Nearshore Bathymetry in the CRLC, Clatsop subcell - summer 2002

Citation:

Citation Information:

Originator: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program
Publication Date: Unpublished Material
Publication Time: Unknown
Title: Nearshore Bathymetry in the CRLC, Clatsop subcell - summer 2002
Online Linkage: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/swces/index.htm

Description:

Abstract:
The sub-aerial, or visible beach comprises only a portion of the active coastal zone. Variability in sub-aqueous morphology can influence the amount of energy from waves that is available to impact the shoreline and cause beach change. It has historically been very difficult and expensive to collect data in this highly dynamic region and only a few coastlines in the world have sufficient nearshore data to quantify this variability. The Coastal Profiling System (CPS), a hydrographic surveying system mounted on a Personal Watercraft (PWC) originally designed by Oregon State University (Beach et al., 1996; Côté, 1999; MacMahan, 2001) to collect data in energetic nearshore environments, is now being used in the Columbia River littoral cell in the Pacific Northwest USA to collect regional nearshore bathymetric data.
Purpose:
Nearshore bathymetry data is being collected as a component of the beach morphology monitoring program of the Southwest Washington Coastal Erosion Study. The primary goals of the monitoring program are to 1) quantify the short-medium term (event-seasonal-interannual) beach change rates and morphologic variability along the Columbia River littoral cell, 2) collect beach state parameter (grain size, beach slope, dune/sandbar height/position) data to enhance the conceptual understanding of the CRLC functioning and refine predictions of future coastal change, 3) compare and contrast the scales of environmental forcing and beach change with other coastlines of the world, and 4) provide relevant beach change data in an appropriate format to coastal decision-makers.
Supplemental Information:
A description of the methodology used to collect this data is available in the USGS Open File Report: Beach Monitoring in the Columbia River Littoral Cell: 1997 - 2002.

The following is a list of publications cited in this report:

Beach, R.A.; Holman, R.A.; and Stanley, J., 1996. Measuring nearshore bathymetry on high energy beaches.
American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, 1996, F286.

Cote, J.M., 1999. The measurement of nearshore bathymetry on Intermediate and dissipative beaches.
Unpublished Masters Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 102 pp.

Daniels, R.C., P. Ruggiero, and L.E. Weber, 1999. Washington coastal geodetic control network: report and
station index, Washington Department of Ecology, Coastal Monitoring & Analysis Program, Publication
#99-103, 268 p.

MacMahan, J., 2001. Hydrographic surveying from a personal watercraft. Journal of Surveying Engineering,
127(1), 12-24.

Gelfenbaum, G., Sherwood, C.R., Kerr, L.A., and Kurrus, K., 2000, Grays Harbor wave refraction experiment
1999: Data report, US Geological Survey Open File Report, OF 00-44, 132 pp.

Trimble Navigation Limited, 1998, 4700 Receiver Operation Manual. Version 1.0, Part Number 36238-00,
Revision B.

Time Period of Content:

Time Period Information:

Range of Dates/Times:

Beginning Date: 8/19/2002
Beginning Time: Unknown
Ending Date: 8/20/2002
Ending Time: Unknown

Currentness Reference: ground condition

Status:

Progress: Complete
Maintenance and Update Frequency: None planned

Spatial Domain:

Bounding Coordinates:

West Bounding Coordinate: -124.2787
East Bounding Coordinate: -123.6226
North Bounding Coordinate: 47.3214
South Bounding Coordinate: 45.8547

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme Keyword Thesaurus: nearshore bathymetry
Theme Keyword: cross-shore transect
Theme Keyword: Global Positioning System
Theme Keyword: seasonal variability
Theme Keyword: beach profile
Theme Keyword: sandbars
Theme Keyword: sediment transport
Theme Keyword: beach monitoring
Theme Keyword: beaches
Theme Keyword: beach morphology
Theme Keyword: beach survey
Theme Keyword: hydrographic surveying
Theme Keyword: topographic surveying

Place:

