis showed that 2 

species of green algae (Monoraphidium contortum- and 

Friedmannia-) in Tahoe were capable of acetate transport at 

labeled substrate additions within previously determined 

ambient limits; in axenic culture these 2 species grew 

heterotrophically on acetate. Activities of key enzymes of 

the major inducible pathway for acetate assimilation were 

high per unit ATP in the region of the water column where 

acetate uptake was light stimulated. These data strongly 

support the hypothesis of heterotrophically active 

phytoplankton populations at the bottom of the euphotic zone.



Vincent, W. F. (1982). Autecology of an Ultraplanktonic Shade 

Alga in Lake Tahoe. J. Phycol. 18(2): 226-232. 

	The ultraplanktonic green alga Monoraphidium contortum 

Korm. in Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada) demonstrated several 

ecological and physiological attributes of a genetically 

adapted shade species. M. contortum achieved maximum biomass 

during deep mixing in winter when light availability was at a 

minimum. During stratification it was found in maximum 

abundance in the deep euphotic region, 100-150 m. This 

species was also distributed through the deep aphotic zone 

where, despite prolonged darkness, it remained capable of 

immediate photosynthesis when re-exposed to light levels in 

the euphotic zone. The spirally twisted cells were grazed by 

two calanoid copepods in Lake Tahoe as readily as much 

larger-celled phytoplankton species of less complex 

morphology. Slow growth rates in combination with high 

susceptibility to copepod grazing may effectively exclude M. 

contortum from the upper 75 m, where it was rarely recorded. 

In culture it showed a marked incapacity to adjust to ñsunî 

conditions but was well adapted to low light regimes. Under a 

wide range of irradiances, photochemical capacity, 

photosynthetic capacity and growth rates were low, but 

cellular pigment content remained high. Genetically distinct 

sun and shade populations of phytoplankton may play a 

determining role in major shifts of community structure over 

depth and time in Lake Tahoe.



Vincent, W. F. (1990). Dynamic Coupling Between 

Photosynthesis and Light in the Phytoplankton Environment. 

Internationale Vereinigung fuer Theoretische und Angewandte 

Limnologie. Verhandlungen IVTLAP 24(1): 25-37. 

	Substantial variations in photosynthesis from one year 

to another are often superimposed upon any long term trends 

such as eutrophication. This year-to-year variability can be 

initiated by meteorological factors, especially at critical 

times in the successional or mixing cycle. In Lake Tahoe 

(California-Nevada) a strong cross-correlation exists between 

annual photosynthesis and the maximum depth of mixing. The 

critical period of less than one month in Lake Tahoe is short 

relative to broader scale, synoptic weather patterns, such as 

those associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation cycle. 

Much of the photo-adjustment of phytoplankton takes place at 

the level of energy capture, and also during the conversion 

of solar to chemical energy. Four classes of proteins, each 

interconnected to the others, include light harvesting 

pigment proteins, reaction center proteins, electron transfer 

proteins, and ATP-generating proteins. The efficiency of 

light harvesting by these pigment protein complexes dictates 

the areal absorption coefficient of the cell, usually 

normalized to chlorophyll a and referred to as kc. The 

increase in the carotenoid content of the light-harvesting 

complex may be especially important in brightly lit 

environment. The biosynthetic processes associated with sun-

shade adaptation allow the phytoplankton community to adjust 

to mean irradiances over a time scale of hours to days, but 

for an algal cell circulating through the mixed layer of a 

lake, or exposed to changing cloud conditions, a more urgent 

photoadaptive response is required. High performance liquid 

chromatography is playing an increasing role for the tracking 

of shifts in the light-harvesting pigments in natural waters. 

Several models have been developed to describe the processes 

of photosynthesis and photoadaptation but none of these 

models have incorporated the adjustments, adaptations, and 

damage/repair responses which characterize phytoplankton 

photosynthesis. (Brunone-PTT)



Voluntary Action Center of South Lake Tahoe (1978). Programs 

and projects, March 1978. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Voluntary 

Action Center of South Lake Tahoe.



von Schmidt, A. W. and Lake Tahoe and San Francisco Water 

Works (1871). Report to the Lake Tahoe and San Francisco 

Water Works Company, on its sources of supply, proposed line 

of works, estimated cost and income, Alta California Printing 

House, San Francisco, CA: 21 p.



Vondracek, B. C. (1981). The Energetics Of the Tahoe Sucker, 

Catostomus Tahoensis, In Cyclic and Constant Temperatures, 

University Of California, Davis. 

