Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Chester F. Royse Publication_Date: 1964 Title: Sediments of Willapa Submarine Canyon Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: paper Series_Information: Series_Name: Technical Report Issue_Identification: No. 111 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Seattle, WA Publisher: University of Washington Other_Citation_Details: Department of Oceanography; Reference: M64-60 U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Contract AT(45-1)-1725 and Office of Naval Research Contract Nonr-477(10) Project NR 083 012; Office of Naval Research Contract Nonr-477(37) Project RR 004-03-01; Description: Abstract: "A study of Willapa submarine canyon, located off the Washington coast, was undertaken in an attempt to define the type, distribution, and rate of deposition of sediment within the canyon. Well sorted sands are common on the continental shelf near the canyon head and green pelagic muds predominate within the canyon. The muds are thinly bedded and cores from the thalweg contain sand layers. Organic- and carbonate-carbon contents of sediments range between 0.2-2.9 and 0.05-1.5 per cent respectively. The clay-sized fraction of the average sediment consists of approximately 20 per cent Fe-chlorite, 30 per cent kaolinite, and 50 per cent illite with minor amounts of montmorillonoids and mixed-layer clays. Analyses of the heavy -mineral and clay-mineral suites show that the Columbia River is the most probable source of sand and mud in the canyon. The occurrence of graded sand layers containing shallow water foraminifera and heavy mineral suites similar to those of shelf sands indicate turbidity-current transport of shelf sediment along the canyon axis. The maximum rate of sedimentation on the upper slope is about 50 mg /cm2 /yr (41 centimeters per thousand years), but the total thickness of Holocene sediment in most of the canyon is only a few meters. Turbidity flows, originating on the upper slope and shelf, deposit the major portion of their sediment load west of the slope break in Cascadia Basin. Rock dredged from the canyon walls contains fossils which suggest Willapa Canyon has formed since early-Pliocene time." Purpose: "The general scope of this investigation of Willapa submarine canyon is that of a reconnaissance with the following objectives: 1.) to define the general character and distribution of sediment; 2.) to determine the nature and rate of sediment deposition; and 3.) to determine the mode and extent of bottom transport within Willapa canyon." Supplemental_Information: Samples taken from the M.V. Brown Bear cruises 326; additional samples from Brown Bear cruises 291 and 312. Data digitized by the USGS for inclusion into usSEABED (http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/usseabed) Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1963 Ending_Date: 1963 Currentness_Reference: Publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: none planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -125.5783 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -124.1500 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 46.6667 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 46.2433 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: University of Washington Theme_Keyword: Department of Oceanography Theme_Keyword: Van Veen Theme_Keyword: Kullenberg core Theme_Keyword: Steel pipe dredge Theme_Keyword: Trigger core Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: Oceans and Estuaries Theme_Keyword: Location Theme_Keyword: GeoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Earth Science Keyword. Version 5.3.3 Theme_Keyword: Marine Sediments Theme_Keyword: Biogenic Sediments Theme_Keyword: Bioturbation Theme_Keyword: Geotechnical Properties Theme_Keyword: Sediment Chemistry Theme_Keyword: Sediment Composition Theme_Keyword: Sedimentary Structures Theme_Keyword: Sedimentary Textures Theme_Keyword: Terrigenous Sediments Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: Washington Access_Constraints: Report is available at libraries and the University of Washington Use_Constraints: Cite Chester F. Royse, Jr. and the University of Washington as originators of the data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: University of Washington Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mail Address: P.O. Box 357940 Address: University of Washington City: Seattle State_or_Province: WA Postal_Code: 98195 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 206-543-5060 Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: TechRep111 Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Screen grab of GIS-produced sample distribution, with bathymetry and land for reference. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPG Data_Set_Credit: Chester F. Royse at the University of Washington for the collection and analysis of data. For inclusion into usSEABED: digitization Mark Zimmermann (NMFS) and Jennifer Mendonca (USGS); Formatting corrections: Jane Reid (USGS); and Chris Jenkins (University of Colorado). Native_Data_Set_Environment: Tkme: Another editor for formal metadata by Peter N. Schweitzer (U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092), version 2.9.13, Microsoft Windows Version 5.1; Microsoft Word 2000 9.0 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: No estimate made for the accuracy of the data in the original report. Data digitized by the USGS and partners were visually compared to the source data, and corrected. Where appropriate, data were tested for completeness using MS Excel. Locations checked using GIS. Logical_Consistency_Report: Data fall within normal ranges for the given parameters. Completeness_Report: For usSEABED: data digitized include (table 1): locations, granulometric analyses (sand, silt, clay), Inman statistics; (table 2): heavy mineral analyses for 2- and 3- phi class from selected cores; (table 4): heavy mineral analyses from selected cores; (appendix 1): Organic and carbonate carbon values, petrographic analyses, and core descriptions. Not digitized are table 3: water content for core #326-26; tables 6 & 7 (clay mineral XRD peak area ratios), and tables 7 & 8, foraminfera and summary of foraminifera. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Navigation by Loran-A with an approximate accuracy of one percent between the ship and the transmitters; this gave an accuracy of 0.5 nautical miles (930 meters). Positions corrected for wind and current drift and adjusted to bathymety. Latitudes and longitudes given in degrees, tenths, minutes. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Water depth determination by EDO AN/UNQ 2-B echo sounder and recorder; accuracy not noted in report. Water depths given in meters. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: "Size analyses were made for each sample and statistical parameters of size distributions computed (Creager, McManus, and Collias, 1962). The statistical parameters of Folk and Ward (1957) and the second skewness and kurtosis of Inman (1952) could seldom be calculated because most sediment size distributions were open ended. No Inman values were calculated for samples in which the next to last accumulated percentages of size classes was less than 84. Inman mean, median, deviation, and skewness were obtained for most samples (Table 1) and are used in this study." Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Inman, 1952 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Folk and Ward, 1957 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Creager, McManus, and Collias, 1962 Process_Date: Unknown Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: TechRep111 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: University of Washington Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mail Address: P.O. Box 357940 Address: University of Washington City: Seattle State_or_Province: WA Postal_Code: 98195 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 206-543-5060 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 68 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.00028 Longitude_Resolution: 0.00028 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Point Entity_Type_Definition: SDTS point Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample number Attribute_Definition: Sample number Attribute_Definition_Source: University of Washington Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Alpha numeric number based on cruise, site, sampler, and downcore depth information Attribute: Attribute_Label: Gravel Attribute_Definition: Amount of gravel in sample Attribute_Definition_Source: Wentworth, 1938 Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Assumed to be zero for all samples Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sand Attribute_Definition: Amount of sand in sample Attribute_Definition_Source: Wentworth, 1938 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 91.4 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Silt Attribute_Definition: Amount of silt in sample Attribute_Definition_Source: Wentworth, 1938 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 8.0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 72.6 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Clay Attribute_Definition: Amount of clay in sample Attribute_Definition_Source: Wentworth, 1938 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 63.0 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Mean Attribute_Definition: Mean grain size Attribute_Definition_Source: Inman, 1952 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2.1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 8.9 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Phi Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Standard deviation Attribute_Definition: Standard deviation of grain size distribution Attribute_Definition_Source: Inman, 1952 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.4 Range_Domain_Maximum: 3.7 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Phi Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Skewness Attribute_Definition: First skewness of grain size distribution Attribute_Definition_Source: Inman, 1952 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -0.4 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.7 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Unitless Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Carbon (Calcium carbonate) Attribute_Definition: Calcium carbonate Attribute_Definition_Source: LECO induction furnace and carbon determinator after reduction of CO2 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.08 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Organic carbon (TOC) Attribute_Definition: Organic carbon (TOC) Attribute_Definition_Source: LECO induction furnace and carbon determinator Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.29 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2.84 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Lithology Attribute_Definition: Graphical representation of lithologic type Attribute_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Graphical key given in source report Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sediment color Attribute_Definition: Wet sediment color Attribute_Definition_Source: Geological Society of America, 1951, Color chart Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Alpha numeric code based on Hue Value Chroma Attribute: Attribute_Label: Amphibole Attribute_Definition: Amphibole Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 300 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 13 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Epidote Attribute_Definition: Epidote Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 300 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: Trace Range_Domain_Maximum: 2 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Garnet Attribute_Definition: Garnet Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 300 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: Trace Range_Domain_Maximum: 1 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Kyanite Attribute_Definition: Kyanite Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 300 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: Trace Range_Domain_Maximum: Trace Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Lithic fragments Attribute_Definition: Lithic fragments Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 300 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 58 Range_Domain_Maximum: 75 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Clinopyroxenes Attribute_Definition: Clinopyroxenes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 300 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3 Range_Domain_Maximum: 9 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Mica Attribute_Definition: Mica Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 300 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 6 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Monazite Attribute_Definition: Monazite Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 300 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: Trace Range_Domain_Maximum: Trace Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Opaque minerals Attribute_Definition: Optically opaque minerals Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 300 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 4 Range_Domain_Maximum: 15 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Orthopyroxenes Attribute_Definition: Orthopyroxenes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 300 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 5 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Pyrite Attribute_Definition: Pyrite Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 300 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: Trace Range_Domain_Maximum: Trace Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sillimanite Attribute_Definition: Sillimanite Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 300 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: Trace Range_Domain_Maximum: Trace Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sphene Attribute_Definition: Sphene Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 300 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Zircon Attribute_Definition: Zircon Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 300 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: Trace Range_Domain_Maximum: Trace Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Heavy minerals in 2-phi class Attribute_Definition: Heavy minerals in 2-phi class Attribute_Definition_Source: Fessenden, 1959 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 8.70 Range_Domain_Maximum: 33.61 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Heavy minerals in 3-phi class Attribute_Definition: Heavy minerals in 3-phi class Attribute_Definition_Source: Fessenden, 1959 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.03 Range_Domain_Maximum: 29.16 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: University of Washington Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mail Address: P.O. Box 357940 Address: University of Washington City: Seattle State_or_Province: WA Postal_Code: 98195 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 206-543-5060 Resource_Description: University of Washington Department of Oceanography Technical Report 111 Distribution_Liability: Although this dataset has been used by the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to the accuracy of the data. Users of the data should be aware of limitations of the data due to possible imprecision due to navigational inaccuracies and limitations of the statistical data. Standard_Order_Process: Non-digital_Form: Report is available at libraries and the University of Washington. Fees: None Technical_Prerequisites: None Available_Time_Period: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1962 Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 2005 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Jane A. Reid Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Physical and mail Address: 400 Natural Bridges Drive City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4727 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jareid@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: email preferred Metadata_Standard_Name: CSDGM Version 2 Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Access_Constraints: None Metadata_Use_Constraints: Metadata was written by a user of the data. Any information contained in the physical report is authoritative and supercedes any information given here.