U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY




PRELIMINARY MAP OF SELECTED POST-NEVADAN 
GEOLOGIC FEATURES OF THE KLAMATH MOUNTAINS 
AND ADJACENT AREAS, CALIFORNIA AND OREGON:  A 
DIGITAL DATABASE



Compiled by William P. Irwin1


Geologist Emeritus




Open - File Report 97-465




This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U. S. 
Geological Survey editorial standards.  Any use of trade, product, or firm names is 
for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. 
Government. 
 
This database, identified as "Preliminary map of selected post-nevadan geologic 
features of the Klamath Mountains and adjacent areas, California and Oregon:  A 
digital database," has been approved for release and publication by the Director of 
the USGS.  Although this database has been reviewed and is substantially 
complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis 
and review.  This database is released on condition that neither the USGS nor the 
U. S. Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its use. 




1997






1U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025


INTRODUCTION

This Open-File report is a digital geologic map database.  This pamphlet serves to
introduce and describe the digital data.  There is no paper map included in the Open-
Filereport.  The report does include, however, a PostScript plot file containing an 
image of thegeologic map sheet and a second PostScript plot file with a geologic  
description.  

The geologic map database delineates map units that are identified by general age, 
lithology and clast size following the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U. S. 
Geological Survey.  For detailed descriptions of the units, their stratigraphic 
relations and sources of geologic mapping, consult the accompanying PostScript 
plot file (kla-geo.ps or kla-geo.txt).  The scale of the source map limits the spatial 
resolution (scale) of the database to 1:500,000 or smaller. 

For those interested in this database who do not use an ARC/INFO compatible 
Geographic Information System (GIS), but would like to obtain the paper map with 
explanation,  one PostScript plot file containing map images of the data in the digital 
database, as well as a PostScript plot file of the explanatory text, have been 
included in the database package (please see the section "PostScript Plot Files 
Package" page 5).  The plot files require gzip and tar utilities to access the files.

For those without computer capability, we have made the plot files available to an 
outsidevendor, or we can provide users with the PostScript plot files on tape that 
can be used byother vendors (please see the section "Obtaining Plots from an 
Outside Vendor" page 5).
  
The content and character of the database and methods of obtaining it are described 
herein.  The geologic map  database itself, consisting of three ARC coverages and  
one base layer, can be obtained over the Internet or by magnetic tape copy as 
described below.  The processes of extracting the geologic map database from the 
tar file, and importing the ARC export coverages (procedure described herein), will 
result in the creation of an ARC workspace (directory) called 'klam.'  

The database was compiled using ARC/INFO version 7.0.4, a commercial 
Geographic Information System (Environmental Systems Research Institute, 
Redlands, California), with  version 3.0 of the menu interface ALACARTE 
(Fitzgibbon and Wentworth, 1991, Fitzgibbon, 1991, Wentworth and Fitzgibbon, 
1991).  It is stored in uncompressed ARC export format (ARC/INFO version 7.x) 
in a compressed UNIX tar (tape archive) file.  The tar file was compressed with 
gzip, and may be uncompressed with  gzip, which is available free of charge via the 
Internet from the gzip Home Page (http://w3.teaser.fr/~jlgailly/gzip). A tar  utility is 
required to extract the database from  the  tar file.  This utility is included in most  
UNIX  systems,  and  can be  obtained free of  charge  via  the  Internet  from   
Internet Literacy's Common Internet File Formats Webpage 
(http://www.matisse.net/files/formats.html).  ARC/INFO export files (files with the 
.e00 extension) can be converted into ARC/INFO coverages in ARC/INFO (see 
below) and can be read by some other Geographic Information Systems, such as 
MapInfo via ArcLink and ESRI's ArcView (version 1.0 for Windows 3.1 to 3.11 
is available for free from ESRI's web site:  http://www.esri.com).








DATABASE CONTENTS

The first digital package consists of one PostScript plot file of the geologic map, 
explanation and correlation chart, a second PostScript plot file of the  geologic 
description and references, and a third PostScript plot file showing sources of data.  
A second digital database package consists of the geologic map database itself and 
the supporting data, including the base map, map explanation, geologic description, 
and references.


POSTSCRIPT PLOTFILE PACKAGE

The first digital data package (kla-map.ps.tar.gz) contains the PostScript images 
described below:

	kla-sht1.ps	A PostScript plot file containing an image of the geologic
			map and base map of the Klamath Mountains and adjacent	
			 areas, including the correlation chart, at a scale of 		
			1:500,000.

	kla-sht2.ps	A PostScript plot file containing a description or the map 	
			units and references.

	kla-sht3.ps	A PostScript plot file showing the sources of data.



DIGITAL DATABASE PACKAGE

The geologic map database consists of three layers and one base layer.  Each of 
these layers (coverages) has been converted to uncompressed ARC/INFO export 
files.  The ARC export files and the associated ARC/INFO coverages, as well as 
the additional digital material included in the database package, are described below:


ARC/INFO		Resultant 		Description of Coverage
export file		Coverage
--------------		------------		-----------------------------
kla-geol.e00		kla-geol		Depositional contacts, faults, and unit 
labels

kla-pts.e00		kla-pts			Location of nickeliferous lateritic soils 
						(point data)

kla-soils.e00		kla-soils		Location of nickeliferous lateritic soils
						(areal data)

kla-topo.e00		kla-topo		Topographic base map taken from a 	
						scan  of portions of the Oregon and 	
						California state topographic maps.


ASCII text files and PostScript plot files:

kla-db.ps	This file

kla-db.txt	A text-only file containing an unformatted version of kla-db.ps

kla-geo.ps	A file containing geologic descriptions, references and sources
		of data

import.aml	ASCII text file in ARC Macro Language to convert these ARC 	
		export files to ARC coverages in ARC/INFO

The following directory is produced in the process of converting the export files 
into ARC coverages:

info/		INFO directory containing the database files that accompany each 
		ARC/INFO layer (coverage).


Once the ARC export coverages have been imported (see discussion below), the 
Klamath Mountains (klamath) directory, or ARC workspace, will look like this:



	klam/
		info/
		kla-geol/
		kla-pts/
		kla-soils/
		kla-topo/
		kla-db.ps
		kla-db.txt
		kla-geo.ps
		import.aml






OBTAINING PLOTS FROM AN OUTSIDE VENDOR

For those interested in the geology of the Klamath Mountains and adjacent areas 
who do not use computers, we have made the PostScript plot files available to 
Capitol Color, 2250 Walsh Ave., Santa Clara (phone: (800) 700-2656 or (408) 
727-7560, FAX: (408) 727-0737).  They will provide plots of the PostScript image 
of the geologic map sheet and explanation for a fee (around $25 per sheet, with 
discounts for orders of multiple copies).  We will also provide the PostScript plot 
files on digital tape for use by other vendors.  A 3.9 MB compressed tar file (kla-
map.tar.gz, 15.3 MB when uncompressed) of the PostScript plot files can be 
obtained by sending a tape with request and return address to:

	Klamath Mountains Geology PostScript Plotfile
	c/o Database Coordinator
	U.S. Geological Survey
	345 Middlefield Road, MS 975
	Menlo Park, CA 94025

The compressed tar file will be returned on the tape.  The acceptable tape types are:
	1/4 inch, 150 MB cartridge tape
	2.3 or 5.0 GB, 8 mm Exabyte tape.

Make sure your vendor is capable of reading these tape types and PostScript plot 
files.  Important information regarding tape file format is included in the section 
"PostScript Plot Files" below, so be certain to provide a copy of this document to 
your vendor.



POSTSCRIPT PLOTFILE PACKAGE

For those interested in the geology of Klamath Mountains and adjacent areas who 
don't use an ARC/INFO compatible GIS system, but would like to obtain the paper 
map with explanation, we have included a separate data package (klamap.ps.tar.gz) 
with three PostScript plot files, one representing the geologic data, one showing the 
sources of data, and a third which includes a geologic description and references.  

This plot file package is available in any of the three ways described below, 
including the World Wide Web pages.  The plot file package is stored in a 
compressed UNIX  file requiring gzip to access the file.   The plot file package was 
compressed with gzip, and may be uncompressed with gzip, which is available free 
of charge via the Internet from the gzip home page 
(http://w3.teaser.fr/~jlgailly/gzip). 

The PostScript image of Sheet 1 is 30 inches wide by 32 inches high, so it requires 
a large plotter to produce paper copies at the intended scale.  Because this release is 
primarily a digital database, the plot file (and plots derived therefrom) package has 
not been edited to conform to U.S. Geological Survey standards.  Small units have 
not been labeled with leaders and in some instances map features or annotation may 
overlap.  Sample plots by the authors, however, have proven to be quite legible and 
useful.







Obtaining the PostScript plotfile package

The PostScript plotfile package can be obtained in any of three ways:

1.  Sending a tape with request.
A 3.9 MB compressed tar file of the plotfile and text can be obtained by 
sending a tape with request to:
 
	Klamath Mountains Geology PostScript Plotfile
	c/o Database Coordinator
	U.S. Geological Survey
	345 Middlefield Road, MS 975
	Menlo Park, CA 94025

The compressed tar file will be returned on the tape.  The acceptable tape types are:
	1/4 inch, 150 MB cartridge tape
	2.3 or 5.0 GB, 8 mm Exabyte tape.


2.  Anonymous ftp over the Internet
To obtain the tar file by ftp, log in to your UNIX system and do the following:

	cd local_directory		-go to a directory to receive the
 					tar file
	ftp wrgis.wr.usgs.gov	-make ftp connection with the 
					USGS computer WRGIS
	Name: anonymous		-use "anonymous" as your user 
					name
	Password: your name		-use your own user name as 
					password
	cd pub/open-file		-go down to the pub/open-file directory
	cd of97-465			-go down to the open file directory
	type binary			-change transfer type to binary
	get kla-map.ps.tar.gz		-copy the compressed plot file
 					across Internet to your directory
	quit				-close the ftp connection


3.  From the Western Region Geologic Information Web Page.

The U.S. Geological Survey now supports a set of graphical pages on the World 
Wide Web.  Digital publications (including this one) can be accessed via these 
pages.  The web server for digital publications from the Western Region is 
"http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov".  Once at the main page, click on 'Geologic Map 
Databases' under the heading 'Data Online'; next click on 'California.'  Scroll down 
to the section for this database and click on the Open-File button to get to this 
publication's web page.  Or go directly to this publication's web page:  
http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of97-465.  Set your web browser to save to 
a local disk and click on the link labeled 'kla-map.ps.tar.gz' to download the 
compressed tar file that contains the Klamath Mountains plot file package.





Extracting The PostScript Plotfile Package

1.  If you obtained the plotfile package on tape:
	
	put the tape in your tape drive
	cd local_directory		-go to a directory to receive the 
					tar file
	tar xvfb /dev/rstn 20		-/dev/rstn is the tape device with n being 
					an integer, this puts the tar file 
					in local_directory; 20 is the block size 
					of the tar file
	gzip -d kla-map.ps.tar.gz	-makes a 15.3 MB uncompressed 
					tar file calley kla-map.tar
	tar xvfb {path to tar 		-extract the kla-map directory from
	file}/kla-map.ps.tar 20		the tar file.
	


2.  If you obtained the database by anonymous ftp or from the World Wide Web:
	
	gzip -d kla-map.ps.tar.gz	-makes a 15.3 MB uncompressed 
					 tar file called kla-map.tar
	tar xvfb {path to tar 		-extract the kla-map directory from
	file}/kla-map.ps.tar 20	the tar file.
	



 OBTAINING THE DIGITAL DATA

The digital database package can be obtained in any of three ways:

1.  Sending a tape with request
	
A 6.0 MB compressed tar file of the geologic map database and related files can be 
obtained by sending a tape with request and return address to:

		Klamath Mountains Geologic Database
		c/o Database Coordinator
		U.S. Geological Survey
		345 Middlefield Road, M/S 975
		Menlo Park, CA 94025

The compressed tar file will be returned on the tape.  The acceptable tape types are:

	1/4 inch, 150 MB cartridge tape
	2.3 or 5.0 GB, 8mm Exabyte tape.







2.  Anonymous ftp over the Internet
To obtain the tar file by anonymous ftp do the following:

cd local_directory			go to a directory to receive the tar 
					file
ftp wrgis.wr.usgs.gov		make ftp connection with the USGS 
					computer WRGIS
Name: anonymous			use ÒanonymousÓ as your user name
Password: your email address		use your email address as a	    
					password
cd pub/geologic			go  down to the pub/geologic 
					directory
cd ca/of97-465				go down to the open file directory
type binary				change transfer type to binary
get klam.tar.gz				copy the compressed tar file across 
					Internet to the receiving directory
quit					close the ftp connection


3.  From the Western Region Geologic Information Web Page.

To obtain the tar file via the World Wide Web:

The U.S. Geological Survey now supports a set of graphical pages on the World 
Wide Web. Digital geologic publications (including this one) can be accessed via 
these pages.  The web page for digital geologic publications from the Western 
Region (including this one) is  Òhttp://wrgis.wr.usgs.govÓ.  Once at the main page, 
click on 'Geologic Map Databases' under the heading 'Data Online'; next click on 
'California.'  Scroll down  to get to the listing for this database.  Click on 'Open-
File Report 97-465'; this will take you to the web page for this database.  Set your 
web browser to save to a local disk and click on the link labeled 'klam.tar.gz' to 
download the compressed tar file that contains the Klamath Mountains map 
database, or, select a single layer, layers or the PostScript plot file (kla-
map.ps.tar.gz).











EXTRACTING THE GEOLOGIC MAP DATABASE FROM THE TAR FILE

If you obtained the database package on tape:

	put the tape in your tape drive
	cd local_directory		-go to a directory to receive the
					tar file
	tar xvfb /dev/rstn 20		-/dev/rstn is the tape device with
 					n an integer, this puts the tar file 
					in local_directory; 20 is the block
					size of the tar file
	gzip -d klam.tar.gz		-makes a ?? MB uncompressed 
					tar file klam.tar
	cd local_directory2		-go to the directory that will hold 
					the directory klam (if different 
					from local_directory)
	tar xvfb {path to tar 
	file}/klam.tar 20		-extract the klam directory from 
                                             		the tar file; 20 is the block size of
					the tar file.


If you obtained the database package by anonymous ftp or from the web page:

	gzip -d klam.tar.gz		-makes a ?? MB uncompressed 
					tar file klam.tar
	cd local_directory2		-go to the directory that will hold 
					the directory klam (if different 
					from local_directory)
	tar xvfb {path to tar 
	file}/klam.tar 20		-extract the klam directory from 
					the tar file.

Each of the  processes described above will create a directory "klam" that contains 
the ARC export  files and  supporting  files as  described below.  The directory 
structure at thispoint will look like this:

	klam/
		kla-geol.e00
		kla-pts.e00
		kla-soils.e00
		kla-topo.e00
		kla-db.ps
		kla-db.txt
		kla-geo.ps
		import.aml




CONVERTING ARC EXPORT FILES

ARC export files are converted to ARC coverages using the ARC command 
IMPORT with the option COVER.  In order to ease conversion and to maintain 
naming conventions, we have included an ASCII text file in ARC Macro Language 
that will convert all of the export files in the database into coverages and create the 
associated INFO directory.  Change directories to the klageo/ directory.  From the 
ARC command line type:

Arc:  &run import.aml

ARC export files can also be read by some other Geographic Information Systems.  
Please consult your GIS documentation to see if you can use ARC export files and 
the procedure to import them. 







DIGITAL COMPILATION

The geologic map information was digitized from a stable original of the geologic 
map at 1:500,000 scale.  The author manuscript (ink on a greenline) was scanned 
using a  monochrome scanner with a resolution of 800 dots per inch.  The scanned 
image was vectorized and transformed from scanner coordinates to projection 
coordinates with  digitaltics placed by hand at latitude/longitude intersections.  The 
scanned lines were edited interactively by hand using graphical user interface 
ALACARTE (Fitzgibbon, 1991, Fitzgibbon and Wentworth, 1991, Wentworth and 
Fitzgibbon, 1991).  Scanning artifacts significant for display at a scale of 1:500,000 
were corrected.
 


BASE MAP

The base map layer (kla-topo) was prepared by scanning a scale-stable clear film of 
a photo-mechanical of parts of the California and Oregon state topographic maps 
(scale = 1:750,000).  The base map only contains the culture and drainage layers, 
contours are notincluded in this base layer.  The clear film was scanned using a 
monochrome scanner with a resolution of 400 dots per inch.  The raster scan was 
converted to a GRID in ARC/INFO.  The GRID  was then vectorized and 
reprojected into UTM Projection using the latitude/longitude intersections as 
reference points.  The arcs in the base layer have not been attributed.  The base map 
is provided for reference only.



SPATIAL RESOLUTION

Uses of this digital geologic map should not violate the spatial resolution of the 
data.  Although the digital form of the data removes the constraint imposed by the 
scale of a paper map, the detail and accuracy inherent in map scale are also present 
in the digital data.  The fact that this database was edited at a scale of 1:500,000 
means that higher resolution information is not present in the dataset.  Plotting at 
scales larger than 1:500,000 will not yield greater real detail, although it may reveal 
fine-scale irregularities below the intended resolution of the database.  Similarly, 
where this database is used in combination with other data of higher resolution, the 
resolution of the combined output will be limited by the lower resolution of these 
data.



FAULTS 

This database is not sufficiently detailed or comprehensive to identify or 
characterize site-specific hazards represented by faults shown;  the faults shown do 
not take the place of fault-rupture hazard zones designated by the California State 
Geologist (see Hart, 1988).  




DATABASE SPECIFICS

The map databases consist of ARC coverages which are stored in Lambert 
Conformal Conic projection (Table 1).  Digital tics define a one degree grid of 
latitude and longitude in the geologic coverages.   





Table 1 - Map Projection
The map is stored in Lambert Conformal Conic projection

PROJECTION LAMBERT	
UNITS METERS			-on the ground  
DATUM NAD27
PARAMETERS:
1ST STANDARD PARALLEL	33 00 00
2ND STANDARD PARALLEL	45 00 00
CENTRAL MERIDIAN		-123 00 00
LATITUDE OF PROJECTION'S
ORIGIN				00 00 00
FALSE EASTING			0.00
FALSE NORTHING			0.00

The content of the geologic database can be described in terms of the lines and the 
areas that compose the map.  Descriptions of the database fields use the terms 
explained in Table 2.



Table 2 - Field Definition Terms

ITEM NAME	name of the database field (item)
WIDTH		maximum number of digits or characters stored
OUTPUT		output width
TYPE			B-binary integer, F-binary floating point number, 
 			I-ASCII integer, C-ASCII character string
 N. DEC. 		number of decimal places maintained for 
			floating point numbers 



LINES  

The lines (arcs) are recorded as strings of vectors and are described in the arc 
attribute table (Table 3).  They define the boundaries of the map units, faults, the 
boundaries of open bodies of water, ridge crests above and below 2000 meters and 
the map boundaries.  These distinctions, including the geologic identities of the unit 
boundaries, are recorded in the LTYPE field according to the line types listed in 
Tables 4 and 5.



Table 3 - Content of the Arc Attribute Tables  (KLA-GEOL.AAT, KLA-
SOILS.AAT)

ITEM NAME		WIDTH	OUTPUT	TYPE	N. DEC	

FNODE#		4		5		B		starting node 	
									of arc (from 	
									node)   
TNODE#		4		5		B		ending node of 
									arc (to node)
LPOLY#		4		5		B		polygon to the 	
									left of	the arc
RPOLY#		4		5		B		polygon to the 	
									right of the arc
LENGTH		4		12		F	3	length of arc in 
									meters 
<coverage>#		4		5		B		unique internal 
									control number 
<coverage>-ID	4		5		B		unique 		
									identification 	
									number
LTYPE		35		35		C		line type (see 	
									Tables 4 and 	
									5) 
SEL			1		1		I		user defined 	
									field used to 	
									save a selected 
									set
SYMB			3		3		I		user defined 	
									field used to 	
									save symbol 
									assignments 	
									(such as color) 
		




Table 4 - Line Types Recorded in the LTYPE Field  (KLA-GEOL)

				contact, approx. located
				contact, certain
				fault, approx. located
				fault, certain
				fault, concealed
				map boundary, certain
				ridgecrestbelow2000m, certain
				ridgecrestabove2000m, certain
				scratch boundary, certain
				water boundary, certain




Table 5 - Line Types Recorded in the LTYPE Field  (KLA-SOILS)

				scratch boundary

				





AREAS  

Map units (polygons) are described in the polygon attribute table (Table 6)  The 
identities of the map units from compilation sources are recorded in the PTYPE 
field by map label (Tables 7 and 8).  For a full description of the map units, consult 
the accompanying geologic description (kla-geo.ps or kla-geo.txt).  




Table 6 - Content of the Polygon Attribute Tables  (KLA-GEOL.PAT, KLA-
SOILS.PAT)

ITEM NAME	WIDTH	OUTPUT	TYPE	N. DEC	
	
AREA			4	12		F	3	area of polygon in 	
								square meters
PERIMETER		4	12		F	3	length of perimeter in 	
								meters
<coverage>#		4	5		B		unique internal control	
								number
<coverage>-ID	4	5		B		unique identification 	
								number 
PTYPE		35	35		C		unit label (see Tables 7 
								and 8)
SEL			1	1		I		user defined field used 
								to save a selected set
SYMB			3	3		I		user defined field used 
								to save symbol 	
								assignments (such as 
								color)





Table 7 - Map Units  (KLA-GEOL)

H2O			QTw			Qv			Tss                                                                
KJm			Qby			Qya			Tt	
Kc			Qc			TKc			Tus	
Kgv			Qf			Teh			Tv	
Kh			Qg			Tg			Tvs	
Kl			Qh			Ti			Tw	
Ku			Qm			Tkp			Twi
Mu			Qms			Tmc			Ty
Pl			Qrb			Tms			cr
Pu			Qs			Ts			laterite
QTf			Qsc			Tsc			os
QTgb			Qt			Tsg			pn
QToa			Qth			Tsm



Table 8 - Map Units  (KLA-SOILS)

				laterite

POINTS 

Point information (locations where nickeliferous lateritic soils have developed) is 
recorded as coordinate and related information and is described in the Point 
Attribute Table (Table 9).  The identities of point types recorded in the PTTYPE 
field of the KLA-PTS.PAT table are shown in Table 10.  



Table 9 - Content of the Point Attribute Tables  (KLA-PTS.PAT)

ITEM NAME	WIDTH	OUTPUT	TYPE	N. DEC	
	
AREA			4	12		F	3	not used 
PERIMETER		4	12		F	3	not used
<coverage>#		4	5		B		unique internal control	
								number
<coverage>-ID	4	5		B		unique identification 	
								number

PTTYPE		35	35		C		point type (see Table 	
								9)
DIP			3	3		I		dip angle in degrees
STRIKE		3	3		I		strike angle in degrees
SEL			1	1		I		user defined field used 
								to save a selected set
SYMB			3	3		I		user defined field used 
								to save symbol 	
								assignments (such as 	
								color)


Table 10 - Map Units  (KLA-PTS)

laterite
								




ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


I thank Carl Wentworth for providing the facilities and advice for the digital 
preparation of the map.  Scott Graham who patiently assisted me in the 
digitization., and Gregg Beukelman and Scott Graham who prepared the 
documentation  for the digital database.







REFERENCES

Brabb, E.E., 1989, Geologic map of Santa Cruz County, California:  U.S. 
	Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1905, scale 
	1:62,500.

Fitzgibbon, T.T., 1991, ALACARTE installation and system manual (version 1.0): 
	U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 91-587B.

Fitzgibbon, T.T., and Wentworth, C.M., 1991, ALACARTE user interface - AML 
	code and demonstration maps (version 1.0):  U.S. Geological Survey, 
	Open-File Report 91-587A.

Hart, E.W., 1988, Fault-rupture hazard zones in California; Alquist-Priolo Special 
	Studies Zones Act of 1972 with index to special studies zones maps:  
	California Division of Mines and Geology Special Publication 42.

Wentworth, C. M., and Fitzgibbon, T. T., 1991, ALACARTE user manual 
	(version 1.0):  U. S. 	Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-587C.