Mediated Settlement Agreement for Sequoia National 

Forest, Section B.  Giant Sequoia Groves

Master Bibliography



In the process of data compilation for the evaluation of 

giant sequoia groves under the Mediated Settlement Agreement, 

we compiled a digital bibliography for giant sequoia groves 

on the Sequoia National Forest and for the entire Sierra 

Nevada.  This was done using the bibliographic database 

program EndNote 2.  This master bibliography consists of data 

that we were not able to include in the printed report due to 

space constraints.  There are over 700 references on giant 

sequoia ecology and management in the database and an output 

file of them follows.  The data are also contained in the 

~ADDENDUM/~A_C08DAT directory in three formats:  EndNote 2 

database (GS_BIB.EN2), ASCII text (GS_BIB.TXT), and Microsoft 

Word 6.0 (GS_BIB.DOC).



Agamirova, M. I. (1980). Growth and development of 

Cryptomeria japonica, Sequoiadendron giganteum and Sequoia 

sempervirens on the Apsheron Peninsula - Introduction 

studies. Biull. Gl. Bot. Sada. 115: 32-34.



Agee, J. K. and H. H. Biswell (1967). Christmas tree quality 

of white fir understory in a giant sequoia forest. California 

Agriculture. 21: 2-3.



Agee, J. K. (1968). Fuel conditions in a giant sequoia grove 

and surrounding plant communities, University of California, 

Berkeley.



Agee, J. K. and H. H. Biswell (1969). Seedling survival in a 

giant sequoia forest. California Agriculture. 23: 18-19.



Agee, J. K. (1973). Prescribed fire effects on physical and 

hydrological properties of mixed-conifer forest floor and 

soil, UC Berkeley School of Forestry and Conservation, Water 

Resources Center.



Agee, J. K., R. H. Wakimoto, et al. (1978). Fire and fuel 

dynamics of Sierra Nevada conifers. Forest Ecology and 

Management 1: 255-265. 

	Litterfall, decomposition of fine fuel, calorific value 

of fuel and fuel reduction by controlled burning were studied 

in plots in pure stands of ponderosa pine, sugar pine (Pinus 

lambertiana), white fir (Abies concolor), and giant sequoia 

(Sequoiadendron giganteum) in California. The implications of 

the results are discussed for fire management in these forest 

types.



Akers, J. P. (1986). Ground water in Long Meadow area and its 

relation with that in the General Sherman Tree area, Sequoia 

National Park, California, US Geological Survey.



Albright, H. M. and F. J. Taylor (1957). How we saved the big 

trees. Saturday Evening Post. February 7.



Alekseyev, V. A., A. K. Lavrukhina, et al. (1975). Variation 

in radiocarbon content in the annual rings of sequoia (1890-

1916). Geokhimiya 5: 667-675.



Aley, T. J. (1963). Final report on the type mapping and 

regeneration studies in the giant sequoia groves of Kings 

Canyon and Sequoia National Parks.



Alvin, K. L. and M. C. Boulter (1974). A controlled method of 

comparative study for Taxodiaceous leaf cuticles. Botanical 

Journal of the Linnaeus Society 69(4): 277-286.



American, A. o. S. P. (1973). Field guidebook for Sequoia and 

Kings Canyon National Parks; the national history, ecology 

and management of the giant sequoias. Compiled by Richard J. 

Hartesvelt.



Anderson, R. H. (1944). The valley of giants. Trailways. 9:  

6 pages.



Anderson, A. B., R. Riffer, et al. (1968). Chemistry of the 

genus Sequoia-G V cyclitols from the heart wood of Sequoia-

gigantea-G. Phytochemistry 7(8): 1367-1371.



Anderson, R. S. (1988). Current research on the paleoecology 

and biogeography of the giant sequoia in California's 

national parks. George Wright Society's Fifth Triennial 

Conference on Research in the National Parks and Equivalent 

Reserves.



Anderson, R. S. (1990). Modern pollen rain within and 

adjacent to two giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) 

groves, Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks, California. 

Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20(9): 1289-1305.



Anderson, R. S. and S. J. Smith (1991). Paleoecology within 

California's Sierra Nevada National Parks: an overview of the 

past and prospectus for the future. Yosemite Centennial 

Symposium, El Portal, California, Yosemite Association.



Anderson, R. S. (1992). Paleohistory of a giant sequoia 

grove: the record from Log Meadow, Sequoia National Park. 

Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and 

Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Anderson, M. A., R. C. Graham, et al. (1993). Late season 

soil water status in a giant sequoia grove.



Anderson, K. (1993). Indian fire-based management in the 

sequoia-mixed conifer forests of the central and southern 

Sierra Nevada.



Anderson, R. S. and S. J. Smith (1994). Paleoclimatic 

interpretations of meadow sediment and pollen stratigraphies 

from California. Geology 22: 723-726.



Andrews, R. W. (1958). Redwood classic. Seattle, WA, Superior 

Publishing Company.



Antevs, E. (1925). The big tree as a climatic measure. 

Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication No. 352: 115-

153.



Atchison, T. a. S. F. R. C. (191-). Big trees: Sequoia and 

General Grant National Parks. The Railway. Chicago, IL.



Attwell, W. G. and A. M. Attwell (1977). An ancient giant 

speaks - a legend of the giant sequoia. Monterey, CA, Angel 

Press.



Axelrod, D. I. (1956). Mio-Pliocene floras from west-central 

Nevada. Berkeley, University of California Publications in 

Geological Sciences. 33: 1-322.



Axelrod, D. I. (1959). Late Cenozoic evolution of the Sierra 

big tree forest. Evolution 13: 9-23.



Axelrod, D. I. (1962). A Pliocene Sequoiadendron forest from 

western Nevada. Berkeley, University of California 

Publications of the Geological Society. 39: 195-268.



Axelrod, D. I. (1976). History of the coniferous forests, 

California and Nevada. Berkeley, University of California 

Publications in Botany. 70: 1-62.



Axelrod, D. I. (1986). The sierra redwood (Sequoiadendron) 

forest: end of a dynasty. Geophytology 16(1): 25-36.



Baerlocher, F. and J. J. Oertli (1978a). Colonization of 

conifer needles by aquatic hyphomycetes. Canadian Journal of 

Botany 56(1): 57-62. 

	Dead needles of Abies alba, Pinus sylvestris, P. 

leucodermis and Sequoia gigantea were immersed in a stream 

for 28 days and then examined for conidiophores of aquatic 

hyphomycetes. These fungi colonize untreated needles. Numbers 

of species and conidiophores were significantly higher on 

needles treated with steam before immersion than on untreated 

needles; both values were also higher on cut surfaces 

(mesophyll) than on intact surfaces (epidermis with cuticle) 

of longitudinally halved needles. Addition of untreated 

needle powder (Sequoia, P. leucodermis) to malt extract agar 

depressed linear growth of pure cultures of 5 aquatic 

hyphomycetes [Anquillospora pseudolongissima, Clavariopsis 

aquatica, Lemonniera aquatica, Tetracladium marchalianum, 

Tricladium angulatum]. The inhibition persisted when a 0.1 

.mu.m membrane filter was placed between medium and fungal 

cultures. On water agar, by itself unsuitable for growth, low 

doses of needle powder allowed growth of the same fungi. At 

higher doses, inhibition again became predominant. Steam 

distillation of needle powder yielded 3 fractions: solid 

residue, soluble residue and steam distillate. Steam 

distillate did not influence fungal growth on the 2 media, 

while the other 2 fractions supported growth on water agar 

but did not lead to a clear dosage-effect curve on malt 

extract agar



Baerlocher, F. and J. J. Oertli (1978b). Inhibitors of 

aquatic hyphomycetes in dead conifer needles. Switz. 

Mycologia 70(5): 964-974. 

	Needle powders of Pinus leucodermis and Sequoia gigantea 

were extracted with petroleum ether, ethanol, methanol, or 

distilled water. After evaporating the solvents, extracts and 

extracted powder were added to nutrient medium to examine 

their effect on linear expansion of 5 aquatic Hyphomycetes 

[Anguillospora pseudolongissima, Clavariopsis aquatica, 

Lemonnlera aquatica, Tetracladium marchalianum and Tricladium 

angulatum]. All extracts depressed fungal growth, the 

inhibition being strongest with the 2 alcoholic extracts. The 

FeCl3 test indicated phenolic compounds in the alcohol and 

water but not in the petroleum-ether extracts. There was no 

correlation between the colorimetrically determined phenol 

content of an extract and its antifungal activity. Untreated 

needle powder strongly inhibited fungal growth, as did 

petroleum-ether or water-extracted powder. By contrast, 

alcohol-extracted powder did not inhibit fungal growth. The 

inhibitory effect of methanol extract was much more 

pronounced at a pH range of 4.0-4.5 than at 5.5-6.5



Baker, R. S. B. (1943). The redwoods. London, England, George 

Ronald.



Bancroft, W. L., T. Nichols, et al. (1985). Evolution of the 

natural fire program at Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks. 

Symposium and workshop on wilderness fire, USDA Forest 

Service.



Bannan, M. W. (1966). Cell length and rate of anticlinal 

division in the cambium of the sequoias. Canadian Journal of 

Botany 44(2): 209-218.



Barbee, R. D. (1968). Sequoia grove ecosystem administrative 

brief.



Barton, H. M. (1885). A trip to the Yosemite Valley, and the 

Mariposa grove big trees, California. Dublin, University 

Press.



Batelka, J. and A. Dockal (1977). Some data on the 

development of Sequoiadendron giganteum seedlings. Ziva 

25(2): 51-52.



Becker, E. and D. D. Piirto (1980). Environmental assessment 

- McKinley Grove compartment.



Been, F. (1938?). Big Tree (Sequoia gigantea) census survey 

report.



Beetham, N. M. (1961). The ecological tolerance range of the 

seedling stage of Sequoia gigantea, Duke University.



Bellue, A. J. (1930a). A technical report on the Sequoia 

gigantea of Mariposa Grove.



Bellue, A. J. (1930b). A technical report on the Sequoia 

gigantea of Merced Grove.



Bellue, A. J. (1930c). A technical report on the Sequoia 

gigantea of Tuolumne Grove.



Benson, N. J. (1985). Management of giant sequoia on Mountain 

Home Demonstration State Forest. Workshop on Management of 

Giant Sequoia, Reedley, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Berland, O. (1963). Giant forest's reservation: the legend 

and the mystery. San Francisco, CA.



Berry, E. W. (1923). Tree ancestors; a glimpse into the past. 

Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins.



Berthon, J. Y., N. Boyer, et al. (1987). Sequential rooting 

media and rooting capacity of Sequoiadendron giganteum in 

vitro. Peroxidase activity as a marker. Plant Cell Report 

6(5): 341-344. 

	The rooting capacities of tips of seedling, juvenile and 

mature shoots of Sequoiadendron giganteum were compared on 

different rooting media (inductive and expressive media) 

after passage on an elongating medium. None of the cuttings 

rooted when continuously kept on medium containing the auxin 

NAA and vitamin D2. Peroxidase activity of all those cuttings 

on NAA + D2 first increased during the 7-9 first days and 

decreased in the days after. Rooting was obtained by transfer 

of the cuttings after periods longer than 7-9 days from the 

NAA + D2 inductive medium to a basal medium supplemented or 

not with rutin (expressive medium). The rooting capacity was 

emphasized by rutin treatment and was in correlation with the 

peroxidase peak reached on the NAA + D2 medium. Seedings, 

characterised by the highest perioxidase activity, were most 

performing in rooting



Berthon, J. Y., R. Maldiney, et al. (1989). Endogenous levels 

of plant hormones during the course of adventitious rooting 

in cuttings of Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl) in vitro. 

Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen 184(5-6): 405-412.



Berthon, J. Y., S. Bentahar, et al. (1990). Rooting phases of 

shoots of Sequoiadendron giganteum in vitro and their 

requirements. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 28(5): 631-

638.



Berthon, J. Y., N. Boyer, et al. (1991). Uptake, distribution 

and metabolism of 2,4-dichloropheoxyacetic acid in shoots of 

juvenile and mature clones of Sequoiadendron giganteum in 

relation to rooting in vitro. Plant Physiology and 

Biochemistry 29(4): 355-362.



Bishop, F. E. (1985). A brief history of the big tree and the 

big stump. (California), F. E. Bishop.



Biswell, H. H. (1961). Big trees and fire. National Parks 

Magazine. 35: 11-14.



Biswell, H. H. (1964). Studies in the development of the 

Sierra redwood forest, UC Berkeley.



Biswell, H. H., R. P. Gibbens, et al. (1966a). Big tree 

understory and hidden views. California Agriculture. 20: 2-3.



Biswell, H. H., H. Buchanan, et al. (1966b). Ecology of the 

vegetation of a second-growth sequoia forest. Ecology 47(4): 

630-634.



Biswell, H. H., R. P. Gibbens, et al. (1966c). Litter 

production by big trees and associated species. California 

Agriculture. 20: 5-7.



Biswell, H. and H. Weaver (1968). Redwood Mountain. American 

Forests:  4 pages.



Biswell, H. H., R. P. Gibbens, et al. (1968a). Fuel 

conditions and fire hazard reduction costs in a giant sequoia 

forest. California Agriculture. 22: 2-4.



Biswell, H. H., R. P. Gibbens, et al. (1968b). Fuel 

conditions and fire hazard reduction costs in a giant sequoia 

forest. National Parks Magazine. 42: 16-19.



Biswell, H. H. (1975). Placer County big tree grove. National 

Parks and Conservation Magazine: 5.



Blackford, J. L. (1941). Woodpecker of the sequoias. Audubon. 

43: 265-269.



Blank, R., A. Buck-Gramcko, et al. (1984). Wood properties of 

sierra redwood (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz) 

from plantations in Europe - specific gravity and strength. 

Forstarchiv 55(5): 199-202.



Blick, J. D. (1963). The giant sequoia: a study in 

autecology.



Boe, K. N. (1974). Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) 

Buchholz--giant sequoia. [Seed production]. USDA Agricultural 

Handbook. 45: 767-768.



Bojarczuk, T., H. Chylarecki, et al. (1980). Regionalization 

of tree and shrub selections for cultivation in Poland. Arbor 

Kornickie 25: 329-376. 

	The selections of trees and shrubs which are most 

valuable and most adapted to local site conditions were 

described. The list contained 669 spp. and varieties of woody 

plants. This is connected with the need to popularize many 

new ornamental varieties and new varieties adapted to 

particularily difficult urban environments. The tree 

plantings in the new open muncipal districts require 

diversification since a greater assortment of various species 

and varieties is possible. In Poland, 5 climatic regions were 

delineated: the western zone, the transitory zone, the 

eastern zone, the southern sub-montane zone and the montane 

zone. The western climatic zone favored the introduction of 

many ornamental trees and shrubs known for their sensitivity 

to winter frosts although exotic trees such as ebony 

(Diospyros lotus), bamboos (Sinarundinaria nitida) or 

sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum) can be grown. The 

transitory zone has an intermediate climate. The eastern zone 

has a cold, more continental climate. The vegetative period 

is almost 2 mo. shorter than within the neighboring zones 

(Tarnow, Pszczyna). Only woody plants can grow there which 

are adapted to long lasting very cold and windy winters, 

e.g., Acer negundo, Physocarpus opulifolius and Rhus typhina. 

The submontane zone is defined by other climatic factors. The 

Subcarpathian valleys and the Silesian lowland belong to the 

warmest regions of Poland. This characteristic, the abundance 

of precipitation and the most intense solar radiation 

throughout Poland permit the introduction of many valuable 

trees and shrubs from genera Magnolia, Deutzia, Weigela, 

Juglans and others. The montane zone is different, covering 

the lower reaches of the Carpathian and Sudety Mountains. 

Successful cultivation of various species including some 

evergreen ones like those from genera Rhododendron, Pieris 

and Chamacecyparis is possible



Bon, M. C., M. Genraud, et al. (1988). Role of phenolic 

compounds on micropropagation of juvenile and mature clones 

of Sequoiadendron-giganteum influence of activated charcoal. 

Scientific Horticulture (Amsterdam) 34(3-4): 283-292. 

	The beneficial influence of activated charcoal (AC) (20 

gl-1), added to the basal culture medium, was noted for in 

vitro growth and further rooting of microcuttings collected 

from juvenile clones of Sequoiadendron giganteum. During the 

elongation phase on the medium containing AC, the growing 

upper part of the juvenile clone microcuttings contained less 

polyphenols than the lower part, while this difference was 

not observed in mature material. Plantlets growing on AC-free 

medium had almost identical polyphenol levels, which greatly 

increased after the seventh week of culture both in the 

tissues and the medium. The effect of AC on microcutting 

growth as well as the significance of polyphenols for 

micropropagation are discussed



Bon, M. C. (1988a). J 16: an apex protein associated with 

juvenility of Sequoiadendron giganteum. Tree Physiology 4(4): 

381-387.



Bon, M. C. (1988b). Nucleotide status and protein synthesis 

in-vivo in the apices of juvenile and maturing 

Sequoiadendron-giganteum during budbreak. Physiologia 

Plantarum 72(4): 796-800. 

	Adenine and guanine nucleotide contents of isolated 

apices collected from a juvenile and a mature clone of 

Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz during budbreak 

were determined. GDP and GTP contents were significantly 

higher in the juvenile clone apex than in the mature ones, 

whereas there was no difference in ATP concentration between 

the two materials. In vivo, induction of protein synthesis 

was similar in the two clones after 10 min of [35S]-

methionine labeling. The increase of [35S]-methionine-tRNAs 

and labeled proteins continued up to 30 min for the juvenile 

clone. They markedly declined for the mature clone after 10 

min. Only the diminution of this in vivo protein synthesis 

was well correlated with a decrease in GTP content



Bon, M. C. and O. Monteuuis (1991). Rejuvenation of a 100-

year-old Sequoiadendron giganteum through in vitro meristem 

culture. 2. Biochemical arguments. Physiologia Plantarum 

81(1): 116-120.



Bonar, L. (1971). A new mycocalicium on scarred sequoia in 

California. Madroöo. 21: 62-69.



Bonnicksen, T. M. (1975). Spatial pattern and succession 

within a mixed-conifer-giant sequoia forest ecosystem, 

University of California, Berkeley.



Bonnicksen, T. M. and E. C. Stone (1978). An analysis of 

vegetation management to restore the structure and function 

of presettlement giant sequoia-mixed-conifer forest mosaics, 

National Park Service.



Bonnicksen, T. M. and E. C. Stone (1980). Reconstructing 

presettlement forests in National Parks: a new approach. 2nd 

Conference on Scientific Research in National Parks, San 

Francisco, CA, National Park Service.



Bonnicksen, T. and E. C. Stone (1981). The giant sequoia - 

mixed conifer forest community characterized through pattern 

analysis as a mosaic of aggregations. Forest Ecology and 

Management 3(4): 307-328. 

	This hypothesis was examined using 5-point pattern 

analysis techniques. The results showed statistically 

significant levels of contagion for most of the tree classes 

analyzed, thereby demonstrating the presence of aggregations 

in the giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest community. Both 

distance and quadrat methods of analysis also showed that 

older and larger trees have a tendency to be uniformly 

dispersed. Aggregations tended to decrease in size as the age 

of the trees increased. However, giant sequoia was unique in 

that its aggregations did not tend to decrease in size as the 

trees grew older. The quadrat methods also showed that most 

aggregations in the giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest 

community range in size 135-1600 m2. These results are 

compared with the pattern produced by a prescribed burn 

designed to reduce fuels and restore natural conditions. The 

prescribed burn reduced the density of trees but it did not 

significantly alter the pattern of trees in the 41-60 yr and 

older age classes. The management implications of these 

findings are discussed



Bonnicksen, T. M. and E. C. Stone (1982a). Managing 

vegetation within U.S. National Parks: A policy analysis. 

Environmental Management 6(2): 101-102 and 109-122. 

