Revision History for U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3032 Recent Trends in Cuba’s Mining and Petroleum Industries By Susan Wacaster, Michael S. Baker, Yadira Soto-Viruet, and Steven D. Textoris ----------------------------------------------------- First posted online March 31, 2015 ----------------------------------------------------- Revised, then reposted on April 09, 2015, as version 1.1. Version 1.1 was printed, version 2.0 was not printed. Revisions and changes incorporated into version 1.1 are described below: Page 2: Under "Background," paragraph 1; the brackets were removed from "[2014]" from the following citation: "U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 2014." Page 2: Under "Historical Perspective on Cuba’s Mineral Industries;" part of paragraph 2 was revised. The revision included several sentences of paragraph 2. The significant changes were the deletion of: (1) "and in 2001, nickel production ceased," and the deletion of (2) "Cuba was the world’s 8th-ranked chromite producer in 1958, but its ranking decreased to 12th by 1963, and chromite production also ceased in 2001." The year "2007" was also changed to "2001." The original text of the paragraph was the following: "In 1958, Cuba had been the 3d-ranked nickel producing country in the world, but by 1963, it was ranked 6th, and in 2001, nickel production ceased. Cuba was the world’s 8th-ranked chromite producer in 1958, but its ranking decreased to 12th by 1963, and chromite production also ceased in 2001. In 1959, Cuba accounted for 4% of the world’s copper production, but since 2007, no copper production in Cuba has been reported (Johnson, 1964; Copeland and others, 2011)." The revised text reads as follows: "In 1958, Cuba had been the 3d-ranked nickel producing country in the world, but by 1963 it was ranked 6th, and by 2013 it was ranked 10th. In 1959, Cuba accounted for 4% of the world’s copper production, but since 2001, no copper production in Cuba has been reported (Johnson, 1964; Copeland and others, 2011)." Page 3: In table 1, under the column header "Commodity," the commodity was repeated down the column within each commodity type. For example, "Cement" was only given once in the original version. In this version "Cement" is given for all 5 cement facilities. Page 3: In table 1, row 2, column 3 (under column header "Facility name or facility description"), a misspelling was corrected. ""Octobre" was changed to "Octubre." Page 4: Under "Recent Developments in Cuba’s Mineral Industries," paragraph 2, the brackets were removed from "[2014]" from the following citation "(U.S. Department of State, 2014)." Page 4: Under "Recent Developments in Cuba’s Mineral Industries," paragraph 3, a misspelling was corrected. "Octobre" was changed to "Octubre." ----------------------------------------------------- Revised, then reposted in March 2018 as version 2.0 (version 2.0 was not printed). Revisions to the Fact Sheet were made to address concerns in the way to which ownership of mining facilities in Cuba was referred. Since this was being revised as a version 2.0, the fact sheet had to go through the review process again. Revisions and changes incorporated into version 2.0 are described below: (1) Page 1, paragraph 1, second sentence, revised from: "The U.S. Government had officially severed diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961 in response to political changes after the Cuban Revolution. In 1962, President Kennedy declared an embargo on all trade between the United States and Cuba, which was implemented through regulations published in 1963." Revised to: "The U.S. Government had officially severed diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961 in response to political changes and economic measures taken by the Cuban Government upon the instatement of a Revolutionary Administration on January 1, 1959. Among these measures were Cuba’s cancellation of all U.S.-owned mining contracts in Cuba and expropriation of U.S.-owned mining concessions. In 1962, President Kennedy declared an embargo on all trade between the United States and Cuba, including a total freeze of Cuban-owned assets in the U.S., and the prohibition of U.S. public and private investments in Cuba, including investments in mining (U.S. Department of Justice, 1972, p. 71)." (2) Page 1, paragraph 2, second sentence, revised from: "These measures made changes in the implementation of the embargo but did not lift the embargo. Most transactions involving Cuba, including private and public investment in mineral production, continue to be prohibited. This Fact Sheet provides information regarding the current supply of and demand for mineral commodities produced in Cuba (fig.1)." Revised to: "These amendments, however, did not include changes to restrictions regarding U.S. investments in mining. This Fact Sheet provides information regarding the current supply of and demand for mineral commodities produced in Cuba (fig. 1) and information on the structure of its minerals sector in 2014 (table 1)." (3) Paragraph 1, under "Historical Perspective on Cuba’s Mineral Industries": Revised from: "Prior to the embargo in 1962, the U.S. Government offered financial incentives to private U.S. investors in Cuba that resulted in U.S. ownership of most Cuban utilities, and branches of U.S. banks held one-fourth of all bank deposits in Cuba. U.S. companies had large holdings in Cuban mining and hydrocarbon assets, including the Moa Bay nickel operation, and U.S. petroleum companies operated several refineries in Cuba. In the early 1900s, geologists from the United States documented Cuba’s resources of minerals, such as its resources of chromium, iron ore, and manganese, and during World War I and World War II, U.S. geologists performed investigations into the island’s strategic minerals (Hayes and others, 1901; Burchard, 1919; Park, 1942; Page and McAllister, 1944; Guild, 1947). From 1916 to 1940, the United States imported more than 720,000 metric tons of chromite ore from Cuba (Thayer, 1942)." Revised to: "Prior to January 1, 1959, U.S. citizens and companies were allowed to explore for and develop mineral resources in Cuba as individuals or in partnership with Cuban companies. U.S. companies had large holdings in Cuban mining and hydrocarbon assets, including the Moa Bay nickel operation, and U.S. petroleum companies operated several refineries in Cuba. In the early 1900s, geologists from the United States documented Cuba’s mineral resources, such as chromium, iron ore, and manganese; and during World War I and World War II, U.S. geologists explored for strategic minerals (Hayes and others, 1901; Burchard, 1919; Park, 1942; Page and McAllister, 1944; Guild, 1947). From 1916 to 1940, the United States imported more than 720,000 metric tons of chromite ore from Cuba (Thayer, 1942)." (4) Paragraph 2, sentence 1, under "Historical Perspective on Cuba’s Mineral Industries": Revised from: "After the Cuban Revolution, however, the Cuban Government reversed its policies toward foreign-owned and (or) -operated companies and passed legislation to cancel most foreign mining and petroleum claims." Revised to: "By a series of actions taken after the Cuban Revolution, however, the Cuban Government confiscated, expropriated, intervened, nationalized, and by various means took the properties of American nationals without compensation." (5) Table 1, column 4: Part of the column 4 header "ownership" was deleted. Additionally, the percents (originally given in parenthesis) for the row entries in column 4 were all deleted from the table. (6) Last page, under References Cited: the following reference was added: "U.S. Department of Justice, 1972, Section II completion of the Cuban claims program under title V of the International Claims Settlement Act of 1949: U.S. Department of Justice [Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States] report, 349 p., accessed September 11, 2017, at https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/fcsc/docs/final-report-cuba-1972.pdf." Bureau Approving Official (BAO) changes were the following: (1) Page 1, paragraph 1: "changes was" was changed to "measures were." (2) Paragraph 4, line 1, under "Historical Perspective on Cuba’s Mineral Industries": "In 2004, the USGS released an assessment" was changed to "In 2004, the USGS released a hydrocarbon resource assessment." (3) Paragraph 4, under "Historical Perspective on Cuba’s Mineral Industries": "technically recoverable hydrocarbon resources was estimated" was changed to "technically recoverable hydrocarbons was estimated." (4) Paragraph 1, last line, under "Recent Developments in Cuba’s Mineral Industries": the professional affiliation was added to the Jorge Piñon reference. Changed from "Jorge Piñon, written commun., 2015" to "Jorge Piñon, University of Texas at Austin, written commun., 2015." (5) Paragraph 3, line 1, under "Foreign Direct Investment Trends in Cuba": "2d-ranked" was changed to "second-ranked." Changes from Yadira Soto-Viruet after reviewing the layout of version 2: (1) Page 2, Paragraph 2, line 9: A reference was changed from "Soto-Viruet, Country Specialist, U.S. Geological Survey, unpub. data, 2014" to "Soto-Viruet, 2016." Soto-Viruet (2016) was then added to the "References Cited." (2) Page 4, figures 2 and 3 captions, last sentence: In "Latin America and the Caribbean, (2014)" the comma was deleted. (3) Page 5, table 1 headnote, 4th sentence: The reference to "U.S. Geological Survey Open-File and company reports" was changed to "Soto-Viruet (2016) and company reports." (4) Page 6, References Cited: In the "The White House, 2014" reference "press release, December 17, 2014," the word "accessed" was added, so it became "press release, accessed December 17, 2014, at". (5) Page 6, References Cited: In the "U.S. Department of the Treasury, 2015" reference "accessed January 15, 2015," the word "at" was added, so it became "accessed January 15, 2015, at". Changes from Omayra Bermudez Lugo (Yadira's Supervisor) after reviewing the layout of version 2: (1) Page 5, table 1 headnote, 4th sentence: The reference to "Soto-Viruet (2016) and company reports" was changed to "a U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook country report (Soto-Viruet, 2016) and from open-source company reports".