Identification_Information: SMMS_Type: 1 Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Publication_Date: Unpublished Material Publication_Time: Unknown Title: CRLC Nearshore Bathymetry - Topo merge, North Beach subcell, summer 1999 Online_Linkage: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/swces/index.htm SMMS_Citation_Linkages_Hyperlinked: true SMMS_Citation_Source_Time_Period: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Time_of_Day: Unknown Description: Abstract: The sub-aerial, or visible beach comprises only a portion of the active coastal zone. Variability in sub-aqueous morphology can influence the amount of energy from waves that is available to impact the shoreline and cause beach change. It has historically been very difficult and expensive to collect data in this highly dynamic region and only a few coastlines in the world have sufficient nearshore data to quantify this variability. The Coastal Profiling System (CPS), a hydrographic surveying system mounted on a Personal Watercraft (PWC) originally designed by Oregon State University (Beach et al., 1996; Côté, 1999; MacMahan, 2001) to collect data in energetic nearshore environments, is now being used in the Columbia River littoral cell in the Pacific Northwest USA to collect regional nearshore bathymetric data. As often as possible the nearshore bathymetry data are combined with topographic surveys, extending the cross-shore profiles onto the sub-aerial beach and landward to the dune fields. Topographic cross-shore beach profiles are collected by walking with a Real Time Kinematic Differential Global Positioning System (RTK DGPS) reciever and antenna mounted to a backpack or by extracting the profiles from topographic beach surface maps. These surface maps are collected with an RTK DGPS reciever and antenna mounted to a six-wheel drive amphibious all-terrain vehicle called the CLAMMER (CoastaL All-terrain Morphology Monitoring and Erosion Research vehicle). Purpose: Nearshore bathymetry data and associated topography data is being collected as a component of the beach morphology monitoring program of the Southwest Washington Coastal Erosion Study. The primary goals of the monitoring program are to 1) quantify the short-medium term (event-seasonal-interannual) beach change rates and morphologic variability along the Columbia River littoral cell, 2) collect beach state parameter (grain size, beach slope, dune/sandbar height/position) data to enhance the conceptual understanding of the CRLC functioning and refine predictions of future coastal change, 3) compare and contrast the scales of environmental forcing and beach change with other coastlines of the world, and 4) provide relevant beach change data in an appropriate format to coastal decision-makers. Supplemental_Information: A description of the methodology used to collect this data is available in the USGS Open File Report: Beach Monitoring in the Columbia River Littoral Cell: 1997 - 2002. The following is a list of publications cited in this report: Beach, R.A.; Holman, R.A.; and Stanley, J., 1996. Measuring nearshore bathymetry on high energy beaches. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, 1996, F286. Cote, J.M., 1999. The measurement of nearshore bathymetry on Intermediate and dissipative beaches. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 102 pp. Daniels, R.C., P. Ruggiero, and L.E. Weber, 1999. Washington coastal geodetic control network: report and station index, Washington Department of Ecology, Coastal Monitoring & Analysis Program, Publication #99-103, 268 p. MacMahan, J., 2001. Hydrographic surveying from a personal watercraft. Journal of Surveying Engineering, 127(1), 12-24. Ruggiero, P. and B. Voigt, 2000. Beach monitoring in the Columbia River littoral cell, 1997-2000, Publication No. 00-06-26, Coastal Monitoring & Analysis Program, Washignton Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA, 112p. Trimble Navigation Limited, 1998, 4700 Receiver Operation Manual. Version 1.0, Part Number 36238-00, Revision B. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19990715 Beginning_Time: Unknown Ending_Date: 19990722 Ending_Time: Unknown Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -124.2787 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -123.6226 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.3214 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 45.8547 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: beach profile Theme_Keyword: cross-shore transect Theme_Keyword: Global Positioning System Theme_Keyword: seasonal variability Theme_Keyword: beach profile Theme_Keyword: sandbars Theme_Keyword: sediment transport Theme_Keyword: beach monitoring Theme_Keyword: beaches Theme_Keyword: beach morphology Theme_Keyword: beach survey Theme_Keyword: hydrographic surveying Theme_Keyword: nearshore bathymetry Theme_Keyword: topographic surveying Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: CMAP Region Place_Keyword: Astoria Place_Keyword: Clatsop Plains Place_Keyword: Clatsop Spit Place_Keyword: Columbia River Littoral Cell Place_Keyword: Copalis Beach Place_Keyword: Fort Canby Place_Keyword: Gearheart Place_Keyword: Grayland Plains Place_Keyword: Klipsan Place_Keyword: Leadbetter Point Place_Keyword: Long Beach Place_Keyword: Moclips Place_Keyword: North Beach Place_Keyword: North Cove Place_Keyword: Ocean City Place_Keyword: Ocean Park Place_Keyword: Ocean Shores Place_Keyword: Oregon Place_Keyword: Pacific Beach Place_Keyword: Point Grenville Place_Keyword: Seaside Place_Keyword: Seaview Place_Keyword: Tillamook Head Place_Keyword: Washington Place_Keyword: Westport Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Users must assume liability to determine the appropiate use of these data. This data set is not to be used for legal purposes. The Coastal and Marine Geology Program, US Geological Survey should be acknowledged as the data source in products derived from these data. Please contact the USGS for more detailed information if required. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Peter Ruggiero Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey Contact_Position: Coastal Engineer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Coastal and Marine Geology Program, MS-999, 345 Middlefield Road City: Menlo Park State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 94025 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 650-329-5433 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 650-329-5190 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pruggiero@usgs.gov SMMS_Contact_Email_Hyperlinked: false Hours_of_Service: Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM PST/PDT Data_Set_Credit: These data were collected as part of the Southwest Washington Coastal Erosion Study which is jointly funded by the Washington State Department of Ecology (Coastal Monitoring & Analysis Program) and the US Geological Survey (Coastal and Marine Geology Program). Native_Data_Set_Environment: ASCII text file, Windows NT 4.0 OS. SMMS_Dataset_Capture_Browse: false Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: The fidelity of the data is verified via a calibration with geodetic control monuments from the Washington Coastal Geodetic Control Network (Daniels et al., 1999). Completeness_Report: The data is visually inspected for gross inacuracies using a variety of software packages including MS Excel and Matlab (Mathworks Inc.). Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The survey-grade GPS equipment used in the monitoring program (Trimble 4000 series receivers) have manufacturer reported Root Mean Square (RMS) accuracies of approximately ±3-cm + 2ppm of baseline length (typically 10 km or less) in the horizontal while operating in Real Time Kinematic surveying mode (Trimble Navigation Limited, 1998). These reported accuracies are, however, additionally subject to multi-path, satellite obstructions, poor satellite geometry, and atmospheric conditions. To minimize these uncertainties a local site calibration is performed during each survey, where between 2 and 5 geodetic control monuments are occupied that are known to have a horizontal and vertical accuracy of approximately 2-cm (Daniels et al., 1999). A three-parameter least squares fit is applied to fix all data points in the current survey to the Washington Coastal Geodetic Control Network. For topographic beach surface maps, the non-uniformly spaced raw data collected from a moving platform feature accuracies better than approximately 0.05 m in the horizontal. For topographic beach profiles, uncertainties in GPS position estimates also arise from collecting profiles by walking with a GPS antenna mounted on a backpack. While the horizontal uncertainty of individual data points is aproximately 0.05 m, the GPS operators cannot stay 'on line' to this level of accuracy. Typically, the horizontal variability from the dune toe to the waters edge between subsequent surveys is less than 1 m. Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 0.05 Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation: A calibration based on the Washington Coastal Geodetic Control Network (Daniels et al., 1999) was performed. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The survey-grade GPS equipment used in the monitoring program (Trimble 4000 series receivers) have manufacturer reported RMS accuracies of approximately ±5-cm + 2ppm of baseline length (typically 10 km or less) in the vertical while operating in Real Time Kinematic surveying mode (Trimble Navigation Limited, 1998). These reported accuracies are, however, additionally subject to multi-path, satellite obstructions, poor satellite geometry, and atmospheric conditions that can combine to cause a vertical GPS drift that can be as much as 10-cm. To minimize these uncertainties a local site calibration is performed during each survey, where between 2 and 5 geodetic control monuments are occupied that are known to have a horizontal and vertical accuracy of approximately 2-cm (Daniels et al., 1999). A three-parameter least squares fit is applied to fix all data points in the current survey to the Washington Coastal Geodetic Control Network, within an RMS error typically less than 4-cm in the vertical, regardless of the phase of the GPS drift. For topographic beach surface maps, uncertainties in GPS position estimates also arise from collecting data while on a moving platform, including vehicle bounce and tires sinking into the sand. While these additional errors are not readily measureable, comparisons with beach profile surveys suggest that they are small (~ 5-cm). Assuming that the vertical uncertainties are statistically independent, we combine the GPS error (~6-cm), the calibration error (~4-cm), and the vehicle error (~5-cm) in quadrature by taking the square root of the sum of the squares. Therefore, the methodology used in collecting topographic beach surface maps can only reliably detect vertical beach elevation change greater than approximately 10-cm. For topographic beach profiles, uncertainties in GPS position estimates also arise from collecting data by walking with a GPS antenna mounted on a backpack. To test the vertical repeatability of this methodology, three different GPS operators collected profile data on the same day with corresponding different antenna heights (Ruggiero and Voigt, 2000). This test resulted in maximum vertical offsets between the three surveys of approximately 2-cm, and RMS deviations of approximately 4-cm. While the horizontal uncertainty of individual data points is aproximately 0.05 m, the GPS operators cannot stay 'on line' to this level of accuracy. Typically, the horizontal variability from the dune toe to the waters edge between subsequent surveys is less than 1 m. These horizontal deviations typically result in negligible vertical uncertainties due to the wide gently sloping beaches of the CRLC. Assuming that the vertical uncertainties are statistically independent, we combine the GPS error (~6-cm), the calibration error (~4-cm), and the repeatability error (~4-cm) in quadrature by taking the square root of the sum of the squares. Therefore, the methodology used in the collection of topographic beach profiles can only reliably detect beach elevation change greater than approximately 8-cm. Both of the above mentioned methods were used to combine topographic surveys with nearshore bathymetry data, however, the vertical uncertainties of the methods are different. Therefore, the larger of the two vertical uncertainties, 10-cm, is taken as the Vertical Position Accuracy. Quantitative_Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 0.1 Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation: A calibration based on the Washington Coastal Geodetic Control Network (Daniels et al., 1999) was performed. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: An RTK DGPS base station is setup on or near a control monument of the Washington Coastal Geodetic Control Network (Daniels et al., 1999). An RTK DGPS base station consists of a Trimble 4400 receiver, a Trimble non-micro centered T1/T2 GPS antenna with a ground plane, a Pacific Crest UHF radio modem, radio antenna, two tripods, and various cables. The GPS antenna is mounted onto a tripod that is leveled over a known monument or a small board placed on the ground. Once leveled the tripod is secured with sand bags and the antenna is connected to the GPS receiver via a data cable. The radio modem and antenna are attached to the second tripod and connected to the GPS receiver via a data cable. After all connections have been made, the Trimble 4400 receiver is started using a TDC1 or TSC1 handheld data logger and the radio modem is turned on. Process_Step: Process_Description: Topographic beach surface maps are generated by mapping the beach surface with a GPS reciever, GPS antenna, Pacific Crest radio modem and radio antenna mounted to a six-wheel drive amphibious all-terrain vehicle called the CLAMMER (CoastaL All-terrain Morphology Monitoring and Erosion Research vehicle). Trimble 4000 series (typically 4400 or 4700) receivers are used to collect the data that is stored in the field using a Trimble TDC1 or TSC1 data logger. Each surface map site is approximately 4 km in length and hundreds of meters in width, spanning the area between the toe of the primary dune and the swash zone. The CLAMMER collects individual point measurements every 5 - 10 m and the cross-shore distance between alongshore transects is typically 20 - 30 m but is determined in the field based on cross-shore breaks in beach slope such as at crests and troughs of swash bars and sand berms. Topographic beach profiles are measured by walking with a GPS reciever, GPS antenna, Pacific Crest radio modem and radio antenna mounted to a backpack from the landward edge of the primary dune, over the dune crest, to wading depth at spring low tide. Trimble 4000 series (typically 4400 or 4700) receivers are used to collect the data that is stored in the field on either a Trimble TDC1 or TSC1 data logger. Several beach profiles are collected during any one low tide and stored in the same file on the data logger. Process_Step: Process_Description: Discrepancies between local control and GPS-derived coordinates for both topographic beach surface maps and topographic beach profiles are reduced by conducting a field calibration (also referred to as horizontal and vertical adjustments). Typically a field calibration is performed, and if not, the calibration is performed in the office to constrain the horizontal and vertical coordinates with the Washington Coastal Geodetic Control Network (Daniels et al., 1999). A calibration is accomplished by obtaining between two and five calibration points at monuments of known elevation and horizontal position in the vicinity of the survey area. Calibration points are measured by centering the GPS antenna over a known monument at a set height and recording data for several 10’s of seconds. If the precisions are satisfactory, the point is stored and applied to the survey. The Trimble Survey Controller software automatically performs a spatial correction on all survey points collected and matches the grid points to the known values. Process_Step: Process_Description: Topographic beach surface map and topographic beach profile field data stored in a data logger is downloaded to a Trimble proprietary office software program (Trimmap, TSOffice, TGOffice, and Pathfinder office have all been used). The office software allows for further quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) through visualization, calibration and archiving. The data is then exported from the office software to an ASCII text file that is imported into Matlab. Process_Step: Process_Description: The final QA/QC for topographic beach surface map data is completed with user written Matlab code. The non-uniformly spaced raw data (typically 5,000 to 10,000 points) are mapped onto a uniform 2-dimensional gridded surface via triangle-based, weighted linear interpolation, allowing for comparison with subsequent data sets. The surface maps are compared to earlier data and visualized in a variety of ways. Individual beach profiles are then extracted from the uniform 2-dimensional gridded topographic surface such that alongshore grid positions agree with the alongshore positions of the bathymetry profiles. Following final QA/QC the raw data points are exported to individual ASCII text files. Data are reported as x, y, z triplets (Easting, Northing, Elevation) with the horizontal datum Washington State Plane South NAD 83 m, and the vertical datum NAVD 88 m. The final QA/QC for topographic beach profiles is completed with user written Matlab codes that are used to visualize individual beach profiles and compare them with bathymetry data. Following final QA/QC, the entire data file is split into individual cross-shore topographic profiles and exported as individual ASCII text files. Data are reported as x, y, z triplets (Easting, Northing, Elevation) with the horizontal datum Washington State Plane South NAD 83 m, and the vertical datum NAVD 88 m. Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Peter Ruggiero Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey Contact_Position: Coastal Engineer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Coastal and Marine Geology Program, MS-999, 345 Middlefield Road City: Menlo Park State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 94025 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 650-329-5433 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 650-329-5190 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pruggiero@usgs.gov SMMS_Contact_Email_Hyperlinked: false Hours_of_Service: Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM PST/PDT Cloud_Cover: Unknown Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Point SMMS_Captured: false SMMS_Captured: false Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: State Plane Coordinate System 1983 State_Plane_Coordinate_System: SPCS_Zone_Identifier: Washington, South Lambert_Conformal_Conic: Standard_Parallel: 45.833333 Standard_Parallel: 47.333333 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -120.5 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 45.333333 False_Easting: 500000 False_Northing: 0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: Coordinate Pair Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Altitude_Resolution: 0.01 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: nb99_line001_t.xyz Entity_Type_Definition: ASCII text file Attribute: Attribute_Label: Easting Attribute_Definition: Easting coordinate position. 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Distribution_Information: SMMS_Distribution_Name: Digital - nearshore bathymetry - topographic merge Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Peter Ruggiero Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey Contact_Position: Coastal Engineer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Coastal and Marine Geology Program, MS-999, 345 Middlefield Road City: Menlo Park State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 94025 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 650-329-5433 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 650-329-5190 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pruggiero@usgs.gov SMMS_Contact_Email_Hyperlinked: false Hours_of_Service: Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM PST/PDT Distribution_Liability: Users must assume liability to determine the appropiate use of these data. This data set is not to be used for legal purposes. The Coastal and Marine Geology Program, US Geological Survey should be acknowledged as the data source in products derived from these data. Please contact the US Geological Survey for more detailed information if required. Standard_Order_Process: Fees: May involve cost recovery for production of CD-ROM. Please contact Peter Ruggiero for additional information and report availability. Ordering_Instructions: Contact Peter Ruggiero at the US Geological Survey. SMMS_Distribution_Type: 1 Custom_Order_Process: Please contact Peter Ruggiero at the US Geological Survey for ordering information, or view the Southwest Washington Coastal Erosion Study Internet site at http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/swces/index.htm for data download information. 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