	Recent hypotheses suggest that aquatic organisms will 

exhibit faster growth rates in diel temperature cycles as 

compared with organisms that remain at constant temperatures. 

Attendant assumptions are lower metabolic rates and increased 

assimilation efficiency in cyclic as opposed to constant 

temperatures. The growth and metabolic rate of the Tahoe 

sucker, Catostomus tahoensis, were evaluated in diel 

temperature cycles which approximate natural temperature 

regimes occurring between late spring and early autumn. Three 

experiments were conducted in cyclic temperatures and 

constant temperatures equivalent to the arithmetic mean of 

the temperature cycles. The Tahoe sucker grew faster in a 

reservoir than in two tributary streams. Growth rates were 

evaluated both by comparison of back-calculated lengths using 

pectoral fin rays and by comparison of standard lengths at 

capture of age V suckers. Four possible factors were 

hypothesized to explain the observed growth differential: (1) 

genetic differences, (2) extra energy costs of swimming in 

flowing systems, (3) food availability, and (4) temperature 

regimes. Stampede Reservoir was formed in 1969 and the 

parental stock of suckers was originally present in Sagehen 

Creek and the Little Truckee River suggesting genetic 

differences are not a factor. The Tahoe sucker selects areas 

of low flow rate obviating significant energy expenditures to 

maintain station. Digestive tract fullness and energy content 

of the diets were not significantly different in the streams 

of the reservoir, which indicated food availability was not a 

factor influencing the growth differential. Stream 

temperatures fluctuated 12 C daily, whereas reservoir 

temperatures remained nearly constant daily and varied little 

throughout July and August. Mean temperatures w here the 

suckers reside in both streams and reservoir were nearly 

identical during the summer sampling period. Growth season 

length or increased maintenance metabolic costs for stream 

residents are likely temperature-related phenomena explaining 

observed growth rate differentials. Resting routine metabolic 

rates of the Tahoe sucker were measured using static, 

plexiglass respirometers in cycling and constant temperatures 

over the thermal range of 8-20 C. Q(,10) values approximating 

three for both cyclic and constant temperature regimes 

indicate that the Tahoe sucker in a cyclic temperature regime 

are significantly (P < 0.05) higher than rates of suckers 

acclimated to a constant temperature equivalent to the 

arithmetic mean of the cycle. These higher energetic costs 

for routine metabolism may explain reduced Tahoe sucker 

growth rates in streams compared with reservoirs. Growth 

rates, gross growth efficiencies and maintenance rations of 

the Tahoe sucker were determined in cyclic and constant 

temperatures over a thermal range of 4-23 C. Growth rates and 

gross growth efficencies were determined in three temperature 

pairs (low, 8 C constant, 4-12 C cycle; intermediate, 13 C 

constant, 8-18 C cycle; and high, 18 C constant, 13-23 C 

cycle) and at three ration levels (starvation, restricted and 

repletion). Growth rates and gross growth efficiencies were 

not significantly different at any temperature pair-ration 

condition, except at low temperatures and starvation ration. 

Maintenance rations increased from approximately 1% initial 

weight weight/d at low temperatures 1.7% at high temperatures 

and 2.0 % at intermediate temperatures. Brought together, the 

results of the three experiments question the universality of 

previous assumptions regarding growth and metabolism of 

fishes exposed to sinusoidal temperature fluctuations. Order 

No: AAC 8521654 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts



Vondracek, B., J. J. Cech, Jr., et al. (1982). Effect of 

cycling and constant temperatures on the respiratory 

metabolism of the Tahoe sucker, Catostomus tahoensis (Pisces: 

Catostomidae). Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 73(1): 11-

14.



Vondracek, B., L. R. Brown, et al. (1982). Comparison of Age, 

Growth, and Feeding of the Tahoe Sucker From Sierra Nevada 

Streams and a Reservoir. Calif. Fish Game 68(1): 36-46. 

	The Tahoe sucker, Catostomus tahoensis , grew faster in 

a reservoir than in two tributary streams. Growth rates were 

evaluated both by comparison of back-calculated lengths using 

pectoral fin rays and by comparison of standard lengths at 

capture of age V suckers. Digestive tract fullness and energy 

content of the diets were not significanlty different for 

fish in the streams of the reservior, which indicated food 

availability was not a factor influencing the growth 

differential. Growing season length or increased maintenance 

metabolic costs forstream residents are likely temperature-

related phenomena explaining observed growth rate 

differences.



Vondracek, B., J. J. Cech, Jr., et al. (1989). Growth, growth 

efficiency, and assimilation efficiency of the Tahoe sucker 

in cyclic and constant temperature. Environ. Biol. Fish. 

24(2): 151-156. 

	Tahoe sucker, Catostomus tahoensis , were fed at three 

ration levels (starvation, 50% of repletion, and repletion) 

at three constant and cyclic temperature regimes to examine 

growth rate and gross growth efficiencies. Growth rates 

increased with increasing temperature and ration level. 

Growth rates were not different between cyclic temperatures 

and the constant temperature equivalent to the mean of the 

cycle. Maintenance rations increased from 0.9% of the initial 

wet weight per day at low temperatures to 2.0 and 1.7% at 

intermediate and high temperatures, respectively. Tahoe 

sucker growth rates and assimilation efficiencies may not be 

enhanced in small streams because of this speciesÍ inability 

to mediate temperature cycles through behaviour 

thermoregulation.



Wackenreuder, V. and Geological Survey of California (1870). 

Sierra Nevada summit line north and south of Lake Tahoe.



Walters Engineering (1973). Lake Tahoe water, wastewater & 

drainage HUD-701 planning study, Walters Engineering, Reno, 

NV: 1 v. (unpaged).



Ward, J. F., Lockheed Engineering, et al. (1981). 

Photographic technology development project : timber typing 

in the Tahoe Basin using high altitude panoramic photography 

: final report, USDA, Houston, TX.



Warriner, J. and R. Warriner (1958). Lake Tahoe; an 

illustrated guide and history. San Francisco, CA, Fearon 

Publishers.



Washburn, C. A. (1972). Clean Water and Power. Environment 

14(7): 40-44. 

	Because of the well-known environmental consequences of 

electrical production and distribution, a question arises as 

to whether the pollution caused by the power requirements of 

water pollution control programs will approach or outweight 

the benefits gained. a power increase of 2.9% would suffice 

to furnish secondary and tertiary treatment to every 

remaining untreated effluent in the united states. even 

producing the pristinely pure effluent of the lake tahoe 

plant represents only a 3.3 percent addition over tertiary 

power needs. this compares to a past overall power growth 

rate of 7 percent per year. power growth demands are not 

attributable to waste water treatment needs, nor can 

secondary pollution from power demands be used as an excuse 

for halting pollution control efforts. (anderson-texas)



Watanabe, Y. and C. R. Goldman (1983). Heterotrophic 

bacterial community in oligotrophic Lake Tahoe. Congress of 

the International Assocation of Limnology, Lyon, France. 

	Distribution and some properties of heterotrophic 

bacteria were studi ed in ultra-oligotrophic Lake Tahoe, 

Calfifornia-Nevada, U.S.A. The b acterial density was low in 

pelagic waters but increased in the litto ral zone. Size 

fractionation of suspended particles in lake water sho wed 

that 68% of viable bacteria in the pelagic water attached to 

detr ital particles larger than 3 mu m, whereas 20% in the 

polluted littoral water. In aufwuchs on bottom rocks in 

littoral zone, a high bacteria l density (10 super(6) cfu cm 

super(-2) in viable counts, 10 super(8) cells cm super(-2) in 

direct counts) developed in relation to attached algae. 

Enrichment experiments revealed that the growth of bacterial 

population in both plankt onic and attached was limited not 

only by organic carbon but also nit rogen and phosporus in 

lake water. Daylight penetrating into lake wat er is one 

factor suppressing the bacterial growth in upper photic zon e 

in such an oligotrophic situation.



Waymire, J. A. (1907). Diverting water from Lake Tahoe for 

use in California. San Francisco, CA, Argus Press.



Waymire, J. A. (1908). Distribution of Lake Tahoe waters. San 

Francisco, CA, [publisher unknown].



Waymire, J. A. (1908). Lake Tahoe and Truckee River water 

supply : distribution of interstate waters, Jordan Printing. 

Co.



Waymire, J. A. (1908). Water and power supply from Lake Tahoe 

and American River offered to Oakland and other cities. 

Oakland, CA, Oakland Enquirer.



Waymire, J. A., California Water Company, et al. (1909). In 

the matter of the title in and to the waters of the Truckee 

river and to the use of Lake Tahoe as a reservoir : brief on 

behalf of the California Water Company, successor in interest 

to the Lake Tahoe and San Francisco Water Works. San 

Francisco, CA, [publisher unknown].



Waymire, J. A. (1920). Water supply from Lake Tahoe and the 

North Fork of American River for power and domestic use in 

cities in California. San Francisco, CA.



Weekend Outdoor Productions (1972). Lake Tahoe recreation 

area. Oakland, CA, Weekend Outdoor Productions.



Wells, A. J. (1906). Lake Tahoe and the High Sierra. San 

Francisco, CA, Southern Pacific Co.



Werner, S. B., C. E. Weidmer, et al. (1984). Primary plague 

pneumonia contracted from a domestic cat at South Lake Tahoe, 

Calif. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 251(7): 929-931. 

	Primary plague pneumonia occurred in a 47-year-old South 

Lake Tahoe woman shortly after face-to-face exposure to her 

plague pneumonia-infected cat. Both died. Field investigation 

revealed a recent plague epizootic in squirrels and chipmunks 

around the patientÍs home. Control measures included active 

surveillance and chemoprophylaxis of 197 contacts to the 

victim, a community alert on methods of self- and pet 

protection, and application of insecticide to reduce rodent 

flea populations. No secondary cases occurred.



West, A. W. and K. M. Mackenthun (1966). Report on Pollution 

in the Lake Tahoe Basin, California-Nevada, Federal Water 

Pollution Control Administration, Cincinnati, OH. 

	Lake Tahoe is threatened by nitrogen and phosphorus 

pollutants from sewage discharged within the basin. The 

phosphorus content of Lake Tahoe water has reached a critical 

level. Objectionable algal growths are present in near-shore 

areas where phosphorus concentrations are highest. A 

substantional increase in nitrogen, common in human wastes, 

could create obnoxious algae throughout the lake, destroy its 

clarity and cause a distasteful sight and smell. Lake Tahoe 

is threatened by silt erosion from lands where the natural 

vegetative cover is destroyed and soil is disturbed by land 

clearing. Silt, transported by runoff during the rainy 

season, reduces water clarity and beauty; destroys aquatic 

life and adversely changes composition of organisms that may 

be present. The following general improvements should be 

made; (1) establish additional public utility districts, and 

extend public sewer service to collect all sewage from the 

drainage area; (2) provide minimum secondary treatment for 

all wastes collected; (3) export all sewage and garbage out 

of the Lake Tahoe basin; and (4) minimize the transport of 

silt into Lake Tahoe by using effective soil conservation and 

erosion control for lands within the basin.



West (1971). California-Nevada Interstate Compact. West Cal 

Water Code Ann secs 5975 thru 5976. 

	California and Nevada have entered into a compact for 

the more efficient determination of water rights between the 

states. A commission consisting of five representatives from 

each state as well as one federal representative has been 

established to enforce the CompactÍs provisions. Any citizen 

who feels that the Compact has been violated is permitted to 

report to the commission. The commission will enforce the 

CompactÍs provision in the appropriate court of the state in 

which a violation has occurred. The relative rights of both 

California and Nevada regarding the use of water from the 

Lake Tahoe Basin, the Truckee River Basin, the Carson River 

Basin and the Walker River Basin are set out in detail in the 

compact. Each state is allowed to make any use of groundwater 

and springs provided such use does not interfere with the 

natural flow of water in the other state. The states are free 

to change the use of water assigned to them provided such 

change does not adversely affect the allocation of water to 

the other state. The use of all waters for the preservation, 

protection, and enhancement of fish, wildlife, and recreation 

is explicitly recognized. Either state which imports water is 

guaranteed the exclusive use of that water. (Moorhouse-

Florida)



Western Federal Regional Council (1978). Federal policy for 

the Lake Tahoe Basin, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.



Western Federal Regional Council (1979). Lake Tahoe 

environmental assesssment : executive summary, Western 

Federal Regional Council.



Western Federal Regional Council - Interagency Task Force 

(1979). Lake Tahoe environmental assessment, Western Federal 

Regional Council, Interagency Task Force.



Western Geographics Co. (1968). Street map of Lake Tahoe 

communities, California and Nevada. Tahoe City, CA, Greater 

North Lake Tahoe Chamber of Commerce and Covention Bureau.



Western Map Company (1975). City indexed maps of Lake Tahoe 

and vicinity. Glendale, CA, Western Map Company.



Westphal, J. A., R. L. Bateman, et al. (1972). Water quality 

simulation of Tahoe-Truckee system, Nevada-California, Center 

for Water Resources Research, Desert Research Institute, 

University of Nevada, Reno, NV.



Westphal, J. A. (1973). Digital Simulation Of Inorganic Water 

Quality Of Tahoe-Truckee System, Nevada-California, 

University Of Nevada, Reno.



Westphal, J. A., J. V. A. Sharp, et al. (1976). Water Quality 

Simulation of Tahoe-Truckee System, Nevada-California-Volume 

I, University of Nevada, Reno. Center for Water Resources 

Research. 

	A model was developed to aid inorganic water quality 

control in the Tahoe-Truckee water system of Nevada and 

California. In this system impoundments, diversions for and 

returns from industrial, agricultural, and municipal uses, 

and groundwater returns influence inorganic quality and 

surface water flows. Mass-flux-balance is the basis of the 

model. Assumptions used relative to the model include: a 

conservative nature for inorganic constitutents, 

instantaneous, complete mixing, and the accurate 

recapitulation of flows at an unused gaging station. The 

model is based on data collected over three years at 40 

sites. Calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate 

bicarbonate, silica, magnesium, and total dissolved solids 

(less silica) were modeled. The model simulates 

concentrations at selected points and quality of dispersed 

flows. (Collins-FIRL)



Westphal, J. A., J. V. A. Sharp, et al. (1976). Water Quality 

Simulation of Tahoe-Truckee System, Nevada-California - 

Volume II - Appendices, University of Nevada, Reno. Center 

for Water Resources Research. 

	Documentation for a digital inorganic water quality 

simulation model of the Tahoe-Truckee System which consists 

of the mainstem and tributaries of the Truckee River between 

Tahoe City, California and Nixon, Nevada is presented in the 

form of appendices. The model is based on the principle of 

mass-flux balance and presumes that inorganic constituents 

are conservative, complete mixing occurs instantaneously, and 

that flows are recapitulated accurately at the defunct gaging 

station near Truckee, California. The model was developed 

from 3 yr of water quality data collected monthly at about 40 

sites along the mainstem and tributaries. The appendices 

include: predictive equations, a computer program for the 

model, cumulative frequency distribution curves, a derivation 

of complete mixing equations, and simulation model output for 

bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, sodium, potassium, calcium, 

magnesium, silica, and total dissolved solids. (Kreager-FIRL)



Wheeler, G. M., Grunsky Family, et al. (1881). Topographical 

map of Lake Tahoe Region : Sierra Nevada, California and 

Nevada. Vienna, Imp. Royal Geog. Institut.



Wheeler, S. S. and W. W. Bliss (1992). Tahoe heritage : the 

Bliss family of Glenbrook, Nevada. Reno, NV, University of 

Nevada Press.



White, G. C. (1974). Disinfection: the Last Line Of Defense 

For Potable Water. Water And Sewage Works 121(7): 66-67. 

	The community water system survey revealed that 77 

percent of water treatment plant operators are inadequately 

trained in elementary water microbiology, with 46 percent 

deficient in chemistry relating to the operation of the 

facility. a review of the important aspects of chlorination 

chemistry was presented. in the free residual process, free 

chlorine displays the most powerful germicidal ability of all 

chlorine compounds, with the exception of chlorine dioxide. 

this process should be operated so that the hocl content of 

the final residual is 85 to 90 percent of the total residual. 

ammonia nitrogen and organic nitrogen cause the most 

interference with the process. ammonia nitrogen may be 

removed by chlorine easily, requiring approximately 10 parts 

of chlorine for each part of ammonia. organic nitrogen 

compounds can produce a system of unstable residuals, with 

reactions lasting for days before completion, often resulting 

in n-chloro compounds with taste and odor problems in the 

distribution system. the coliform concentration is a salient 

factor in the evaluation of raw water quality at lake tahoe, 

california, a plant produces effluent with a coliform 

concentration less than 2.3/100 ml. this potable standard is 

achieved with chlorine doses of 2 to 3 mg/liter in the 

presence of 2 to 15 mg/liter of ammonia nitrogen. (leibowitz-

firl)



White, C. A., A. L. Franks, et al. (1978). Demonstration of 

erosion and sediment control technology : Lake Tahoe region 

of California, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, 

Office of Research and Development, Springfield, VA.



Willard, W. B. J. (1972). Municipal Wastewater Reclamation. 

The Military Engineer 64(418): 101-104. 

	Examples of water reuse are given. at santee, 

california, waste water has been used for recreational 

purposes. five bodies of water composed of reclaimed sewage 

were constructed in 1959. to delay eutrophication of lake 

tahoe new methods for waste water reclamation have been 

devised. the basic concept consists of collection of all 

waste water from individual and community systems within the 

tahoe basin, treatment to meet bacteriological standards for 

drinking water, and exportation for irrigation and 

recreation. it is a great economic saving to use reclaimed 

water in industry, but the conversion of waste water into 

high quality drinking water offers the greatest challenge. 

groundwater recharge using municipal waste water is another 

means of water reuse. waste water can be converted to potable 

water through the use of microorganisms. direct cycle water 

reuse for municipal water supplies could come into existence 

by the end of this century, but only if the economics of the 

situation favor its use over some other method. under the 

advanced water treatment research program of the federal 

water quality administration (fwqa), processes have been 

developed and are available for the production of potable 

water, but some degree of overdesign must be incorporated 

until further full-scale testing and improvements in design, 

materials, and equipment are completed. it is believed that 

treated waste water will gain widespread acceptance as a true 

water source, and that the quality of the effluent will not 

be measured in the future by percent reduction, but will be 

based on more practical absolute values. (strachan-chicago)



Williams, N. J. and C. R. Goldman (1975). Succession Rates in 

Lake Phytoplankton Communities. Verhandlungen Internationale 

Vereinigung Limnologie 19: 808-811. 

	Discussion is centered on progressive changes in 

relative species composition of phytoplankton in five lakes 

which represent extremes and medians of production. Included 

were: (1) Lake Tahoe, an ultra-oligotrophic, subalpine warm 

monomictic lake; (2) Castle Lake, California, a dimictic, 

mesotrophic subalpine lake; (3) Clear Lake, California, a 

polymictic, lower-altitude productive aquatic environment; 

(4) Lake Victoria, Africa, representing equatorial regions; 

and (5) an arctic pond to represent conditions typical of 

polar latitudes. Comparison of succession rates for the five 

lakes demonstrated that the non-tropical lakes show 

significant seasonal variation in succession. Additionally, 

maximum succession rates occur after community independent 

environmental perturbations which are usually but not 

necessarily correlated with periods of high primary 

productivity. Finally, it was found that in the absence of 

disturbance succession rates decline and remain low, partly 

because of community dependent processes. Equations are given 

in the text for measuring rate of succession by calculating 

the change in the relative contribution of individual species 

to total biomass diversity. Notation is given for the 

fraction of total diversity attributable to a single species, 

and a succession rate index that measures the speed at which 

the community moves through diversity space where the 

dimensions are the proportion of total diversity contributed 

by a particular species. (Harris-Wisconsin)



Williams, N. J. (1978). Annual Variation of Photosynthetic 

Parameters in Lake Tahoe. 20th Congress, Internationale 

Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, 

Copenhagen, Denmark. 

	The Steele (1962) and Vollenweider (1965) primary 

production versus light equations were fit to an annual cycle 

of primary production in Lake Tahoe. The Vollenweider 

equation was reparameterized in terms of the two Steele 

parameters, optimum light intensity and maximum production 

per chlorophyll, plus an additional parameter, the initial 

slope of the specific production versus light curve. Both 

equations explained about 90% of the total annual variation 

in specific production. The parameters of these equations 

showed systematic and significant annual variation. This 

variation was correlated with environmental conditions. 

Optimum light intensity appeared to be controlled by average 

light intensity in the mixed layer, the initial slope by 

nitrate concentration, and maximum specific production by 

nitrate and temperature. By relating the parameters to the 

environmental conditions it was possible to account for 44% 

of the observed variation in specific production with the 

Vollenweider equation and 67% with the Steele equation.



Wilsey & Ham and Nevada-California Lake Tahoe Association 

(1958). Lake Tahoe regional area : preliminary study for a 

general plan. Millbrae, CA, Wilsey & Ham.



Wilsey Ham & Blair and Lake Tahoe Regional Planning 

Commission of Nevada and California (1962). Preliminary 

regional plan : Lake Tahoe 1980 regional plan program. San 

Francisco, CA, Wilsey, Ham & Blair.



Winnett, T. (1987). The Tahoe-Yosemite trail : a 

comprehensive guide to the 180 miles of trail between Meeks 

Bay at Lake Tahoe and Yosemite ParkÍs Tuolumne Meadows. 

Berkeley, CA, Wilderness Press.



Wise, J. and United States Environmental Protection Agency 

(1975). The Lake Tahoe study : as requested by the 92nd 

Congress in Section 114 of the Federal water pollution 

control act amendments of 1972, U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Washington, D.C.



Wolfe, J. E. (1968). Earthquake History Near Lake Tahoe. 

Geologic Studies in the Lake Tahoe Area, California and 

Nevada. J. R. Evans and R. A. Matthews. Sacramento, CA, 

Geological Society of Sacramento: 27-36.



Woo, S. and N. Berg (1986). Factors Influencing the Quality 

of Snow Precipitation and Snow Throughfall at a Sierra Nevada 

Site. Symposium on Cold Regions Hydrology, University of 

Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, American Water Resources 

Association, Bethesda, MD. 

	Regression analysis showed precipitation type, (rain, 

snow, mixed rain and snow, hail/graupel) and latitudinal 

storm path to be important factors influencing both 

precipitation, conductivity and nitrate solute concentrations 

at a subalpine site near Lake Tahoe, California. Weaker 

relationships existed between both precipitation type and 

precipitation pH and sulfate solute concentration. Storm 

duration, interstorm period, and precipitation amount and 

intensity were relatively unimportant explanatory variables. 

Vegetative influence on snow throughfall under forest canopy 

was minimal, compared to unaffected precipitation. Solute 

concentrations of H, SO4, Cl, and Ca in snow drip from two 

major conifers, lodgepole fir and red fir, were generally 

greater than precipitation in an open site. Contrary to 

studies in rain-dominated environments, snow drip chemistries 

between fir and pine were statistically different only for 

CA.



Wood, D. F. and San Francisco State University (1977). Water, 

sewerage and water-related land use controls in the Tahoe-

Truckee area : a study in overlapping programs, San Francisco 

State University, San Francisco, CA.



Wrye, K. J. (1989). Perceived and Preferred Mission and Goals 

As Held By Constituent Groups Of the Lake Tahoe Unified 

School District (California, Nevada), University Of San 

Francisco. 

	The purpose of this study was to measure the perceptions 

and preferences of the mission and goals of the Lake Tahoe 

Unified School District held by teachers, school site 

administrators, district administrators, and members of the 

school board. Mission and goal priorities and levels of 

agreement and disagreement were sought among and between the 

four constituent groups. The review of literature relevant to 

this study focused on theories of organizations, social 

systems model, organizational mission and goals, and school 

mission and goals. Out of the literature review come the 

development of the School Mission and Goals Survey used to 

assess mission and goal perceptions and preferences. The 

questionnaire consisted of eighty items and utilized Likert-

type scales to measure perception of actual and preferred 

mission and goal statements. Respondents included 167 

teachers, 11 school site administrators, 5 district 

administrators, and 5 board members, (an overall response 

rate of 87 percent). This study clarifies the prevailing 

knowledge concerning the mission and goals of the Lake Tahoe 

Unified School District, and provides insight into some of 

the organizational problems associated with mission and goal 

clarification. On perceptions and preferences of the mission 

and goals by the DistrictÍs constituent groups, all groups 

scored their preferences higher in importance than their 

actual perceptions; all constituent groups were dissatisfied 

with the DistrictÍs emphasis of importance on most of the 

eighty mission and goal items; all groups showed 

dissatisfaction with regard to the DistrictÍs emphasis on 

support goals; all groups disagreed most often with the board 

members concerning mission and goal rankings and agreed most 

often with the teachers; and although there were some 

important agreements on rankings, there was not a clear 

enough pattern of agreement to conclude a consensus on the 

rankings. Constituent group disagreement on mission and goal 

rankings, and findings that their preferences were higher 

than their perceptions implies that district schools should 

do it all and do it better. Lackof constituent group 

agreement on district mission and goals may imply a 

disproportionate emphasis on output goals over organizational 

support goals creating a dysfunctional organization.



Xiang, W.-N. (1989). Systems Modeling For Environmental 

Planning In the Lake Tahoe Basin, California-Nevada, 

University Of California, Berkeley. 