	The development of management policies is briefly traced 

from 1872, and ambiguities in legislation are described and 

partially resolved. Alternative objectives put forward by the 

Park Service, aiming at restoring or maintaining natural 

conditions, are evaluated using data from a giant sequoia 

(Sequoiadendron giganteum)/mixed conifer forest in Kings 

Canyon National Park, California [see FA 43, 2232]. It is 

concluded that structural maintenance objectives (those 

aiming to maintain the vegetation in its current state, or 

restore it to its presettlement state and maintain it there) 

are not biologically feasible since this forest community is 

not in a steady state. Process maintenance objectives, 

allowing succession to continue in the current vegetation, or 

after restoration to a presettlement condition, are, 

therefore, preferred. A new option is also presented, based 

on a high resolution description of the presettlement forest 

community and named the reconstruction-simulation approach.



Bonnicksen, T. M. and E. C. Stone (1982b). Reconstruction of 

a presettlement giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest community 

using the aggreation approach. Ecology 63(4): 1134-1148. 

	The presettlement state of a giant sequoia-mimed conifer 

forest community in the Redwood Creek watershed, Kings Canyon 

National Park [USA] is reconstructed using a backward 

projection in time of plant aggregations. The most 

conspicuous change in the forest community from the 

presettlement condition (.apprxeq. = 1890) was a general 

increase in the area of aggregations dominated by pole-size 

trees and mature trees, and a corresponding decrease in the 

area of aggregations dominated by sapling- and seedling-size 

trees. Aggregations dominated by white fir had both the 

greatest decline in area for sapling and seedling 

aggregations and the greatest increase in area for large 

mature, mature, and pole aggregations of any species in the 

watershed. The area of aggregations dominated by shrubs also 

declined, with manzanita aggregations showing the largest 

loss in area for any shrub species. Hardwoods were also a far 

more important part of the presettlement forest community 

than they are today



Bonnicksen, T. (1994). Reconstruction graphics.



Bosch, C. A. (1971). Redwoods: a population model. [Sequoia 

sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum]. Science 172(3981): 

345-349.



Bowles, J. L. (1973). Management suggestions for 

Sequoiadendron giganteum groves on the Sequoia National 

Forest, San Jose State University.



Bradley, C. B. (1971). Some problems relating to the giant 

trees. American Forests 77(5): 29-31, 53-56.



Brant, I. (1942). Protect the South Calaveras sequoia grove. 

New York, NY, Emergency Conservation Committee.



Brenner, J. and R. Bijak (1977). Sequoia [sempervirens and 

Sequoiadendron giganteum, history, California]. Sylwan 

121(4): 61-73.



Briscoe, R. J. (1914). The two oldest trees, one dead, one 

living. Riverside, CA, Young and McCallister Press.



Brown, P. M., M. K. Hughes, et al. (1992). Giant sequoia 

ring-width chronologies from the central Sierra Nevada, 

California. Tree-Ring Bulletin 52: 1-14.



Brown, P. M. (1992/93). Proposal for tree-ring sampling (to 

B. Rogers, Sequoia National Forest), University of Arizona.



Brown III, M. R. and C. M. Elling (1981). An historical 

overview of redwood logging resources within the Hume Lake 

Ranger District, Sequoia National Forest, California, Sonoma 

State University.



Brussard, P. F., S. A. Levin, et al. (1971). Redwoods: A 

population model debunked. Science 174: 435.



Bryan, J. Y. (1974). Mountain monarchs. National Parks and 

Conservation. 48: 5-8.



Bryant, H. C. (1940). The spotted owl nesting in the sequoia 

belt. Condor 42(6): 307.



Buchanan, H., R. P. Gibbens, et al. (1966a). Checklist of 

higher plants of Whitaker's Forest, Tulare County, 

California. Ogden, UT, Weber State College Printing 

Department.



Buchanan, H., H. H. Biswell, et al. (1966b). Succession of 

vegetation in a cut-over Sierra redwood forest. Utah Academy 

of Sciences, Arts and Letters. 43: 43-48.



Buchholz, J. T. (1937). Seed cone development in Sequoia 

gigantea. Science 85: 59.



Buchholz, J. T. (1938). Cone formation in Sequoia gigantea. 

I. The relation of stem size and tissue development to cone 

formation. II. The history of the seed cone. American Journal 

of Botany 25(4): 296-305.



Buchholz, J. T. (1939a). The morphology and embryogeny of 

Sequoia gigantea. American Journal of Botany 26(2): 93-101.



Buchholz, J. T. (1939b). The genetic segregation of the 

sequoias. American Journal of Botany 26: 534-538.



Buchholz, J. T. and M. Kaeiser (1940). A statistical study of 

two variables in the sequoias - pollen grain size and 

cotyledon number. American Naturalist May-June:  5 pages.



Buff, M. and C. Buff (1946). Big tree. New York, NY, Viking 

Press.



Burns Jr., T. B. (1971). Sequoiadendron giganteum in Oregon - 

its history and potential. .



California, G. S. (1868). The Yosemite book - a description 

of Yosemite Valley and the adjacent region of the Sierra 

Nevada and of the big trees of California. New York, NY, 

Julius Bien.



California, D. o. B. a. P. (1964?). The redwoods of 

California: coast redwood, Sequoia sempervirens; Sierra 

redwood, Sequoiadendron giganteum.



California, S. D. o. P. a. R. (1990). Calaveras Big Trees 

State Park general plan.



Canby, H. (1915). The last stand of the redwoods. Harpers 

Magazine.



Caprio, A. C. and T. W. Swetnam (1993a). Fire history and 

fire climatology in the southern and central Sierra Nevada.



Caprio, A. C. and T. W. Swetnam (1993b). Historic fire 

regimes along an elevational gradient on the west slope of 

the Sierra Nevada, California. Proceeding of the Symposium on 

Fire in Wilderness and Park Management, Missoula, MT, USDA, 

Forest Service.



Caprio, A. C., L. S. Mutch, et al. (1994). Temporal and 

spatial patterns of giant sequoia radial growth response to a 

high severity fire in A.D.1297.



Carlson, S. T. (1935). (Report of sequoia reproduction 

studies in Upper Mariposa Grove).



Castro, K. M. and D. Castro (1968). South Grove...Calaveras 

Big Trees State Park. Murphys, CA, K. M. Castro.



Caylor, J. G., A. Thorley, et al. (1968). The use of remote 

sensing techniques for the detection and evaluation of tree 

mortality in the Red Fir, Lodgepole, Giant Forest Area of 

Sequoia National Park, National Park Service, School of 

Forestry and Conservation, U. C. Berkeley.



Chalchat, J. C., R. P. Garry, et al. (1988). Constituents of 

Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchh. leaf oils (giant sequoia). 

Flavour Fragr. J. 3(2): 69-72.



Challacombe, J. R. (1953). Redwood epic. Holiday.



Challacombe, J. R. (1954). When the giants fell. Popular 

Mechanics.



Challacombe (1992). Reviving the great forest: An exercise in 

applied ecology. Sequoia Watch. 2:  33 pages.



Chandler, E. W. (1970). A different kind of Christmas tree. 

American Forests 76(12): 32-34.



Christensen, N., L. Cotton, et al. (1987). Review of fire 

management program for sequoia-mixed conifer forests of 

Yosemite, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.



Christensen, N. C. (1988). Succession and natural 

disturbance: paradigms, problems and preservation of natural 

ecosystems. Ecosystem management for parks and wilderness. J. 

K. A. a. D. R. Johnson. Seattle, WA, University of Washington 

Press: 62-86.



Christensen, N. (1991). Variable fire regimes on complex 

landscapes: ecological consequences, policy implications, and 

management strategies.



Cid del Prado Vera, I. and B. F. Lowensbery (1984). 

Histopathology and host range studies of the redwood nematode 

Rhizonema-sequoiae. Journal of Nematology 16(1): 68-72. 

	Second-stage larvae of R. sequoiae tunnel through the 

cortex of the redwood Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. 

root to the vascular tissue where each developing female 

induces a single ovoid or occasionally spherical giant cell 

with a single ovoid to spherical nucleus containing 1-4 

enlarged nucleoli. Nematode tunnels are filled with a gel 

material and often contain 2nd-stage larvae and males. There 

is tissue necrosis around females, and cortical tissue is 

destroyed after infection by many 2nd-stage larvae. R. 

sequoiae females developed to maturity on S. sempervirens, 

Acer macrophyllum Pursh, Alnus rhombifolia Nutt., Libocedrus 

Torr, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and Sequoiadendron 

giganteum (Lindl.) Decne. In the Marin County, California 

[USA], forest mature females were also found naturally 

infecting Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook and Arn.) Rehd., 

Umbellularia californica (Hook and Arn.) Nutt., and Arbutus 

menziesii Pursh



Clark, G. (1907). The big trees of California, their history 

and characteristics. Redondo, CA, Reflex Publishing Company.



Cloer, C. (1992). Reflections on management strategies of the 

Sequoia National Forest: A grassroots view. Symposium on 

Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, 

Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Cockrell, R. A., R. M. Knudson, et al. (1971). Mechanical 

properties of southern Sierra old- and second-growth giant 

sequoia [giganteum]. California Agriculture Experiment 

Station Bulletin 854: 1-15.



Cockrell, R. A. and R. M. Knudson (1973). A comparison of 

static bending, compression and tension parallel to grain and 

toughness properties of compression wood and normal wood of a 

giant sequoia (gigantea). Wood Science Technology 7(4): 241-

250. 

	Tests on samples removed from bolts cut at 8 ft and 20 

ft above stump level from a leaning suppressed tree and 

tested by ASTM methods indicated that many of the strength 

properties of compression wood in both the green and dry 

state were at least equal, if not considerably superior, to 

those of the matched samples of normal wood. However, when 

specific strengths and stiffness were compared, the 

compression-wood samples showed lower values than normal 

wood, which in turn showed lower values than opposite or 

tension wood.



Cockrell, R. A. (1973). The effect of specimen preparation on 

compression wood and normal latewood pits and wall 

configurations of giant sequoia. Bulletin of the 

International Association of Wood Anatomists 4: 19-23.



Cockrell, R. A. (1974). A comparison of latewood pits, fibril 

orientation, and shrinkage of normal and compression wood of 

giant sequoia (gigantea, growth defects). Wood Science 

Technology 8(3): 197-206. 

	Reports a detailed anatomical study of compression wood 

in Sequoia gigantea, in which it is an uncommon feature. 

Late-wood tracheids in compression wood had pit canals that 

flared towards the lumen. Boiling and drying of compression-

wood blocks induced split extensions at the pit-aperture 

grooves. The mean S2 fibril angle of 21-25 deg (maximum 32 

deg ) was considerably lower than the value (45 deg ) 

reported in other species. The greater fibril angles of 

compression wood may be responsible for greater axial 

shrinkage and lower tangential shrinkage. The low 

tangential/radial shrinkage ratio is an important physical 

deviation from normal wood. The magnitude of shrinkage is 

influenced by the manner of drying, and differs between 

sapwood and heartwood.



Cole, K. (1983). Late Pleistocene vegetation of Kings Canyon, 

Sierra Nevada, California. Quaternary Research 19: 117-129. 

	Seven packrat midden samples make possible a comparison 

between the modern and late Pleistocene vegetation in Kings 

Canyon on the western side of the southern Sierra Nevada. One 

modern sample contains macrofossils and pollen derived from 

the present-day oak-chaparral vegetation. Macrofossils from 

the 6 late Pleistocene samples record a mixed coniferous 

forest dominated by the xerophytic conifers Juniperus 

occidentalis, Pinus cf. ponderosa and P. monophylla. The 

pollen spectra of these Pleistocene middens are dominated by 

Pinus sp., Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae (TCT) and 

Artemisia sp. Mesophytic conifers are represented by low 

macrofossil concentrations. Sequoiadendron giganteum is 

presented by a few pollen grains in the full glacial. Edaphic 

and snow dispersal are the most likely causes of these mixed 

assemblages. The dominant macrofossils record a more xeric 

plant community than those that now occur on similar 

substrates at higher elevations or latitudes in the Sierra 

Nevada. These assemblages suggest that late Wisconsin 

climates were cold with mean annual precipitation not 

necessarily greater than modern values. A model of low summer 

ablation allowing for the persistence of the glaciers at 

higher elevations during the late Wisconsin was supported. S. 

giganteum may have grown at lower elevations along the 

western side of the range and P. monophylla may have been 

more widely distributed in cismontane California during the 

Pleistocene



Coleman, W. and T. A. Thorpe (1976). Induction of buds in 

tissue cultures of 4 different conifers. Plant Physiology 

57(5 (suppl.)): 67.



Collings, A. R. (1985). Redwood empire. Anaheim, CA, A. R. 

Collings, Inc.



Collins, B. J. (1975). A visit to the giant sequoias 

[Sequoiadendron giganteum, Sequoia National Park in 

California]. Ir. For. 32(2): 96-100.



Cook, L. F. (1942). The giant sequoia of California,  U.S. 

Government Printing Office, Wash., D.C.



Cook, N. W. and D. J. Dulitz (1978). Growth of young Sierra 

redwood stands on Mountain Home State Forest. 

	Results are reported from 2 plots out of 9 established 

in 1952-3 to observe growth and mortality. These contained 

high proportions of second growth Sierra redwood 

(Sequoiadendron giganteum): 45% in one plot (31-yr-old); and 

90% in the other (86-yr-old). Total vol., ingrowth, mortality 

and p.a.i. and m.a.i. are tabulated for stand ages of 7 to 86 

years. Growth rates were similar to those of second growth 

mixed conifer stands in the Westside Sierra region.



Cook, N. W. and D. J. Dulitz (1979). Measuring the Adam tree, 

largest Sierra redwood on the Mountain Home State Forest. 

	The method used involved triangulation from various 

points on a closed traverse and has been developed during the 

measurement of other exceptionally large trees. Ht. (76.1 m), 

vol. and diam. measurements for the Adam tree are given and 

compared with those of 5 other named Sierra redwoods 

[Sequoiadendron giganteum].



Cotton, L. and H. H. Biswell (1973). Forestscape and fire 

restoration at Whitaker's Forest. National Parks and 

Conservation Magazine. 47: 10-15.



Cotton, L. and J. R. McBride (1987). Visual impacts of 

prescribed burning on mixed conifer and giant sequoia 

forests. Symposium on Wildland Fire 2000, South Lake Tahoe, 

CA, USDA Forest Service.



Cowell, A. E. (1932). Report on the Grizzly Giant.



Cowell, A. E. (1935). Report on the Grizzly Giant.



Craig, H. (1954). Carbon-13 variations in sequoia rings and 

the atmosphere. Science 119: 141-143.



Croft, W. (1992). Sequoia growth preservation: Natural or 

humanistic? Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the 

Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Cundy, P. F. (1946). [A chemical] Comparison of ancient and 

modern Sequoia wood. Madrono 8: 145-152.



Currey, L. W. and D. G. Kruska (1992). Bibliography of 

Yosemite, the central and the southern high Sierra, and the 

big trees, 1839-1900. Los Angeles, CA, Dawson's Book Shop.



Cutter, B. E. and R. P. Guyette (1993). Anatomical, chemical, 

and ecological factors affecting tree species choice in 

dendrochemistry studies. Journal of Environmental Quality 

22(3): 611-619.



Czaja, A. T. (1981). Microscopical identification of 

cellulose in wood. Angew Bot. 55(5-6): 495-500. 

	If starch-free wood or timber [from Abies alba, 

Chamaecyparis lassoniana, Pinus sylvestris, Sequoiadendron 

giganteum, Casuarina equisetifolia, Callitris verrucosa, Acer 

pseudoplatanus, Aesculus hippocastanum, Buxus sempervirens, 

Catalpa bignonioides, Castanea sativa, Fagus sylvatica, 

Guaiacum officinale, Ochroma lagopus, Populus nigra, Quercus 

pedunculata, Sarothamnus scoparius, Tilia cordata, Bambusa 

sp. and Saccharum officinarum] is sufficiently disintegrated, 

2 types of particles are obtained which show either the 

cellulose or the lignin reaction with suitable reagents, 

independently of the wood species



Davenport, H. E. (1949). A story of California big trees, 

largest and oldest living things on earth. Stockton, CA, 

Calaveras Grove Association.



David, C. T., D. A. Tilles, et al. (1979). Factors associated 

with tree failure of giant sequoia-entomological aspects. 

First Conference on Scientific Research in the National 

Parks, Washington, D. C., USDI National Park Service.



David, C. T. and D. L. Wood (1980). Orientation to trails by 

a carpenter ant, Camponotus modoc (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), 

in a giant sequoia forest. Canadian Entomology 112(10): 993-

1000. 

	The trails of C. modoc Wheeler follow perennial routes. 

The ants orient along these using both chemical and visual 

cues. If the chemical cues are disrupted the ants reform the 

trail while orienting by visual cues. They can respond to the 

same visual cues after at least 12 h, and since no evidence 

was found that the chemical cues survive the winter, probably 

after 6 months



David, C. T. and D. L. Wood (1982a). Studies on the 

relationship between human use and the size of carpenter ant 

(Camponotus sp.) populations in a giant sequoia ecosystem.



David, C. T. and D. L. Wood (1982b). The biology of 

Camponotus modoc Wheeler in a giant sequoia ecosystem.



Davis, O. K. and M. J. Moratto (1988). Evidence for a warm 

dry early Holocene in the western Sierra Nevada of 

California: pollen and plant macrofossil analysis of Dinkey 

and Exchequer Meadows. Madrono 35(2): 132-149.



Dawson, K. J. and S. E. Greco (1987a). Special management 

area visual resources management study for the Sequoia 

National Park prescribed fire management program, Department 

of Environmental Design, University of California, Davis.



Dawson, K. J. and S. E. Greco (1987b). Visual resources 

management study for the Sequoia National Park prescribed 

fire management program.



Dawson, K. and S. Greco (1990). Prescribed fire and visual 

response in Sequoia National Park.



Dawson, K. J. and S. E. Greco (1992). The visual ecology of 

prescribed fire in Sequoia National Park. Symposium on Giant 

Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, 

CA, USDA Forest Service.



Dayton, W. A. (1943). The names of the giant sequoia. 

Leaflets of Western Botany 3: 209-219.



Dekker-Robertson, D. L. and J. Svolba (1993). Results of 

Sequoiadendron giganteum ((Lindl))Buchh) provenance 

experiment in Germany. Silvae Genetica 42(4-5): 199-206.



DeLeon, D. (1952). Insects associated with Sequoia 

sempervirens and Sequoia gigantea in California. Pan-Pacific 

Entomology 28(2): 75-91.



Delkov, N., S. Yurukov, et al. (1987). Investigations of 

certain gymnospermous exotic species in the botanical garden 

of the Higher Institute of Forest Engineering. Gorkostop 

Nauka 24(6): 21-25. 

	The establishment of the botanic garden of the Higher 

Institute of Forest Engineering.sbd.Sofia, dates since 1964. 

Investigations are conducted on the growth in height and 

diameter of the oldest trees from 19 gymnospermous exotic 

species: Abies cephalonica Loud., Albies concolor Lindl. et 

Gord., Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach., Cedrus libani 

Laws., Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Parl., Chamaecyparis pisifera 

(S. et. Z.) Endl., Ginkgo biloba, L., Libocerdrus decurrens 

Torr., Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng., Picea 

pungens Dougl., Pinus ponderosa Dougl., Pinus strobus L., 

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, ssp. glaucescens, 

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, ssp. menziesii, 

Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh., Taxodium distichum 

(L.). Rich., Thuja gigantea Nutt., Thuja occidentalis L., 

Thuja orientalis L. Most intensive growth in diameter is 

manifested by Sequoiadendron giganteum.sbd.1,25 cm mean 

annual increment at the age of 20 years and Cedrus 

libani.sbd.1,00 cm at the same age. Most intensive growth in 

height is manifested by Cedrus libani.sbd.49 cm mean annual 

increment at the age of 20 years and Pinus strobus.sbd.14 cm 

at the same age



Demetry, A., W. W. Covington, et al. (1995). Regeneration 

patterns within canopy gaps in a giant sequoia-mixed conifer 

forest:  impolications for forest restoration. 1995 Meeting 

of the Ecological Society of America, Snowbird, Utah.



Department of Biology, F. U., Shanghai (1987). The origin of 

Sequoia-sempervirens Taxodiaceae based on karyotype. Acta 

Botanica Yunnanica 9(2): 187-192. 

	Sequoia sempervirens is an autoallopolyploid with the 

genomic formula AAAABB. Its complement-AA and -B, that belong 

to Stebbins' "1A" and "1B" karyotypic type respectively, are 

quite similar to the karyotypes of Metasequoia 

glyptostroboides and Sequoiadendron giganteum (Table 1, 2). 

So some ancient species of Metasequoia and Sequoidendron may 

be the two hybrid parents of S. sempervirens, M. 

glypiostroboides and S. giganteum are probably direct 

descendants of them. The present study supports Stebbins' 

suggestion that one ancient species of Metasequoia would be 

an ancestor of S. sempervirens, but does not agree with his 

hypothesis that another ancestor is extinct and has not left 

close relatives. The original process of S. sempervirens may 

be shown as Fig. 1



Dewitt, J. and R. Jasperson (1986). To: members of the 

honorable review panel, NPS, sequoia fire management plan, 

From: Save-the-Redwoods League.



Dhar, D. L. (1975). Sequoiadendron giganteum--a report from 

Kashmir. Indian Forestry 101(9): 562-564. 

	 Briefly describes an isolated tree of S. giganteum 

growing in Kashmir and suggests the possibilities of the 

wider cultivation of the species in the western Himalayas.



Dilsaver, L. M. and W. C. Tweed (1990). Challenge of the big 

trees. Three Rivers, CA, Sequoia Natural History Association.



Dion, C. R. (1966). Mapping and cruising the Tuolumne and 

Merced sequoias of Yosemite National Park, California.



Distelbarth, H., U. Kull, et al. (1984). Seasonal trends in 

energy contents of storage substances in evergreen 

gymnosperms growing under mild climatic conditions in central 

Europe. Flora 175(1): 15-30.



Dohmen, H., G. Spelsberg, et al. (1984). Root development of 

Sequoia gigantea (Lindl.) Buchh.--on two various localities 

in lower Rhineland. Mitteilungen der Deutschen 

Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 75: 105-113.



Donaghey, J. L. (1969). The properties of heated soils and 

their relationship to giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron 

giganteum) germination and seedling growth, San Jose State 

College.



Dorn, T. F. (1958). A radiocarbon dating system: measurements 

of the C 14 activity of sequoia rings, University of 

Washington.



Douglass, A. E. (1909). Weather cycles in the growth of big 

trees. Monthly Weather Review 37: 225-237.



Douglass, A. E. (1917). Climate records in the trunks of 

trees. American Forestry 23: 732-735.



Douglass, A. E. (1919). Climatic cycles and tree-growth I:  a 

study of the annual rings of trees in relation to climate and 

solar activity. Carnegie Institution of Washington 

Publication No. 289 I: 127 pages.



Douglass, A. E. (1920). Evidence of climatic effects in the 

annual rings of trees. Ecology 1: 24-32.



Douglass, A. E. (1921). Some aspects of the use of the annual 

rings of trees in climate study. The Scientific Monthly 5: 5-

21.



Douglass, A. E. (1922). Some topographic and climatic 

characteristics in the annual rings of the yellow pines and 

sequoias of the southwest. Proceedings of the American 

Philosophical Society 61: 117-122.



Douglass, A. E. (1925). Tree rings and climate. The 

Scientific Monthly 21: 95-99.



Douglass, A. E. (1927). Solar records in tree growth. Science 

65: 220-221.



Douglass, A. E. (1928a). Climatic cycles and tree-growth II:  

a study of the annual rings of trees in relation to climate 

and solar activity. Carnegie Institution of Washington 

Publication No. 289 II: 166 pages.



Douglass, A. E. (1928b). Climate and trees. Nature Magazine. 

12: 51-53.



Douglass, A. E. (1933a). Evidence of cycles in tree-ring 

records. Proceedings, National Academy of Sciences.



Douglass, A. E. (1933b). Tree growth and climate cycles. The 

Scientific Monthly 37: 481-495.



Douglass, A. E. (1934). Tree growth and climate cycles. 

Supplementary Publication No. 9 Carnegie Institute of 

Washington: 1-15.



Douglass, A. E. (1936). Climate cycles and tree growth.  Vol. 

III: A study of cycles. Carnegie Institute of Washington, 

Publication 289: 171 pages.



Douglass, A. E. (1937). Tree rings and chronology.



Douglass, A. E. (1940). Dendrochronoloyg and studies in 

'cycles'. Proceeding of the University of Pennsylvania 

Bicentennial Conference.



Douglass, A. E. (1944). Tree rings and climate cycles. Phi 

Kappa Phi Journal 24: 21-85.



Douglass, A. E. (1945a). Survey of sequoia studies. Tree-Ring 

Bulletin 11(4): 26-32.



Douglass, A. E. (1945b). Survey of sequoia studies, II. Tree-

Ring Bulletin 12(2): 10-16.



Douglass, A. E. (1946). Sequoia survey, III: miscellaneous 

notes. Tree-Ring Bulletin 13(1): 5-8.



Douglass, A. E. (1949). A superior sequoia ring record. Tree-

Ring Bulletin 16(1): 2-6.



Douglass, A. E. (1950a). A superior sequoia ring record. II. 

A.D. 870-1209. Tree-Ring Bulletin 16(3): 24.



Douglass, A. E. (1950b). A superior sequoia ring record. III. 

A.D. 360-886. Tree-Ring Bulletin 16(4): 31-32.



Douglass, A. E. (1951a). A superior sequoia ring record. IV. 

7 B.C. - A.D. 372. Tree-Ring Bulletin 17(3): 23-24.



Douglass, A. E. (1951b). A superior sequoia ring record. V. 

271 B.C. - 1 B.C. Tree-Ring Bulletin 17(4): 31-32.



Dowden, D. D. (1988). The tree giants: the story of the 

redwoods, the world's largest trees. Helena, MT, Falcon 

Press.



Doyle, W. A. (1943). The names of the giant sequoia, a 

discussion. Leaflets of Western Botany 3: 209-219.



Du, W. and L. Fins (1989). Genetic variation among 5 giant 

sequoia populations. Silvae Genetica 38(2): 70-76.



Dudley, W. R. (1913). The vitality of the Sequoia gigantea. 

Dudley Memorial Volume. Stanford, CA, Stanford University 

Press.



Dulitz, D. J. (1985). Growth and yield of giant sequoia. 

Workshop on Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedley, CA, 

U.S.D.A. Forest Service.



Dulitz, D. (1992). Management of giant sequoia on Mountain 

Home Demonstration State Forest. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: 

Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA 

Forest Service.



Dulitz, D. D. (1993). Arbor Day presentation on giant 

sequoia:  10 pages.



Duysen, G. H. (1992). Perspectives of the forest products 

industry on management strategies. Symposium on Giant 

Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, 

CA, USDA Forest Service.



Ekenwalder, J. E. (1976). A re-evaluation of Cupressaceae and 

Taxodiaceae: a proposed merger. Madrono 23: 237-256.



El-Dessouki, S. (1974). Some constituents of Sequoidendron 

giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz. [Hohenheim? : s.n.] 53.



Ellsworth, R. S. (1922). The giant sequoia in the Mariposa 

Grove of big trees. Yosemite, CA, Yosemite National Park Co.



Ellsworth, R. S. (1924). The giant sequoia, an account of the 

history and characteristics of the big trees of California. 

Oakland, CA, J. D. Berger.



Ellsworth, R. S. (1933). The discovery of the big trees of 

California, University of California.



Ellsworth, R. S. (n. d.). The claims of discovery of the big 

trees of California.



Engbeck Jr., J. H. (1973). The enduring giants. Berkeley, 

University Extension, University of California.



Engel, M. H., J. E. Zumberge, et al. (1977). Kinetics of 

amino acid racemization in Sequoiadendron giganteum 

heartwood. Analytical Biochemistry 82(2): 415-422. 

	Activation energies and Arrhenius frequency factors were 

calculated for the racemization reaction of 4 bound amino 

acids (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline and 

phenylalanine) isolated from sequoia heartwood, by using 

elevated temperature rate constants. A first-order rate 

constant of 2.1 .times. 10-5 yr-1 was calculated for the 

racemization of bound aspartic acid from the extent of 

racemization in dendrochronologically dated sequoia heartwood 

samples. Because the racemization reaction is temperature 

dependent, an average temperature which the bound aspartic 

acid in sequoia had experienced during the past .apprx. 2200 

yr was obtained. This value agrees with modern temperatures 

near the sample location and estimated paleotemperatures 

during the past .apprx. 2000 years



English, J. (1982). McKinley grove of big trees, USFS.



Evans, O. M. (1924). Big tree measurements, Calaveras Groves 

of big trees, USDA Forest Service.



Evans, O. M. (1926). The Calaveras Grove of big trees. West 

Coast Lumberman. 50: 154.



Evans, L. S. and M. R. Leonard (1991). Histological 

determination of ozone injury symptoms of primary needles of 

giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchh). New 

Phytologist 117(4): 557-564.



Evarts, B. (1979). Comments for recommendations for future 

development and management of Nelder Grove.



Evarts, B. (1989). Walk the sequoia woods. The 1990 Redwoods 

and Big Trees Calendar, Dream Garden Press.



Ewan, J. (1973). William Lobb, plant hunter for Veitch and 

messenger of the big tree. Berkeley, University of California 

Publications in Botany. 67: 1-36.



Farmer, L. and D. Parrish (1972). Random survey of redwood 

dimensions in Calaveras Big Trees State Park. 

	compare with Evans 1924 measures



Farquar, F. P. (1927). Vagaries of the big trees. American 

Forests and Forest Life. May.



Farquar, F. P. (1948). Yosemite, the big trees, and the high 

Sierra; a selective bibliography. Berkeley, CA, University of 

California Press.



Fenn, M. E., P. H. Dunn, et al. (1989). Effects of ozone and 

sulfur dioxide on phyllosphere fungi from three tree species. 

Applied Environmental Microbiology 55(2): 412-418.



Findley (1990). Will we save our endangered forests? National 

Geographic. 178: 31.



Fink, S. (1984). Some cases of delayed or induced development 

of axillary buds from persisting detached meristems in 

conifers. American Journal of Botany 71(1): 44-51. 

	In the apparently empty axils of the needles of Taxus 

baccata, Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, 

Cryptomeria japonica, Thuja occidentalis and Thujopsis 

dolabrata persisting detached meristems were found, which are 

derived from superficial layers of the apical eumeristem. In 

T. baccata delayed development of minute axillary buds occurs 

from these meristems after 1-4 yr on the intact plant. In the 

other conifers, development of additional axillary buds from 

these meristems was induced by natural frost damage or by 

artificial pruning and disbudding. The discovery of these 

detached meristems is discussed with regard to the 

regenerative capacity of the conifers in comparison to other 

plants



Fins, L. (1979). Genetic architecture of giant sequoia, 

University of California, Berkeley.



Fins, L. (1980). Propagation of giant sequoia Sequoiadendron 

giganteum by rooting cuttings. Combined Proceedings of the 

International Plant Propagators Society. 

	Cuttings taken from 6-month-old greenhouse-grown 

seedlings of Sequoiadendron giganteum gave 70% rooting after 

6 months with a standard mist propagation technique designed 

for conifers, and 86-88% when a liquid NPK fertilizer was 

applied weekly to the rooting medium. Fertilizer use was only 

beneficial under moist conditions, and can reduce rooting 

under low-mist conditions. Angled cuts (approx. 45deg) 

increased speed of rooting and possibly rooting % compared 

with 90deg cuts. Material from 40-yr-old trees was rooted 

with difficulty, but survival after rooting was very poor



Fins, L. (1981). Seed germination of giant sequoia 

Sequoiadendron giganteum. Tree Plant Notes 32(2): 3-8. 

	Sequoiadendron giganteum cones were collected in summer 

and autumn 1974-76 [in California], and seeds from 2 

populations were soaked overnight, and stratified at 2.2-

2.8degC for 0-91 days with or without captan. Germination was 

recorded after 5 wk. The 2 populations were significantly 

different (av. germination 40.7 and 34.9%). Germination was 

slower in the presence of captan and after short (0 and 7 

days) stratification periods, but final germination 

percentage were not affected. In a second experiment, seed 

samples from 5 populations were soaked overnight in aerated 

water, treated with captan, and stratified for 25 days at 

2.8degC. After 5 wk there were significant differences 

between populations in germination. Av. germination of soaked 

seeds was 25.6%, compared with 20.2% for unsoaked controls, 

but the differences were not significant



Fins, L. and W. J. Libby (1982). Population variation in 

Sequoiadendron giganteum: Seed and seedling studies, 

vegetative propagation, and isozyme variation. Silvae 

Genetica 31(4): 102-110. 

	Seed samples were collected from 35 natural populations 

of giant sequoia and examined for seed weight, germination 

percent, cotyledon number, rootability of cuttings, and 

isozyme variation. Samples were significantly variable in 

percent seed germination, cotyledon number, isozyme allele 

frequencies and observed heterozygosity. Seed germination 

varied among populations, but did not reveal any clear 

geographic patterns. Cotyledon numbers (of 871 seedlings) 

varied among populations and geographic areas. Cuttings (from 

608 seedlings) rooted at 94%. Isozyme variation was found in 

every population sample at one or more loci. Little if any 

recent gene flow is likely to have occurred between the 

northern and southern populations. Relatively low 

heterozygosity among embryo samples suggests that inbreeding 

and/or population substructuring is likely in giant sequoia 

populations. Relatively higher levels of heterozygosity are 

found in the southern parts of the range, suggesting 

different local selective regimes. Early data suggest that 

the most northern native population (Placer Grove) may be 

substantially different from the other populations



Fins, L. and W. J. Libby (1992). Genetics of giant sequoia. 

Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and 

Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Fisher, R. T. (1902). Big trees of California. World's Work. 

3: 1714-1723.



Flint, W. (1977-current). Miscellaneous correspondence on 

giant sequoia and measurement of the largest.



Flint, W. D. (1987). To find the biggest tree. Three Rivers, 

CA, Sequoia Natural History Association. 

	 Florin, R. (1963). The distribution of conifer a nd 

taxad genera in time and space. Acta Horti Bergiani 20: 121-

312.



Fontaine, J. (1985). Recommendations from the Sierra Club for 

managing giant sequoia. Workshop on Management of Giant 

Sequoia, Reedley, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Fox, L. (1990). Remote sensing feasibility analysis, a 

spectral signature for giant sequoia.



Franchot, A. (1981). A propos d'une recolte de graines de 

Sequoia Giant et de Calocedre [A proposal to study the seeds 

of giant sequoia and incense cedar]. Annales Afocel 1981: 

327-381. 

	about a seed collection of giant sequoia and insense 

cedar



Franclet, A., D. X. Destremau, et al. (1980). Quelques 

especes meconnues: le sequoia geant [Some rare species: the 

giant sequoia]. :  7 pages.



Franco, F. J. J. (1992). Native American view and values of 

giant sequoia. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in 

the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Franco, H. (1993). That place needs a good fire. Native 

California. 7.



Fritz, E. (1937). A bibliography on the bigtrees of 

Califronia (Sequoia gigantea) with annotations of literature 

reviewed, UC Berkeley.



Fry, W. and J. R. White (1930). Big trees. Palo Alto, CA, 

Stanford University Press.



Fry, W. (1931). The great sequoia avalanche. Sierra Club 

Bulletin. 18: 118-120.



Fry, W. (1937). Nature Guide Service press releases. Nature 

Guide Service, Sequoia National Park.



Fuldner, R. (1977). The mammoth tree: its further discovery 

in forestry and its possible contribution to environmental 

oriented silviculture (Introduction of Sequoiadendron 

giganteum into West Germany). Mitteilungen der Deutschen 

Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 69: 27-33.



Gasser, D. P. (1992). Young growth management of giant 

sequoia. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the 

Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Geiger, H. and R. Buck (1973). The biflavones of 

Sequoiadendron giganteum. Phytochemistry 12(5): 1176-1177.



Gilmore, V. (1975). Measuring the world's biggest trees. 

American Forester 81(12): 35.



Given, W. (1928). The light of the Sierra. Boston, MA, The 

Christopher Publishing House.



Glassman, D. (1935). The tree of the ages. American Forests. 

41: 56-58.



Godfrey, W. C. (1929). Among the big trees in Mariposa Grove. 

Yosemite Nature Notes - Special Edition. 8:  16 pages.



Graumlich, L. J. (1990). Long-term climate variation in the 

southern Sierra Nevada as reconstructed from tree rings, 

Sequoia Natural History Association.



Graumlich, L. J. (1991). A 1000-year record of temperature 

and precipitation in the Sierra Nevada. Quaternary Research 

39: 249-255.



Gray, A. (1872). The sequoia and its history. American 

Naturalist 6: 577-596.



Gray, F. (1964). And the giants were named. Three Rivers, CA, 

Sequoia Natural History Association.



Green, L. W. (1987). Historic resource study: Yosemite, the 

park and its resources.



Green, L. (1990). They are raping the giant sequoias. 

Audubon.



Greenlee, J., G. Wilcox, et al. (1978). Fire history of 

Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.



Gregonis, D. E., R. D. Portwood, et al. (1968). Volatile oils 

from foliage of Coast Redwood-G and Big Tree Sequoia-

sempervirens-GSequoiadendron-giganteum-G inst. IR 

Spectroscopy, inst. Gas Chromatography. Phytochemistry 7(6): 

975-981.



Gromyko, D. V. and V. L. Komarov (1982). A comparative 

anatomical study of wood in the family Taxodiaceae. Bot. Zh. 

(Leningrad) 67(7): 898-906. 

	A xylotomic study of wood was made on members of the 

Taxodiaceae. The wood of 10 spp. [Athrotaxis cupressoides, 

Cryptomeria japonica, Cunninghamia

	lanceolata,

	Glyptostrobus

	pensilis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Sequoia 

sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Taiwania 

cryptomerioides, Taxodium distichum and T. mucronatum] was 

studied and described. Microscopic characters of anatomical 

wood structure changed along the annual ring. The latter is 

divided into 4 zones, which are characterized by a complex of 

characters. The change in the anatomical characters in the 

zones of the annual ring is described. A detailed method was 

used for the description of wood according to variations in 

characters. Diagnostic characters, which allow the wood of 

the genera of the family Taxodiaceae to be distinguished, 

were established



Grulke, N. E. and P. R. Miller (1989). Photosynthetic 

response of giant sequoia seedlings and rooted branchlets of 

mature foliage of ozone fumigation. Effects of Air Pollution 

on Western Forests Symposium, Air and Waste Management 

Association.



Grulke, N. E. and P. R. Miller (1990?). Physiological effects 

of atmospheric ozone on giant sequoia, PSW.



Grulke, N. E. and P. R. Miller (1994). Changes in gas 

exchange characteristics during the life span of giant 

sequoia - implications for response to current and future 

concentrations of atmospheric ozone.  Tree Physiology 14(7-

9): 659-668.



Guinon, M., J. B. Larsen, et al. (1982). Frost resistance and 

early growth of Sequoiadendron-giganteum seedlings of 

different origins. Silvae Genetica 31(5-6): 137-177. 

	Frost resistance in 2 yr old giant sequoia seedlings was 

analyzed by an artificial freezing test, in which detached 

twigs are placed in freezing chambers at different 

temperatures. The temperature that kills 50% of the twig 

foliage is called the frost-killing-point and is denoted 

LT50%. The results were compared to damage sustained outdoors 

by seedlings and support the reliability of the testing 

methods employed. The experiment included the open-pollinated 

offspring of 2 trees growing in Hermeskeil, West Germany, and 

seedling samples of 22 provenances representing the entire 

natural range of giant sequoia. Significant and substantial 

differences were found in frost resistance, winter damage and 

in early height. Frost resistance is correlated with outdoor 

winter damage and elevation, however not with latitude, 

longitude nor seedling height. Shoot tip hardness measured by 

touch is unrelated to frost hardiness



Gulliver, R. L. (1987). Upper crown death of Wellingtonia in 

North Yorkshire. Quarterly Journal of Forestry 81(3): 178-

180. 

	Of 41 mature specimens [of Sequoiadendron giganteum] at 

Grantley Hall, 83% had dead leaders in Aug. 1986, whereas 

none showed these symptoms in a previous survey in 1982. It 

is suggested that recent increases in atmospheric pollution 

may be responsible



Guppy, E. L. (1925). The story of the sequoias. San 

Francisco, CA, A. M. Robertson.



Guthrie, J. E. (1904). Forest conditions in the Dinkey Grove 

of big trees, Fresno County, Sierra Forest Reserve, 

California.



Guthrie, J. D. (1906). The Dinkey Grove of bigtrees. Forestry 

and Irrigation. 12: 454-458.



Hall, A. F. (1921). Guide to Giant Forest - Sequoia National 

Park. Yosemite, CA, A. F. Hall.



Hamilton, G. B. (1978). Sequoiadendron giganteum [Exotic tree 

in New Zealand]. Farm For 20(2): 50-51.



Hammon, J. a. W. (1951-53). Timber reports on the South 

Calaveras Grove.



Hammon, J. a. W. (1964). Sequoia tree inventory, Hammon, 

Jenson, and Wallen Mapping and Forestry Services, Oakland CA.



Hammon, J. a. W. (1973). Sequoia tree inventory, Hammon, 

Jenson and Wallen Mapping and Forestry Services, Oakland, CA.



Hammon, J. a. W. (197?). Tule River Indian Reservation timber 

management plan and forest improvement program.



Hamrick, J. L., J. B. Mitton, et al. (1979). Levels of 

genetic variation in trees: influence of life history 

characteristics. Symposium on isozymes of North American 

forest trees and forest insects, Berkeley, California, USDA 

Forest Service. 

	Isozyme variation was examined in 22 species of forest 

trees, and the variation in 20 conifer species analysed with 

respect to geographical range, stage of succession, habitat 

type, cone type and distribution (in the USA). Open-cone 

trees showed a significantly higher av. polymorphic index 

than trees with closed cones. The results are discussed and 

compared with those of a previous study of 113 vascular plant 

taxa in which species were classified for 12 life history and 

ecological traits and 3 measures of variation calculated. The 

study showed that plants with large ranges, high fecundities, 

an outcrossing mode of reproduction, wind pollination, a long 

generation time and from habitats representing later stages 

of succession had more isozyme variation than species with 

other characteristics.



Hannum, W. T. and o. F. A. Meyer (1952). The status of 

Sequoia gigantea in the Sierra Nevada.



Hansen, G. (1895). Where the big trees grow: flora of the 

Sequoia region: collected in the counties of Amador, 

Calaveras and Alpine, state of California. San Francisco, CA, 

Bacon Printing Co.



Harmon, M. E., K. Cromack Jr., et al. (1987). Coarse woody 

debris in mixed-conifer forests - Sequoia National Park, 

California, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17(10): 

1265-1272. 

	The decay rate of Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. 

logs and cover, mass, and volume of logs and snags in six 

midelevational forest stands of Sequoia National Park, 

California, are reported. Based on a chronosequence, Abies 

concolor boles have a decay rate-constant of 0.05 year-1 and 

a half-life of 14 years. A decay classification system was 

developed for Abies concolor, Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) 

Florin, Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf., and Pinus lambertiana 

Dougl. logs. Dimensions taken from maps of six permanent 

plots were combined with decay-class information to estimate 

volume, mass, and projected cover of logs and snags. Total 

mass ranged from 29 Mg ha-1 in a Pinus jeffreyi forest to 400 

Mg ha-1 in a Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh. 

dominated stand. Volume, projected cover, and nitrogen 

storage exhibited patterns similar to mass, ranging from 84 

to 1160 m3 ha-1, 3.1 to 9.3%, and 41 to 449 kg ha-1, 

respectively



Harrison, W. (1985). Management of giant sequoia at Calaveras 

Big Trees State Park. Workshop on Management of Giant 

Gequoia, Reedley, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Hart, J. A. (1987). A cladistic analysis of conifers. Journal 

of the Arnold Arboretum 68: 269-307.



Hart, J. A. and R. A. Price (1990). The genera of 

Cupressaceae (including Taxodiaceae) in the southeastern 

United States. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 71: 275-322.



Hartesveldt, R. J. (1962). The effects of human impact upon 

Sequoia gigantea and its environment in the Mariposa grove, 

Yosemite National Park, California, University of Michigan.



Hartesveldt, R. J. (1963). Reconnaissance study of the 

effects of human impacts upon moderately to heavily used 

sequoia groves in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.



Hartesveldt, R. J. (1964a). Fire ecology of the giant 

sequoia: controlled fires may be one solution to survival of 

the species. Natural History Magazine. 73: 12-19.



Hartesveldt, R. J. (1964b). Sequoia-human impact soil 

analyses.



Hartesveldt, R. J. (1965). An investigation of the effect of 

direct human impact and of advanced plant succession on 

Sequoia gigantea in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, 

California, National Park Service.



Hartesveldt, R. J., H. T. Harvey, et al. (1966). The effects 

of various forest management techniques and animal coactions 

on giant sequoia reproduction and initiation of studies on 

the effects to sequoia rates of growth.



Hartesveldt, R. J. (1966a). Atwell Grove Redwood Creek Grove.



Hartesveldt, R. J. (1966b). Study of the possible changes in 

the ecology of sequoia groves in Sequoia National Park to be 

crossed by the new Mineral King Highway.



Hartesveldt, R. J. and H. T. Harvey (1967). The fire ecology 

of sequoia regeneration. Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology 

Conference.



Hartesveldt, R. J., H. T. Harvey, et al. (1967). Final 

contract report on sequoia-fire relationships.



Hartesveldt, R. J. (1967). The ecology of human impact upon 

Sequoia groves. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 

48: 86.



Hartesveldt, R. J. (1969). Sequoias in Europe.



Hartesveldt, R. J. (1972). The ageless giants. Naturalist. 

23: 13-23.



Hartesveldt, R. J. (1975). The "discoveries" of the giant 

sequoias [Sequoiadendron giganteum]. Forest History 19(1): 

15-21.



Hartesveldt, R. J., H. T. Harvey, et al. (1975). Giant 

sequoias of the Sierra Nevada. Washington, D.C., U.S. 

Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 

	A book on Sequoiadendron giganteum, based on results 

from field studies started in 1956, and also incorporating 

other published work. There are 7 chapters: Introduction 

(including discussions on discovery, timber operations, 

public reservations of sequoia land, varieties and 

nomenclature); The tree as an individual; Distribution of the 

giant sequoia and its relatives; Ecological concepts; Life 

history; Sequoia community interrelationships; and Man, fire, 

and the future. Also included are a reference section, an 

index and 6 appendices listing sequoia relatives and groves 

in California, and giving common and scientific names of 

vascular plants, vertebrates, insects and other arthropods, 

and thallophytes found as associates of sequoian communities.



Hartesveldt, R. J., H. T. Harvey, et al. (1981). Giant 

sequoias. Three Rivers, Calif., Sequoia Natural History 

Association.



Harvey, H. T., H. S. Shellhammer, et al. (1977). Giant forest 

ecology: fire and reproduction  (manuscript).



Harvey, H. T. (1978). The Sequoias of Yosemite National Park. 

Yosemite, CA, Yosemite Natural History Association.



Harvey, H. T., H. S. Shellhammer, et al. (1980). Giant 

sequoia ecology: fire and reproduction. Washington, D.C, U.S. 

Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service. 

	A study (carried out 1964-75) concentrating on the role 

of fire in succession and survival of Sequoiadendron 

giganteum seedlings in the mixed conifer forests of the 

Sierra Nevada, California. There are 10 chapters: 

Introduction; Objectives, design, study areas and methods; 

Environmental factors; Vegetational changes; Giant sequoia 

reproduction, survival and growth; Arthropods associated with 

the giant sequoia; The role of insects in giant sequoia 

reproduction; Birds and mammals, fire, and giant sequoia 

reproduction; Douglas squirrels [Tamiasciurus douglasi] and 

sequoia regeneration; and Conclusions and management 

implications. It is suggested that prescribed burning should 

be used carefully in giant sequoia management: hot, localized 

fires appeared to be the best for seedling development. 

Appendices are given listing flowering plants found in the 

area studied, and insects associated with giant sequoia, and 

a reference section and an index are included



Harvey, H. T. (1985). Evolution and history of giant sequoia. 

Workshop on Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedley, CA, 

U.S.D.A. Forest Service.



Harvey, H. T. and H. S. Shellhammer (1991). Survivorship and 

growth of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) 

Buchh.) seedlings after fire. Madrono 38(1): 14-20.



Harwell, C. A. (1933). Mariposa Grove of big trees. Special 

Bulletin of the Yosemite Natural History Association:  8 

pages.



Hastings, C. (1928). Naming the sequoia. American Forests. 

34: 203-205.



Hawksworth, W. J. (1977). Historical brief and 

recommendations for management of Nelder Grove.



Hawksworth, W. J. and M. M. Hawksworth (1979). Historical 

overview of Nelder Grove.



Heald, R. C. (1985). Management of giant sequoia at Blodgett 

Forest Research Station. Workshop on Management of Giant 

Sequoia, Reedley, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Hebant, C. (1975). Lack of incorporation of tritiated uridine 

by nuclei of mature sieve elements in Metasequoia 

glyptostroboides and Sequoiadendron giganteum. Planta 126(2): 

161-163. 

	The failure of the majority of nuclei that persist in 

'mature' sieve elements of M. glyptostroboides and S. 

gigantea to incorporate tritiated uridine is interpreted as 

further evidence for the degenerated condition of these 

nuclei.



Hellwig (1911). Sequoia gigantea. Mitteilungen der Deutschen 

Dendrologischen Gesellschaft: 402.



Henley-Smith, P. and D. A. Whiting (1976). New norlignanas of 

Sequoiadendron-gigantea; phytochemical comparisons with 

Sequoia-sempervirens. Phytochemistry 15(8): 1285-1288. 

	The permethyl ethers of 3 new norlignans (sequirins-E, -

F, and G) from S. gigantea heartwood have been characterized 

by NMR and MS [mass spectrometry] as 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-

4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, 2,4-(3,4-dim ethoxyphenyl)-, and 2-

(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-5-

hydroxytetrahydropyran; respectively, with the 2,5-trans,4,5-

trans stereochemistry. Sequirin s A-D, characteristic 

norlignans of Sequoia sempervirens Endl., could not be 

detected in S. gigantea heartwood, nor could sequirins E-G be 

found in Sequoia sempervirens heartwood. Agatharesinol was a 

common constituent



Hewes, J. J. (1981). Redwoods, the world's largest trees. New 

York, NY, Gallery Books.



Hickman, J. C. e. (1993). The Jepson Manual: Higher plants of 

California. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of 

California Press.



Hill, C. L. (1916). Forests of Yosemite, Sequoia, and General 

Grant National Parks. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government 

Printing Office.



Holland, W. R. (1972). Nelder grove resource inventory and 

report.



Horvath, A. (1987). Redwood census of south grove.



Howell, J. W. (1968). Research studies on the giant sequoia 

trees. Parks and Recreation. 5: 29-33.



Hughes, M. K., B. J. Richards, et al. (1990). Can a climate 

record be extracted from giant sequoia tree rings? 6th Annual 

Pacific Climate Workshop, California Department of Water 

Resources Interagency Ecological Studies Program.



Hughes, M. K. and P. M. Brown (1992). Drought frequency in 

central California since 101 B. C. recorded in giant sequoia 

tree rings. Climate Dynamics 6: 161-167.



Hull, K. L. (1989). The 1985 South Entrance and Mariposa 

Grove archeological excavations.



Huntington, E. (1912). The secret of the big trees. Harper's 

Magazine. July, 1912.



Huntington, E. (1914). The climatic factor as illustrated in 

arid America, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington 

D. C.



Huntington, E. (1920). The secret of the big trees. 

Washington, DC, USDI US Government Printing Office.



Hutchings, J. M. (1875). The Yosemite valley, high Sierra, 

big trees, etc. San Francisco, CA, Alta California Book and 

Job Printing Establishment.



Hutchings, J. M. (1886). In the heart of the Sierras, Yo 

Semite Valley, the big trees. Oakland, CA, Pacific Press 

Publishing House.



Hutchings, J. M. (18??). Summer rambles to the Calaveras big 

trees and Yo Semite valley. San Francisco, Brunt & Co. 

Printing.



Iakovleva, L. V. (1980). Concrescence of intraspecific and 

interfamily grafts of Sequoiadendron giganteum - Anatomical 

studies. Biulleten' Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo 

Botanicheskogo Sada 2: 46-51.



Iaroslavtsev, G. D. and Z. G. Kovalenko (1974). Experience 

from introducing the giant sequoia [Sequoiadendron giganteum] 

in Krasnodar. Biull. Gl. Bot. Sada. 93: 29-31.



Iaroslavtsev, G. D. and L. V. Iakovleva (1978). Graftings of 

the ornamental Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz on 

the southern coast of the Crimea. Biulleten' Gosudarstvennogo 

Nikitskogo Botanicheskogo Sada 2: 31-34.



Iaroslavtsev, G. D. and T. N. Vishniakova (1978). Physical 

and mechanical properties of wood of Metasequoia 

glyptostroboides, Sequoia sempervirens and Sequoiadendron 

giganteum grown in the USSR. Biulleten' Gosudarstvennogo 

Nikitskogo Botanicheskogo Sada 1: 20-22.



Iaroslavtsev, G. D. (1981). Sequoiadendron giganteum in 

Odessa and the Odessa Region: Frost injury. Biulleten' 

Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo Botanicheskogo Sada 3: 35-39.



Iaroslavtsev, G. D. and R. N. Kazimirova (1984). 

Sequoiadendron giganteum in Central Asia. Biull. Gl. Bot. 

Sada. 133: 16-20.



Iaroslavtsev, G. D. and A. A. Kholov (1985). Reproduction of 

Sequoiadendron giganteum by cuttings under conditions of 

Dushanbe. Biulleten' Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo 

Botanicheskogo Sada(58): 31-35.



Jeffrey, E. C. (1904). A fossil sequoia from the Sierra 

Nevada. Botanical Gazette 38: 321-322.



Jepson, W. L. (1910). (Sequoia sempervirens and gigantea). 

Berkeley, CA, University Press.



Jepson, W. L. (1921). The fire-type forest of the Sierra 

Nevada. Intercollegiate Forestry Club Annual. 1: 7-10.



Jepson, W. L. (1923). The trees of California. Berkeley, 

Associated Students Store.



Jiang, I. and W. L. Libby (1981). Growth and form of 16-yr 

old seedlings and cuttings of Sequoiadendron, UC Berkeley.



Jiang, I. B.-J. (1982). Growth and form of seedlings and 

juvenile rooted cutting of Sequoia sempervirens and 

Sequoiadendron giganteum, University of California, Santa 

Cruz?



Johnson, P. C. (1961). Sierra album, Doubleday & Company, 

Inc.



Johnston, V. R. (1970). The ecology of fire. Audubon. 72: 76-

119.



Johnston, H. (1983). They felled the redwoods: a saga of 

flumes and rails in the high Sierra. Glendale, Trans-Anglo 

Books.



Keeler-Wolf, T. (1989). An ecological survey of the Moses 

Mountain candidate Research Natural Area, Sequoia National 

Forest, Tulare County, California.



Keifer, M. (1995). Changes in stand density, species 

composition and fuel load following prescribed fire in the 

southern Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest. 1995 Meeting of 

the Ecological Society of America, Snowbird, Utah.



Kercher, J. R. and M. C. Axelrod (1984). A process model of 

fire ecology and succession in a mixed-conifer forest. 

Ecology 65(6): 1725-1742.



Keylwerth, R. (1954). Das holz der Sequoia gigantea  [The 

wood of the Sequoia gigantea]. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 

12(3): 105-107.



Kilgore, B. M. (1968). Breeding bird populations in managed 

stands of Sequoia gigantea, University of California, 

Berkeley.



Kilgore, B. M. (1970). Restoring fire to the sequoias. 

National Parks and Conservation. 44: 16-22.



Kilgore, B. M. and H. H. Biswell (1971). Seedling germination 

following fire in a giant sequoia forest. California 

Agriculture 25(2): 8-9.



Kilgore, B. M. (1971a). Response of breeding bird populations 

to habitat changes in a giant sequoia forest. American 

Midland Naturalist 85(1): 135-152.



Kilgore, B. M. (1971b). The role of fire in a giant sequoia-

mixed conifer forest. Research in Parks: 93-116.



Kilgore, B. M. (1972a). Fire's role in a sequoia forest. 

Naturalist 23(1): 26-37.



Kilgore, B. M. (1972b). Impact of prescribed burning on a 

sequoia-mixed-conifer forest. 12th Annual Tall Timbers Fire 

Ecology Conference, Lubbock, TX.



Kilgore, B. (1973). The ecological role of fire in Sierran 

conifer forests: its application to National Park management. 

Journal of Quaternary Research 3(3): 496-513.



Kilgore, B. M. and R. W. Sando (1975). Crown-fire potential 

in a sequoia forest after prescribed burning [Sequoiadendron 

giganteum]. Forest Science 21(1): 83-87. 

	Prescribed burning in a Sequoia gigantea/mixed-conifer 

forest in Kings Canyon National Park, California, reduced 

fuel on the ground from 203.5 to 30.1 t/ha and crown fuels 

[cf. FA 34, 7055] from 18.0 to 7.8 t/ha. The mean height of 

the crown base increased substantially. Analysis of the data 

by a wildland-fire-spread model showed that, after prescribed 

burning, the rate of spread and reaction intensity of a 

ground fire would decrease; surface fuel would again 

accumulate rapidly, but in the longer term, killing of the 

smaller trees and the lower parts of live crowns of larger 

trees would remove fuel in the layer between surface and 

crown fuels.



Kilgore, B. M. (1976a). From fire control to fire management:  

an ecological basis for policies. Proceedings of the Trans. 

North Amer. Wildlife and Nat. Res. Conf.



Kilgore, B. M. (1976b). The role of fire in a giant sequoia-

mixed-conifer forest. Symposium on Research in the Parks, 

USDI National Park Service Series No. 1.



Kilgore, B. M. and D. Taylor (1979). Fire history of a 

sequoia-mixed conifer forest. Ecology 60(1): 129-142.



Kilgore, B. M. (1985). Restoring fire to National Park 

wilderness. American Forests: 16-19 and 57-59.



Kimmey (1952). Cull and breakage factors...for redwoods, 

USFS.



Kitanov, G. B. (1984). Pliocene flora composition in the 

Gotce-Delchev region in Bulgaria. Bulgarian Fitologiya 25: 

41-70. 

	Plant species (58) are described mainly by leaf prints 

collected in Pilocene deposits near Garmen. Some are reported 

for the 1st time for the fossil flora of Bulgaria. They are 

the following: Sphaerites castaneae, Cephalotaxus fortunei, 

Cedrus atlantica, Pinus pallasiana, Sequoiadendron giganteum, 

Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Persea pliocenica, Carpinus 

marmaroschica, Ostrya carpinifolia, Corylus insignis, Betula 

pubescens, Fagus longipetiolata, Quercus sosnowskyi, Q. 

pontica, Populus pliobolleana and Cornus mas



Kleinschmit, J. (1984). Der Mammutbaum (Sequoiadendron 

giganteum (Lindl) Buchholz), nur eine faszinierende 

Exotenart? [The bigtree (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl) 

Buchholz), only one fascinating exotic?]. Beiheft sur 

Schweiarischen Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 72(61-77).



Knigge, W., P. Pellinen, et al. (1983). Untersuchungen von 

Zuwachs, Astigkeit, Verkernung und Rindenstarke 

westeuropaischer Anbauten des Mammutbaumes (Sequoiadendron 

giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz)  [Investigations on growth, 

branch formation, heartwood formation and bark diameter of 

giant sequoia trees (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) 

Buchholz) grown in Europe]. Forstarchiv 54(2): 54-61.



Knigge, W. and B. Wenzel (1983). Uber die Variabilitat der 

Faserlange innerhalb eines Stammes von Sequoiadendron 

giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz [Variability of fiber length 

within a tree of Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz]. 

Forstarchiv 54(3): 94-99.



Knigge, W. and S. Lewark (1984). Investigations on wood 

quality of giant sequoias from second-growth stands in 

California (Sequoiadendron giganteum). Forstarchiv 55(1): 21-

27.



Knigge, W. (1992). Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum 

(Lindl.) Buchholz) in Europe. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: 

Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA 

Forest Service.



Knigge, W. (1993). Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron-giganteum 

(Lindl) Buchholz) in Europe. Holz Als Roh-Und Werkstoff 

51(3): 145-155.



Kobayashi, T. (1980). Needle blight of Taxodium mucronatum in 

the Philippines. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of 

Japan 46(2): 258-262. 

	A severe needle blight found on potted seedlings of T. 

mucronatum imported from the USA was caused by a fungus very 

similar morphologically to Cercospora sequoiae which is the 

pathogen of a needle blight of Cryptomeria japonica, 

Sequoiadendron giganteum and T. distichum in Japan. Evidence 

is presented that the fungus was introduced on exotic 

conifers from the USA to Japan at the beginning of the 20th 

century.



Koehler, P. A. and R. S. Anderson (1994). The paleoecology 

and stratigraphy of Nichols Meadow, Sierra National Forest, 

California, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, 

Palaeoecology 112: 1-17.



Koford, C. B. (1953). The California Condor: 5.



Kolbe, W. (1977). Comparative studies on the occupation of 

miscellaneous conifer species by Coleoptera in the state 

forest, Burgholz, West Germany. Decheniana Beih 20: 75-79.



Kough, J. L., R. Molina, et al. (1985). Mycorrhizal 

responsiveness of Thuja, Calocedrus, Sequoia, and 

Sequoiadendron species of western North America. Canadian 

Journal of Forest Research 15(6): 1049-1054. 

	Four western conifers inoculated or not inoculated with 

three species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 

[Glomus deserticulum, G. epigaeum, Acaulospora trappei] were 

grown in pasteurized soil and maintained at 11 or 43 ppm 

phosphorus. Compared with controls, vesicular-arbuscular 

mycorrhizal colonization increased biomass more of younger 

than older seedlings. In young seedlings, species with large 

seeds responded less to phosphate addition or vesicular-

arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization than smaller seeded 

species. Vesicular-arbuscular myocorrhizal seedlings with low 

phosphorus were always larger than noninoculated low 

phosphorus controls and comparable in size or larger than 

nonmycorrhizal controls at moderate phosphorus. Vesicular-

arbuscular mycorrhizal plants produced from 100 to 2000% more 

biomass than noninoculated plants at low phosphorus, and from 

equality to 500% at moderate phosphorus. Vesicular-arbuscular 

mycorrhizal fungal species did not differ in plant growth 

enhancement or root colonization at any seedling age or 

phosphorus fertility examined. Tree species' responsiveness 

ranged as follows: Thuja plicata > Sequoia sempervirens > 

Calocedrus decurrens > Sequoiadendron giganteum. Vesicular-

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhanced seedling uniformity and 

size in all the tree species



Kritchevsky, G. and A. B. Anderson (1955). Chemistry of the 

genus Sequoia I. The cone solid of coast redwood 

(Sequoiasempervirens) and giant sequoia (Sequoia gigantea). 

Journal of Organical Chemistry 20: 1402-1406.



Kruska, D. G. (1985). Sierra Nevada big trees: history of the 

exhibitions. Los Angeles, CA, Dawson's Book Shop.



Kunzing, R. (1989). These woods are made for burning. 

Discover. 10: 86-95.



Lambert, S. and T. J. Stohlgren (1988). Giant sequoia 

mortality in burned and unburned stands. Journal of Forestry 

86(2): 44-46.



Landesanstalt fur Okologie, L. u. F. N.-W. L. (1982). 

Merkblatt fur fremdlandische Baumarten: Sequoiadendron 

giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz.



Larson, G. B. (1966). Whitaker's Forest. American Forests 72: 

22-25, 40-42.



Larson (n.d.). Logging of the giant sequoia and surrounding 

mixed-conifer forest.



Lavrukhina, A. K., V. A. Alekseyev, et al. (1973). 

Radiocarbon in sequoia growth rings. Doklady Akademii Nauk 

SSSR 210(4): 238-240.



Lawlor (1972). Animals in redwoods. Symposium on Redwood 

Ecology.



Lawrence, G. and H. Biswell (1972). Effect of forest 

manipulation on deer habitat in giant sequoia [Sequoiadendron 

giganteum]. Journal of Wildlife Management 36(2): 595-605.



Leisz, D. R. (1992). Remarks for the giant sequoia symposium. 

Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and 

Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Leitch, B. M. (1906). A short history of the Mariposa big 

trees and Yosemite Valley. Wawona, CA, B. M. Leitch.



Leitch, B. M. (1910). Mariposa Grove of big trees, 

California. Wawona, CA, B. M. Leitch.



Levinson, A. S., G. Lemoine, et al. (1971). Volatile oil from 

foliage of Sequoiadendron-giganteum-G change in composition 

during growth. Phytochemistry 10(5): 1087-1094.



Lewis, D. J. (1980). The Nation's Christmas Tree. American 

Forests(December):  5 pages.



Lewis, D. J. (1981). Our National Christmas tree. National 

Wildlife 19: 44-47.



Libby, W. J. (1981). Some observations on Sequoiadendron and 

Calocedrus in Europe. California Forestry and Forest 

Products. 49: 11.



Libby, W. J. (1985). Genetic variation and early performance 

of giant sequoia in plantations. Workshop on Management of 

Giant Sequoia, Reedley, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Libby, W. J. (1988, 91). USFS-UC cooperative giant sequoia 

and incense cedar research.



Libby, W. J. (1992). Mitigating some consequences of giant 

sequoia management. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place 

in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest 

Service.



Lindley, J. (1853a). [Untitled]. Gardeners' Chronicle 52: 

819-820.



Lindley, J. (1853b). New plants. Gardeners' Chronicle 52: 

823.



Litton, R. B. (1988). The forest landscape and fire 

management.



Liubimirescu, A., M. Guruianu, et al. (1972). Physical and 

mechanical properties of the wood of Sequoia gigantea. 

Revista Padurilor 87(12): 613-616.



Lobree, F. (1969). Tall tree in Nelder. Tehipite Topics.



Loffler, J. (1985). Mammutbaume und der Landkreis Calw  [Big 

trees and the Calw rural district]. Jahrbuch des Landreises: 

85-92.



Looby, W. J. and J. Doyle (1937). Fertilization and pro-

embryo formation in sequoia. Scientific Proceedings of the 

Royal Dublin Society 21: 457-476.



Looby, W. J. and J. Doyle (1942). California sequoias. 

Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society 23: 35-54.



Lotova, L. I. (1977). Anatomy of annual shoots and secondary 

phloem in Taxodiaceae. Vestn. Mosk. Univ. Ser. XVI Biol. 4: 

21-29. 

	The anatomical features of the annual stems and the 

phloem structure of the old trunks of 6 spp. [Sequoia 

sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Metasequoia 

glyptostrobiodes, Taxodium mucronatum, Cryptomeria japonica 

and Cunninghamia lanceolata] were investigated. The annual 

stems are characterized by the presence of resin vertical 

canals, the subepidermal and protophloem fibers. The main 

feature of the secondary phloem is the alternation of the 

vividly expressed tangential layers of the sieve cells, 

parenchyma cells and fibers. Some of the axial and ray 

parenchyma cells are sclerotized in nonconducting phloem. The 

phloem structure of the Taxodiaceae is similar to the 

structure of the same tissue in the other families of 

conifers except Pinaceae and Araucariaceae



MacDougall, R. (1986). Report on 1985 sequoia inventory of 

East Fork grove unit.



Mackenzie, G. G. (1888). Yosemite, where to go and what to 

do: A plain guide to the Yosemite valley, the high Sierra, 

and the big trees. San Francisco, CA, C. A. Murdock and Co., 

Printers.



Maggenti, A. R. and D. R. Viglierchio (1975). Sequoia 

sempervirens and Sequoiadendron giganteum: hosts of common 

plant-parasitic nematodes of California. Plant Disease Report 

59(2): 116-119. 

	Reports the results of experiments in which 1-month-old 

seedlings of Sequoia sempervirens and S. gigantea were 

exposed to seven species of plant-parasitic nematodes. 

Heterodera schachtii was the only species that had not 

infected the trees after 2 months. The top-growth of both 

tree species was reduced by Pratylenchus penetrans and P. 

vulnus. The development of these nematodes on both tree 

species may hinder natural or artificial regeneration.



Mahalovich, M. F. (1985). A genetic architecture study of 

giant sequoia: early growth characteristics, University of 

California, Berkeley.



Markham, K. R., C. Sheppard, et al. (1987). 13C NMR studies 

of some naturally occurring amentoflavone and hinokiflavone 

biflavonoids. Phytochemistry 26(12): 3335-3337. 

	From Sequoiadendron giganteum, Taxodium distichum, 

Ginkgo biloba, Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Cycas 

revoluta



Marshall, J. T. (1988). Birds lost from a giant sequoia 

forest during fifty years. Condor 90(2): 359-372. 

	Not all forest bird species breeding on Redwood 

Mountain, Tulare County, California [SA] in the 1930s are 

still there in the 1980s. Over the 50 years virgin giant 

sequoia forest of the saddle and east slope (within Kings 

Canyon National Park) remains unchanged but has lost the 

Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus borealis). The mixture of 

old and second-growth sequioas of Whitaker's Forest, where 

pines and undergrowth were removed and snags eliminated, is 

missing the Mountain Quail (Oreotyx pictus), Flammulated Owl 

(Otus flammeolus), North Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium gnoma), 

Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis), Hairy Woodpecker (Picoides 

villosus), and Olive-sided Flycatcher. Though unchanged 

today, the riparian alders of Eshom Creek on the west slope 

have lost Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus). Drastic 

logging by Sequoia National Forest has driven all of the 

above from the west slope ponderosa pine forest that 

surrounds Whitaker's Forest. New birds established at 

Whitaker's Forest by 1986 are the Common Raven (Corvus 

corax), House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), and Lincoln's Sparrow 

(Melospiza lincolnii). Intrusion of Brown-headed Cowbirds 

(Molothrus ater) has begun within yet affecting two abundant 

species of vireos. The Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus 

pileatus) is reduced; the Winter Wren (Troglodytes 

troglodytes) has greatly increased. I attempt to explain 

avifaunal changes by comparing habitats over the 50-year 

interval. Disappearance of the flycatcher and thrush from 

unchanged, prime habitat must be caused by destruction of 

corresponding forests in Central America, where these birds 

maintain their winter territories



Martin, E. J. (1958). Die sequoien und ihre anzucht [The 

sequoia and their cultivation]. Mitteilungen der Deutschen 

Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 60.



Martin, I. (1984). Re-introduction of the giant sequoia 

(Sequoiadendron giganteum) into the German forestry was 

realized in 1952 by two members of the German Dendrology 

Society. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen 

Gesellschaft 75: 57-75.



McCain, A. H. and P. C. Smith (1978). Evaluation of 

fungicides for control of Botrytis [cinerea] blight of 

container-grown redwood seedlings (Sequoia sempervirens, 

Sequoiadendron giganteum, Pseudotsuga menziesii). Tree Plant 

Notes 29(4): 12-13.



McDonald, J. E. (1992). The Sequoia Forest Plan Settlement 

Agreement as it affects Sequoiadendron giganteum: A giant 

step in the right direction. Symposium on Giant Sequoia: 

Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA 

Forest Service.



McFarland, J. W. (1949). A guide to the giant sequoia of 

Yosemite National Park. Yosemite Nature Notes. 28.



McGee, L. (1982). Mills of the sequoias. Visalia, CA, Tulare 

County Historical Society.



McGraw, D. J. (1982). The tree that crossed a continent. 

California History. LXI: 120-139.



McIntyre, R. N. (1954). Report on the effects of human impact 

upon the giant sequoia of the Mariposa and Tuolumne Groves - 

Yosemite National Park.



McLaughlin, J. S. (1972). Restoring fire to the environment 

in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. 12th Annual Tall 

Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, Lubbock, TX.



Meinecke, E. P. (1926). Memorandum on the effects of tourist 

traffic on plant life, particularly big trees, Sequoia 

National Park, California.



Mejstrik, V. and A. P. Kelley (1979). Mycorrhizae in Sequoia 

gigantea and Sequoia sempervirens. Ceska Mykol. 33(1): 51-54. 

	The endophytous mycorrhizae of vesicular-arbuscular type 

were described in fine roots of S. gigantea and S. 

sempervirens. Fine roots were of 2 types: thin smooth white, 

and thick and of a brown color. The mycorrhizal infection was 

intense in thick brown roots, whereas white roots had light 

infection. The optimal development of endophyte hyphae was 

observed in the central and inner cortical cell layers of 

root. There were arbuscules and vesicles in the root 

parenchyma. Coiled intracellular hyphae measured 3.45-8.95 

.mu.m in diameter. The roots had no root hairs



Melchior, G. H. and S. Herrmann (1987). Differences in growth 

performance of four provenances of giant sequoia 

(Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh.)). Silvae Genetica 

36(2): 65-68. 

	Four provenances of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron 

giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh.) originating from the counties 

Fresno, Calaveras, Tulare and from Sequoia National Forest in 

California [USA]were tested on three sites in the Federal 

Republic of Germany (Rengsdorf/Rhineland Palatinate; 

Reinhausen/Lower Saxony; and at Grosshansdorf/Schleswig-

Holstein). At age 14 years differences in survival between 

locations and provenances were ascertained. At the trial in 

Grosshansdorf survival was influenced particularly by frost 

damage in a frost pocket and a following infection by 

Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Karst. In spite of the small number 

of provenances there were significant differences in height, 

d.b.h. and diameter at half tree height between provenances 

and locations. The provenance Tulare which is known from 

other trials to perform well proved to have inferior growth 

and survival up to age 14 years. At the trial at Rengsdorf 

height growth was slightly negatively correlated with the 

altitude at the seed origin. A prerequisite for establishing 

stands of giant sequoia at a commercial scale is the choice 

of frost hard (and well performing) provenances. Such stands 

might be promising at suited sites in the Federal Republic of 

Germany



Metcalf, W. (1948). Youthful years of the big tree. Pacific 

Discovery 1(3): 4-10.



Metcalf, W., P. C. Passof, et al. (1975). Growing coast and 

sierra redwoods [Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron 

giganteum]--outside their natural range. Leaflet, Division of 

Agricultural Science University of California, Berkeley 

Cooperative Extension 2706: 3.



Michael, H. N. and E. K. Ralph (1973). Discussion of 

radiocarbon dates obtained from precisely dated sequoia and 

bristlecone pine samples. 8th International Radiocarbon 

Conference, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, Royal Society of New 

Zealand.



Miller, P. R. and A. A. Millecan (1971). Extent of oxidant 

air pollution damage to some pines-G and other conifers-G in 

California. Plant Disease Report 55(6): 555-559.



Miller, P. R. (1973). Susceptibility to ozone of selected 

western [US] conifers. 2nd International Congress of Plant 

Pathology, Minneapolis, MN. 

	Seedlings of 12 species and two hybrids were grown in 

greenhouses with carbon-filtered air at Lake Arrowhead, 

S.California. Fumigation treatments were begun at 2 years 

old. The conditions of growth and fumigation simulated those 

of a mountainous area of severe O3 damage to native species. 

Evaluation of needle injury (mottle, necrosis and abscission) 

required not less than 42 seedlings of each species. In Pinus 

ponderosa, one-year-old needles were damaged 3 times as much 

as current-year needles, and fumigations begun in mid-Aug. 

resulted in the greatest injury. Th



 species were, in order of decreasing susceptibility: P. 

monticola, P. jeffreyi X P. coulteri, Abies monticola [A. 

magnifica ?], P. radiata X P. attenuata, P. ponderosa 

[Californian], P. coulteri, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus 

jeffreyi, P. ponderosa (Rocky Mountain), A. concolor, 

Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, Pinus attenuata, Libocedrus 

decurrens, Pinus lambertiana, and Sequoia gigantea



Miller, P. R., K. W. Stolte, et al. (1984). Ozone effects on 

important tree species of the Sequoia-Kings Canyon National 

Parks, USDA Forest Service, Riverside.



Miller, P. (1985). The impacts of air pollution on forest 

resources. Forestry Research West: 1-5.



Miller, P. R. (1987). Root and shoot growth during early 

development of Sequoiadendron-giganteum seedlings stressed by 

ozone. XIVTH International Botanical Congress, Berlin, West 

Germany, PSW Experiment Station, Riverside.



Miller, P. R., S. L. Schilling, et al. (1991). Ozone injury 

to important tree species of Sequoia and Kings Canyon 

National Park.



Miller, P. R., N. E. Grulke, et al. (1992). Air pollution 

effects on giant sequoia ecosystems. Symposium on Giant 

Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, 

CA, USDA Forest Service.



Mitchell, J. N. (1935). The comparative histology of the 

secondary xylem of Sequoia gigantea and Sequoia sempervirens, 

UC Berkeley.



Mitchell, J. N. (1936). The detailed structure of stem wood 

of the two sequoias. Journal of Forestry 34: 988-993.



Mitchell, A. F. (1971). Recent measurements of big trees in 

Scotland, part 31. Scottish Forestry 25(4): 277-285.



Mitchell, A. (1981). Sequoiadendron giganteum in England. The 

Garden, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 106: 30-

32.



Mohlenbrock, R. H. (1985). This land. Natural History. 94: 

78-81.



Molina, R. (1992). The role of mycorrhizal symbioses in the 

health of giant sequoia and forest ecosystems. Symposium on 

Giant Sequoia - Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, 

Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Monteuuis, O. (1986). Micrografting of one hundred year old 

vegetative points of Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchholz on 

young seedlings cultured in vitro. C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. III 

Sci. Vie. 302(6): 223-225.



Monteuuis, O. (1987). In vitro meristem culture of juvenile 

and mature Sequoiadendron giganteum. Tree Physiology 3(3): 

265-272. 

	A total of 7000 meristems were used in experiments to 

investigate the possibility of cloning Sequoiadendron 

giganteum Buchholz by in vitro meristem culture of juvenile 

(2-year-old) and mature (100-year-old) ortets. Cultures were 

initiated on a low-salt medium containing 0.1 mg l-1 l-

naphthaleneacetic acid to stimulate meristematic activity. 

Benzylamino purine (0.01-0.5 mg l-1) inhibited meristematic 

activity, whereas gibberellic acid (0.01-0.5 mg l-1) had no 

effect on meristematic development. The mature ortet showed 

more specific mineral requirements and a lower capacity for 

cloning than the juvenile ortet. Rooted plants were obtained 

only from the juvenile clone. There was a marked seasonal 

effect on meristematic activity, especially for the mature 

clone, the most active material being obtained during 

budbreak



Monteuuis, O. and M. Gendraud (1987). Nucleotide and nucleic 

acid status in shoot tips from juvenile and mature clones of 

Sequoiadendron giganteum during rest and growth phases. Tree 

Physiology 3(3): 257-263. 

	Nucleoside triphosphate and nucleic acid contents of 

shoot tips of juvenile and mature clones of Sequoiadendron 

giganteum Buchholz were analyzed during rest and growth 

phases. In both juvenile and mature clones, shoot growth 

activity was characterized by significant increases in ATP, 

non-adenylic nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) and RNA levels. 

During the rest period, both ATP/NTP and RNA/DNA ratios were 

significantly higher in the juvenile clone than in the mature 

clone. However, during the growth phase, only the ATP/NTP 

ratio was higher in the juvenile than in the mature clone. 

The results suggest that the physiological differences 

between shoot tips of juvenile and mature tissues during the 

rest phase tend to decline as active shoot growth commences. 

This conclusion is consistent with morphological observations 

and with the varying organogenetic capacities of in vitro 

cultures of explants removed from stock plants at different 

times



Monteuuis, O., M. C. Bon, et al. (1987). Micropropagation 

aspects of Sequoiadendron giganteum juvenile and mature 

clones. Acta Horticulturae(212): 489-497.



Monteuuis, O. and M. C. Bon (1989). Rejuvenation of a 100 yr 

old giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchholz) through 

in vitro meristem culture. Annales des Sciences Forestieres 

46: 183-186.



Monteuuis, O. (1989). Microscopic analyses of apical 

meristems of young and mature Sequoiadendron giganteum during 

rest phase and bud-break. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de 

France - Lettres Botaniques 136(2): 103-107.



Monteuuis, O. and S. Genestier (1989). Comparative 

cytophotometric analysis of mesophyll cell walls of leaves 

belonging to young and mature Sequoiadendron giganteum. 

Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France - Lettres 

Botaniques 136(2): 103-107.



Monteuuis, O. and M. C. Bon (1990). Phase change in 

Sequoiadendron giganteum. NATO ASI Ser 186: 377-382.



Monteuuis, O. (1991). Rejuvenation of a 100-year-old 

Sequoiadendron giganteum through in vitro meristem culture. 

1. Organogenic and morphological arguments. Physiologia 

Plantarum 81(1): 111-115.



Muir, J. (1877). On the post glacial history of Sequoia 

gigantea. Meeting of the American Association for the 

Advancement of Science, Salem, MA.



Muir, J. (1878). The new sequoia forests of California. 

Harper's Magazine. 57: 813-827.



Muir, J. (1901a). Hunting big redwoods. Atlantic Monthly. 88: 

304-320.



Muir, J. (1901b). Sierra Big Trees, US Department of the 

Interior, National Parks.



Muir, N. (1978a). The evergreen conifers. Amenity trees for 

town planting. Gardeners Chronicle and Horticultural Trade 

Journal 183(13): 24-27. 

	Pines are considered the most important group of 

conifers and Cedrus deodara the most important individual 

species for urban planting. C. libani and C. atlantica, 

Sequoiadendron giganteum [Sequoia gigantea] and Tsuga 

heterophylla are most likely to produce large specimens. C. 

atlantica, T. canadensis and Abies grandis are recommended 

for thin soils over chalk. Pinus nigra is excellent for 

screening and general landscaping. The advantages of 11 other 

Pinus species are discussed. Abies, Picea, Cryptomeria, 

Calocedrus [Libocedrus] and Thuja are more useful in formal 

plantings than in landscaping, but are not suitable for 

industrial or exposed areas. Abies homolepis and A. numidica 

are fairly successful under urban conditions.



Muir, N. (1978b). Ornamental conifers. Gardeners Chronicle 

and Horticultural Trade Journal 183(15): 14-16. 

	Species considered for amenity planting in towns are: 

Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum [Sequoia 

gigantea], Picea smithiana, P. breweriana, P. omorika, P. 

orientalis, P. pungens, P. abies, P. likiangensis, 

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, C. nootkatensis, C. obtusa, 

Cryptomeria japonica, Calocedrus [Libocedrus] decurrens, 

Thuja plicata, T. orientalis, T. koraiensis and T. 

standishii.



Munz, P. A. (1959). A California flora. Berkeley and Los 

Angeles, University of California Press.



Murphy, R. W. (1967). Experimental burning in park 

management. Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference.



Mutch, L. S. and T. W. Swetnam (1993). Effects of fire 

severity and climate on ring-width growh of giant sequoia 

after burning. Proceedings of the Symposium on Fire in 

Wilderness and Park Management, Missoula, MT, USDA Forest 

Service.



Mutch, L. S. (1994). Growth responses of giant sequoia to 

fire and climate in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, 

California, University of Arizona.



National Park Service, D. o. t. I. (1979). Giant 

Forest/Lodgepole Area, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National 

Parks. Three Rivers, California, Department of the Interior, 

National Park Service. 

	 National Park Service, D. o. t. I. ( 1980). The fire 

management program in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National 

Parks.



Nelson, T. a. S. P. (1870's). The Yosemite Valley and the 

mammoth trees and geysers of California. New York, NY, Thomas 

Nelson and Sons.



Neumann, H. (1984). Up-to date experience in North Rhine 

Westphalia with cultivation and silviculture of 

Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh. Mitteilungen der 

Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 75: 77-104.



Nichols, H. T. (1989). Managing fire in Sequoia and Kings 

Canyon National Parks. Fremontia. 16: 11-14.



Nikolaeva, L. F., N. B. Florova, et al. (1979). Spectral 

forms of chlorophyll synthesized in the absence of light by 

seedlings of relict coniferous plants. Zh. Obsch. Biol. 

40(1): 128-137. 

	Many phylogenetically ancient plant forms can synthesize 

chlorophyll in the absence of light at early ontogenetic 

stages. This ability was studied in the representatives of 

Gymnospermae, both relict and phylogenetically advanced 

forms. Using low-temperature fluorometry, 12 [Ginkgo biloba, 

Podocarpus macrophyllus D., Picea abies Karts., Cedrus 

deodara Lond., Pinus sylvestris L., Larix sibirica L., 

Cryptomeria japonica L., Sciadopitys verticillata L., Sequoia 

sempervivens Lamb., Sequoiadendron giganteum Linde., 

Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Hung, Cercediphyllium 

manigifum Kai., Zelcova serrata Spach, Arbutus andrachue A. 

L. de Juss and Callistemon lanceolata A. L. de Juss spp. of 

Coniferophyta were compared. Representatives of all the 

families studies (Gingkoaceae, Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae, 

Podocarpaceae) are able, at a stage of primary leaves, to 

accumulate in the dark chlorophyll forms differing in the 

degree of molecular aggregation. In the relict angiosperms 

studied this ability was absent. A nonphotochemical pathway 

of chlorophyll biosynthesis is apparently present at the 

earliest stages of the evolution of Gymnospermae, which might 

be connected with germination conditions of the latter. 

Preservation of the ability for chlorophyll synthesis in the 

darkness at the seedling stage in now living species of 

Pinaceae and Taxodiaceae might point to a considerable 

adaptive lability of these plants. Further investigation into 

the peculiarities of formation of the pigment apparatus of 

coniferous plants will contribute to elucidation of some 

plant evolution problems



Norris (1963). Sequoia gigantea  (Sierra redwood) groves 

within boundaries of Sequoia National Forest, USDA Forest 

Service: 11.



Norton, E. (1895). The famous sequoia mills. Pacific Wood and 

Iron.



Nuorteva, M. (1979). Preservation problems of redwoods 

Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum in California. 

Silva Fenn. 13(1): 51.



Olmstead, F. L. (1952). The Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa 

big trees: a preliminary report, 1865. Landscape Architecture 

43: 12-25.



Ornduff, R. (1992). A botanist's view of the big tree. 

Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and 

Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Osborn, H. F. (1919?). Sequoia--the auld lang syne of trees. 

US.



Otrosina, W. J., T. E. Chase, et al. (1992). Allozyme 

differentiation of intersterility groups of Heterobasidion 

annosum isolated from conifers in the western United States. 

Phytopathology 82(5): 540-545.



Otter, F. L. (1963). The men of mammoth forest. Ann Arbor, 

MI, Edward Brothers.



Pacyniak, C. (1974). Dendrological singularities of Slovakia. 

Rocz. Sekc. Dendrol. Pol. Tow. Bot. 28: 11-117. 

	The Mlynany Arboretum, founded in 1892, is the richest 

in respect to the number of species among the numerous parks, 

botanical gardens and arboreta in Slovakia [Czechoslovakia]. 

In 1967 there were 1658 species, varieties and forms in this 

arboretum. At present there are over 2000 spp. in the 

collection. The Kysihybel Arboretum contains 197 spp., 

varieties and forms. The Bratislava (638 spp.), Martin (273 

spp.), Kosice (265 spp.), and Banska Stiavnica (264 spp.) 

Botanical Gardens and J. Kral Gardens in Bratislava (254 

spp.) are worth visiting. The Topolcianky (299 spp.) and 

Piestany (216 spp.) parks are notable. A dendrological 

singularity in Slovakia, and possibly in Czechoslovakia, is a 

specimen of Citrus trifoliata L. growing in the open. The 

largest and oldest sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum 

Buchholz) is in a small park in Antol, and in Banska 

Stiavnica there are the largest cedars, Cedrus atlantica Man. 

and C. libani Loud.



Pacyniak, C. (1974). A splendid specimen of Sequoiadendron-

giganteum in Brwice, Poland. Roca. Sekc. Dendrol. Pol. Tow. 

Bot. 28: 119-121.



Panshin, A. J. and C. deZeeuw (1970). Textbook of wood 

technology, McGraw-Hill Book Co.



Parde, J. (1983). The largest tree in the world 

[Sequoiadendron giganteum, California]. Review of Forestry in 

France 35(3): 244-245.



Parmeter Jr., J. R. (1985). Diseases and insects of giant 

sequoia. Workshop on Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedley, 

CA, U.S.D.A. Forest Service.



Parsons, D. J. (1975). Fire in Sequoia and Kings Canyon 

National Parks. Fremontia 3(1): 13-14.



Parsons, D. J. (1978). Fire and fuel accumulation in a giant 

sequoia forest [Prescribed burning]. Journal of Forestry 

76(2): 104-105. 

	Studies of fallen woody fuel and of litter and duff 

accumulation in the sequoia (Sequoiadendron 

giganteum)/conifer forest of Kings Canyon National Park, 

California, showed that prescribed burning removed most of 

the fuel which had accumulated during 60 years of fire 

suppression. Measurements 1, 4 and 7 years later showed that 

sufficient fuel had accumulated after 7 yr to support further 

fire. Fire management is discussed.



Parsons, D. J. and S. H. DeBenedetti (1979). Impact of fire 

suppression on a mixed-conifer forest. Forest Ecology and 

Management 2(1): 21-33. 

	Fire suppression (100 yr) in a mixed-conifer forest 

which evolved with frequent natural fires has shifted 

successional patterns, increased the density of small trees, 

and produced an unnatural accumulation of ground fuels. 

Analysis of species composition, vegetation structure and age 

distribution in each of 4 forest types within the mixed-

conifer zone of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, 

California, USA, has documented a substantial increase in 

young, shade tolerant white fir [Abies concolor] in each 

type. The original dominant species have decreased in 

relative abundance in most cases. The sequoia type has been 

most affected by the fire suppression policy. Giant sequoia 

[Sequoiadendron giganteum] show poor reproduction in the 

absence of fire. The sequoia type also exhibits the greatest 

accumulation of ground fuels. The ponderosa pine [Pinus 

ponderosa], white fir and mixed forest types also show 

successional changes as well as significant accumulations of 

flammable ground fuels following a century of fire exclusion. 

The management implications of these findings are discussed.



Parsons, D. J. and T. J. Nichols (1985). Management of giant 

sequoia in the National Parks of the Sierra Nevada, 

California. Workshop on Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedley, 

CA, USDA Forest Service.



Parsons, D., L. Bancroft, et al. (1985). Information needs 

for natural fire management planning. Proceedings of the 

Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire, USDA Forest 

Service.



Parsons, D. J. (1988a). Managing fire as a natural process in 

the sequoia mixed-conifer ecosystem: questions of science and 

policy. George Wright Society's Fifth Triennial Conference on 

Research in the National Parks and Equivalent Reserves.



Parsons, D. J. (1988b). The giant sequoia fire controversy: a 

case study of the role of science in natural ecosystem 

management. Third Biennial Conference of Research in 

California's National Parks, National Park Service 

Transactions and Proceedings Series.



Parsons, D. J. (1989). Prescribed fire review sparks studies 

of giant sequoia-fire interactions. Park Science 9(2): 19.



Parsons, D. J., D. M. Graber, et al. (1990). Planning for 

global climate change. The Sixth George Wright Forum.



Parsons, D. J. (1990a). Restoring fire to the Sierra Nevada 

mixed conifer forest:  Reconciling science, policy and 

practicality. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Meeting of the 

Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, WI.



Parsons, D. J. (1990b). The giant sequoia fire controversy: 

the role of science in natural ecosystem management.



Parsons, D. J. (1992). Objects or ecosystems? Giant sequoia 

management in National Parks. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: 

Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA 

Forest Service.



Parsons, D. J. (1993). 25 years of restoring fire to giant 

sequoia groves: What have we learned? Symposium on Fire in 

Wilderness and Park Management, Missoula, MT, USDA Forest 

Service.



Perl, J. (1970). The vertical landscape in the redwood forest 

dense. Art in America.



Peters, M. D. and D. C. Christophel (1978). AUSTROSEQUOIA-

WINTONENSIS new-genus new-species Taxodiaceous cone from 

Queensland Australia. Canadian Journal of Botany 56(24): 

3119-3128. 

	A new taxodiaceous ovulate cone, AUSTROSEQUOIA 

wintonensis gen. et sp. nov., is described from the area of 

Winton, Queensland, Australia. The material is believed to 

come from the Upper Cretaceous but may be younger. The cones 

have 29-49 cone scales arranged helically around the axis. 

Each scale has 4-7 ovules arranged in a single row. 

Reproductive shoot leaves are rhomboidal with an incurved 

apex and a distinct keel. Comparison with extant taxodiaceous 

genera indicate a strong similarity to Sequoia sempervirens 

(D.Don) Endl. and Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz. 

Only limited similarities are observed with species of the 

Australian endemic Athrotaxis. The deposit also contains 

conifer pollen cones, ferns, and angiosperm remains which are 

yet to be described



Pharis, R. P. and W. Morf (1969). Precocious flowering of 

coastal and giant redwood-G Sequoia-sempervirens-G, Sequoia-

gigantea-G with Gibberellins A-3 A-4-7 and A-13. Bioscience 

19(8): 719-720.



Phillips (1993). Saving sequoias. Sunset. 191: 66-73.



Piirto, D. D., J. R. Parmeter, Jr., et al. (1974). Fomes 

annosus in giant sequoia [gigantea]. Plant Disease Report 

58(5): 478. 

	Describes observations made in national parks in 

California on 20 trees of Sequoia gigantea that had fallen 

over: 16 trees showed signs of attack by F. annosus, in the 

form of sporophores and/or decay in roots and butt.



Piirto, D. D. (1974). Structural failure of giant sequoia: 

properties of the wood of giant sequoia as related to tree 

failure, University of California Forest Products Laboratory.



Piirto, D. D., J. R. Parmeter, et al. (1977). Poria 

incrassata in giant sequoia [Sequoia gigantea]. Plant Disease 

Report 61(1): 50. 

	P. incrassata was associated with 2 recently fallen old-

growth sequoia trees (Sequoia gigantea). The fungus caused 

root and butt rot.



Piirto, D. D. (1977). Factors associated with tree failure of 

giant sequoia, University of California, Berkeley.



Piirto, D. D. and W. W. Wilcox (1978). Critical evaluation of 

the pulsed-current resistence meter for detection of decay in 

wood. Forest Products Journal 28: 52-57. 

	The 'Shigometer' Model 7950 manufactured by Northeast 

Electronics, Concord, New Hampshire was used to measure the 

electrical resistance of blocks of Sequoia gigantea and Abies 

concolor subjected to attack by Poria placenta in a decay 

chamber. Meter readings decreased with increase in decay. 

Resistance readings of decayed wood were lower when measured 

immediately after removal from the decay chamber than when 

air-dried and rewetted with deionised water. Variability in 

meter readings may affect detection of decay where the 

decrease in resistance of decayed wood is small, as in A. 

concolor. The meter is unsuitable for detecting decay in dry 

timber, since the effect on resistance of the water necessary 

to take a reading would be greater than the effects of decay. 

Improvements in meter design are suggested.



Piirto, D. D. (1979a). Factors associated with tree failure 

of giant sequoia - pathological aspects. First Conference on 

Scientific Research in National Parks, Washington, D. C., 

USDI National Park Service Trans. and Proc. Series No. 5.



Piirto, D. D. (1979b). Guidelines for management of giant 

sequoia groves, USDA Forest Service.



Piirto, D. D. (1981). Comparative properties of old- and 

young-growth giant sequoia of potential significance to wood 

utilization [Sequoia gigantea]. Bulletin of the University of 

California, Berkeley Cooperative Extension Service 36(4): 1-

26.



Piirto, D. D. and W. W. Wilcox (1981). Comparative properties 

of old-growth and young-growth giant sequoia of potential 

significance to wood utilization. University of California, 

Berkeley, Division of Agricultural Sciences Bulletin. 1901: 

168.



Piirto, D. D., J. R. Parmeter, et al. (1984). Basidiomycete 

fungi reported on living or dead giant sequoia or coast 

redwood, University of California. 

	Seventy four species found on giant sequoia (Sequoia 

gigantea) and coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) are listed 

alphabetically, with synonyms, under the name currently used 

by the USDA Forest Products Lab. Center for Forest Mycology



Piirto, D. D., J. R. Parmeter, et al. (1984). Causes of 

uprooting and breakage of specimen giant sequoia trees. 

University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural 

Resources Bulletin. 1909: 13. 

	Recently fallen old growth Sequoia gigantea trees in 

California were examined. In 21 of the 33 study trees 33% or 

more of the wood in the failure zone had advanced decay. 

Basal fire scars were found on 27 trees, of which 26 fell 

towards the scarred side. Nine basidiomycete fungi were 

associated with decayed wood, including Fomes annosus 

[Heterobasidion annosum], Poria albipellucida, P. incrassata, 

and Armillaria mellea. Carpenter ants (Camponotus sp.) were 

found in or near the failure zones of 16 trees; in most cases 

they make their galleries in decayed wood, and no evidence 

was found that they are vectors of decay fungi. Physical 

disturbances such as roads, trails and streams were 

associated with 22 tree failures but their role in failure 

was not clear



Piirto, D. D. (1985). Wood of giant sequoia:  Properties and 

unique characteristics. Workshop on Management of Giant 

Sequoia, Reedley, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Piirto, D. D., W. J. Hawksworth, et al. (1986). Giant sequoia 

sprouts: Does thinning trigger stump sprouting? Journal of 

Forestry 84(9): 24-25. 

	In Sep. 1982, coppice shoots were found on 2 stumps of 

Sequoiadendron giganteum, 8 yr after thinning in Nelder 

Grove, Mariposa Ranger District, Sierra National Forest, 

California. This is the first known report of coppicing in 

this species. By Sep. 1985, total ht. of the shoots was 13.0 

and 36.8 cm



Piirto, D. D., J. R. Parmeter, et al. (1991). Biological and 

management implications of fire/pathogen interactions in the 

giant sequoia ecosystem. Society of American Foresters 

National Convention, Bethesda, MD.



Piirto, D. D. (1991). Giant sequoia groves, a relic to be 

preserved or a resource to be managed?



Piirto, D. D., F. W. Cobb Jr, et al. (1992). Biological and 

management implications of fire/pathogen interactions in the 

giant sequoia ecosystem: Part II-- Pathogenicity and genetics 

of Heterobasidion annosum, California Polytechnic State 

University, San Luis Obispo.



Piirto, D. D., K. L. Piper, et al. (1992). Biological and 

management implications of fire/pathogen interactions in the 

giant sequoia ecosystem: Part I--Fire scar/ pathogen studies, 

California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.



Piirto, D. D. (1992). Giant sequoia insect, disease, and 

ecosystem interactions. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their 

Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest 

Service.



Pillsbury, N. H., M. J. DeLasaux, et al. (1991). Young-growth 

sierra redwood volume equations for Mountain Home 

Demonstration State Forest, California Department of Forestry 

and FIre Protection.



Pinchot, G. (1900). A short account of the big trees of 

California. Washington, D.C. : Dept. of Agriculture, Forestry 

Division Bulletin 28.



Platt, G. C. (1980). Production of Sequoiadendron giganteum 

by cuttings. Combined Proceedings of the International Plant 

Propagators Society. 

	Reports the successful propagation of shoot cuttings 

taken in mid winter from the lower branches of a young tree 

approx. 15 ft high and rooted inwashed scoria in an unheated 

greenhouse. Approx. 80% showed active growth by autumn and 

were root pruned to fit into propagation tubes containing 

100% granulated pine bark, with fertilizer spread over the 

surface 2-3 wk after pricking out. Once established in the 

tubes, trees were potted on into pine bark in 1-gal 

containers and many had to be staked to prevent them 

continuing to grow as lateral shoots. Overall success rate 

has averaged 75% over several yr, with the use of hormone 

(IBA) offering no advantage



Plummer, F. G. (1905). Report on an estimate of the North 

Calaveras Grove of big trees, California.



Plummer, F. G. (1906). Report on the Calaveras Groves of big 

trees.



Presnall, C. C. (1933a). Translating the autobiography of a 

big tree. Yosemite Nature Notes. 12: 5-7.



Presnall, C. C. (1933b). Fire studies in the Mariposa Grove. 

Yosemite Nature Notes. 12: 23-24.



Price, W. W. (1892). Description of a new grove of Sequoia 

gigantea. Zoe. 3: 32.



Ralph, E. K. and H. N. Michael (1970). MASCA radiocarbon 

dates for sequoia and bristlecone-pine samples. Radiocarbon 

Variations and Absolute Chronology. I. U. Olsson. New York, 

NY, John Wiley and Sons: 619-623.



Ralph, E. K. and H. N. Michael (1974). Twenty-five years of 

radiocarbon dating. American Scientist 62(5): 553-560. 

	Describes the development of radiocarbon (C14) dating 

and the use of dendrochronology for the preparation of tree-

ring chronologies, based on Sequoia gigantea and Pinus 

longaeva, to calibrate C14 dates. Possible reasons for 

disparities between the two data scales are discussed.



Ralph, E. K. and J. Klein (1979). Composite computer plots of 

14 C dates for tree-ring-dated bristlecone pines and 

sequoias. Radiocarbon Dating. R. Berger and H. E. Suess. 

Berkeley, CA, University of California Press: 545-553.



Rannert, H. (1955). [On the stem form and volume of Sequoia 

gigantea]. Zbl. ges Forstw 74: 19-26.



Redd (1976). A proposed management plan for Red Hill Grove, 

USDA Forest Service, Tule River Ranger District.



Rejmanek, M. and J. J. Messina (1989). Predicting conifer 

growth reduction from the analysis of neighborhood weed 

competition. Proceedings of the10th Annual Forest Vegetation 

Management Conference, Redding, CA.



Reynolds, R. D. (19??). Effect of natural fires and 

aboriginal burning upon the forest of the central Sierra 

Nevada, University of California.



Richter, H., G. Halbwachs, et al. (1972). Determination of 

xylem tensions in the crown of a giant sequoia 

Sequoiadendron-giganteum. Flora 116(4): 401-420.



Rickett, H. W. (1950). The botanical name of the big tree. 

Journal of the New York Botanical Garden 51: 15.



Riegel, G. M., S. E. Greene, et al. (1988). Characteristics 

of the reference stands in Sequoia National Park, Cooperative 

National Parks Resources Studies Unit, Davis, CA.



Ritter, J. T. (1992). Management perspective of the symposium 

on giant sequoia. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in 

the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Roberts, C. K. (1989). California Spotted Owl (Strix 

occidentalis occidentalis) inventory and demography study, 

Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks: preliminary results, 

1988, CSU Sacramento.



Robinson, C. D. (1882). The two redwoods. Californian. 5: 

481-491.



Rogers, R. R. (1985). Management of giant sequoia in the 

National Forests of the Sierra Nevada. Workshop on Management 

of Giant Sequoia, Reedley, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Rogers, R. R. (1988). Giant sequoia management on the Sequoia 

National Forest. Journal of Forestry 86(8): 2.



Rueger, B. (1992). Giant sequoia management strategies on the 

Tule River Indian Reservation. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: 

Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA 

Forest Service.



Rundel, P. W. (1967a). The influence of man and fire on the 

vegetation of the Calaveras Groves of Sequoiadendron 

giganteum, Duke University.



Rundel, P. W. (1969a). Aestival cycles in the soil and plant 

water relations of the giant sequoia-G ecosystem of the 

Sierra-Nevada, California, USA. The XI International 

Botanical Congress and the International Wood Chemistry 

Symposium, Seattle, Washington, XI International Botanical 

Congress.



Rundel, P. W. (1969b). The distribution and ecology of the 

giant sequoia ecosystem in the Sierra Nevada, California, 

Duke University.



Rundel, P. W. (1971). Community structure and stability in 

the giant sequoia groves of the Sierra Nevada, California. 

American Midland Naturalist 85(2): 478-492.



Rundel, P. W. (1972a). An annotated check list of the groves 

of Sequoiadendron giganteum in the Sierra Nevada, California. 

Madrono 21(5, pt. 1): 319-328. 

	Discusses the definition of the term 'grove' as applied 

to the disjunct distribution of Sequoia gigantea along the 

western slope of the Sierra Nevada, and presents a list in 

which geographical distribution is maintained as a primary 

criterion in defining particular groves but where historical 

tradition is not ignored. Some outliers are considered to be 

colonizers rather than relict groves, and some contiguous 

groves have been lumped under a single name.



Rundel, P. W. (1972b). Habitat restriction in giant sequoia: 

the environmental control of grove boundaries. 

[Sequoiadendron giganteum]. American Midland Naturalist 

87(1): 81-99. 

	Discusses edaphic and temperature restrictions, and 

details of seedling ecology, and gives results of studies of 

soil moisture stress and measurements of water potential. The 

maintenance of the remarkably stable grove boundaries is 

controlled by an interaction of moisture availability, 

temperature, and the tolerances of the seedling stage of 

Sequoia gigantea.



Rundel, P. W. (1973). The relationship between basal fire 

scars and crown damage in giant sequoia [Sequoiadendron 

giganteum]. Ecology 54(1): 210-213. 

	Describes a study showing that a strong correlation 

exists between the presence of basal scars in Sequoia 

gigantea and the occurrence of snag tops (consisting of the 

dead top of the main stem plus remnants of the uppermost 

branches) in mature trees. The % of snag-top trees was 

directly related to the size of the basal scar. Ca. 50% of 

trees with fire scars > 100 ft2 in area had a snag top. The 

evidence indicates that the physiological basis of this 

phenomenon is a response to high water stresses in the 

uppermost crown of a mature tree. Fire damage at the base of 

the tree destroys large amounts of active xylem, thereby 

reducing the rate of water absorption. When water stress 

exceeds the physiological tolerance limits for the species, 

the top of the stem is the first part damaged. The critical 

water potential at the top of mature S. gigantea indicates 

that trees may survive xylem pressure potentials somewhat 

lower than -20 bars for short periods at midday without 

damage. Water potentials lower than this may be a significant 

limiting factor in determining the upper height limits of 

these trees.



Rundel, P. W. and T. St John (1975). The effects of fire on 

nutrient status of sequoia-mixed-conifer forest soils, 

National Park Service.



Rundel, P. W. and R. E. Stecker (1977). Morphological 

adaptations of tracheid structure to water stress gradients. 

Oecologia 27(2): 135-139. 

	Mean radial diameter of tracheids in young branches of a 

90 m S. giganteum decreases linearly with height along a 

gradient correlated linearly with decreasing xylem pressure 

potential. These smaller tracheid diameters provide strength 

to resist strong mechanical tensions in the xylem column and 

hypothetically allow greater efficiencies of water 

conduction. Tracheid length is not significantly correlated 

with either water stress or tracheid diameter



Sagreiya, K. P. (1968). World's tallest trees. Indian 

Forester 94(11): 853.



San Miguel, G. L. (1990). A history of the General Grant 

Grove area of Kings Canyon National Park.



Sandlin, C. M., D. M. Ferrin, et al. (1991). Foliar blight 

and branch dieback of container-grown giant redwood in 

California caused by Phytophthora citrophthora. Plant Disease 

75: 1074.



Sandlin, C. M. and D. M. Ferrin (1993). Foliar blight and 

root rot of container-grown giant redwood caused by 

Phytophthora citrophthora. Plant Disease 77(6): 591-594.



Sanger, L. C. (1905). Report of lumber sales for year ending 

March 31, 1905. 

	Converse Basin Mill operation 1898-1904 data



Sargent, S. (1976). Through and through. Westways. September:  

1 page.



Schlarbaum, S. E. and T. Tsuchiya (1975). The chromosome 

study of giant sequoia, Sequoiadendron giganteum. Silvae 

Genetica 24(1): 23-26. 

	Confirms the description by Jensen and Levan [see FA 4, 

p. 90] of 2n = 22 with two metacentric (M-type) pairs of 

chromosomes, eight nearly metacentric (m-type) pairs and one 

submetacentric (sm-type) pair. In the smallest m-type pair, 

each chromosome has a potential region that takes up little 

Feulgen stain or acetocarmine at late prophase and is almost 

completely unstained at metaphase; this region constitutes 

ca. 30% of each chromosome.



Schlobohm, D. F. and F. A. Meyer (1952). The status of 

Sequoia gigantea in the Sierra Nevada.



Schlobohm, D. F. (1986). Your giant sequoias: Their past, 

present, and future.



Schonberger, C. F. (1948). Biological survey of the South 

Grove area.



Schubert, G. H. and r. b. N. M. Beetham (1962). Silvical 

characteristics of giant sequoia, PSW Berkeley.



Scott, A. H. A. and H. R. Walt (1988). A Californian abroad. 

Fremontia. April: 22-23.



Sequoia, N. F. (1988). Sequoia National Forest Land and 

Resource Management Plan. 

	latest LMP of the forest



Sequoia, N. F. (1990). Sequoia National Forest Mediated 

Settlement Agreement. 

	ammendment to the 1988 LMP



Sequoia, N. H. A. (various years). Trail guides and short 

informational handouts on giant sequoia groves, Sequoia 

National Park. Three Rivers, CA, Sequoia Natural History 

Association.



Serre, F. (1974). The tallest, widest, and oldest trees in 

the world. Bull. Soc. Linn. Provence. 27: 95-108. 

	Some trees are gigantic; sequoias (Sequoia gigantea and 

S. sempervirens) are among the most famous. They can be 

multimillenarians, but as far as age is concerned, they are 

at the present time supplanted by high altitude pines 

belonging to the species P. aristata, which are also confined 

to the western parts of the USA



Shellhammer, H. S. (1966). Cone-cutting activities of Douglas 

squirrels in sequoia groves. Journal of Mammalogy 47(3): 525-

526.



Shellhammer, H. S., R. E. Stecker, et al. (1970). Unusual 

factors contributing to the destruction of young giant 

sequoias-G. American Journal of Botany 20(8): 408-410.



Sherwood, G. H. (1927). The big tree and its story. New York, 

NY, American Museum of Natural History.



Sherwood, K. E. (1994). The role of rock chemistry in 

controlling local and regional scale habitat boundaries of 

Sequoiadendron giganteum, Department of Geology and 

Geophysics, Yale University.



Shinn, C. H. (1889). The great sequoia. Garden and Forest. 2: 

614-615.



Shirley, J. C. (1947). The redwoods of the Coast and Sierra. 

Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, University of California Press.



Sierra, R. C. (1909?). The Bret Harte country: Calaveras big 

trees, Yosemite and Hetch-Hetchy Valleys, Mercers Cave, Lake 

Eleanor, Tuolumne Meadows, etc., reached by Sierra Railway.



Sierra, C. (1949). The Calaveras big tree region. Sierra Club 

Bulletin.



Sierra, C. (1963). Dennison Ridge big trees, Sequoia. Sierra 

Club Bulletin. 48.



Sierra, N. F. (1991). Forest and Land Management Plan.



Silverberg, R. (1969). Vanishing giants; the story of the 

sequoias. New York, NY, Simon and Schuster.



Skenfield, M. W. (1986). Increment boring study, South Grove 

Calaveras Big Trees State Park.



Skok, J. (1961). Photoperiodic responses of Sequoia gigantea 

seedlings. Botanical Gazette 123(1): 63-70.



Smith, E. C. (1942). Mariposa big tree survey.



Smith, R. S., A. H. McCain, et al. (1973). Control of 

Botrytis [cinerea] storage rot of giant sequoia seedlings 

[Sequoiadendron giganteum]. Plant Disease Report 57(1): 67-

69. 

	Benomyl was the most effective of several fungicides 

tested for controlling the development of Botrytis cinerea on 

Sequoia gigantea. A full evaluation of the effectiveness of 

the fungicides was not possible, owing to a remission of the 

disease with the onset of winter.



Smith, R. S., Jr. (1975). Grey mold of giant sequoia [Sequoia 

gigantea], Botrytis cinerea (Fr.) Pers. Agricultural Handbook 

U. S. Department of Agriculture 101(9): 562-564.



Snyder, N. F. R., R. R. Ramey, et al. (1986). Nest-site 

biology of the California Condor Gymnogyps-californianus. 

Condor 88(2): 228-241. 

	A study of 72 historical and recent nests of the 

California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) has revealed 

considerable variability in nest-site characteristics. This 

paper primarily summarizes the data on nest elevations and 

dimensions, entrance orientations, nest longevity and re-use, 

vulnerability of sites to natural enemies, and use of sites 

by other species. Although all known nests have been natural 

cavities, some have been little more than overhung ledges on 

cliffs, while others have been deep, dark caves with nest 

chambers completely concealed from the outside. Two sites 

have been cavities in giant sequoias (Sequoiadendron 

giganteum). Contrary to previous assumptions, condors do 

modify the characteristics of their nest sites significantly 

and commonly construct substrates of coarse gravel on which 

to rest their eggs. Many nests have been completely 

accessible to terrestrial predators, many have been poorly 

protected from avian predators, and some have had structural 

flaws leading directly to nesting failure. The use of 

suboptimal sites has not been clearly related to a scarcity 

of better quality sites



Southern-Pacific, C. (1901). The giant forest: Kern River 

canyons and the high Sierras.



Southern-Pacific, C. (c1914). Big trees of California.



St. John, H. and R. W. Krauss (1954). The taxonomic position 

and the scientific name of the big tree known as Sequoia 

gigantea. Pacific Science 8: 341-358.



St. John, T. V. and P. W. Rundel (1976). The role of fire as 

a mineralizing agent in a Sierran coniferous forest. 

Oecologia 25(1): 35-45. 

	Studies on plots in a Sequoiadendron giganteum/mixed 

conifer forest in California are reported. It was concluded 

that fire is an effective but not a conservative mineralizing 

agent (the increases in soluble N were at the expense of 

losses of total N).



St. John, T. V. (1976). The dependence of certain conifers on 

fire as a mineralizing agent, University of California, 

Irvine.



Stafford, H. A. and H. H. Lester (1986). Proanthocyanidins in 

needles from six genera of the taxodiaceae. American Journal 

of Botany 73(11): 1555-1562. 

	Proanthocyanidin contents of needles ranged from a mean 

of 150 to 300 .mu.g per mg dry wt in five species from five 

genera of the Taxodiaceae, Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) 

Buchh., Metasequoia glyptostroboides H. Hu and Cheng, Sequoia 

sempervirens (D. Don) Endl., Taxodium distichum L. Rich., and 

Sciadopitys verticillata Siebold and Zucc. However, 

significantly lower amounts (70 .mu.g per mg dry wt) were 

found in Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don. This latter 

species as well as Sciadopitys verticillata, contained little 

or no prodelphinidin, while the other four species contained 

a ratio of procyanidin to prodelphinidin up to about 1:5. 

These data were based on analyses from three trees from each 

species. In addition, one tree from each species was examined 

in more detail. The major flavan-3-ol in all cases was (+)-

catechin, with only non-detectable or trace amounts of (-)-

epicatechin. The triphenolic flavan-3-ol, (+)-gallocatechin, 

was a minor constituent in all species, except Sciadopitys 

and Cryptomeria. The (-)-epigallocatechin was detected in 

Metasequoia, Sequoiadendron and Sequoia. All contained either 

(-)-epicatechin-(+)-catechin or (+)-catechin-(+)-catechin as 

the major procyanidin dimer. Prodelphinidin dimers were only 

tentatively identified



Stagner, H. R. (1952). The Giants of Sequoia and Kings 

Canyon. Visalia, CA, Commercial Printing Co.



Stangenberger, A. G. (1971). Mechanical properties of 

southern Sierra old- and second-growth giant sequoia [Sequoia 

gigantea, wood]. California Agricultural Experiment Station 

Bulletin 854: 14.



Stark, N. (1968a). The environmental tolerance of the 

seedling stage of Sequoiadendron-giganteum. American Midland 

Naturalist 80(1): 84-95.



Stark, N. (1968b). Seed ecology of Sequoiadendron-giganteum. 

Madrono 19(7): 267-277.



Stebbins, G. L. (1948). Chromosomes and relationships of 

Metasequoia and Sequoia. Science 108: 95-98.



Stecker, R. E. (1967). An entomological reconaissance survey 

of selected Sequoia gigantea groves.



Stecker, R. E. (1969). Giant sequoia insect ecology, National 

Park Service.



Stecker, R. E. (1973). Insects and reproduction of 

Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Bucholz, University of 

California, Davis.



Stephenson, N. L. (1987). Use of tree aggregations in forest 

ecology and management. Environmental Management 11: 1-5.



Stephenson, N. L. (1988). Climatic control of vegetation 

distribution: the role of water balance with examples from 

North America and Sequoia National Park, California, Cornell 

University.



Stephenson, N. L., D. J. Parsons, et al. (1990). Effects of 

fire history on forest structure in sequoia-mixed conifer 

forests. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 71(2): 

336.



Stephenson, N. L., D. J. Parsons, et al. (1991). Restoring 

natural fire to the sequoia-mixed conifer forest: Should 

intense fire play a role? 17th Tall Timbers Fire Conference: 

High Intensity Fire in Wildlands: Management Challenges and 

Options, Tallahassee, FL, Tall Timbers Research Station.



Stephenson, N. L. (1992). Long-term dynamics of giant sequoia 

populations: Implications for managing a pioneer species. 

Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and 

Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Stephenson, N. L. and A. Demetry (1995). Estimating ages of 

giant sequoias. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25: 223-

233.



Stewart, G. W. (1930). Big trees of the giant forest. San 

Francisco, CA, A. M. Robertson.



Stewart, R., S. H. Key, et al. (1992). Giant sequoia 

management in the National Forests of California. Symposium 

on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, 

Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Stohlgren, T. J. (1988a). Litter dynamics in two Sierran 

mixed conifer forests. I. Litterfall and decomposition rates. 

Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18(9): 1127-1135. 

	Litterfall was measured for 4 years and leaf litter 

decomposition rates were studied for 3.6 years in two mixed 

conifer forests (giant sequoia - fir and fir-pine) in the 

southern Sierra Nevada of California. The giant sequoia - fir 

forest (GS site) was dominated by giant sequoia 

(Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.)Buchh.), white fir (Abies 

concolor Lindl. & Gord.), and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana 

Dougl.). The fir-pine forest (FP site) was dominated by white 

fir, sugar pine, and incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens 

(Torr.) Florin). Litterfall, including large woody debris < 

15.2 cm in diameter, at the GS site averaged 6364 kg .cntdot. 

ha-1 .cntdot. year-1 compared with 4355 kg .cntdot. ha-1 

.cntdot. year-1 at the FP site. Compared with other temperate 

coniferous forests, annual variability in litterfall (as 

computed by the ratio of the annual maximum/minimum 

litterfall) was extremely high for the GS site (5.8:1) and 

moderately high for the FP site (3.4:1). In the GS site, leaf 

litter decomposition after 3.6 years was slowest for giant 

sequoia (28.2% mass loss), followed by sugar pine (34.3%) and 

white fir (45.1%). In the FP site, mass loss was slowest for 

sugar pine (40.0%), followed by white fir (45.1%), while 

incense cedar showed the greatest mass loss (56.9%) after 3.6 

years. High litterfall rates of large woody debris (i.e., 

2.5-15.2 cm diameter) and slow rates of leaf litter 

decomposition in the giant sequoia - fir forest type may 

result in higher litter accumulation rates than in the fir-

pine type. Leaf litter times to 95% decay for the GS and FP 

sites were 30 and 27 years, respectively, if the initial 0.7-

year period (a short period of rapid mass decay) was ignored 

in the calculation. A mass balance approach for total 

litterfall (< 15.2 cm diameter) decomposition yielded lower 

decay constants than did the litterbag study and therefore 

longer times to 95% decay (57 years of the GS siteand 62 

years for the FP site)



Stohlgren, T. J. (1988b). Litter dynamics in two Sierran 

mixed conifer forests. II. Nutrient release in decomposing 

leaf litter. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18(9): 1136-

1144. 

