Metadata:
  Identification_Information:
    Citation:
      Citation_Information:
        Originator: Eleyne L. Phillips
        Originator: Mercedes D. Erdey
        Originator: Guy R. Cochrane
        Publication_Date: 2013
        Title: Seafloor character--Offshore of Santa Barbara, California
        Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: GeoTiff  
        Larger_Work_Citation:
            Citation_Information:
              Originator: Samuel Y. Johnson
              Originator: Peter Dartnell
              Originator: Guy R. Cochrane
              Originator: Nadine E. Golden
              Originator: Eleyne L. Phillips
              Originator: Andrew C. Ritchie
              Originator: H. Gary Greene
              Originator: Lisa M. Krigsman
              Originator: Rikk G. Kvitek
              Originator: Bryan E. Dieter
              Originator: Charles A. Endris
              Originator: Gordon G. Seitz
              Originator: Ray W. Sliter
              Originator: Mercedes D. Erdey
              Originator: Carlos I. Gutierrez
              Originator: Florence L. Wong
              Originator: Mary M. Yoklavich
              Originator: Amy E. Draut
              Originator: Patrick E. Hart
              Originator: James E. Conrad
              Originator: Susan A. Cochran
              Publication_Date: 2013
              Title: California State Waters Map Series--Offshore of Santa Barbara, California
              Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
              Series_Information:
                Series_Name: Scientific Investigations Map
                Issue_Identification: SIM 3281
              Publication_Information:
                Publication_Place: Reston, VA
                Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
              Online_Linkage: http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3281
              Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3281/
        Larger_Work_Citation:
          Citation_Information:
            Originator: Nadine E. Golden
            Publication_Date: 2013
            Title: California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog
            Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: database
            Series_Information:
              Series_Name: Data Series
              Issue_Identification: DS 781
            Publication_Information:
              Publication_Place: Reston, VA
              Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
            Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/
  
    Description:
      Abstract: 
        This part of SIM 3281 presents data for the seafloor-character map (see sheet 5, SIM 3281) of the Offshore of Santa Barbara map area, California. The raster data file is included in "SeafloorCharacter_OffshoreSantaBarbara.zip," which is accessible from http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreSantaBarbara/data_catalog_OffshoreSantaBarbara.html. 

        This raster-format seafloor-character map shows six substrate classes of the Offshore of Santa Barbara map area. The six substrate classes mapped in this area have been colored to indicate which of the following California Marine Life Protection Act depth zones and slope classes they belong: Depth Zone 2 (intertidal to 30 m), Depth Zone 3 (30 to 100 m), and Slope Class 1, 0 degrees to 5 degrees (flat). Depth Zone 1 (intertidal), Depth Zones 4 and 5 (greater than 100 m), and Slope Classes 2 to 4, greater than 5 degrees (sloping to vertical) are not present in this map area. The map is created using a supervised classification method described by Cochrane (2008), available at http://doc.nprb.org/web/research/research%20pubs/615_habitat_mapping_workshop/Individual%20Chapters%20High-Res/Ch13%20Cochrane.pdf.

        References Cited:

          California Department of Fish and Game, 2008, California Marine Life Protection Act master plan for marine protected areas--Revised draft: California Department of Fish and Game, accessed April 5 2011, at http://www.dfg.ca.gov/mlpa/masterplan.asp.

          Cochrane, G.R., 2008, Video-supervised classification of sonar data for mapping seafloor habitat, in Reynolds, J.R., and Greene, H.G., eds., Marine habitat mapping technology for Alaska: Fairbanks, University of Alaska, Alaska Sea Grant College Program, p. 185-194, accessed April 5, 2011, at http://doc.nprb.org/web/research/research%20pubs/615_habitat_mapping_workshop/Individual%20Chapters%20High-Res/Ch13%20Cochrane.pdf.

          Sappington, J.M., Longshore, K.M., and Thompson, D.B., 2007, Quantifying landscape ruggedness for animal habitat analysis--A case study using bighorn sheep in the Mojave Desert: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 71, p. 1,419-1,426.

