[Image] Geologic map of Washington - southwest quadrant (digital edition) by Timothy J. Walsh, Michael A. Korosec, William M. Phillips, Robert L. Logan, and Henry W. Schasse Digital database by Karen L. Meagher1 and Ralph A. Haugerud1 Open-file Report 99-382 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This database, identified as Geologic map of Washington - southwest quadrant by T.J. Walsh and others (digital edition) has been approved for release and publication by the Director of the USGS. Although this database has been subjected to rigorous review and is substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, it is released on condition that neither the USGS nor the United States Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its authorized or unauthorized use. To obtain this pamphlet, contact: USGS Information Services Box 25286 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 303-202-4700 303-202-4693 FAX U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Dept. Geological Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBTAINING DATA FILES PLOTTING THE MAP YOURSELF OBTAINING A PAPER MAP METADATA MAKING THE MAP DIGITAL MAP ACCURACY A NOTE ON YOUNG FAULTS COVERAGES, TABLES, AND DATA DICTIONARIES 1) Coverage SWWAG (geologic units, contacts, and faults) 2) Coverage SWWAS (Structure) 3) Coverage SWWAV (Vents) DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS IMPORTING DATA INTO ARC-INFO MAKING A MAP FROM THE DATA REFERENCES CITED ------------------------------------------------------------------------ INTRODUCTION This report comprises digital spatial data that constitute a partial transcription of the 1:250,000-scale Geologic map of Washington - southwest quadrant (Walsh and others, 1987); digital base material, symbolsets, and ARC Macro Language (AML) procedures to create a geologic map on a shaded-relief base from the digital spatial data; and Postscript and RTL plotfiles for such a geologic map. The digital transcription is incomplete: offshore folds and faults, the southern limit of the continental ice sheet in the Puget Lowland, the published base map (Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources map TM-1), geologic unit correlation diagrams, and most of the explanatory material that accompanies Walsh and others (1987) are not present here. These materials are assembled in four separate files, all available at http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/openfile/of99-382: swwadb.tar.gz compressed Unix tar file containing: README.txt ASCII version of this file swwag.e00 ARC export file of geologic units, contacts, and faults coverage swwav.e00 ARC export file of volcanic vent coverage swwav.e00 ARC export file of structure (fold) coverage imptswwa.aml ARC macro to import these data into ARC-INFO Description of Map Units, in tab-delimited swwa.dmu plain ASCII text, suitable for import into database table. swwaplt.tar.gz compressed Unix tar file containing ALL OF THE FILES in swwadb.tar.gz and files necessary to recreate plot files. Additional files are: swwazg.bil swwazg.blw four files that constitute a portable version of 60-meter swwazg.hdr digital elevation model for shaded-relief base swwazg.stx imptswwazg.aml ARC macro to import digital elevation model swwa.unit text file describing unit symbolization, for import into INFO DMU.doc Fully formatted DMU, as Microsoft WinWord (version 6.0) document. Derived from swwa.dmu dmu1.prn ... 11 Encapsulated Postscript files for DMU dmu11.prn swwaclip.e00 ARC export file of clip polygon for generating HSV grids geog.prj geog_utm10.prj ARC projection files for plotting map inkjetpat.shd ARC symbolset optimized for inkjet plotter fnt035 ARC font file referenced by inkjetpat.shd mkswwa.aml ARC macro to create files needed to plot map plotswwa1.aml ARC macro to plot map, sheet 1 plotswwa2.aml ARC macro to plot map, sheet 2 dmubox.aml ARC macro to plot DMU keyboxes, called by plotswwa2.aml swwa.rtl.tar.gz compressed Unix tar file of 2 RTL-format plotfiles, ready for plotting on HP650C or similar plotter. Files produce a map on two sheets, one 50" wide by 36" high, one 30" wide by 36" high. swwa.ps.tar.gz compressed Unix tar file of 2 Postscript-format plotfiles, ready for plotting on HP2500CP or similar plotter. Files produce a map on two sheets, one 50" wide by 36" high, one 30" wide by 36" high. These files are uncompressed Postscript for faster processing, they contain PageSize statements, and they set print quality