USGS


Red-hot blobs, Pu'u 'O'o

Red-hot blobs of liquid lava ejected during one of the high-fountaining episodes at Pu'u 'O'o are transformed to solid black fragments upon rapid cooling in flight. Helicopter (upper left) gives scale. (Photograph by J.D. Griggs.)
During the 1959 Kilauea Iki eruption, lava fountains shot 1,900 feet, the record height for historic Hawaiian eruptions and likely the highest lava fountain yet observed on Earth. More recently, some of the vigorous eruptive episodes of the 1983-to-present Pu'u 'O'o activity have produced lava fountains about 1,500 feet high. Though impressive, even these spectacularly high lava fountains are products of relatively weak explosive activity. By comparison, the May 1980 explosive eruption of Mount St. Helens sent ash more than 12 miles into the atmosphere. When the rate of gas release is too low to cause fountaining, lava merely wells up, flows quietly, or oozes from the vent.

Lava falling from fountains and issuing quietly from vents often forms incandescent lava streams or lava flows, leading to the colorful term "rivers of fire," often used in popular accounts of Hawaiian eruptions. During some Mauna Loa eruptions, several lava flows rushed down the steep slopes at 35 miles per hour! During long-lived eruptions, lava flows tend to become "channeled" into a few main streams. Overflows of lava from these streams solidify quickly and plaster on to the channel walls, building natural levees or ramparts that allow the level of the lava to be raised. Lava streams that flow steadily in a confined channel for many hours to days may develop a solid crust or roof and thus change gradually into streams within lava tubes. Because the walls and roofs of such tubes are good thermal insulators, lava flowing through them can remain hot and fluid much longer than surface flows. Tube-fed lava can be transported for great distances from the eruption sites. For example, during the 1969-74 Mauna Ulu eruptions at Kilauea, lava flows traveled underground through a lava-tube system more than 7 miles long to enter the ocean on five occasions.


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Updated 05.07.97