	Environmental planning in the Lake Tahoe basin is 

difficult. The environmental problems are complex, data and 

human knowledge are uncertain, the planning processes are 

multiobjective, multiparticipant, multilevel, and multicycle 

in nature. To cope with these difficulties, a holistic 

framework for environmental planning at a regional or basin 

level is desirable. As an effort to construct a systematic 

framework, three objectives are identified and pursued in 

this study. Pursuit of an improved regional environmental 

planning system through a coordination of its two component 

systems. The dissertation demonstrates how the two 

environmental planning systems at a regional level of a 

planning hierarchy for water quality and air quality 

protection, which are different from each other in purposes, 

assumptions, methods, and outputs, can be coordinated such 

that they are compatible with one another as well as 

consistent with the planning requirements from the higher 

level. It also demonstrates that not only the two systems 

themselves, but also the entire regional environmental 

planning system, in which the two are parts, can be improved 

from such a coordination. Establishment and application of a 

basinwide mitigation system. In the coordination process, a 

basinwide mitigation scheme is developed and applied. The 

dissertation demonstrates how a basinwide mitigation system 

can be used through a multiobjective linear programming model 

as a lever to balance the tradeoff between land use 

development and regulation. Development and application of a 

basinwide geographically oriented research support 

information system. The dissertation demonstrates what a 

basinwide geographically oriented planning information system 

should look like, how the system that is originally developed 

at a regional level is connected with others at community or 

site-specific levels, and how it supports the planning 

activities at the regional level. The study results not only 

provide helpful insights and experience for the professionals 

in the Lake Tahoe basin, but also benefit the development of 

a more effective and efficient methodology for regional 

environmental planning.



Zanitsch, R. H. and J. M. Morand (1970). Tertiary Treatment 

Of Combined Waste Water. Water And Wastes Engineering 7(9): 

58-60. 

	The feasibility of removing refractory organic material 

and dyes from an activated sludge effluent using granular 

activated carbon was studied. a colorless effluent containing 

an average of 3 mg/l biochemical oxygen demand and 3 mg/l 

suspended solids was produced in the 61-day trial. tertiary 

treatment with granular activated carbon has been 

demonstrated in a pilot scale at pomona, california; a full-

scale advanced waste treatment plant is in operation at lake 

tahoe, california. the source of waste water for each of 

these plants is basically of domestic origin, free of 

industrial contamination. at the mill creek sewage treatment 

plant in cincinnati, the influent is a combined industrial-

domestic waste containing organic dyes, one of which is 

fluorescein. the green fluorescein color is soluble and, 

therefore, is not removed by primary treatment. in a 

preliminary test, an adsorption isotherm study was conducted 

on a grab sample; the isotherms demonstrated that the soluble 

organic carbon level of secondary effluent could be 

significantly reduced by adsorption on activated carbon. the 

carbon columns were used as both a filter and an adsorber. 

the fluorescein dye color bodies were effectively removed by 

adsorption on the granular carbon. (jones-wisconsin)



Zauner, P. (1982). Lake Tahoe. Tahoe Paradise, CA, Zanel 

Publications.



Zell, S. C. and S. K. Sorenson (1993). Cyst Acquisition Rate 

For Giardia-Lamblia In Backcountry Travelers to Desolation 

Wilderness, Lake Tahoe. Journal Of Wilderness Medicine 4(2): 

147-154.



Zettel, R. M. and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1972). A 

transportation planning process for the Lake Tahoe Region : a 

prospectus. Berkeley, CA, R.M. Zettel.



Ziegler, D. S. (1985). Economics of nonpoint source pollution 

control: Lake Tahoe, California/Nevada. Perspectives On 

Nonpoint Source Pollution, Kansas City, Missouri. 

	Controlling water pollution from nonpoint sources had 

been a major concern at Lake Tahoe for over a decade. Recent 

amendments to the Tahoe Regional Planning AgencyÍs Regional 

Plan require 5 different nonpoint source control programs to 

reduce pollutant loads to the Lake. The AgencyÍs nonpoint 

source control policies may have a positive long-term impact 

on the regionÍs economy and impacts of various types on local 

government, utility districts, and individual property 

owners. Lake Tahoe is a natural resource of exceptional 

quality; nonpoint source pollution control measures are 

necessary to protect its famous water quality. Economic 

impacts on local government and individual property owners 

should be minor, assumming that they share the burden of 

capital improvements. Utility districts that finance their 

operations with connection fees will be affected to some 

degree by growth management policies.



Zielinski, W. J., W. D. Spencer, et al. (1983). Relationship 

between food habits and activity patterns of pine martens. J. 

Mammal. 64(3): 387-396. 

	Pine martens (Martes americana ) consume a variety of 

food types annually but seasonal foraging is restricted to a 

subset of available prey. Winter foods include chickarees 

(Tamiasciurus douglasii ), voles (Microtus spp.), snowshoe 

hares (Lepus americanus ), and flying squirrels (Glaucomys 

sabrinus ) whereas ground-dwelling sciurids (Spermophilus 

spp. and Eutamias spp.) comprise the bulk of the diet during 

the remainder of the year. Activity also is variable by 

season, with martens foraging at night during winter and by 

day during summer. Seasonal marten activity does not appear 

associated with optimal ambient temperature but instead 

appears synchronized with the activity of prey.



Elliott-Fisk, in Erman and others, 1997, U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-43



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