Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Belinda Arbogast Originator: Daniel H. Knepper, Jr Originator: Roger A. Melick Originator: John Hickman Publication_Date: 2002 Title: Evolution of the landscape along the Clear Creek Corridor, Colorado--Urbanization, aggregate mining, and reclamation Series_Information: Series_Name: Geologic Investigations Series Issue_Identification: I-2760 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Denver, Colorado Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2002/i-2760/ Description: Abstract: Prime agricultural land along the Clear Creek floodplain, Colorado, attracted settlement in the 1850's but the demand for sand and gravel for 1900's construction initiated a sequence of events that exceeded previous interests and created the modified landscape and urban ecosystem that exists today. The Clear Creek valley corridor offers a landscape filled with a persistent visible and hidden reminder of it's past use. The map sheets illustrate the Clear Creek landscape as a series of compositions, both at the macro view (in the spatial context of urban structure and highways from aerial photographs) and micro view (from the civic scale where landscape features like trees, buildings, and sidewalks are included). The large-scale topographic features, such as mountains and terraces, appear "changeless" (they do change over geologic time), while Clear Creek has changed from a wide braided stream to a narrow confined stream. Transportation networks (streets and highways) and spiraling population growth in adjacent cities (from approximately 38,000 people in 1880 to over a million in 1999) form two dominant landscape patterns. Mining and wetland/riparian occupy the smallest amount of land use acres compared to urban, transportation, or water reservoir activities in the Clear Creek aggregate reserve study area. Four types of reclaimed pits along Clear Creek were determined: water storage facilities, wildlife/greenbelt space, multiple-purpose reservoirs, and "hidden scenery." The latter involves infilling gravel pits (with earth backfill, concrete rubble, or sanitary landfill) and covering the site with light industry or residential housing making the landform hard to detect as a past mine site. Easier to recognize are the strong-edged, rectilinear water reservoirs, reclaimed from off-channel sand and gravel pits that reflect the land survey grid and property boundaries. The general public may not realize softly contoured linear wildlife corridors connecting urban, industrial, and natural space were once mine sites too. Multiple-use water projects from exhausted pits appear to be the new millennium parks, providing water storage, passive recreation, and habitat restoration for the Denver metropolitan area. The public objects to mining yet enjoys the reclaimed mine sites as recreation and wildlife space. Purpose: With the high demand for Clear Creek water (less than half of the water passing through Golden flows into the South Platte River), high-cost of water rights (in the thousands of dollars per acre-ft), and potential for drought, reclamation of aggregate pits reflects society's values, community traditions, and scientific advances. Since the South Platte River and its other major tributaries are still undergoing this evolutionary process, the results of this investigation may be useful in understanding and planning their future. Supplemental_Information: Map political location: Adams, Denver, and Jefferson Counties, Colorado Compilation scale: 1:24,000 Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2002 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Irregular. Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -105.25 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -104.87 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 39.87 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 39.75 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: Landscape Theme_Keyword: Clear Creek Theme_Keyword: Urbanization Theme_Keyword: Hydrology Theme_Keyword: Sand and gravel mines and mining Theme_Keyword: Mined lands reclamation Theme_Keyword: Denver, Colorado Theme_Keyword: Transportation Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: USA Place_Keyword: Colorado Place_Keyword: Adams County Place_Keyword: Denver County Place_Keyword: Jefferson County Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: none. Acknowledgment of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated in products derived from these data. Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2002/i-2760 Browse_Graphic_File_Description: graphic representation of map layout Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PDF Data_Set_Credit: Belinda Arbogast, Daniel H. Knepper, Jr., Roger A. Melick, and John Hickman. Metadata prepared by F. Craig Brunstein and Belinda Arbogast. Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Data was was downloaded or entered and checked by the physical scientist and GIS operator. The attributes of this geospatial data set consist of text identifiers and numeric codes that indicate the identity of the natural or cultural unit or type of feature, and determine how each feature is colored or symbolized. To check attribute accuracy, a color check plot was visually compared to the physical scientist's original compilation. Discrepancies between the digital geospatial dataset and the original analog compilation were corrected as needed. This map has been thoroughly reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. Logical_Consistency_Report: Map elements were visually checked by the GIS operator for overshoots, undershoots, duplicate features, polygon attributes, and other errors. Automated (ARC/INFO) routines were also used to check the databases for polygon label errors, line or point attribution errors, sliver polygons, dangling arcs, intersection errors, and projection information. The map was reviewed by two other scientists for consistency with basic geologic principles and general conformity to USGS mapping standards. Completeness_Report: Data is complete: some features were eliminated or generalized. Unit properties are described in the text explanation. A digital elevation map coverage is included. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Lines and points were digitized from topographic maps, from annotated aerial photographs, and from scientific literature. Most digitized positions on the map are estimated to have about 50-100 m horizontal accuracy. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Hickman, John Title: Unpublished mapping Publication_Date: Unpublished material Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Source_Currentness_Reference: 1998 Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1990 Ending_Date: 1998 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Arbogast and others (2002) Source_Contribution: This data was used to compile the main map. Process_Step: Process_Description: Part of the database was compiled from unpublished data on pit locations (known and approximate areal extent) from 1990-1998, as provided by John Hickman in 2001. Process_Date: 2001 Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Schwochow, S.D. Originator: Shroba, R.R. Originator: Wicklein, P.C. Title: Atlas of sand, gravel, and quarry aggregate resources Colorado Front Range Counties, Denver: Colorado Geological Survey, Special Publication 5–B, digitized and compiled by Cappa, J.A., Hiatt, C.S., Litke, D.W., McCormick, M.L., and Sadlick, Joseph, 2000, Colorado Geological Survey and U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00–9 [CD-ROM]. Publication_Date: 1974 Type_of_Source_Media: digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Source_Currentness_Reference: 1974 Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1973 Ending_Date: 1974 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Schwochow and others (1974b) Source_Contribution: Selected data was used from this source to compile part of the main map. Process_Step: Process_Description: Part of the database was compiled using this source. Process_Date: 2001 Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Title: U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps as follows: U.S. Geological Survey, 1901, Denver, Colorado, quadrangle map, scale 1:125,000. (Reprinted 1932). U.S. Geological Survey, 1939, Golden, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000. U.S. Geological Survey, 1941a, Arvada, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000. U.S. Geological Survey, 1941b, Derby, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000. U.S. Geological Survey, 1957a, Arvada, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000. U.S. Geological Survey, 1957b, Commerce City, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000. U.S. Geological Survey, 1957c, Golden, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000. U.S. Geological Survey, 1974, Water resources data for Colorado, Part 1, Surface water records, 396 p. U.S. Geological Survey, 1980a, Arvada, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000 (Photorevised from 1965). U.S. Geological Survey, 1980b, Commerce City, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000 (Photorevised from 1965). U.S. Geological Survey, 1980c, Golden, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000 (Photorevised from 1965). U.S. Geological Survey, 1994a, Arvada, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000 (Revised from 1965). U.S. Geological Survey, 1994b, Commerce City, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000 (Revised from 1965). U.S. Geological Survey, 1994c, Golden, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000 (Revised from 1965). Publication_Date: 1901-1994 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Source_Currentness_Reference: 1994 Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1901 Ending_Date: 1994 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: U.S. Geological Survey Source_Contribution: Selected data was used from these sources to compile parts of the database. Process_Step: Process_Description: Data were digitized from these paper maps and incorporated in the database. Process_Date: 2001 Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Argall, G.O., Jr. Title: Industrial minerals of Colorado: Quarterly of the Colorado School of Mines, v. 44, no. 2, 440 p. Publication_Date: 1949 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Source_Currentness_Reference: 1949 Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1921 Ending_Date: 1949 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Argall (1949) Source_Contribution: Selected industrial mineral data were used from this source to compile part of the main map. Process_Step: Process_Description: Part of the database was compiled using this source. Data was digitized from paper copy of this report. Process_Date: 2001 Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Colorado Division of Minerals and Geology Title: Mined Land Reclamation Board Database, 2001, Historic Pit and Quarry locations Publication_Date: 2001 Type_of_Source_Media: digital database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Source_Currentness_Reference: 2001 Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1920 Ending_Date: 2001 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Colorado Division of Minerals and Geology Source_Contribution: Selected pit and quarry locations were used from this source to compile part of the main map. Process_Step: Process_Description: This digital database source provided data on the locations of historic pit and quarry locations. Process_Date: 2001 Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Title: Datasets--Land Use and Land Cover available from http://rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/frontrange/datasets.htm Publication_Date: 2002 Type_of_Source_Media: digital database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Source_Currentness_Reference: 1997 Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1930 Ending_Date: 1997 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: U.S. Geological Survey Source_Contribution: Selected data were used from this source to compile part of the database. Source available from http://rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/frontrange/datasets.htm Process_Step: Process_Description: Part of the database was compiled using this source. Process_Date: 2002 Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: State of Colorado Title: State of Colorado, 2000, Wetland versus Riparian: Colorado Division of Wildlife. Accessed July 19, 2000, at URL http://ndis.nrel.colostate.edu/ndis/riparian/ripwetdef.htm Publication_Date: 2000 Type_of_Source_Media: digital data Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Source_Currentness_Reference: 1998 Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1988 Ending_Date: 1998 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: State of Colorado Source_Contribution: Riparian data were used from this source to compile part of the database. Process_Step: Process_Description: Riparian part of the database was compiled using this source. Process_Date: 2001 Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Title: Large scale digital line graphs for Colorado, 1990, accessed November 10, 2000, at URL http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/doc/edchome/ndcdb/dlg_large/states/CO.html Publication_Date: 1990 Type_of_Source_Media: digital data Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Source_Currentness_Reference: 1990 Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1990 Ending_Date: 1990 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: U.S. Geological Survey Source_Contribution: Data were used from this source to compile part of the database. Process_Step: Process_Description: Part of the database was compiled using this source. Process_Date: 2001 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 13 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: 105.0 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0 False_Easting: 0.0 False_Northing: 0.0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 50 Ordinate_Resolution: 50 Planar_Distance_Units: METERS Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1927 Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke 1866 Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.4 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.98 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: The data is supplied in ARC shape file formats. DATABASE STRUCTURE - ARC==================================== The database of the map consists of the following root-name shape files: pits94 (point locations of quarries, gravel pits, and clay pits 1990-1998) pits67 (point locations of stone quarries, gravel pits, and clay pits 1960-1990) pits57 (point locations of stone quarries, gravel pits, and clay pits 1950-1960) pits37 (point locations of gravel pits 1920-1950) pitsum37 (sand and gravel pit polygon areas 1920-1950) pitsum94 (sand and gravel pit polygon areas 1990-1998) pitsum67 (sand and gravel pit polygon areas 1960-1990) pitsum57 (sand and gravel pit polygon areas 1950-1960) road94 (Roads as of 1994) rail01 (Railroads as of 1901) rail94 (Railroads as of 1994) agg2 (Stream terrace and flood-plain deposits) road01 (roads as of 1901) hydrop01 (water features as of 1901) hydrol01 (water features as of 1901) hydrop94 (water features as of 1994) hydro31 (water features as of 1931) riparian (extent of riparian habitat) urban01 (urban extent in 1901) urban90 (urban extent in 1996/1997) Other files: clearcrdem.tif (Digital Elevation Model of the study area) clearcrdem.tfw Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Central Publications Group Address: U.S. Geological Survey Address: MS 902, Box 25046 DFC City: Lakewood State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225-0046 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 303-236-7431 Distribution_Liability: Although this digital spatial data has been subjected to rigorous review and is substantially complete, it is released on the condition that neither the USGS nor the United States Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its authorized or unauthorized use. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: SHP Format_Version_Number: 3.2 Format_Version_Date: 2001 File_Decompression_Technique: GZIP compressed TAR file (Unix), ZIP archive (Windows) Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2002/i-2760 Fees: none Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: USGS Information Services Address: Box 25286 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Resource_Description: I-2760 Distribution_Liability: None Standard_Order_Process: Non-digital_Form: Available as two printed map sheets plus one pamphlet, all inserted in an envelope. Order from USGS at the address listed above or see http://rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/mod/index.html for more ordering information. Fees: For current charges see http//rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/mod/order.html Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20020723 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Belinda Arbogast Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: U.S. Geological Survey Address: MS 973, Box 25046 DFC City: Lakewood State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225-0046 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 303-236-2495 Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998