Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Joel E. Robinson Originator: Thomas W. Sisson Originator: Darin D. Swinney Publication_Date: 2010 Title: Digital topographic map showing the extents of glacial ice and perennial snowfields at Mount Rainier, Washington, based on the LiDAR survey of September 2007 to October 2008: LiDAR DTM Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: Data Series Issue_Identification: DS-549 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/549 Description: Abstract: Watershed Sciences, Inc. (WS) collected Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington between September 2007 and October 2008. Total requested area for this LiDAR survey was 237,631 acres. The total area of delivered LiDAR is 241,585 acres. The requested area was expanded to include approximately 100 square meters buffer ensuring complete coverage and adequate point densities at survey area edges. The extreme conditions and weather patterns of Mount Rainier complicated the logistics of the LiDAR survey. Data acquisition began in early September 2007, but was suspended due to early season snowfall. Acquisition recommenced in September 2008, but was again suspended due to snow before the entire survey could be completed. The acquisition was finished in October 2008 during a window of cooperative weather. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2008 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -121.935313 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -121.436570 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.005073 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 46.704445 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword: Light Detection and Ranging Theme_Keyword: LiDAR Place: Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: Washington Place_Keyword: Mount Rainier National Park Place_Keyword: Mount Rainier Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: Uses of this digital data should not violate the spatial resolution of the data. Although the digital form of the data removes the constraint imposed by the scale of a paper map, the detail and accuracy inherent in map scale are also present in the digital data. The data was collected with an average of 5.73 points per square meter, a 3.7 centimeter verticle accuracy, and gridded with 1 meter cell size. Higher resolution information is not present in the dataset. View at scales larger than the data resolution will not yield greater real detail, although it may reveal fine-scale irregularities below the intended resolution of the database. Similarly, where this database is used in combination with other data of higher resolution, the resolution of the combined output will be limited by the lower resolution of these data. Acknowlegdment of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated in products derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Joel E. Robinson Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 345 Middlefield Road Address: MS 910 City: Menlo Park State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 94025 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (650)329-5322 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (650)329-5302 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jrobins@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: please contact via e-mail Data_Set_Credit: Watershed Sciences, Inc. (WS) collected Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data of Mount Rainier National Park between September 2007 and October 2008. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows 2000 Version 5.2 (Build 3790) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.3000 Data_Quality_Information: Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: These data are accurate to 1 meter in the x and y directions. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: These data are accurate to 3.7 centimeters in the z direction. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: LIDAR SURVEY The LiDAR survey used a Leica ALS50 Phase II laser system. For the Mount Rainier survey, the pulse rate yielded an average native density (number of pulses emitted by the laser system) of greater or equal to 3 points per square meter over terrestrial surfaces. To accurately solve for laser point position, the coordinates of the airborne sensor were recorded twice per second and attitude of the aircraft was recorded 200 times per second. These were index by GPS time to allow for post-processing. Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Joel E. Robinson Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 345 Middlefield Road Address: MS 910 City: Menlo Park State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 94025 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (650)329-5322 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (650)329-5203 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jrobins@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: please contact via e-mail Process_Step: Process_Description: CONTROL POINTS During the airborne data collection, multiple static GPS surveys were collected at known mounuments at 1Hz intervals. Indexed by time, these GPS data were used to correct onboard measurements of aircraft position. After the airborne survey, the GPS data were also processed using triangulation with Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) and checked against the Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) to quantify daily variance. Process_Step: Process_Description: DATA PROCESSING 1. Resolved corrections for aircraft position data using kinematic aircraft GPS and static ground GPS data. Software: Waypoint GPS v.8.10, Trimble Geomatics Office v.1.62 2. Developd a smoothed best estimate of trajectory (SBET) file that blends post-processed aircraft position with attitude data. Sensor head position and attitude were calculated throughout the survey. The SBET data were used extensively for laser point processing. Software: IPAS v.1.4 3. Calculated laser point position by associating SBET position to each laser point return time, scan angle, intensity, etc. Created raw laser point cloud data for the entire survey in *.las (ASPRS v1.1) format. Software: ALS Post Processing Software v.2.69 4. Imported raw laser points into manageable blocks (less than 500 MB) to perform manual relative accuracy calibration and filter for pits/birds. Ground points were then classified for individual flight lines (to be used for relative accuracy testing and calibration). Software: TerraScan v.8.001 5. Using ground classified points per each flight line, the relative accuracy was tested. Automated line-to-line calibrations were then performed for system attitude parameters (pitch, roll, heading), mirror flex (scale) and GPS/IMU drift. Calibrations were performed on ground classified points from paired flight lines. Every flight line was used for relative accuracy calibration. Software: TerraMatch v.8.001 6. Position and attitude data were imported. Resulting data were classified as ground and nonground points. Statistical absolute accuracy was assessed via direct comparisons of ground classified points to ground RTK survey data. Data were then converted to orthometric elevations (NAVD88) by applying a Geoid03 correction. Ground models were created as a triangulated surface and exported as ArcInfo ASCII grids at a 1-meter pixel resolution. Software: TerraScan v.8.001, ArcMap v.9.3, TerraModeler v.7.006 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell Row_Count: 32789 Column_Count: 37481 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 10 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 1.000000 Ordinate_Resolution: 1.000000 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Z-values are elevations in meters. No table for floating point files. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Instructions: Only available for download at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/549 Resource_Description: These files are integral to U.S. Geologcal Survey DS-549 Distribution_Liability: This database, identified as DS-549, has been approved for release and publication by the Director of the USGS. Although this database has been subjected to rigorous review and is substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, it is released on condition that neither the USGS nor the United States Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its authorized or unauthorized use. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Arc Grid File_Decompression_Technique: WinZip Transfer_Size: 2.44 GB Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/549 Ordering_Instructions: Available for download from: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/549 Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20101124 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Joel E. Robinson Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 345 Middlefield Road Address: MS 910 City: Menlo Park State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 94025 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (650)329-5322 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (650)329-5203 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jrobins@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: please contact via e-mail Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile