Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Philip A. Davis
      Originator: Laura E. Cagney
      Originator: Scott A. Arko
      Originator: Michelle L. Harbin
Publication_Date: 2013
      Title: NURISTAN_UTM_WGS84_Z42_CIR.tif
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Data Series
        Issue_Identification: DS 709-X
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/x/
      Larger_Work_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Philip A. Davis
          Originator: Laura E. Cagney
          Originator: Scott A. Arko
          Originator: Michelle L. Harbin
Publication_Date: 2013
          Title: Local-Area-Enhanced, 10-Meter Resolution 
Natural-Color and Color-Infrared Satellite-Image Mosaics of the 
Nuristan Mineral District in Afghanistan
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Data Series
            Issue_Identification: 709-X
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
          Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/x/
Description:
    Abstract: The image data in this Data Series (DS) consist of 
local-area enhanced, high-resolution satellite natural-color (NC) 
and color-infrared (CIR) image mosaics of the Nuristan mineral 
district, located mostly within the Nuristan Province, Afghanistan.
The Nuristan district has gem, lithium, and cesium deposits. 
The mosaics were constructed using ALOS (Advanced Land Observation Satellite; 
renamed Daichi) AVNIR (Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer) 
multispectral and PRISM (Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping) 
panchromatic images acquired from the Japan Aerospace Exploration 
Agency (JAXA) and processed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The AVNIR 
data consist of a four-band image (blue, green, red, and near-
infrared wavelength bands) with a 10-meter (m) resolution and a 
PRISM panchromatic band that covers the visible-band wavelengths and 
has a 2.5-m resolution. Images used for the area of interest were 
selected based on highest sun elevation and least cloud, shadow, and 
snow cover. However, all available panchromatic images for this area
had significant cloud and snow cover that precluded their use for 
resolution enhancement of the multispectral image data.  Thus, spatial
resolution of the final image mosaics is 10 m.
    Purpose: These image mosaics were prepared by the U.S. 
Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Task Force for 
Business and Stability Operations within the U.S. Department of 
Defense, to (1) provide useful data to ground survey crews for use 
in performing more detailed assessments of the area and (2) provide 
useful information to potential private investors who are 
considering the area for economic development of its natural 
resources.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Multiple_Dates/Times:
        Single_Date/Time:
          Calendar_Date: 200807
        Single_Date/Time:
          Calendar_Date: 200909
    Currentness_Reference: ground condition
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates: 
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: 70.504607
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: 71.396346
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 35.889828
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 34.835036
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: 
http://geology.usgs.gov/tools/metadata/standard/glossary.html
      Theme_Keyword: Mineral Resources
      Theme_Keyword: ALOS AVNIR
      Theme_Keyword: ALOS PRISM
      Theme_Keyword: Remote Sensing
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: http://geonames.usgs.gov/
      Place_Keyword: Nuristan Mineral District, Nuristan
Province, Afghanistan
  Access_Constraints: See "Use Constraints" Section
  Use_Constraints: None
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Philip A Davis
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Position: Research Geologist
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: 2255 N. Gemini Drive, Building 4
        City: Flagstaff
        State_or_Province: AZ
        Postal_Code: 86001
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 928-556-7084
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 928-556-7092
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pdavis@usgs.gov
  Browse_Graphic:
    Browse_Graphic_File_Name: Nuristan_Image_Index_Map.jpg
    Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Location of image mosaic
    Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG
  Data_Set_Credit: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ((c)JAXA, 2008,
2009).
  Security_Information:
    Security_Classification_System: None
    Security_Classification: Unclassified
    Security_Handling_Description: None
  Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 
(Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.3000
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Philip A. Davis
      Originator: Laura E. Cagney
      Originator: Scott A. Arko
      Originator: Michelle L. Harbin
      Publication_Date: 2013
      Title: Local-Area-Enhanced, 10-m Resolution Natural-Color and 
Color-Infrared Satellite-Image Mosaics of the Nuristan Mineral 
District in Afghanistan
Data_Quality_Information:
  Logical_Consistency_Report: All images used in the mosaic were 
internally calibrated to provide a consistent band reflectance 
across the region.
  Completeness_Report: This mosaic represents the entire Nuristan
mineral district.
  Positional_Accuracy:
    Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
      Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Positional accuracy is 
approximately 50 m
      Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment:
        Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 50
        Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation: 50-m absolute 
accuracy is the same as the Landsat image base used to register the 
ALOS data.
  Lineage:
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        ALOS was launched on January 24, 2006, and provides 
multispectral images from the AVNIR sensor in blue (420-500 nanometer, nm), green 
(520-600 nm), red (610-690 nm), and near-infrared (760-890 nm) 
wavelength bands with an 8-bit dynamic range and a 10-m ground 
resolution. The satellite also provides a panchromatic band image 
from the PRISM sensor (520-770 nm) with the same dynamic range, but 
a 2.5-m ground resolution. The image products in this DS incorporate 
copyrighted data provided by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 
((c)JAXA, 2008, 2009), but the image processing has altered the 
original pixel structure and all image values of the JAXA ALOS data, 
such that original image values cannot be recreated from this DS.  
As such, the DS products match JAXA criteria for value added 
products, which are not copyrighted, according to the ALOS end-user 
license agreement.

        The selection criteria for the satellite imagery used in our 
mosaics were images having (1) the highest solar-elevation angles 
(near summer solstice) and (2) the least cloud, cloud-shadow, and 
snow cover. The multispectral and panchromatic data were 
orthorectified with ALOS satellite ephemeris data, a process which 
is not as accurate as orthorectification using digital elevation 
models (DEMs); however, the ALOS processing center did not have a 
precise DEM. As a result, the multispectral and panchromatic image 
pairs were generally not well registered to the surface and not 
coregistered well enough to perform resolution enhancement on the 
multispectral data. For this particular area, PRISM image 
orthorectification was performed by the Alaska Satellite Facility, 
applying its photogrammetric software to PRISM stereo images with 
vertical control points obtained from the digital elevation database 
produced by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (Farr and others, 2007)
and horizontal adjustments based on a controlled Landsat image base 
(Davis, 2006). The 10-m AVNIR multispectral imagery was then 
coregistered to the orthorectified PRISM images and individual 
multispectral and panchromatic images were mosaicked into single 
images of the entire area of interest. The image coregistration was
facilitated using an automated control point algorithm developed
by the USGS that allows image coregistration to within one picture element. 
Before rectification, the multispectral and panchromatic images were 
converted to radiance values and then relative reflectance values 
using the methods described in Davis (2006). Mosaicking the 
multispectral or panchromatic images started with the image with the 
highest sun-elevation angle and the least atmospheric scattering, 
which was treated as the standard image. The band-reflectance 
values of all other multispectral or panchromatic images within the 
area were sequentially adjusted to that of the standard image by 
determining band-reflectance correspondence between overlapping 
images using linear least-squares analysis. All available 
panchromatic images for this area had significant cloud and snow cover
that precluded their use for resolution enhancement of the 
multispectral image data. Each of the four-band images within the 
resolution-enhanced image mosaic was individually subjected to a 
local-area histogram stretch algorithm (described in Davis, 2007), 
which stretches each band's picture element based on the digital 
values of all picture elements within a 500-m radius. The final 
databases, which are provided in this DS, are three-band, color-
composite images of the local-area-enhanced, natural-color data (the 
blue, green, and red wavelength bands) and color-infrared data (the 
green, red, and near-infrared wavelength bands).

        All image data were initially projected and maintained in 
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) map projection using the target 
area's local zone (42 for Nuristan) and the WGS84 datum. The final 
image mosaics for the Nuristan area are provided as embedded geotiff
images, which can be read and used by most geographic information
system (GIS) and image-processing software. The tiff world files 
(tfw) are provided, even though they are generally not needed for 
most software to read an embedded geotiff image.
        References Cited:

Davis, P.A., 2006, Calibrated Landsat ETM+ nonthermal-band image 
mosaics of Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 
2006-1345, 18 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1345/.

Davis, P.A., 2007, Landsat ETM+ false-color image mosaics of 
Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1029, 22 
p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1029/.

Farr, T.G., Rosen, P.A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S.,
Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L., Seal, D., Shaffer, S.,
Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., and 
Alsdorf, D., 2007, The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission: Reviews of 
Geophysics, v. 45, RG2004, 33 p., doi:10.1029/2005RG000183.

      Process_Description: Metadata imported.
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: F:\ 
NURISTAN_UTM_WGS84_Z42_CIR.tif.xml
      Process_Date: 20110916
      Process_Time: 08261500
  Cloud_Cover: 3%
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster
  Raster_Object_Information:
    Raster_Object_Type: Pixel
    Row_Count: 11550
    Column_Count: 7878
    Vertical_Count: 1
Spatial_Reference_Information:
  Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
    Planar:
      Grid_Coordinate_System:
        Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
        Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
          UTM_Zone_Number: 42
          Transverse_Mercator:
            Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
            Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: 69.000000
            Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000
            False_Easting: 500000.000000
            False_Northing: 0.000000
      Planar_Coordinate_Information:
        Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column
        Coordinate_Representation:
          Abscissa_Resolution: 10.00000
          Ordinate_Resolution: 10.00000
        Planar_Distance_Units: meters
    Geodetic_Model:
      Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984
      Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984
      Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000
      Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
        City: Reston
        State_or_Province: VA
        Postal_Code: 20192
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS (1-888-275-8747)
      Contact_Instructions: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/709/
  Resource_Description: Downloadable Data
  Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been processed 
successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no 
warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or 
utility of the data on any other system, or for general or 
scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute 
any such warranty.  The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held 
liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and (or) 
contained herein.
  Standard_Order_Process:
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: TIFF
        Format_Version_Number: 1.0
        Format_Specification: Embedded GeoTIFF
        File_Decompression_Technique: WinZip or many common 
compression systems
        Transfer_Size: 266.000
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Online_Option:
          Computer_Contact_Information:
            Network_Address:
              Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/
    Fees: None
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20110914
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Philip A. Davis
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Position: Research Geologist
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: 2255 N. Gemini Drive, Building 4
        City: Flagstaff
        State_or_Province: AZ
        Postal_Code: 86001
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 928-556-7084
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 928-556-7094
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pdavis@usgs.gov
  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital 
Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
  Metadata_Time_Convention: local time
  Metadata_Extensions:
    Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html
    Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile
  Metadata_Extensions:
    Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html
    Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile
