Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: John Douglas Milliman Publication_Date: 1963 Title: Recent marine sediments in Grays Harbor, Washington Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Paper Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Seattle, WA Publisher: University of Washington Other_Citation_Details: MS thesis, Department of Oceanography Study financed by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Contract AT (45-1 - 1725) and Office of Naval Research contract number Nonr-477(10), Project NR 083 012. Description: Abstract: "Grays Harbor forms the estuary of the Chehalis River on the Washington coast, 90 kilometers north of the Columbia River mouth. The estuary is 28 kilometers long, with a maximum width of 24 kilometers. Two north-south trending sand spits narrow the channel entrance to a width of 3.2 kilometers. Approximately 60 percent of the harbor is exposed at mean lower low water. The main source of sediment is probably the Chehalis River. Calculations indicate that the inner harbor, outer harbor, and south bay are shoaling, while north bay is eroding. The erosion of north bay may be due either to the dredging of inner and outer harbors by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, or the construction of ocean jetties. The channel entrance had been eroding until the deterioration of the jetty on Point Chehalis and the dumping of dredge spoils. Three basic sediment types occur in the harbor: poorly-sorted lag gravel near the channel entrance, well-sorted sands in the outer harbor, southern north bay and the western parts of the inner harbor; poorly sorted silts along the shores of north and south bays and in the Abedeen-Hoquiam area. Tidal currents appear to control sediment sorting in Grays Harbor. Finer sediment is winnowed out, leaving a lag-deposit of sand and gravel incoming fine sediment by-passes the areas of strong currents. Therefore, the channel entrance has the coarsest sediment and the tidal flats contain the finest grained sediment. It can be deduced from both direct observations and data from similar areas, that storm waves are responsible for much of the sediment transport in Grays Harbor." Purpose: "The objective of this study can be divided into the following aspects: 1.) To describe the marine sediment in Grays Harbor and to chart their horizontal distributions; 2.) To determine the sedimentary environments which caused the sediment distributions; and 3.) To relate the sedimenatry environment to various physical factors such as currents, wave action, and sources of sediments." Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1961 Ending_Date: 1962 Currentness_Reference: Publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -125.917 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -123.815 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.035 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 46.840 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: University of Washington Theme_Keyword: Department of Oceanography Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: Oceans and Estuaries Theme_Keyword: Location Theme_Keyword: GeoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Earth Science Keyword. Version 5.3.3 Theme_Keyword: Marine Sediments Theme_Keyword: Biogenic Sediments Theme_Keyword: Sediment Chemistry Theme_Keyword: Sedimentary Structures Theme_Keyword: Sedimentary Textures Theme_Keyword: Terrigenous Sediments Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: Washington Place_Keyword: Grays Harbor Access_Constraints: Thesis is available at libraries and the University of Washington Use_Constraints: Cite John D. Milliman and the University of Washington as originators of the data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: University of Washington Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mail Address: P.O. Box 357940 Address: University of Washington City: Seattle State_or_Province: WA Postal_Code: 98195 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 206-543-5060 Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: Milliman_MS_1963 Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Screen grab of GIS-produced sample distribution, with bathymetry and land for reference. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPG Data_Set_Credit: John D. Milliman at the University of Washington for the collection and analysis of data. For inclusion into usSEABED: Digitization: Adam Jackson (USGS); Formatting corrections: Jane Reid (USGS) and Chris Jenkins (University of Colorado) Native_Data_Set_Environment: Tkme: Another editor for formal metadata by Peter N. Schweitzer (U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092), version 2.9.13, Microsoft Windows Version 5.1; Microsoft Word 2000 9.0 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Data were digitized by hand (typed in), visually compared to source and corrected. Where appropriate, data were tested for completeness using MS Excel. Logical_Consistency_Report: Data fall within normal ranges for the given parameters. Completeness_Report: Appendices IIB (Size analyses of sediments), III (Microscopic analysis of sedimentary consituents), and table 8 (organic carbon in sediments) were completely digitized for inclusion into usSEABED. Not digitized was Appendix IV, Foraminifera identifications. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Navigation technique not noted in report. Latitudes and longitudes given in degrees, minutes, tenths. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Water depths not given. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: "A 20 to 40-gram portion of sediment was obtained by quartering each sample; cores were sampled where color and/or texture changed. Each sample was placed in a tared beaker, dried in an oven at 94ºC and weighed. The samples were desalted by shaking in distilled water for 15 minutes, and then centrifuged at 1700 RPM for 20 minutes before decanting. The desalted sample was then mixed with a peptizing agent, Maraperse N (sodium ligno-sulfonate), for ten minutes in a malt mixer. After mixing, the samples were immediately wet-sieved through a 4-phi sieve. The sediment finer than 4 phi was collected in a 1000 cubic centimeter graduated cylinder; the sediment coarser than 4 phi was dried in an oven. The coarse fraction was placed in a nest of 0.25 phi interval sieves, mechanically shaken for 15 minutes...and weighed. ... Fine fraction (finer than 4 phi) size analyses were made at one-phi intervals. A 1000 cubic centimeter graduated cylinder was shaken vigorously and the sediment allowed to settle. Following a procedure based on Waddell's modification of Stokes' Law for settling velocities (Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938 pg. 104), 20 cubic centimeter pipette aliquots were taken at specific times for each size (4 phi to 11 phi). ... The percentages of sedimentary constituents were determined by investigating the 2-phi and mean grain sizes of the 1961 samples. In order to get a representative count, 500 to 700 grains of each sample were counted. The following separations were made: wood fragments (including marine and terrestrial plant fibers), mica, other minerals (including both minerals and rock fragments), micro fauna, organic fragments (broken shells), and mud galls. ... Heavy minerals were separated from selected samples; a total of 18 samples were analyzed. Following Sternberg (1961, pg. 14), wood and mica samples were separated from the rest of the sample by shaking an inclined board with a vibrating instrument. The other sedimentary constituents reached the bottom of the board before the elongate wood and mica. The mineral portion of each sample was weighed and then placed in bromoform (specific gravity 2.87); the lighter minerals floated and the heavier settled to the bottom. The highly magnetic minerals were then removed by passing a hand magnet over the heavy minerals. The non-magnetic minerals were run thorough a Franz Isodynamic Separator at 0.5 amperes. The part ... not attracted...was found to be mainly rock fragments. The rest of the sample was examined with a binocular microscope and mineral identifications were made. Selected samples from the north bay were analyzed for organic carbon using a wet-combustion in 0.4 N chromic acid (Allison, 1935). A total of 15 samples was analyzed." Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Sternberg, 1961 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Allison, 1935 Process_Date: Unknown Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Milliman_MS_1963 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: University of Washington Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mail Address: P.O. Box 357940 Address: University of Washington City: Seattle State_or_Province: WA Postal_Code: 98195 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 206-543-5060 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 78 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.00167 Longitude_Resolution: 0.00167 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Point Entity_Type_Definition: SDTS point Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample number Attribute_Definition: Sample number based on cruise number and sample number Attribute_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Alpha numeric number based on cruise and core information Attribute: Attribute_Label: Depth in core Attribute_Definition: Subsample depth Attribute_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.57 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Core description Attribute_Definition: Core description Attribute_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Lithologic description of grabs, including color Attribute: Attribute_Label: Gravel Attribute_Definition: Amount of gravel in source Attribute_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 87.53 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sand Attribute_Definition: Amount of sand in source Attribute_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 6.97 Range_Domain_Maximum: 99 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Silt Attribute_Definition: Amount of silt in source Attribute_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.6 Range_Domain_Maximum: 81.56 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Clay Attribute_Definition: Amount of clay in source Attribute_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 19.06 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Median Attribute_Definition: Median grain size Attribute_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -3.95 Range_Domain_Maximum: 5.78 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Phi Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Mean Attribute_Definition: Mean grain size Attribute_Definition_Source: Inman, 1952 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -2.93 Range_Domain_Maximum: 6.25 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Phi Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Standard deviation Attribute_Definition: Standard deviation of grain size dispersion Attribute_Definition_Source: Inman, 1952 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.14 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2.83 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Phi Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Skewness (1) Attribute_Definition: First skewness of grain size dispersion Attribute_Definition_Source: Inman, 1952 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -0.91 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.92 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Unitless Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Skewness (2) Attribute_Definition: Second skewness of grain size dispersion Attribute_Definition_Source: Inman, 1952 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -2.89 Range_Domain_Maximum: 6.27 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Unitless Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Kurtosis Attribute_Definition: Kurtosis of grain size dispersion Attribute_Definition_Source: Inman, 1952 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.36 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10.86 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Unitless Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sand/mud ratio Attribute_Definition: Ratio of sand to mud in sample Attribute_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.07 Range_Domain_Maximum: 74.99 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Unitless Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Organic carbon Attribute_Definition: Organic carbon in sample Attribute_Definition_Source: Allison, 1935 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.01 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2.01 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Fraction percent of phi size class Attribute_Definition: Fraction percent of phi size class Attribute_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Phi size class in fraction percent; from >-4 phi to <11 phi in 0.25 to 1.0 phi bins. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sedimentary consituents Attribute_Definition: Identification of sedimentary consituents in selected phi size class. Attribute_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Percents of minerals, mica, organic fragments, plant fibers, mud galls in 0.25 mm fraction Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sedimentary consituents Attribute_Definition: Identification of sedimentary consituents in selected phi size class. Attribute_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Percents of minerals, mica, organic fragments, plant fibers, mud galls in mean grain size fraction Attribute: Attribute_Label: Heavy mineral analysis Attribute_Definition: Identification of heavy minerals in sample Attribute_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Heavy mineral (%), magnetic minerals (%), rock fragments, hypersthene, olivine, hornblende, chlorite, corundum. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: University of Washington Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mail Address: P.O. Box 357940 Address: University of Washington City: Seattle State_or_Province: WA Postal_Code: 98195 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 206-543-5060 Resource_Description: Milliman MS 1963 Distribution_Liability: Although this dataset has been used by the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to the accuracy of the data. Users of the data should be aware of limitations of the data due to possible imprecision due to navigational inaccuracies and limitations of the statistical data. Standard_Order_Process: Non-digital_Form: Report is available at some libraries and the University of Washington. Fees: None Technical_Prerequisites: None Available_Time_Period: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1963 Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 2005 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Jane A. Reid Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Physical and mail Address: 400 Natural Bridges Drive City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4727 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jareid@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: Email preferred Metadata_Standard_Name: CSDGM Version 2 Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Access_Constraints: None Metadata_Use_Constraints: Metadata was written by a user of the data. Any information contained in the physical report is authoritative and supercedes any information given here.