	The factors influencing leaf litter decomposition and 

nutrient release patterns were investigated for 3.6 years in 

two mixed conifer forests in the southern Sierra Nevada of 

California. The giant sequoia - fir forest was dominated by 

giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.)Buchh.), 

white fir (Abies concolor Lindl. & Gord.), and sugar pine 

(Pinus labertiana Dougl.). The fir-pine forest was dominated 

by white fir, sugar pine, and incense cedar (Calocedrus 

decurrens (Torr.)Florin). Initial concentrations of nutrients 

and percent lignin, cellulose, and acid detergent fiber vary 

considerably in freshly abscised leaf litter of the studied 

species. Giant sequoia had the highest concentration of 

lignin (20.3%) and the lowest concentration of nitrogen 

(0.52%), while incense cedar had the lowest concentration of 

lignin (9.6%) and second lowest concentration of nitrogen 

(0.63%). Long-term (3.6 years) foliage decomposition rates 

were best correlated with initial lignin/N (r2 = 0.94, p < 

0.05), lignin-concentration (r2 = 0.92, p < 0.05), and acid 

detergent fiber concentration (r2 = 0.80, p < 0.05). Patterns 

of nutrient release were highly variable. Giant sequoia 

immobilized N and P, incense cedar immobilized N and to a 

lesser extent P, while sugar pine immobilized Ca. Strong 

linear or negative exponential relationship existed between 

initial concentrations of N, P, K, and Ca and percent 

original mass remaining of those nutrients after 3.6 years. 

This suggests efficient retention of these nutrients in the 

litter layer of these ecosystems. Nitrogen concentrations 

steadily increase in decomposing leaf litter, effectively 

reducing the C/N ratios from an initial range of 68-96 to 27-

45 after 3.6 years



Stohlgren, T. J. (1990a). Resilience of an 85 year old clear-

cut grove of giant sequoia. Bulletin of the Ecological 

Society of America 71(2): 337-338.



Stohlgren, T. J. (1990b). Size distributions and spatial 

patterns of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in 

Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California, 

University of California, Davis.



Stohlgren, T. J., J. M. Melack, et al. (1991). Atmospheric 

deposition and solute export in giant sequoia--mixed conifer 

watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California. Biogeochemistry 

12(3): 207-230.



Stohlgren, T. J. (1991). Size distributions and spatial 

patterns of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in 

Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California, 

Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, UCD, 

Institute of Ecology.



Stohlgren, T. J. (1992). Resilience of a heavily logged grove 

of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in Kings Canyon 

National Park, California. Forest Ecology and Management 

54(1-4): 115-140.



Stohlgren, T. J. (1993a). Intra-specific competition 

(crowding) of giant sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum). 

Forest Ecology and Management 59(1-2): 127-148.



Stohlgren, T. J. (1993b). Spatial patterns of giant sequoia 

(Sequoiadendron-giganteum) in 2 Sequoia groves in Sequoia 

National Park, California. Canadian Journal of Forest 

Research 23(2): 120-132.



Stone and Cavallaro (1989). Yes! Resortation ecology in our 

National Parks does require vegetation targets. First annual 

meeting of the Society for Ecological Restoration and 

Management, Oakland, CA.



Stranger, H. R. (1954). The giants of Sequoia and Kings 

Canyon National Parks. Visalia, CA, Commercial Printing 

Company.



Strong, D. H. (1968). Trees - or timber? Three Rivers, CA, 

Sequoia Natural History Association.



Strong, D. H. (1975). To save the big trees. National Parks 

and Conservation Magazine. 49: 10-14.



Sudworth, G. B. (1900a). Report on the big trees of 

California.



Sudworth, J. B. (1900b). Report on the Stanislaus and Lake 

Tahoe forest reserves, California, and adjacent territory.



Sunset, E. S. (1969). Redwood country and the big trees of 

the Sierra. Menlo Park,CA, Lane Books.



Sutcliffe, J. (1981). Sap in the treetops Sequoiadendron 

giganteum, Acer saccharum, guttation. New Scientist 90(1257): 

682-684.



Sveshnikova, I. N. and V. L. Komarov (1978). Method for 

studying the needle epidermis of conifers using a scanning 

electron microscope. Bot. Zh. (Leningrad) 63(8): 1168-1171. 

	A maceration method was developed in which needles were 

cut along the edges, boiled in water 1-2 min and submersed in 

a 30% CrO3 solution at 20.degree. C for 10-20 h. Comparative 

maceration times are given for Athrotaxis selaginoides, 

Cryptomeria japonica, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Glyptostrobus 

lineatus, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Sequoia sempervirens, 

Sequoiadendron giganteum, Taiwania cryptomerioides and 

Taxodium distichum. This method was applied in a study of 

upper and lower epidermis of leaf surfaces with particular 

emphasis on the form of the upper wall in the guard cells in 

all genera of the family Taxodiaceae. Cuticles from the upper 

wall of the guard cells, when stored in this preparation, 

have a highly standard form which can be used as a good 

classification characteristic



Swetnam, T. W. (1988). Millennial fire history in giant 

sequoia. George Wright Society's Fifth Triennial Conference 

on Research in the National Parks and Equivalent Reserves.



Swetnam, T. W. and C. H. Baisan (1988). Giant sequoia fire 

history: A feasibility study.



Swetnam, T. W., C. H. Baisan, et al. (1990). Late holocene 

fire and climate variability in giant sequoia groves. 

Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 71(2): 342.



Swetnam, T. W., F. Touchan, et al. (1991). Giant sequoia fire 

history in Mariposa Grove, Yosemite National Park. Yosemite 

Centennial Symposium, El Portal, CA, Yosemite Association.



Swetnam, T. W. (1992). Tree-ring reconstruction of giant 

sequoia fire regimes.



Swetnam, T. W. (1993). Fire history and climate change in 

giant sequoia groves. Science 262(5): 885-889.



Swift, S. Z. (1975). Observations on mycorrhizae of 

Sequoiadendron giganteum, San Jose State University.



Swift, W. S. (1975). An investigation of the seedling 

pathology of giant sequoia, San Jose State University.



Tahoe, N. F. (1977). Placer County sierra redwood grove, 

botanical area.



Tarasova, Z. G. (1977). Mycorrhizae in plants of the family 

Taxodiaceae. Biol. Zh. Arm. 30(2): 37-44.



Taylor, N. (1962). The ageless relicts; the story of sequoia. 

New York, NY, St. Martin's Press.



Taylor, R. (1968). Fire in the redwoods. Westways. August: 

36-37.



Taylor, D. (1992). Reflections of the Audubon Society-Giant 

sequoias: Their place in the ecosystem and society. Symposium 

on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society, 

Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Teale, E. W. (1943). The wilderness world of John Muir. 

Boston, MA, Houghton Mifflin Co.



Teasdale, A. (1977). The Sequoiadendron [giganteum] story 

[California]. American Horticulture 56(1): 22-25.



Teasdale, A. (1979). Sequoiadendron giganteum Sierra redwood 

tree--The very god of the woods (includes propogation in 

Great Britain). Arboric Journal 3(6): 433-436.



Temple, P. J. (1988). Injury and growth of Jeffrey pine and 

giant sequoia in response to ozone and acidic mist. 

Environmental and Experimental Botany 28(4): 323-333.



Terstegge, M. A. (1990). Creating a park to save the big 

trees. Los Tulares. 169 and 170:  3 pages.



Thorpe, T. A. (1977). Plantlet formation of conifers in 

vitro. Symposium on vegetative propagation of forest trees - 

physiology and practice, Uppsala, Sweden. 

	A review of experiments with Pinus palustris, 

Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, Picea glauca, 

Thuja plicata and Sequoia gigantea.



Tilles, D. A. (1979). The symbiotic interrelationships 

between the carpenter ant, Camponotus modoc, and aphids in 

the genus Cinara in a giant sequoia ecosystem, University of 

California, Berkeley: 98.



Tilles, D. A. and D. L. Wood (1982). The influence of 

carpenter ant (Camponotus modoc) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 

attendance on the development and survival of aphids (Cinara 

spp.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in a giant sequoiaforest. 

Canadian Entomology 114(12): 1133-1142. 

	Camponotus modoc was associated with numerous species of 

Homoptera in Giant Forest, Sequoia - Kings Canyon National 

Park, California [USA]. Ant-exclusion experiments and field 

observations indicated that survival of the abundant Cinara 

occidentalis Davidson on white fir depends on attendance by 

Camponotus modoc. More of the predators, Neomysia 

oblonguttata (Mulsant), Deraeocoris brevis Uhler, Passaloecus 

cuspidatus F. Smith, Pityophyphantes sp., were found on ant-

unattended than on attended aphid colonies. As aphid 

populations decreased, ant attendance per aphid and number of 

predators/aphid increased. Attended aphid colonies were more 

likely to survive to produce oviparae and a lower proportion 

of alates



Tilles, D. A. and D. L. Wood (1986). Foraging behavior of the 

carpenter ant, Camponotus modoc (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in 

a giant sequoia forest. Canadian Entomology 118(9): 861-867. 

	The proportion of large Camponotus modoc workers 

returning to the nest with solid food was significantly less 

than that of smaller workers. The average weight of ants 

collected at colonies of the aphid Cinara occidentalis was 

significantly less than the average weight of ants collected 

in the vicinity of the ant nest. These data and additional 

observations suggest that small ants are more likely to 

attend aphids and transport solid food than are large ants. 

Some large ants may specialize in honeydew transport. Mark-

and-recapture studies showed that workers of Camponotus modoc 

returned to the same trunk trails and aphid colonies from 

which they had previously been removed. When relocated to 

either the base of the tree or to the nest entrance, some 

workers demonstrated a capacity to recognize the original 

aphid colony from among as many as eight other colonies in 

the same tree. Some ants were observed on the same aphid 

colony for long periods



Tobiessen, P., P. W. Rundel, et al. (1971). Water potential 

gradient in a tall Sequoiadendron. Plant Physiology 48: 303-

304.



Toda, Y., K. Nagano, et al. (1986). Cytogenetical studies on 

Taxodiaceae VI. Karyotype of Taxodiaceae 2. Fac Agric Kyushu 

Tokai Univ. 

	Comparative studies on the karyotype of different genera 

were performed in order to determine the positioning in a 

karyological classification of Cryptomeria japonica in 

Taxodiaceae. Karyotypes of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et 

Cheng., Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata and Sequoiadendron 

gigantium Lindl. were determined: Metasequoia 

glyptostroboides, K (22) = 

2Am+2Bm+2Cm+2Dm+2Em+2Fm+2scGm+2Hm+2scIm+2J+m+2sc Km; Taiwania 

cryptomerioides, K (22) = 

2Am+2Bm+2scCm+2Dm+2Em+2Fm+2Gm+2Hsm+2 Ism+2Jm+2Ksm+2Ksm;

	Sequoiadendron

	giganteum,

	K

	(22)

	= 2Am+2Bm+2Cm+2Dm+2Em+2Fm+2Gm+2Hm+2Ism+2Jm+2SscKm. The 

karyotype of Sequoia sempervirens Endl. has not been 

determined yet, but this species has been confirmed to have 6 

telomeres trabants just like Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) 

Hook.



Tweed, W. C. (1980). Sequoia-Kings Canyon, the story behind 

the scenery, KC Publications.



Tweed, W. C. (1987). Born of fire: Prescribed burns will be 

the salvation of the sequoia groves. National Parks. 61: 23-

27.



Tweed, W. C. (1992). Public perceptions of giant sequoia over 

time. Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the 

Ecosystem and Society, Visalia, CA, USDA Forest Service.



Ul'ianov, V. V. (1984). Biological fundamentals of vegetative 

propagation of Sequoiadendron giganteum. Tr. Gos. Nikitsk. 

Bot. Sad. 92(71-77).



unknown (1856). Description of the mammoth tree from 

California. London, R. S. Francis.



unknown (1858). The big trees of California. Harper's Weekly. 

June 6.



unknown (1870). (Deep Creek big trees). Fresno Weekly 

Expositor. Millerton, CA.



unknown (1870). The new grove of big trees. Fresno Weekly 

Expositor. Millerton, CA.



unknown (1908). Bigtree. Sequoia washingtoniana (Winsl.) 

Sudw. Wahington, D.C., US Govt. Printing Office.



unknown (1951). Saving Earth's oldest living trees. National 

Geographic.



unknown (1969). Whitaker's Forest. California Forester. 14: 

1-6.



unknown (1970). Giant sequoia, bigtree (Sequoia gigantea), 

Sequoia National Forest: 3 pages.



USFS (1954-71). Special interest/management areas - giant 

sequoia groves.



USFS (1963). Recreation management plan, McKinley Grove 

recreation area.



USFS (1963). Nelder Grove scenic area proposal.



USFS (1990). Giant sequoia management on the Sequoia National 

Forest.



USFS (1991). Sequoia National Forest giant sequoia 

management.



USFS (1992, 93). Research: Tree-ring sampling in giant 

sequoia groves, Sequoia National Forest.



USFS (1993). Decision memo, research: tree-ring sampling in 

the McKinley giant sequoia grove.



USFS (19??). Giant sequoia (Sequoia gigantea (Lindl.)).



USFS (various). Environmental assessments for management 

plans, timber sales or prescribed burns, Sequoia National 

Forest.



Vale, T. R. (1970). Objectivity, values, and the redwoods. 

Landscape 19(1): 30-33.



Vale, T. R. (1975). Ecology and environmental issues of the 

Sierra Redwood (Sequoiadendron giganteum), now restricted to 

California. Environmental Conservation 2(3): 179-188.



Van Name, W. G. (1927). The Redwood Mountain sequoia grove: 

the third largest grove of big sequoia in the world: excelled 

only by the Garfield and Giant Forest groves.



Vancon, S. (1993). Fertilization affects growth and incidence 

of grey mold on container-grown giant sequoia. Tree Plant 

Notes 44(2): 68-72.



Vankat, J. L. (1968). The early history of the Sequoia and 

Kings Canyon National Parks as it pertains to the vegetation.



Vankat, J. L. (1977). Fire and man in Sequoia National Park. 

Annals of the Association of American Geographers 67(1): 17-

24.



various_authors (1882-1946). A collection of clippings, 

largely from San Francisco Bay newspapers pertaining to 

California trees and forests, conservation in general, 

Sequoia in particular, forest fires, etc.: Assembled by 

Willis, housed at UC Berkeley Biosciences Library.



various_authors (1949). Catalog of books, pamphlets & 

broadsides, prints, paintings & photographs pertaining to 

Yosemite and the California big tree, 1839-1900. New York, 

NY, Edward Eberstadt.



various_authors (1975). Special feature - conifers. Forest 

and Timber. 11: 16. 

	Conifers are the world's major timber producers; Pine 

planting programme [in Australia] closely related to demand 

for timber; The first experiment in Pine planting [in New 

South Wales]; Notable conifers [the world's tallest (Sequoia 

sempervirens], largest (Sequoia gigantea) and oldest (Pinus 

aristata) trees - all in the USA]; Cypress Pine: the timber 

tree of the inland [of New South Wales]; The mystery of the 

dying [Norfolk Island] Pines; and Hoop Pine reflects its pre-

historic origins.



various_authors (various years). Fire-related articles and 

management issues. Good selection at Sequoia-Kings Canyon 

National Park.



various_authors (various years). Official collections of 

materials about giant sequoia, Paul Spivey Collection at UC 

Berkeley Bancroft Library, Harold G. Schutt Collection at 

Cal. State Univ., Fresno library, Hackley-Hume Collection at 

Michigan State University library.



various_authors (various years). Timber cruise reports.



various_authors (various years). Photo collections.



various_authors (various years). Newspaper articles on giant 

sequoia and related issues. San Francisco Chronicle, Fresno 

Bee, Calaveras Californian, other local county papers: Good 

variety housed at Yosemite National Park Library. 

	includes: Champion, D. 1986; Rose, G. 1975; Mayo, J. M. 

1949



various_authors (various years). Maps of giant sequoia 

groves, available at all grove locations.



various_authors (various years). Bibliographies for articles 

on giant sequoia cultivation/giant sequoia in other 

countries. See bibliographies in: Martin, E. J. 1958 and 

Hartesveldt, R. J. 1969, available at Sequoia-Kings Canyon 

National Park Library. 

	see bibliographies in: Martin, E. J. 1958 Die Sequoien 

und ihre Anzucht; Hartesveldt, R. J. 1969 Sequoias in Europe



various_authors (various years). Letters and notes on giant 

sequoia issues from the public and park employees. 

	includes: Clayton, J. E. 1856; Harwell, C. A. 1940; 

Beck, S. 1975



various_authors (various years). Letters, notes, and memos on 

giant sequoia issues from the public and forest employees. 

	includes: Rogers, R. R. 1985 (multiple notes); Rogers, 

R. R. 1987; Sackett, S. S. 1991; many USFS memos, some on 

timber sales



various_authors (various years). Children's books on giant 

sequoia, C. Arnold, L. N. Baker,  M. M. Buff, K. Baron, and 

others.



Vazhov, V. I. and G. D. Iaroslavtsev (1983). Dependence of 

annual increment of Sequoiadendron giganteum on some 

meteorological elements in the Mountain Crimea. Biulleten' 

Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo Botanicheskogo Sada 52: 56-59.



Vischer, E. (1862). Vischer's views of California: the 

mammoth tree grove, Calaveras County, California, and its 

avenues. San Francisco, CA, E. Vischer.



Vischer, E. (1862?). The forest trees of California. Sequoia 

gigantea. Calaveras mammoth tree grove. San Francisco, CA, 

Agnew and Deffebach, Printers.



Waksdal, H. E. (1979a). Environmental assessment management 

plan for Nelder Grove of giant sequoias.



Waksdal, H. E. (1979b). Management plan for Nelder Grove of 

giant sequoias.



Walker, F. J. (1890). The sequoia forests of the Sierra 

Nevada - their location and area. Zoe: A Biological Journal 

1: 198-204.



Wallis, O. L. (1951). More summer vertebrates of Mariposa 

Grove. Yosemite Nature Notes. 30: 93-95.



Wason, R. (1958). Guide to the Mariposa Grove nature trail, 

Yosemite National Park. Yosemite Nature Notes - Special 

Edition. 37.



Weatherspoon, C. P. (1985). Silvics of giant sequoia. 

Workshop on Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedley, CA, 

U.S.D.A. Forest Service.



Weatherspoon, P. C. (1986). Sequoiadendron giganteum  

((Lindl.) Bucholz) giant sequoia. Silvics of North America, 

USDA, Forest Service Handbook. 1: 654.



Weaver, H. (1966). Field trip to the Whitaker Forest of 

California. 

	These photos further illustrate the profound ecological 

changes that have occurred in the mixed conifer forest of 

California since coming of the white man.  All of the larger 

Sequoias that I have examined show evidence of past fires. 

Practically all of them bear fire scars that extend into the 

heart wood. On the summit ridge of Redwood Mountain, however, 

in Section 22, Township 14 South, Range 28 East, I did find a 

large Sequoia with no scars, though the bark about the base 

showed charring from past fires.



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Disease 70(8): 757-759. 

	Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeria dothidea (= B. ribis) to 

giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) and coast redwood 

(Sequoia sempervirens) was demonstrated in greenhouse 

inoculations of both hosts and in field inoculations of giant 

sequoia. Both the teleomorph and anamorph were found on giant 

sequoia, and their identity was confirmed by single-ascospore 

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was found



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	A book describing the effects of fire on the major 

ecosystems of the United States and southern Canada. After an 

introduction, there are 15 further chapters: Temperature and 

heat effects; Soil and water properties; Wildlife; 

Grasslands; Semidesert grass-shrub; Sagebrush-grass; 

Chaparral and oakbrush; Pinyon-juniper; Ponderosa pine; 

Douglas-fir and associated communities; Spruce-fir; Red and 

white pine; Coastal redwood and giant sequoia; Southeastern 

forests; and Prescribed burning. Subject, plant and animal 

indexes are included.



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