Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Philip A. Davis Originator: Laura E. Cagney Publication_Date: 2013 Title: SOUTH_HELMAND_UTM_WGS84_Z41_CIR_Q4.tif Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: Data Series Issue_Identification: DS 709-O Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/o/ Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Philip A. Davis Originator: Laura E. Cagney Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Local-Area-Enhanced, 2.5-Meter Resolution Natural-Color and Color-Infrared Satellite-Image Mosaics of the South Helmand Mineral District in Afghanistan Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: Data Series Issue_Identification: 709-O Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/o/ Description: Abstract: The image data in this Data Series (DS) consist of local-area enhanced, high-resolution satellite natural-color (NC) and color-infrared (CIR) image mosaics of the South Helmand mineral district, located within southern Helmand and Khandahar Provinces, Afghanistan. The South Helmand district has industrial travertine deposits. The mosaics were constructed using ALOS (Advanced Land Observation Satellite; renamed Daichi) AVNIR (Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer) multispectral and PRISM (Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping) panchromatic images acquired from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and processed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The AVNIR data consist of a four-band image (blue, green, red, and near- infrared wavelength bands) with a 10-meter (m) resolution and a PRISM panchromatic band that covers the visible-band wavelengths and has a 2.5-m resolution. Images used for the area of interest were selected based on highest sun elevation and least cloud, shadow, and snow cover. Spatial resolution of the final image mosaics is 2.5 m. The final image mosaics for the area of interest were subdivided into ten quadrants because of the large size of the image mosaic at 2.5-m resolution. Purpose: These image mosaics were prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Task Force for Business and Stability Operations within the U.S. Department of Defense, to (1) provide useful data to ground survey crews for use in performing more detailed assessments of the area and (2) provide useful information to potential private investors who are considering the area for economic development of its natural resources. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Multiple_Dates/Times: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 200808 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 200809 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 201006 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 201007 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: 63.973246 East_Bounding_Coordinate: 64.181845 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 29.874976 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 29.449079 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: http://geology.usgs.gov/tools/metadata/standard/glossary.html Theme_Keyword: Mineral Resources Theme_Keyword: ALOS AVNIR Theme_Keyword: ALOS PRISM Theme_Keyword: Remote Sensing Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: http://geonames.usgs.gov/ Place_Keyword: South Helmand Travertine District, Helmand and Khandahar Provinces, Afghanistan Access_Constraints: See "Use Constraints" Section Use_Constraints: None Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Philip A Davis Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Research Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 2255 N. Gemini Drive, Building 4 City: Flagstaff State_or_Province: AZ Postal_Code: 86001 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 928-556-7084 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 928-556-7092 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pdavis@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: South_Helmand_Image_Index_Map.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Location and tile structure for image mosaic Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Data_Set_Credit: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ((c)JAXA, 2008, 2010). Security_Information: Security_Classification_System: None Security_Classification: Unclassified Security_Handling_Description: None Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.3000 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Philip A. Davis Originator: Laura E. Cagney Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Local-Area-Enhanced, 2.5-m Resolution Natural-Color and Color-Infrared Satellite-Image Mosaics of the South Helmand Mineral District in Afghanistan Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: All images used in the mosaic were internally calibrated to provide a consistent band reflectance across the region. Completeness_Report: This mosaic represents one-eighth of the South Helmand mineral district. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Positional accuracy is approximately 50 m Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 50 Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation: 50-m absolute accuracy is the same as the Landsat image base used to register the ALOS data. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: ALOS was launched on January 24, 2006, and provides multispectral images from the AVNIR sensor in blue (420-500 nanometer, nm), green (520-600 nm), red (610-690 nm), and near-infrared (760-890 nm) wavelength bands with an 8-bit dynamic range and a 10-m ground resolution. The satellite also provides a panchromatic band image from the PRISM sensor (520-770 nm) with the same dynamic range, but a 2.5-m ground resolution. The image products in this DS incorporate copyrighted data provided by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ((c)JAXA, 2008, 2010), but the image processing has altered the original pixel structure and all image values of the JAXA ALOS data, such that original image values cannot be recreated from this DS. As such, the DS products match JAXA criteria for value added products, which are not copyrighted, according to the ALOS end-user license agreement. The selection criteria for the satellite imagery used in our mosaics were images having (1) the highest solar-elevation angles (near summer solstice) and (2) the least cloud, cloud-shadow, and snow cover. The multispectral and panchromatic data were orthorectified with ALOS satellite ephemeris data, a process which is not as accurate as orthorectification using digital elevation models (DEMs); however, the ALOS processing center did not have a precise DEM. As a result, the multispectral and panchromatic image pairs were generally not well registered to the surface and not coregistered well enough to perform resolution enhancement on the multispectral data. Therefore, it was necessary to (1) register the 10-m AVNIR multispectral imagery to a well-controlled Landsat image base, (2) mosaic the individual multispectral images into a single image of the entire area of interest, (3) register each panchromatic image to the registered multispectral image base, and (4) mosaic the individual panchromatic images into a single image of the entire area of interest. The two image-registration steps were facilitated using an automated control point algorithm developed by the USGS that allows image coregistration to within one picture element. Before rectification, the multispectral and panchromatic images were converted to radiance values and then relative reflectance values using the methods described in Davis (2006). Mosaicking the multispectral or panchromatic images started with the image with the highest sun-elevation angle and the least atmospheric scattering, which was treated as the standard image. The band-reflectance values of all other multispectral or panchromatic images within the area were sequentially adjusted to that of the standard image by determining band-reflectance correspondence between overlapping images using linear least-squares analysis. The resolution of the multispectral image mosaic was then increased to that of the panchromatic image mosaic using the SPARKLE logic, which is described in Davis (2006). Each of the four-band images within the resolution-enhanced image mosaic was individually subjected to a local-area histogram stretch algorithm (described in Davis, 2007), which stretches each band's picture element based on the digital values of all picture elements within a 500-m radius. The final databases, which are provided in this DS, are three-band, color- composite images of the local-area-enhanced, natural-color data (the blue, green, and red wavelength bands) and color-infrared data (the green, red, and near-infrared wavelength bands). All image data were initially projected and maintained in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) map projection using the target area's local zone (41 for South Helmand) and the WGS84 datum. The final image mosaics were subdivided into eight overlapping tiles or quadrants because of the large size of the target area. The eight image tiles (or quadrants) for the South Helmand area are provided as embedded geotiff images, which can be read and used by most geographic information system (GIS) and image-processing software. The tiff world files (tfw) are provided, even though they are generally not needed for most software to read an embedded geotiff image. References Cited: Davis, P.A., 2006, Calibrated Landsat ETM+ nonthermal-band image mosaics of Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1345, 18 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1345/. Davis, P.A., 2007, Landsat ETM+ false-color image mosaics of Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1029, 22 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1029/. Process_Description: Metadata imported. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: F:\ SOUTH_HELMAND_UTM_WGS84_Z41_CIR_Q4.tif.xml Process_Date: 20120411 Process_Time: 11235200 Cloud_Cover: 0% Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Row_Count: 18806 Column_Count: 7901 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 41 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: 63.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 2.500000 Ordinate_Resolution: 2.500000 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS (1-888-275-8747) Contact_Instructions: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/ Resource_Description: Downloadable Data Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and (or) contained herein. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: TIFF Format_Version_Number: 1.0 Format_Specification: Embedded GeoTIFF File_Decompression_Technique: WinZip or many common compression systems Transfer_Size: 436.000 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/ Fees: None Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20111215 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Philip A. Davis Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Research Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 2255 N. Gemini Drive, Building 4 City: Flagstaff State_or_Province: AZ Postal_Code: 86001 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 928-556-7084 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 928-556-7094 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pdavis@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile