The Status of Streamflow and Ground-Water-Level Monitoring Networks in Maryland, 2005
by James M. Gerhart (U.S Geological Survey)
and
Emery T. Cleaves (Maryland Geological Survey) USGS Fact Sheet FS 2005-3030 This report is available in Portable Document Format (PDF). If you do not have the Adobe Acrobat PDF Reader, it is available for free download from Adobe Systems Incorporated. View the full report in PDF (17MB) Document Accessibility: Adobe Systems Incorporated has information about PDFs and the visually impaired. This information provides tools to help make PDF files accessible. These tools and the accessible reader may be obtained free from Adobe at Adobe Access.
The Importance of Water in Maryland
Water is one of the most valuable natural resources in Maryland. It is essential to the life and health of all Maryland residents, the quality of the State’s environment, and the vitality of its economy. In 2000, Marylanders used an estimated 1.45 billion gallons per day of freshwater for public supply, commercial, industrial, irrigation, and other purposes (Wheeler, 2003). Although there usually is more than enough water to meet that level of water demand, periodic droughts like the ones in the early 1930s, the mid-1960s, 1999, and 2002 can cause serious water shortages in some parts of the State. As the population of Maryland and the demand for water continue to increase, water shortages are expected to become more common. Long-term planning for the efficient use of Maryland’s water resources is critical for avoiding major water shortages in the future. The State Advisory Committee Report
The Governor’s Advisory Committee on the Management and Protection of Maryland’s Water Resources was established in late 2003 to map out a long-term plan for managing and protecting the State’s water resources. In August 2004, the Committee released a report (State of Maryland, 2004) containing numerous recommendations, including one for maintaining and enhancing the monitoring of Maryland’s water resources. The Committee’s report recognized that without adequate monitoring data, "...it will become difficult or impossible to determine the availability of surface water or ground water, to assess and react to droughts, to determine the potential interference of competing water users, and to assess the impacts of water use on the State’s aquifers and streams, while maintaining minimum stream flows" (State of Maryland, 2004). Two Major Water-Monitoring Components
Two critical components of water-resources monitoring in Maryland are the monitoring of streamflow and the monitoring of ground-water levels. Maryland is fortunate to have a long history of streamflow and ground-water-level monitoring. Streamflow in most major streams in the State has been monitored for about the last 50-100 years, and ground-water levels in most major aquifers in the State have been monitored for about the last 50 years. Both of these long-term monitoring programs have been operated primarily by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with the Maryland Geological Survey (MGS), and with the financial support of many other Federal, State, and local agencies. Streamflow Monitoring Network
Currently (2005), the USGS operates 119 streamflow-monitoring gages in Maryland (fig. 1). Stream stage is monitored at each gage every 15 minutes. Streamflow is calculated from stream stage through the use of rating curves that have been developed over time and frequently updated. Streamflow data for 83 of 119 gages are available in near real time on the USGS website (http://waterdata.usgs.gov/md/nwis/rt). All streamflow data are reviewed and published annually, and are available on the USGS website. A streamflow hydrograph for Deer Creek at Rocks, Maryland, for the period October 1, 1998 through September 30, 2003, is shown in figure 2; the hydrograph illustrates the low streamflows during the droughts of 1999 and 2002.
The number of Maryland’s streams that are monitored each year depends on the availability of funding. In 1996, the number of gages in Maryland totaled only 75, the lowest number in recent years (fig. 3). In the late 1990s, as a result of an interagency workshop and a concerted effort by many agencies working together through the Maryland Water Monitoring Council, a report that presents a design for an optimal gage network in Maryland was published (Cleaves and Doheny, 2000). As a direct result of that effort, as well as the reaction to the droughts of 1999 and 2002, the number of gages had risen to 110 by 2002. By the beginning of 2005, the number of gages was 119 (fig. 3). Ground-Water-Level Monitoring Networks
Ground-water-level data provide one of the only direct measures of the health of Maryland’s aquifers. Ground-water-level data are used by many Federal, State, and local agencies to: (1) discern long-term trends; (2) provide drought warning and tracking; and (3) inform the State’s ground-water appropriation permitting process. The funding agencies for Maryland’s large-scale ground-water-level networks are USGS and MGS. Other smaller networks are operated by USGS and MGS for specific local purposes, and are supported by the Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin, Calvert County, Charles County, Anne Arundel County, and other local jurisdictions.
Water-Table-Aquifer Network
Confined-Aquifer Network Summary Monitoring of streamflow and ground-water levels in Maryland is necessary for the sound management and protection of the State’s water resources. Numerous Federal, State, and local agencies support the current monitoring efforts, and use the streamflow and ground-water-level data to inform many important decisions being made in Maryland. The Advisory Committee on the Management and Protection of Maryland’s Water Resources strongly supports the continuation and enhancement of streamflow and ground-water-level monitoring in Maryland. Long-term data on streamflow and ground-water levels are readily available on the U.S. Geological Survey website, and optimal networks for streamflow and ground-water-level monitoring have been designed through multi-agency efforts. The full implementation of the optimal networks, which will supply the water data necessary to provide sound and efficient water-resources management and protection decisions, depends on adequate funding from Federal, State, and local agencies. Stable, long-term funding support is needed to guarantee that streamflow and ground-water-level data are available when needed. References Cited
Additional Information For additional information contact:
District Chief
or visit the Maryland-Delaware-D.C. District homepage on the World Wide Web at:
To access near-real-time streamflow data for Maryland, visit:
For information about the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, visit:
To learn more about the Maryland Water Monitoring Council, visit:
Editor: Valerie M. Gaine Graphics and design: Timothy W. Auer USGS Fact Sheet FS 2005-3030
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