Identification_Information: SMMS_Type: 1 Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Publication_Date: Unpublished Material Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Nearshore Bathymetry in the CRLC, Clatsop subcell - summer 2000 Online_Linkage: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/swces/index.htm SMMS_Citation_Linkages_Hyperlinked: true SMMS_Citation_Source_Time_Period: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Time_of_Day: Unknown Description: Abstract: The sub-aerial, or visible beach comprises only a portion of the active coastal zone. Variability in sub-aqueous morphology can influence the amount of energy from waves that is available to impact the shoreline and cause beach change. It has historically been very difficult and expensive to collect data in this highly dynamic region and only a few coastlines in the world have sufficient nearshore data to quantify this variability. The Coastal Profiling System (CPS), a hydrographic surveying system mounted on a Personal Watercraft (PWC) originally designed by Oregon State University (Beach et al., 1996; Côté, 1999; MacMahan, 2001) to collect data in energetic nearshore environments, is now being used in the Columbia River littoral cell in the Pacific Northwest USA to collect regional nearshore bathymetric data. Purpose: Nearshore bathymetry data is being collected as a component of the beach morphology monitoring program of the Southwest Washington Coastal Erosion Study. The primary goals of the monitoring program are to 1) quantify the short-medium term (event-seasonal-interannual) beach change rates and morphologic variability along the Columbia River littoral cell, 2) collect beach state parameter (grain size, beach slope, dune/sandbar height/position) data to enhance the conceptual understanding of the CRLC functioning and refine predictions of future coastal change, 3) compare and contrast the scales of environmental forcing and beach change with other coastlines of the world, and 4) provide relevant beach change data in an appropriate format to coastal decision-makers. Supplemental_Information: A description of the methodology used to collect this data is available in the USGS Open File Report: Beach Monitoring in the Columbia River Littoral Cell: 1997 - 2002. The following is a list of publications cited in this report: Beach, R.A.; Holman, R.A.; and Stanley, J., 1996. Measuring nearshore bathymetry on high energy beaches. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, 1996, F286. Cote, J.M., 1999. The measurement of nearshore bathymetry on Intermediate and dissipative beaches. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 102 pp. Daniels, R.C., P. Ruggiero, and L.E. Weber, 1999. Washington coastal geodetic control network: report and station index, Washington Department of Ecology, Coastal Monitoring & Analysis Program, Publication #99-103, 268 p. MacMahan, J., 2001. Hydrographic surveying from a personal watercraft. Journal of Surveying Engineering, 127(1), 12-24. Gelfenbaum, G., Sherwood, C.R., Kerr, L.A., and Kurrus, K., 2000, Grays Harbor wave refraction experiment 1999: Data report, US Geological Survey Open File Report, OF 00-44, 132 pp. Trimble Navigation Limited, 1998, 4700 Receiver Operation Manual. Version 1.0, Part Number 36238-00, Revision B. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20000919 Beginning_Time: Unknown Ending_Date: 20000922 Ending_Time: Unknown Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -124.2787 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -123.6226 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.3214 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 45.8547 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: nearshore bathymetry Theme_Keyword: cross-shore transect Theme_Keyword: Global Positioning System Theme_Keyword: seasonal variability Theme_Keyword: beach profile Theme_Keyword: sandbars Theme_Keyword: sediment transport Theme_Keyword: beach monitoring Theme_Keyword: beaches Theme_Keyword: beach morphology Theme_Keyword: beach survey Theme_Keyword: hydrographic surveying Theme_Keyword: topographic surveying Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: CMAP Region Place_Keyword: Astoria Place_Keyword: Clatsop Plains Place_Keyword: Clatsop Spit Place_Keyword: Columbia River Littoral Cell Place_Keyword: Copalis Beach Place_Keyword: Fort Canby Place_Keyword: Gearheart Place_Keyword: Grayland Plains Place_Keyword: Klipsan Place_Keyword: Leadbetter Point Place_Keyword: Long Beach Place_Keyword: Moclips Place_Keyword: North Beach Place_Keyword: North Cove Place_Keyword: Ocean City Place_Keyword: Ocean Park Place_Keyword: Ocean Shores Place_Keyword: Oregon Place_Keyword: Pacific Beach Place_Keyword: Point Grenville Place_Keyword: Seaside Place_Keyword: Seaview Place_Keyword: Tillamook Head Place_Keyword: Washington Place_Keyword: Westport Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Users must assume liability to determine the appropiate use of these data. This data set is not to be used for legal purposes. The Coastal and Marine Geology Program, US Geological Survey should be acknowledged as the data source in products derived from these data. Please contact the USGS for more detailed information if required. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Peter Ruggiero Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey Contact_Position: Coastal Engineer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Coastal and Marine Geology Program, MS-999, 345 Middlefield Road City: Menlo Park State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 94025 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 650-329-5433 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 650-329-5190 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pruggiero@usgs.gov SMMS_Contact_Email_Hyperlinked: false Hours_of_Service: Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM PST/PDT Data_Set_Credit: These data were collected as part of the Southwest Washington Coastal Erosion Study which is jointly funded by the Washington State Department of Ecology (Coastal Monitoring & Analysis Program) and the US Geological Survey (Coastal and Marine Geology Program). Native_Data_Set_Environment: ASCII text file, Windows NT 4.0 OS. SMMS_Dataset_Capture_Browse: false Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: The fidelity of the data is ensured via the use of survey grade GPS recievers and geodetic control monuments within the Washington Coastal Geodetic Control Network (Daniels et al., 1999). Completeness_Report: The data is visually inspected for gross inacuracies using a variety of software packages including HYPACK (Coastal Oceanographics Inc.) and Matlab (Mathworks Inc.). Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The survey-grade GPS equipment used in the monitoring program (Trimble 4000 series receivers) have manufacturer reported Root Mean Square (RMS) accuracies of approximately ±3-cm + 2ppm of baseline length (typically 10 km or less) in the horizontal while operating in Real Time Kinematic surveying mode (Trimble Navigation Limited, 1998). These reported accuracies are, however, additionally subject to multi-path, satellite obstructions, poor satellite geometry, and atmospheric conditions. While the horizontal uncertainty of individual data points is approximately 0.05 m, the CPSII operators cannot stay 'on line', in waves and currents, to this level of accuracy. Typically, mean offsets are less than 2.0 m from the preprogrammed track lines and maximum offsets along the approximately 2 km long transects are typically less than 10.0 m. Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 0.05 Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation: The survey-grade GPS equipment used in the monitoring program (Trimble 4000 series receivers) have manufacturer reported RMS accuracies of approximately ±3-cm + 2ppm of baseline length (typically 10 km or less) in the horizontal while operating in Real Time Kinematic surveying mode (Trimble Navigation Limited, 1998). Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The survey-grade GPS equipment used in the monitoring program (Trimble 4000 series receivers) have manufacturer reported RMS accuracies of approximately ±5-cm + 2ppm of baseline length (typically 10 km or less) in the vertical while operating in Real Time Kinematic surveying mode (Trimble Navigation Limited, 1998). These reported accuracies are, however, additionally subject to multi-path, satellite obstructions, poor satellite geometry, and atmospheric conditions that can combine to cause a vertical GPS drift that can be as much as 10-cm. While repeatability tests and merges with topographic data suggest sub-decimeter vertical accuracy (MacMahan, 2001), variability in seawater temperature (not usually measured) can affect depth estimates by as much as 20 cm in 12 m of water. However, water temperatures typically fluctuate only a few degrees, therefore a conservative estimate of the total vertical uncertainty is aproximately 0.15 meters. Quantitative_Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 0.15 Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation: The survey-grade GPS equipment used in the monitoring program (Trimble 4000 series receivers) have manufacturer reported RMS accuracies of approximately ±5-cm + 2ppm of baseline length (typically 10 km or less) in the vertical while operating in Real Time Kinematic surveying mode (Trimble Navigation Limited, 1998). Detailed laboratory tests, field tests (bar check), repeatability tests and merges with topographic data also suggest sub-decimeter vertical accuracy (MacMahan, 2001). Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: A Real Time Kinematic Differential Global Positioning System (RTK DGPS) base station is setup on a control monument within the Washington Coastal Geodetic Control Network (Daniels et al., 1999). An RTK DGPS base station consists of a Trimble 4400 receiver, a Trimble non-micro centered T1/T2 GPS antenna with a ground plane, a Pacific Crest UHF radio modem, radio antenna, two tripods, and various cables. The GPS antenna is mounted onto a tripod that is leveled over the monument. Once leveled the tripod is secured with sand bags and the antenna is connected to the GPS receiver via a data cable. The radio modem and antenna are attached to the second tripod and connected to the GPS receiver via a data cable. After all connections have been made, the Trimble 4400 receiver is started using a TDC1 or TSC1 handheld data logger and the radio modem is turned on. Process_Step: Process_Description: The Second Generation Coastal Profiling System (CPSII), cooperatively designed with the University of Florida (MacMahan, 2001), consists of a personal watercraft equipped with a GPS receiver and antenna, an echo sounder, a monitor for visual aid, a keypad for operator control, and a computer running hydrographic surveying software for navigation, data collection, and data analysis (MacMahan, 2001). The PWC used for the CPSII is a 1998 3-man Yamaha Venture 700 Wave Runner chosen because of its stability, compartment space, and relatively low price. The 3-man PWC measures 3.15 m in length, 1.25 m in width, and 1.05 m in height. During 1999 and 2000 only 1 of the 2 boats (Jose) was used to collect data while the second boat (Josb) served as water-based support for safety. During normal surveying operation, the wave runner travels at approximately 3 m/s (6 knots) and can operate for approximately 3-5 hours on one 50-L fuel tank. The instruments are placed in the compartment space located under the back seat, on a bracket at the stern on the vessel, and forward upper part of the vessel in front of the handlebars. In the storage space under the rear seat of the PWC, a small platform (false bottom) was mounted with a small watertight case located on the underside containing a DC-DC converter and an in-line fuse. On the topside of the platform are two larger watertight cases, which house the GPS, computer, and echo sounder electronics. In the computer case, the echo sounder and the laptop computer are mounted. This case has six external watertight connectors: one is for serial communication with the GPS, one for the echo sounder transducer, one for the external screen, one for the external 17 button keypad, one for power, and one spare. The complete system is powered by two gel cell 12-volt marine batteries, configured in series and housed in a Pelican box mounted on the bracket at the stern of the PWC. The system draws approximately 24 volts at approximately 2.8 amps (MacMahan, 2001). Horizontal and vertical positioning of the CPSII is obtained using a Trimble 4700 GPS receiver, which is enclosed in a waterproof Pelican box placed in the storage compartment underneath the seat. Also within the GPS case is the GPS radio modem (Pacific Crest) that is used to communicate with the shore base station. A small bracket is attached to the topside stern of the vessel for mounting the T1/T2 microcentered GPS antenna and the radio antenna. The GPS antenna is mounted approximately 90 cm directly above the echo sounder transducer. The echo sounder is a Bathy-500 single- frequency echo sounder with a 208 kHz transducer manufactured by Ocean Data Equipment Corporation (ODEC). This echo sounder has adjustable gains, offset, serial outputs, and speed of sound control. The sampling rate is a function of water depth with the highest sampling rate of 8 Hz applied in shallow water (0-10 m). The resolution of the echo sounder is approximately 3 cm. The transducer has a 10 - degree conical beam width and generates a pulse at 208 kHz. The echo sounder transducer is mounted on a removable plate on the underside of the vessel at the stern just below the engine jet. It is located approximately 29 cm below the waterline of the unmanned wave runner. The electronics of the echo sounder were reconfigured and along with a Toshiba Libretto 100 CT laptop computer (1999 and 2000) or a Palmax Pen computer (2001 and 2002), placed in a watertight Pelican Case. The CPSII collects data at 5 Hz and while traveling at 3 m/s generates a depth sounding every 0.6 meters along the sea floor. Navigation and surveying are aided by the use of a monitor (a 25.4 cm (10 inch) Computer Dynamics VAMP 1000 day light readable screen with 900 NIT reading) which is mounted in a watertight case on a bracket forward of the handlebars. A retractable bellows is mounted onto the screen case, sheltering the screen from direct sunlight to allow better viewing of the external monitor that shows the real-time surveying data. A small 17-button programmable Logic Controls keypad (24 cm X 8.9 cm X 3.2 cm) is placed in a waterproof radio bag mounted on the handlebars. In the spring of 2001, the second PWC (Josb) was outfitted to collect data concurrently with boat 1 (Jose). The second boat was equipped in a similar manner to boat 1 with a few key differences: 1) the echo sounder is a Bathy-500 MF (multiple frequency) from ODEC using an 8-degree conical beam width transducer and 2) the onboard computer is a Palmax Pen Computer (266MHz, Pentium, Windows 98). Process_Step: Process_Description: HYPACK hydrographic surveying software is used as the data synchronization software and navigation system. Hypack allows visual observation of trackline, distance offline, depth, latitude, longitude, easting, northing, corrected depth, filename, line number, satellite quality, number of satellites, collection mode, and recording mode. All of this information is useful to the operator when collecting hydrographic data. HYPACK allows for surveying within a user-defined coordinate system, in this case NAD83 Washington State Plane (4602) - South and NAVD88. As the GPS base station is set up over a monument known to have a horizontal and vertical accuracy of approximately 2-cm within the Washington Coastal Geodetic Control Network (Daniels et al., 1999), survey accurate data is stored in HYPACK in the appropriate datum. The CPSII has the ability to survey preset track lines and data is collected only when the PWC operator selects a line. The PWC operator maneuvers the vessel offshore to either a target depth (typically around 12 m) or a target easting. Each profile extends from a deep-water limit ranging between 10 and 16 m mean sea level toward the shoreline where the operator ends the line when turning the vessel in water depths of approximately 1 m. Process_Step: Process_Description: As often as possible the nearshore bathymetry data are combined with topographic surveys, extending the cross-shore profiles onto the sub-aerial beach and landward to the dune fields. Topographic cross-shore beach profiles are either collected by walking with an RTK DGPS reciever and antenna mounted to a backpack or six-wheel drive amphibious all-terrain vehicle called the CLAMMER (CoastaL All-terrain Morphology Monitoring and Erosion Research vehicle). The topographic beach profiles collected with the backpack typically extend from the landward side of the primary dune to wading depth during low tide. The topographic beach profiles collected with the CLAMMER are extracted from a uniform 2-dimensional gridded topographic surface such that alongshore grid positions agree with the alongshore positions of the bathymetry profiles. The CLAMMER collects dense three-dimensional topographic surface data. Each of these surface maps is approximately 4-km in alongshore length and extend from the base of the dune to the low tide water line in the cross-shore. Process_Step: Process_Description: Each nearshore profile is examined, typically using a Perl script, to detect and remove any data points collected when the GPS receiver is not initialized in kinematic mode. HYPACK stores data regardless of GPS quality and therefore the raw data files may contain non-precise data. However, HYPACK does record a GPS data quality string so the Perl script eliminates any data without the appropriate string value. This script also eliminates any obvious outliers from the raw files that are either shallower than the echo sounder blanking interval or deeper than a user defined cutoff value. Process_Step: Process_Description: Each nearshore profile is viewed using HYPACK’s editor. Here, any obviously bad data points that did not get eliminated by the previous processing step are removed by highlighting the point and deleting it from the record. Individual files are then exported from HYPACK in Easting, Northing, Elevation ASCII triplets with one data file per nearshore profile. Process_Step: Process_Description: Detailed laboratory and field tests (bar check) comparing the two echo sounders from Boat 1 and Boat 2 revealed a constant offset of 0.15 m. The echo sounder on Boat 2 was found to be accurate to approximately 1 cm while the echo sounder on Boat 1 was consistently 15 cm deeper. Throughout the 2001 field campaign the two boats’ instrumentation were checked against one another by having each boat collect at least one duplicate profile per data collection session. This check also consistently showed the 15cm offset between the two boats. To compensate for this offset, a 15 cm correction was added to the vertical coordinate of all the data collected using the echosounder of Boat 1 (1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002 profiles). These files, which have been run through the Perl script, the HYPACK editor, and corrected for offsets, are considered the ‘raw’ data files. Process_Step: Process_Description: Since the echo sounders did not measure water temperature and therefore did not correct the speed of sound in water in real time, all data have been corrected to adjust the vertical coordinate for the actual speed of sound based on water temperatures measured by local wave buoys (see Excel file Enviro_cond_00.xls). Further, no measurements of salinity were made or were available from local buoys. A sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the effect of salinity and temperature variations, hence speed of sound adjustment on a profile. The results show that a normal range of water temperature can have a measurable affect on depths. A worst case inducement of error, when the water temperature estimate is approximately 10 degrees C different from the actual water temperature, results in approximately 0.20 m of vertical change at a water depth of 11 m. The temperature chosen to correct each profile is taken as the average of the surface water temperatures recorded at the closest wave buoy to the data collection site over the times when data collection occurred at that particular sub-cell. Two standard deviatons of all water temperature estimates chosen to correct the profiles (more than 90 samples) is less than 3 degrees C. Therefore, the majority of nearshore profiles have been vertically adjusted by less than 10-cm. The salinity is fixed at 31 psu for all lines as its small variations in the sampling region (Gelfenbaum et al., 2000) had a negligible effect when performing a speed of sound correction to the data. Process_Step: Process_Description: Finally, a smoothing operation is performed using a running median filter on the vertical coordinate in the onshore direction to reduce high frequency fluctuations from the nearshore bathymetry data. Varying window sizes are used to obtain a smooth profile while maintaining the integrity of the actual data points. These files, which have been processed through the Perl script, the HYPACK editor, corrected for vertical offsets, speed of sound, and salinity, and smoothed are considered the ‘final’ data files. Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Peter Ruggiero Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey Contact_Position: Coastal Engineer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Coastal and Marine Geology Program, MS-999, 345 Middlefield Road City: Menlo Park State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 94025 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 650-329-5433 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 650-329-5190 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pruggiero@usgs.gov SMMS_Contact_Email_Hyperlinked: false Hours_of_Service: Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM PST/PDT Cloud_Cover: Unknown Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Point SMMS_Captured: false SMMS_Captured: false Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: State Plane Coordinate System 1983 State_Plane_Coordinate_System: SPCS_Zone_Identifier: Washington, South Lambert_Conformal_Conic: Standard_Parallel: 45.833333 Standard_Parallel: 47.333333 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -120.5 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 45.333333 False_Easting: 500000 False_Northing: 0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: Coordinate Pair Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Altitude_Resolution: 0.01 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: cp00_line037_b.xyz Entity_Type_Definition: ASCII text file Attribute: Attribute_Label: Easting Attribute_Definition: Easting coordinate position. 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Distribution_Information: SMMS_Distribution_Name: Digital - nearshore bathymetry Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Peter Ruggiero Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey Contact_Position: Coastal Engineer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Coastal and Marine Geology Program, MS-999, 345 Middlefield Road City: Menlo Park State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 94025 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 650-329-5433 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 650-329-5190 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pruggiero@usgs.gov SMMS_Contact_Email_Hyperlinked: false Hours_of_Service: Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM PST/PDT Distribution_Liability: Users must assume liability to determine the appropiate use of these data. This data set is not to be used for legal purposes. The Coastal and Marine Geology Program, US Geological Survey should be acknowledged as the data source in products derived from these data. Please contact the US Geological Survey for more detailed information if required. Standard_Order_Process: SMMS_Distribution_Type: 2 Standard_Order_Process: Fees: May involve cost recovery for production of CD-ROM. Please contact Peter Ruggiero for additional information and report availability. Ordering_Instructions: Contact Peter Ruggiero at the US Geological Survey. SMMS_Distribution_Type: 1 Custom_Order_Process: Please contact Peter Ruggiero at the US Geological Survey for ordering information, or view the Southwest Washington Coastal Erosion Study Internet site at http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/swces/index.htm for data download information. 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