Place Keyword Thesaurus: CMAP Region
Place Keyword: Astoria
Place Keyword: Clatsop Plains
Place Keyword: Clatsop Spit
Place Keyword: Columbia River Littoral Cell
Place Keyword: Copalis Beach
Place Keyword: Fort Canby
Place Keyword: Gearheart
Place Keyword: Grayland Plains
Place Keyword: Klipsan
Place Keyword: Leadbetter Point
Place Keyword: Long Beach
Place Keyword: Moclips
Place Keyword: North Beach
Place Keyword: North Cove
Place Keyword: Ocean City
Place Keyword: Ocean Park
Place Keyword: Ocean Shores
Place Keyword: Oregon
Place Keyword: Pacific Beach
Place Keyword: Point Grenville
Place Keyword: Seaside
Place Keyword: Seaview
Place Keyword: Tillamook Head
Place Keyword: Washington
Place Keyword: Westport

Access Constraints: None
Use Constraints:
Users must assume liability to determine the appropiate use of these data. This data set is not to be used for legal purposes. The Coastal and Marine Geology Program, US Geological Survey should be acknowledged as the data source in products derived from these data. Please contact the USGS for more detailed information if required.
Point of Contact:

Contact Information:

Contact Person Primary:

Contact Person: Peter Ruggiero
Contact Organization: United States Geological Survey

Contact Position: Coastal Engineer
Contact Address:

Address Type: mailing and physical address
Address:
Coastal and Marine Geology Program, MS-999, 345 Middlefield Road

City: Menlo Park
State or Province: CA
Postal Code: 94025
Country: USA

Contact Voice Telephone: 650-329-5433
Contact Facsimile Telephone: 650-329-5190
Contact Electronic Mail Address: pruggiero@usgs.gov
Hours of Service: Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM PST/PDT

Data Set Credit:
These data were collected as part of the Southwest Washington Coastal Erosion Study which is jointly funded by the Washington State Department of Ecology (Coastal Monitoring & Analysis Program) and the US Geological Survey (Coastal and Marine Geology Program).
Native Data Set Environment: ASCII text file, Windows NT 4.0 OS.

Logical Consistency Report: The fidelity of the data is ensured via the use of survey grade GPS recievers and geodetic control monuments within the Washington Coastal Geodetic Control Network (Daniels et al., 1999).
Completeness Report: The data is visually inspected for gross inacuracies using a variety of software packages including HYPACK (Coastal Oceanographics Inc.) and Matlab (Mathworks Inc.).
Positional Accuracy:

Horizontal Positional Accuracy:

Horizontal Positional Accuracy Report:
The survey-grade GPS equipment used in the monitoring program (Trimble 4000 series receivers) have manufacturer reported Root Mean Square (RMS) accuracies of approximately ±3-cm + 2ppm of baseline length (typically 10 km or less) in the horizontal while operating in Real Time Kinematic surveying mode (Trimble Navigation Limited, 1998). These reported accuracies are, however, additionally subject to multi-path, satellite obstructions, poor satellite geometry, and atmospheric conditions. While the horizontal uncertainty of individual data points is approximately 0.05 m, the CPSII operators cannot stay 'on line', in waves and currents, to this level of accuracy. Typically, mean offsets are less than 2.0 m from the preprogrammed track lines and maximum offsets along the approximately 2 km long transects are typically less than 10.0 m.
Quantitative Horizontal Positional Accuracy Assessment:

Horizontal Positional Accuracy Value: 0.05
Horizontal Positional Accuracy Explanation:
The survey-grade GPS equipment used in the monitoring program (Trimble 4000 series receivers) have manufacturer reported RMS accuracies of approximately ±3-cm + 2ppm of baseline length (typically 10 km or less) in the horizontal while operating in Real Time Kinematic surveying mode (Trimble Navigation Limited, 1998).
Vertical Positional Accuracy:

Vertical Positional Accuracy Report:
The survey-grade GPS equipment used in the monitoring program (Trimble 4000 series receivers) have manufacturer reported RMS accuracies of approximately ±5-cm + 2ppm of baseline length (typically 10 km or less) in the vertical while operating in Real Time Kinematic surveying mode (Trimble Navigation Limited, 1998). These reported accuracies are, however, additionally subject to multi-path, satellite obstructions, poor satellite geometry, and atmospheric conditions that can combine to cause a vertical GPS drift that can be as much as 10-cm. While repeatability tests and merges with topographic data suggest sub-decimeter vertical accuracy (MacMahan, 2001), variability in seawater temperature (not usually measured) can affect depth estimates by as much as 20 cm in 12 m of water. However, water temperatures typically fluctuate only a few degrees, therefore a conservative estimate of the total vertical uncertainty is aproximately 0.15 meters.
Quantitative Vertical Positional Accuracy Assessment:

Vertical Positional Accuracy Value: 0.15
Vertical Positional Accuracy Explanation:
The survey-grade GPS equipment used in the monitoring program (Trimble 4000 series receivers) have manufacturer reported RMS accuracies of approximately ±5-cm + 2ppm of baseline length (typically 10 km or less) in the vertical while operating in Real Time Kinematic surveying mode (Trimble Navigation Limited, 1998). Detailed laboratory tests, field tests (bar check), repeatability tests and merges with topographic data also suggest sub-decimeter vertical accuracy (MacMahan, 2001).
Lineage:

Process Step:

Process Description:
A Real Time Kinematic Differential Global Positioning System (RTK DGPS) base station is setup on a control monument within the Washington Coastal Geodetic Control Network (Daniels et al., 1999). An RTK DGPS base station consists of a Trimble 4400 receiver, a Trimble non-micro centered T1/T2 GPS antenna with a ground plane, a Pacific Crest UHF radio modem, radio antenna, two tripods, and various cables. The GPS antenna is mounted onto a tripod that is leveled over the monument. Once leveled the tripod is secured with sand bags and the antenna is connected to the GPS receiver via a data cable. The radio modem and antenna are attached to the second tripod and connected to the GPS receiver via a data cable. After all connections have been made, the Trimble 4400 receiver is started using a TDC1 or TSC1 handheld data logger and the radio modem is turned on.
Process Step:

Process Description:
The Second Generation Coastal Profiling System (CPSII), cooperatively designed with the University of Florida (MacMahan, 2001), consists of a personal watercraft equipped with a GPS receiver and antenna, an echo sounder, a monitor for visual aid, a keypad for operator control, and a computer running hydrographic surveying software for navigation, data collection, and data analysis (MacMahan, 2001).

The PWC used for the CPSII is a 1998 3-man Yamaha Venture 700 Wave Runner chosen because of its stability, compartment space, and relatively low price. The 3-man PWC measures 3.15 m in length, 1.25 m in width, and 1.05 m in height. During 1999 and 2000 only 1 of the 2 boats (Jose) was used to collect data while the second boat (Josb) served as water-based support for safety. During normal surveying operation, the wave runner travels at approximately 3 m/s (6 knots) and can operate for approximately 3-5 hours on one 50-L fuel tank. The instruments are placed in the compartment space located under the back seat, on a bracket at the stern on the vessel, and forward upper part of the vessel in front of the handlebars. In the storage space under the rear seat of the PWC, a small platform (false bottom) was mounted with a small watertight case located on the underside containing a DC-DC converter and an in-line fuse. On the topside of the platform are two larger watertight cases, which house the GPS, computer, and echo sounder electronics. In the computer case, the echo sounder and the laptop computer are mounted. This case has six external watertight connectors: one is for serial communication with the GPS, one for the echo sounder transducer, one for the external screen, one for the external 17 button keypad, one for power, and one spare. The complete system is powered by two gel cell 12-volt marine batteries, configured in series and housed in a Pelican box mounted on the bracket at the stern of the PWC. The system draws approximately 24 volts at approximately 2.8 amps (MacMahan, 2001).

Horizontal and vertical positioning of the CPSII is obtained using a Trimble 4700 GPS receiver, which is enclosed in a waterproof Pelican box placed in the storage compartment underneath the seat. Also within the GPS case is the GPS radio modem (Pacific Crest) that is used to communicate with the shore base station. A small bracket is attached to the topside stern of the vessel for mounting the T1/T2 microcentered GPS antenna and the radio antenna. The GPS antenna is mounted approximately 90 cm directly above the echo sounder transducer.

The echo sounder is a Bathy-500 single- frequency echo sounder with a 208 kHz transducer manufactured by Ocean Data Equipment Corporation (ODEC). This echo sounder has adjustable gains, offset, serial outputs, and speed of sound control. The sampling rate is a function of water depth with the highest sampling rate of 8 Hz applied in shallow water (0-10 m). The resolution of the echo sounder is approximately 3 cm. The transducer has a 10 - degree conical beam width and generates a pulse at 208 kHz. The echo sounder transducer is mounted on a removable plate on the underside of the vessel at the stern just below the engine jet. It is located approximately 29 cm below the waterline of the unmanned wave runner. The electronics of the echo sounder were reconfigured and along with a Toshiba Libretto 100 CT laptop computer (1999 and 2000) or a Palmax Pen computer (2001 and 2002), placed in a watertight Pelican Case. The CPSII collects data at 5 Hz and while traveling at 3 m/s generates a depth sounding every 0.6 meters along the sea floor.

Navigation and surveying are aided by the use of a monitor (a 25.4 cm (10 inch) Computer Dynamics VAMP 1000 day light readable screen with 900 NIT reading) which is mounted in a watertight case on a bracket forward of the handlebars. A retractable bellows is mounted onto the screen case, sheltering the screen from direct sunlight to allow better viewing of the external monitor that shows the real-time surveying data. A small 17-button programmable Logic Controls keypad (24 cm X 8.9 cm X 3.2 cm) is placed in a waterproof radio bag mounted on the handlebars.

In the spring of 2001, the second PWC (Josb) was outfitted to collect data concurrently with boat 1 (Jose). The second boat was equipped in a similar manner to boat 1 with a few key differences: 1) the echo sounder is a Bathy-500 MF (multiple frequency) from ODEC using an 8-degree conical beam width transducer and 2) the onboard computer is a Palmax Pen Computer (266MHz, Pentium, Windows 98).

Process Step:

Process Description:
HYPACK hydrographic surveying software is used as the data synchronization software and navigation system. Hypack allows visual observation of trackline, distance offline, depth, latitude, longitude, easting, northing, corrected depth, filename, line number, satellite quality, number of satellites, collection mode, and recording mode. All of this information is useful to the operator when collecting hydrographic data.

HYPACK allows for surveying within a user-defined coordinate system, in this case NAD83 Washington State Plane (4602) - South and NAVD88. As the GPS base station is set up over a monument known to have a horizontal and vertical accuracy of approximately 2-cm within the Washington Coastal Geodetic Control Network (Daniels et al., 1999), survey accurate data is stored in HYPACK in the appropriate datum.

The CPSII has the ability to survey preset track lines and data is collected only when the PWC operator selects a line. The PWC operator maneuvers the vessel offshore to either a target depth (typically around 12 m) or a target easting. Each profile extends from a deep-water limit ranging between 10 and 16 m mean sea level toward the shoreline where the operator ends the line when turning the vessel in water depths of approximately 1 m.

Process Step:

Process Description:
As often as possible the nearshore bathymetry data are combined with topographic surveys, extending the cross-shore profiles onto the sub-aerial beach and landward to the dune fields. Topographic cross-shore beach profiles are either collected by walking with an RTK DGPS reciever and antenna mounted to a backpack or six-wheel drive amphibious all-terrain vehicle called the CLAMMER (CoastaL All-terrain Morphology Monitoring and Erosion Research vehicle). The topographic beach profiles collected with the backpack typically extend from the landward side of the primary dune to wading depth during low tide. The topographic beach profiles collected with the CLAMMER are extracted from a uniform 2-dimensional gridded topographic surface such that alongshore grid positions agree with the alongshore positions of the bathymetry profiles. The CLAMMER collects dense three-dimensional topographic surface data. Each of these surface maps is approximately 4-km in alongshore length and extend from the base of the dune to the low tide water line in the cross-shore.
Process Step:

Process Description:
Each nearshore profile is examined, typically using a Perl script, to detect and remove any data points collected when the GPS receiver is not initialized in kinematic mode. HYPACK stores data regardless of GPS quality and therefore the raw data files may contain non-precise data. However, HYPACK does record a GPS data quality string so the Perl script eliminates any data without the appropriate string value. This script also eliminates any obvious outliers from the raw files that are either shallower than the echo sounder blanking interval or deeper than a user defined cutoff value.
Process Step:

Process Description:
Each nearshore profile is viewed using HYPACK’s editor. Here, any obviously bad data points that did not get eliminated by the previous processing step are removed by highlighting the point and deleting it from the record. Individual files are then exported from HYPACK in Easting, Northing, Elevation ASCII triplets with one data file per nearshore profile.
Process Step:

Process Description:
Detailed laboratory and field tests (bar check) comparing the two echo sounders from Boat 1 and Boat 2 revealed a constant offset of 0.15 m. The echo sounder on Boat 2 was found to be accurate to approximately 1 cm while the echo sounder on Boat 1 was consistently 15 cm deeper. Throughout the 2001 field campaign the two boats’ instrumentation were checked against one another by having each boat collect at least one duplicate profile per data collection session. This check also consistently showed the 15cm offset between the two boats. To compensate for this offset, a 15 cm correction was added to the vertical coordinate of all the data collected using the echosounder of Boat 1 (1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002 profiles). These files, which have been run through the Perl script, the HYPACK editor, and corrected for offsets, are considered the ‘raw’ data files.
Process Step:

Process Description:
Since the echo sounders did not measure water temperature and therefore did not correct the speed of sound in water in real time, all data have been corrected to adjust the vertical coordinate for the actual speed of sound based on water temperatures measured by local wave buoys (see Excel file Enviro_cond_02.xls). Further, no measurements of salinity were made or were available from local buoys. A sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the effect of salinity and temperature variations, hence speed of sound adjustment on a profile. The results show that a normal range of water temperature can have a measurable affect on depths. A worst case inducement of error, when the water temperature estimate is approximately 10 degrees C different from the actual water temperature, results in approximately 0.20 m of vertical change at a water depth of 11 m. The temperature chosen to correct each profile is taken as the average of the surface water temperatures recorded at the closest wave buoy to the data collection site over the times when data collection occurred at that particular sub-cell. Two standard deviatons of all water temperature estimates chosen to correct the profiles (more than 90 samples) is less than 3 degrees C. Therefore, the majority of nearshore profiles have been vertically adjusted by less than 10-cm.

The salinity is fixed at 31 psu for all lines as its small variations in the sampling region (Gelfenbaum et al., 2000) had a negligible effect when performing a speed of sound correction to the data.

Process Step:

Process Description:
Finally, a smoothing operation is performed using a running median filter on the vertical coordinate in the onshore direction to reduce high frequency fluctuations from the nearshore bathymetry data. Varying window sizes are used to obtain a smooth profile while maintaining the integrity of the actual data points. These files, which have been processed through the Perl script, the HYPACK editor, corrected for vertical offsets, speed of sound, and salinity, and smoothed are considered the ‘final’ data files.
Process Contact:

Contact Information:

Contact Person Primary:

Contact Person: Peter Ruggiero
Contact Organization: United States Geological Survey

Contact Position: Coastal Engineer
Contact Address:

Address Type: mailing and physical address
Address:
Coastal and Marine Geology Program, MS-999, 345 Middlefield Road

City: Menlo Park
State or Province: CA
Postal Code: 94025
Country: USA

Contact Voice Telephone: 650-329-5433
Contact Facsimile Telephone: 650-329-5190
Contact Electronic Mail Address: pruggiero@usgs.gov
Hours of Service: Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM PST/PDT

Cloud Cover: Unknown

Direct Spatial Reference Method: Point
Point and Vector Object Information:

SDTS Terms Description:

SDTS Point and Vector Object Type: Point

Horizontal Coordinate System Definition:

Planar:

Grid Coordinate System:

Grid Coordinate System Name: State Plane Coordinate System 1983
State Plane Coordinate System:

SPCS Zone Identifier: Washington, South
Lambert Conformal Conic:

Standard Parallel: 45.833333
Standard Parallel: 47.333333
Longitude of Central Meridian: -120.5
Latitude of Projection Origin: 45.333333
False Easting: 500000
False Northing: 0

Planar Coordinate Information:

Planar Coordinate Encoding Method: Coordinate Pair
Planar Distance Units: meters

Geodetic Model:

Horizontal Datum Name: North American Datum of 1983
Ellipsoid Name: Geodetic Reference System 80
Semi-major Axis: 6378137
Denominator of Flattening Ratio: 298.257

Vertical Coordinate System Definition:

Altitude System Definition:

Altitude Datum Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988
Altitude Resolution: 0.01
Altitude Distance Units: meters
Altitude Encoding Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates

Detailed Description:

Entity Type:

Entity Type Label: cp02_line038_b.xyz
Entity Type Definition: ASCII text file

Attribute:

Attribute Label: Easting
Attribute Definition: Easting coordinate position.
Attribute Definition Source: US Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program
Attribute Value Accuracy Information:

Attribute Value Accuracy: 0.05

Attribute Measurement Frequency: Irregular

Attribute:

Attribute Label: Elevation
Attribute Definition: Elevation measurement of the data point.
Attribute Definition Source: US Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program
Attribute Value Accuracy Information:

Attribute Value Accuracy: 0.15

Attribute Measurement Frequency: Irregular

Attribute:

Attribute Label: Northing
Attribute Definition: Value of the Northing coordinate
Attribute Definition Source: US Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program
Attribute Value Accuracy Information:

Attribute Value Accuracy: 0.05

Attribute Measurement Frequency: Irregular

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Entity Type Definition: ASCII text file

Overview Description:

Entity and Attribute Overview: ASCII text file that includes: Easting, Northing, Elevation.

Distributor:

Contact Information:

Contact Person Primary:

Contact Person: Peter Ruggiero
Contact Organization: United States Geological Survey

Contact Position: Coastal Engineer
Contact Address:

Address Type: mailing and physical address
Address:
Coastal and Marine Geology Program, MS-999, 345 Middlefield Road

City: Menlo Park
State or Province: CA
Postal Code: 94025
Country: USA

Contact Voice Telephone: 650-329-5433
Contact Facsimile Telephone: 650-329-5190
Contact Electronic Mail Address: pruggiero@usgs.gov
Hours of Service: Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM PST/PDT

Distribution Liability:
Users must assume liability to determine the appropiate use of these data. This data set is not to be used for legal purposes. The Coastal and Marine Geology Program, US Geological Survey should be acknowledged as the data source in products derived from these data. Please contact the US Geological Survey for more detailed information if required.
Standard Order Process:

Standard Order Process:

Fees: May involve cost recovery for production of CD-ROM. Please contact Peter Ruggiero for additional information and report availability.
Ordering Instructions: Contact Peter Ruggiero at the US Geological Survey.

Custom Order Process:
Please contact Peter Ruggiero at the US Geological Survey for ordering information, or view the Southwest Washington Coastal Erosion Study Internet site at http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/swces/index.htm for data download information.
Available Time Period:

Time Period Information:

Single Date/Time:

Calendar Date: 5/9/2003
Time of Day: Unknown

Metadata Date: 5/9/2003
Metadata Review Date: 5/9/2003
Metadata Future Review Date:
Metadata Contact:

Contact Information:

Contact Person Primary:

Contact Person: Peter Ruggiero
Contact Organization: United States Geological Survey

Contact Position: Coastal Engineer
Contact Address:

Address Type: mailing and physical address
Address:
Coastal and Marine Geology Program, MS-999, 345 Middlefield Road

City: Menlo Park
State or Province: CA
Postal Code: 94025
Country: USA

Contact Voice Telephone: 650-329-5433
Contact Facsimile Telephone: 650-329-5190
Contact Electronic Mail Address: pruggiero@usgs.gov
Hours of Service: Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM PST/PDT

Metadata Standard Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata Time Convention: local time
Metadata Security Information:

Metadata Security Classification: Unclassified