      Purpose: 
        These data are intended for science researchers, students, policy makers, and the general public. These data can be used with geographic information systems or other software to identify local seafloor character.
     Supplemental_Information:
        Information for the related USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center data collection field activities is available online: Z-2-06-SC, at <http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/z/z206sc/html/z-2-06-sc.meta.html>; S-1-05-SC, at <http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/s/s105sc/html/s-1-05-sc.meta.html>; and S-1C-08-SC, at <http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/s/s1c08sc/html/s-1c-08-sc.meta.html>.
    Time_Period_of_Content:
      Time_Period_Information:
        Range_of_Dates/Times:
          Beginning_Date: 2005
          Ending_Date: 2010
      Currentness_Reference: ground condition
    Status:
      Progress: Complete
      Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed
    Spatial_Domain:
      Bounding_Coordinates:
        West_Bounding_Coordinate: -119.813888
        East_Bounding_Coordinate: -119.616336
        North_Bounding_Coordinate: 34.426539
        South_Bounding_Coordinate: 34.322792
    Keywords:
      Place:
        Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
        Place_Keyword: Santa Barbara
        Place_Keyword: Santa Barbara Channel
        Place_Keyword: Pacific Ocean
        Place_Keyword: California   
      Theme:
        Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD)
        Theme_Keyword: Oceans > Bathymetry/SeafloorTopography > Bathymetry
        Theme_Keyword: Oceans > Bathymetry/SeafloorTopography > Seafloor Topography
      Theme:
        Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: General
        Theme_Keyword: Seafloor Character
        Theme_Keyword: Fisheries
        Theme_Keyword: Ecosystem
        Theme_Keyword: Multibeam
        Theme_Keyword: Geology
        Theme_Keyword: Bathymetry
        Theme_Keyword: Backscatter
        Theme_Keyword: Intensity
        Theme_Keyword: Ocean Floor Topography
        Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey
        Theme_Keyword: USGS
        Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
        Theme_Keyword: CMGP
      Theme:
        Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
        Theme_Keyword: biota
        Theme_Keyword: oceans
    Access_Constraints: None
    Use_Constraints: Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM). USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain. This information is not intended for navigational purposes.
      Read and fully comprehend the metadata prior to data use. Uses of these data should not violate the spatial resolution of the data.
      Where these data are used in combination with other data of different resolution, the resolution of the combined output will be limited by the lowest resolution of all the data.
      Acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey in products derived from these data. Share data products developed using these data with the U.S. Geological Survey.
      This database has been approved for release and publication by the Director of the USGS. Although this database has been subjected to
      rigorous review and is substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and
      review. Furthermore, it is released on condition that neither the USGS nor the United States Government may be held liable for any
      damages resulting from its authorized or unauthorized use.
      Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document these data in nonproprietary form, as
      well as in ArcInfo format, this metadata file may include some ArcInfo-specific terminology.
    Point_of_Contact:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Person_Primary:
          Contact_Person: Guy Cochrane
          Contact_Organization:
            U.S. Geological Survey,
            Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
        Contact_Position: Geophysicist
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: mailing and physical address
          Address: 400 Natural Bridges Dr.
          City: Santa Cruz
          State_or_Province: CA
          Postal_Code: 95060-5792
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: (831) 460-7555
        Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (831) 427-4709
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: gcochrane@usgs.gov
  Data_Quality_Information:
    Attribute_Accuracy:
      Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Pixel resolution 2 m. 
    Logical_Consistency_Report:
      Classification was done on the basis of training samples delineated by interpreter. The classification was performed using mathematical algorithms then hand-edited by the interpreter to remove noise. 
    Completeness_Report:
      Total coverage for the survey area is 100%. Survey area is defined by coverage of both the multibeam bathymetry and backscatter datasets. 
    Positional_Accuracy:
      Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
        Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
          Positional information reflects the position of the camera and was collected using a 
          still photo camera, WAAS-enabled GPS unit, recording at between 1 to 2 nm. 
          DGPS (WAAS) accuracy for position is less than 3 meters. (From Garmin GPSMAP 76C/76CS Specifications, M01-10108-00, Rev0304, <http://www8.garmin.com/specs/GPSMAP76C_76CSspec.pdf>).
    Lineage:
      Process_Step:
        Process_Description:
          The seafloor-character map was produced using video-supervised maximum likelihood classification of the bathymetry and intensity of return from sonar systems. The classification was supervised using signatures defined by hand-drawn polygons located through sediment samples and video-observation ground truth surveying, applying methodology described in Cochrane (2008), available at http://doc.nprb.org/web/research/research%20pubs/615_habitat_mapping_workshop/Individual%20Chapters%20High-Res/Ch13%20Cochrane.pdf.
          The two variants used in this classification were backscatter intensity and derivative rugosity. Rugosity measures terrain ruggedness as the variation in three-dimensional orientation of grid cells within a neighborhood. Vector analysis is used to calculate the dispersion of vectors normal (orthogonal) to grid cells within the specified neighborhood. This method effectively captures variability in slope and aspect into a single measure. Ruggedness values in the output raster map can range from 0 (no terrain variation) to 1 (complete terrain variation). The calculation was performed using the Terrain Ruggedness (VRM) tool (for details, see Sappington and others, 2007). 
          Classes I, II, and III were delineated using multivariate analysis. Class IV (rugged anthropogenic material) values are a subclass of seafloor Class III, and Class V (smooth, hard anthropogenic material) values are a subclass of Class II; these pixels were depicted on the basis of visual characteristics and known location of man-made features. Class VI was assigned using a separate query describing a subclass of mobile sedimentary features (scour depressions), as defined by observations of megaripples (ripples that have wavelengths greater than 1 m) and moderate relief (Cacchione and others, 1984; Phillips, 2006).  Class VI also includes areas that display some morphologic characteristics of scour depressions, but not all; some of these areas may fall under the class of sorted bedforms (Murray and Theiler, 2004; Trembanis and Hume, 2011). The resulting map (gridded at 2 m) was cleaned by hand to remove data-collection artifacts (for example, trackline nadir). Editing was performed in Photoshop, with which individual pixels were selected and values adjusted to remove noise.  Selection occurred without antialiasing, and the resulting grid was identical but for the edited pixels. 

          The six seafloor classes mapped in this area were then colored to indicate which of the following California Marine Life Protection Act depth zones and slope classes they belong: Depth Zone 2 (intertidal to 30 m), Depth Zone 3 (30 to 100 m), and Slope Class 1, 0 degrees to 5 degrees (flat). Depth Zone 1 (intertidal), Depth Zones 4 and 5 (greater than 100 m), and Slope Classes 2 to 4, greater than 5 degrees (sloping to vertical) are not present in this map area.    
        Process_Date: 201206
  Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
    Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster
    Raster_Object_Information:
      Raster_Object_Type: Pixel
      Row_Count: 5519
      Column_Count: 8944
      Vertical_Count: 1
  Spatial_Reference_Information:
    Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
        Planar:
          Map_Projection:
            Map_Projection_Name: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 11N
            Transverse_Mercator:
              Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996
              Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -117.0
              Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0
              False_Easting: 500000.0
              False_Northing: 0.0
          Planar_Coordinate_Information:
            Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair
            Coordinate_Representation:
              Abscissa_Resolution: 2.0
              Ordinate_Resolution: 2.0
            Planar_Distance_Units: Meter
        Geodetic_Model:
          Horizontal_Datum_Name: D WGS 1984
          Ellipsoid_Name: WGS 1984
          Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0
          Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563
  Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
    Detailed_Description:
      Entity_Type:
        Entity_Type_Label: SeafloorCharacter_OffshoreCarpinteria.tif.vat
        Entity_Type_Definition:
          The shapefile attributes include VALUE - code for the seafloor character classes, COUNT - number of pixels, SLOPE - slope classes, DEPTH_ZONE - depth zones, SUBSTRATE - substrate classes, SUBST_DESC - short description of substrate classes, and FULL_DESC - detailed description of substrate classes. The shapefile can be added to any ESRI ArcMap project.
        Entity_Type_Definition_Source: ESRI
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: Rowid
        Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number.
        Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: VALUE
        Attribute_Definition: This seafloor-character class was produced using video-supervised maximum-likelihood classification of the bathymetry and backscatter (intensity of return) signals from sonar systems. Derivative roughness (rugosity) and backscatter intensity were used as variants in the classification. The resulting six substrate classes (1-6) were divided into the Depth Zones (see Attribute: DEPTH_ZONE) by adding to the original grid value in increments of 10. Depth Zone 2, add 0 to grid value; Depth Zone 3, add 10 to grid value; Depth Zone 4, add 20 to grid value; and Depth Zone 5, add 30 to grid value. The resulting grid was further classified into Slope Classes (see Attribute: SLOPE) by adding to the classified raster values (including depth zones) in increments of 50. Slope Class 1, add 0 to grid value; Slope Class 2, add 50 to grid value; Slope Class 3, add 100 to grid value; and Slope Class 4, add 150 to grid value.
        Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Range_Domain:
            Range_Domain_Minimum: 1
            Range_Domain_Maximum: 15
            Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Integers 1 - 15 on the basis of classification method described in chapter 4 and on sheet 5 of SIM 3281 ("California State Waters Map Series--Offshore of Santa Barbara"), available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3281/.
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: COUNT
        Attribute_Definition: The number of pixels (2 m x 2 m size grid cell) represented in each seafloor class (see Attribute: VALUE).  
        Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Range_Domain:
            Range_Domain_Minimum: 1538
            Range_Domain_Maximum: 21418620
            Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Integers 1538 - 21418620 pixel count.
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: SLOPE
        Attribute_Definition: The slope zones for the final seafloor-character map grid were identified on the basis of the smoothed bathymetry grid. The smoothing was done by applying focal statistics to the original bathymetry grid. The tool uses a moving window and calculates the mean value of the central pixel within a circular neighborhood of 20 m radius along the whole raster map. The resulting raster map represents a smoothed value highlighting overall trends and eliminates local varieties in the terrain (such as higher slopes along rock outcrops). Slope class values are: 1 (flat; 0 degrees to 5 degrees), 2 (sloping; 5 degrees to 30 degrees), 3 (steeply sloping; 30 degrees to 60 degrees), or 4 (vertical; 60 degrees to 90 degrees), or 5 (overhang; greater than 90 degrees).
        Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Range_Domain:

            Range_Domain_Minimum: 1
            Range_Domain_Maximum: 1
            Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Integer value 1 representing slope class of <5 degrees as described above.
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: DEPTH_ZONE
        Attribute_Definition: The depth zones for the final seafloor-character map grid were identified on the basis of the smoothed bathymetry grid. The smoothing was done by applying focal statistics to the original bathymetry grid. The tool uses a moving window and calculates the mean value of the central pixel within a circular neighborhood of 20 m radius along the whole raster map. The resulting raster map represents a smoothed value highlighting overall trends and eliminates local varieties in the terrain (such as varying depths along rock outcrops). Depth Zone values are: Depth Zone 1, intertidal; Depth Zone 2, intertidal to 30 m; Depth Zone 3, 30 to 100 m; Depth Zone 4, 100 to 200 m; and Depth Zone 5, deeper than 200 m (California Department of Fish and Game, 2008).
        Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Range_Domain:
            Range_Domain_Minimum: 2
            Range_Domain_Maximum: 3
            Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Integer values 2-3 representing slope classes as described above.
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: SUBSTRATE
        Attribute_Definition: Coded values of the substrate classes. Class 1, Fine- to medium-grained smooth sediment; Class 2, Mixed smooth sediment and rock; Class 3, Rock and boulder, rugose; Class 4, Rugged anthropogenic feature; Class 5, Smooth, hard anthropogenic feature; Class 6, Medium- to coarse-grained sediment (Scour Depression)
        Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Range_Domain:
            Range_Domain_Minimum: 1
            Range_Domain_Maximum: 6
            Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Integer values 1-6 representing substrate classes as described above.
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: SUBST_DESC
        Attribute_Definition: Summary description of the six substrate classes coded by the attribute SUBSTRATE. Class 1, Fine- to medium-grained smooth sediment; Class 2, Mixed smooth sediment and rock; Class 3, Rock and boulder, rugose; Class 4, Rugged anthropogenic feature; Class 5, Smooth, hard anthropogenic feature; Class 6, Medium- to coarse-grained sediment (Scour Depression)
        Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Unrepresentable_Domain: Names are in text form, maximum length: 50
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: FULL_DESC
        Attribute_Definition: Detailed description of the four substrate classes coded by the attribute SUBSTRATE. Class 1, Low backscatter, low rugosity, typically mud to medium-grained sand, often rippled and (or) burrowed; Class 2, Moderate to very high backscatter, low rugosity, typically coarse-grained sand, gravel, cobbles, and bedrock; Class 3, High backscatter, high rugosity, typically boulders and rugose bedrock; Class 4, High backscatter, high rugosity, related to development by humans; Class 5, High backscatter, low rugosity, related to development by humans; Class 6, Very high backscatter, low rugosity, typically medium- to coarse-grained sediment, with varying amounts of shell hash, in scour depressions 
        Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Unrepresentable_Domain: Names are in text form, maximum length: 250
  Metadata_Reference_Information:
    Metadata_Date: 2013
    Metadata_Contact:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Person_Primary:
          Contact_Person: Mercedes D. Erdey
          Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey (USGS), Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
        Contact_Position: Geologist
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: mailing and physical address
          Address: 400 Natural Bridges Drive
          City: Santa Cruz
          State_or_Province: California
          Postal_Code: 95060
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: (831)460-7416
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: merdey-heydorn@usgs.gov
    Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
    Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
    Metadata_Time_Convention: local time
    Metadata_Extensions:
      Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html
      Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile