Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Robert S. Andrews Publication_Date: 1965 Title: Modern sediments of Willapa Bay, Washington: A coastal plain estuary Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Paper Series_Information: Series_Name: Technical Report Issue_Identification: No. 118 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Seattle, WA Publisher: University of Washington Other_Citation_Details: Department of Oceanography; Reference: M65-8 U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Contract AT(45-1)-1725 and Office of Naval Research Contract Nonr-477(10) Project NR 083 012; Office of Naval Research Contract Nonr-477(37) Project RR 004-03-01; Description: Abstract: "Willapa Bay, a coastal plain estuary, contains extensive tidal faults cut by channels and distributaries. Well-sorted fine sand occurs throughout the bay, with increasing amounts of silt- and clay-size sediment present on the tidal flats near the south end of the bay and adjacent to the mouths of rivers flowing into the bay. The channels are generally scored of this fine sediment by strong bottom currents. Organic carbon and organic nitrogen contents increased with decreasing mean grain-size, and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen revealed two types of organic matter in the bay. One type, associated with the fine-grained sediment on the tidal flats, had an average ratio of 13.8; the other type, associated with the coarser channel sediments, had an average ratio of 6.1. At the bay entrance a littoral drift to the north results in extensive shoaling north of Leadbetter Point and erosion on Cape Shoalwater. A southward migration of the channel through the tidal delta off the bay entrance indicates a littoral drift to the south in this area. Spits and shoals forming inside the bay entrance are a result of a net influx of fine sand into the bay from the eroding cape. The distribution of brackish-water to marine suites of foraminifera is closely related to the sedimentary environments in the bay. Heavy minerals indicate source areas for the sediment from the Columbia River drainage basin as well as the Willapa Bay drainage basin. Fine sand on the tidal flats east of Long Beach Peninsula is a relict of the growth of the spit." Purpose: "The objectives of this research are to describe the physical and chemical properties of the modern sediments in Willapa Bay, Washington, to define the source areas for these sediment and the sedimentary environments. Seventy-three grab samples and five core samples were collected in Willapa Bay. The only previous study of the bottom sediments in Willapa Bay was several textural analyses in the areas of dredging and harbor construction by the Seattle District Office, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (unpublished data)." Supplemental_Information: Samples were collected on the tidal flats on each side of the bay where possible, in the channel, and at other points of bathymetric significance. Shallow stations of the tidal flats were occupied by wading; deeper stations were occupied from a small boat. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1962 Ending_Date: 1963 Currentness_Reference: Publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -124.0750 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -123.8733 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 46.7300 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 46.3800 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: University of Washington Theme_Keyword: Department of Oceanography Theme_Keyword: Van Veen Theme_Keyword: Grab sampler Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: Oceans and Estuaries Theme_Keyword: Location Theme_Keyword: GeoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Earth Science Keyword. Version 5.3.3 Theme_Keyword: Marine Sediments Theme_Keyword: Biogenic Sediments Theme_Keyword: Sediment Composition Theme_Keyword: Sedimentary Structures Theme_Keyword: Sedimentary Textures Theme_Keyword: Terrigenous Sediments Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: Willapa Bay Place_Keyword: Washington Access_Constraints: Report is available at libraries and the University of Washington Use_Constraints: Cite Robert S. Andrews and the University of Washington as originators of the data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: University of Washington Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mail Address: P.O. Box 357940 Address: University of Washington City: Seattle State_or_Province: WA Postal_Code: 98195-7940 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 206-543-5060 Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: TechRep118 Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Screen grab of GIS-produced sample distribution, with bathymetry and land for reference. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPG Data_Set_Credit: Robert S. Andrews at the University of Washington for the collection and analysis of data. For inclusion into usSEABED: digitization: Jennifer Mendonca (USGS); Formatting corrections: Jane Reid (USGS); and Chris Jenkins (University of Colorado). Native_Data_Set_Environment: Tkme: Another editor for formal metadata by Peter N. Schweitzer (U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092), version 2.9.13, Microsoft Windows Version 5.1; Microsoft Word 2000 9.0 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Attribute accuracy depends on accuracy in original report. For usSEABED, data were digitized by hand (typed in), visually compared to source and corrected. Where appropriate, data were tested for completeness using MS Excel. Logical_Consistency_Report: Data fall within normal ranges for the given parameters. Completeness_Report: Data digitized include (table 1): locations, granulometric analyses (sand, silt, clay), Inman statistics and Folk and Ward statistics; (table 2): Carbonate carbon, organic carbon, organic nitrogen, and C/N ratios; (table 3): heavy mineral fractions for the 3-phi and 4-phi size classes; (table 4): heavy fraction compositional analyses for the 3-phi and 4-phi size classes. Not digitized is table 5: foraminfera type and location. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Navigation by sextant; accuracy not noted in report. Latitudes and longitudes given in degrees, tenths, minutes. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Water depth determination by portable echo sounder; accuracy not noted in report. Water depths given in meters from mean low low water; stations without water depths sampled on tidal flats.. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: "Standard laboratory procedures were used for sieve and pipette analyses to determine the distribution of particle size in each sample (Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938).... The fractional weights for each 0.5phi increment of each samples were tabulated and the descriptive size statistics were computed (Creager, McManus, and Collias, 1962; Collias et al., 1963). The size statistics of Folk and Ward (1957), in phi notation, are used." Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Collias et al., 1963 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Creager, McManus and Collias, 1962 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Folk and Ward, 1957 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938; Wentworth, 1922 Process_Date: Unknown Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: TechRep118 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: University of Washington Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mail Address: P.O. Box 357940 Address: University of Washington City: Seattle State_or_Province: WA Postal_Code: 98195 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 206-543-5060 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 78 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.00028 Longitude_Resolution: 0.00028 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Point Entity_Type_Definition: SDTS point Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample number Attribute_Definition: Sample number Attribute_Definition_Source: University of Washington Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Alpha numeric number based on site and sampler type Attribute: Attribute_Label: Gravel Attribute_Definition: Amount of gravel in sample Attribute_Definition_Source: Wentworth. 1938 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 44 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sand Attribute_Definition: Amount of sand in sample Attribute_Definition_Source: Wentworth. 1938 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 5.02 Range_Domain_Maximum: 100 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Silt Attribute_Definition: Amount of silt in sample Attribute_Definition_Source: Wentworth. 1938 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 67.3 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Clay Attribute_Definition: Amount of clay in sample Attribute_Definition_Source: Wentworth. 1938 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 33.19 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Mean Attribute_Definition: Mean grainsize Attribute_Definition_Source: Folk and Ward, 1957 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -0.39 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.84 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Phi Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Standard deviation Attribute_Definition: Standard deviation of grain size distribution (sorting) Attribute_Definition_Source: Folk and Ward, 1957 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4.14 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Phi Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Skewness Attribute_Definition: Skewness of grain size distribution Attribute_Definition_Source: Folk and Ward, 1957 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.9 Range_Domain_Maximum: 7.26 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Unitless Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Carbon (Calcium carbonate) Attribute_Definition: Calcium carbonate Attribute_Definition_Source: LECO gas analyser Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.51 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Organic carbon (TOC) Attribute_Definition: Organic carbon (TOC) Attribute_Definition_Source: LECO gas analyser Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.02 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2.37 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Organic nitrogen Attribute_Definition: Organic nitrogen Attribute_Definition_Source: LECO gas analyser Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.01 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.19 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: C/N Attribute_Definition: Ratio of carbon to nitrogen Attribute_Definition_Source: Source report Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 15.2 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Unitless Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shepard classification Attribute_Definition: Sediment classification by ratio of sand-silt-clay Attribute_Definition_Source: Shepard, 1957 Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sediment classification Attribute: Attribute_Label: Amph Attribute_Definition: Amphibole in 3- and 4-phi size classes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 500 to 700 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: trace Range_Domain_Maximum: 8 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Clino Attribute_Definition: Clinopyroxene in 3- and 4-phi size classes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 500 to 700 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: trace Range_Domain_Maximum: 12 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Epid Attribute_Definition: Epidote in 3- and 4-phi size classes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 500 to 700 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: trace Range_Domain_Maximum: 5 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Garn Attribute_Definition: Garnet in 3- and 4-phi size classes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 500 to 700 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: trace Range_Domain_Maximum: 18 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Heavy fraction Attribute_Definition: Heavy fragments in 3- and 4-phi size classes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 500 to 700 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.6 Range_Domain_Maximum: 17.7 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Kyanite Attribute_Definition: Kyanite in 3- and 4-phi size classes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 500 to 700 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: Trace Range_Domain_Maximum: 1 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Lith Attribute_Definition: Lithic fragments in 3- and 4-phi size classes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 500 to 700 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.6 Range_Domain_Maximum: 82.8 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Magnetic fraction Attribute_Definition: Magnetic fraction in 3- and 4-phi size classes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 500 to 700 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 24.3 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Mica Attribute_Definition: Mica in 3- and 4-phi size classes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 500 to 700 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: trace Range_Domain_Maximum: 7 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Musc Attribute_Definition: Muscovite in 3- and 4-phi size classes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 500 to 700 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: Trace in 3- and 4-phi size classes Range_Domain_Maximum: 5 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Opaque minerals Attribute_Definition: Optically opaque minerals in 3- and 4-phi size classes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 500 to 700 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 49 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Ortho Attribute_Definition: Orthopyroxenes in 3- and 4-phi size classes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 500 to 700 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 43 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sill Attribute_Definition: Sillimanite in 3- and 4-phi size classes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 500 to 700 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: Trace Range_Domain_Maximum: Trace Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sph Attribute_Definition: Sphene in 3- and 4-phi size classes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 500 to 700 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: Trace Range_Domain_Maximum: 1 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Zirc Attribute_Definition: Zircon in 3- and 4-phi size classes Attribute_Definition_Source: Grain count of 500 to 700 grains Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: Trace Range_Domain_Maximum: 1 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: University of Washington Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mail Address: P.O. Box 357940 Address: University of Washington City: Seattle State_or_Province: WA Postal_Code: 98195 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 206-543-5060 Resource_Description: University of Washington department od Oceanography Technical Report 118 Distribution_Liability: Although this dataset has been used by the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to the accuracy of the data. Users of the data should be aware of limitations of the data due to possible imprecision due to navigational inaccuracies and limitations of the statistical data. Standard_Order_Process: Non-digital_Form: Report is available at libraries and the University of Washington. Fees: None Technical_Prerequisites: None Available_Time_Period: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1965 Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 2005 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Jane A. Reid Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Physical and mail Address: 400 Natural Bridges Drive City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4727 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jareid@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: Email preferred Metadata_Standard_Name: CSDGM Version 2 Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Access_Constraints: None Metadata_Use_Constraints: Metadata was written by a user of the data. Any information contained in the physical report is authoritative and supercedes any information given here.