to BEST. The images below are thumbnails of each map sheet and a fragment of sheet 1. Click on the images to see larger versions. sheet 1, map sheet 2, explanation 6" x 4" fragment of (click to see 400 KB (click to see 172 KB sheet 1 version) version) (click to see 328 KB version) [Image] [Image] [Image] These files were generated with ARC-INFO v. 7 on a Unix (Solaris 2.6) workstation and can readily be uncompressed and un-tarred on a similar system. Utilities for uncompressing and un-tarring these files on various operating systems are available from http://www.matisse.net/files/formats.html and from links at http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/doc/edchome/ndcdb/public.html Questions regarding these data should be referred to Ralph Haugerud or Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources staff. Haugerud or WDGER staff can also provide the digital spatial data in other formats, such as DXF and ASCII lat-long. Ralph Haugerud USGS @ University of Washington Box 351310 Seattle, Washington 98195 rhaugerud@usgs.gov Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources 1111 Washington Street SE PO Box 47007 Olympia, Washington 98504 phone 360-902-1450 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ OBTAINING DATA FILES The digital data files may be obtained in three ways. 1. On the world-wide Web, go to http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of99-382 2. On the internet, ftp to geopubs.wr.usgs.gov Log on with user-name: anonymous and enter your email address as the password. CD to subdirectory pub/open-file/of99-382 3. Send a blank magnetic tape (8 mm Exabyte, 2.3 or 5.0 GB capacity) with a letter of request and return address to: SW Washington Geologic-map Database c/o Database Coordinator U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road, M/S 975 Menlo Park, CA 94025 Do not omit any part of this address! Be sure to include with your request the exact names, as listed above, of the files you require. An Open-File Report number is not sufficient, unless you are requesting all files (database package, plot-generation package, and both plotfile packages) for the report. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ PLOTTING THE MAP YOURSELF To obtain a paper version of the map, either (1) Download file swwa.rtl.gz, uncompress it, un-tar it, and plot files swwa1.rtl and swwa2.rtl on an HP650C, HP750C, HP755C, or similar plotter that understands the raster transfer language (RTL) subset of HPGL2. (2) Download file swwa.ps.gz, uncompress, un-tar it, and plot files swwa1.ps and swwa2.ps on an HP2500CP or HP3500CP plotter or other Postscript-capable large-format plotter. Both sets of files describe a map on two sheets that are 36" high, one 50" wide and one 30" wide, but are rotated to plot out with long axis parallel to paper. Files are sent to plotters in different ways on different computer systems: on some Unix systems it may work to use the commands lpr -P swwa1.rtl or lp -d swwa1.rtl where the device-name of the plotter is substituted for . Consult your system administrator for further assistance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ OBTAINING A PAPER MAP The source geologic map, prepared by analog means on a planimetric base, is available from Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources (address above), or via the Web at http://www.wa.gov/dnr/htdocs/ger/publist.htm In the near future the U.S. Geological Survey is planning to provide a plot-on-demand service for map files, such as those described in this report, through Open-File Services. When this service is operational, you may purchase plots from Open-File Services at: USGS Information Services Box 25286 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225-0046 (303) 202-4200 1-800-USA-MAPS FAX: (303) 202-4695 e-mail: infoservices@usgs.gov Be sure to include with your request the Open-File Report number and the exact file names of the maps you require. An Open-File Report number and its letter alone may not be sufficient, unless you are requesting plots of all the plotfiles for that report. You may be able to find a commercial vendor who can plot map files such as these for a fee. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ METADATA Digital version of Geologic map of Washington - Title: southwest quadrant, by T.J. Walsh, M.A. Korosec, W.M. Phillips, R.L. Logan, and H.W. Schasse T.J. Walsh, M.A. Geologic content: Korosec, W.M. Phillips, R.L. Logan, and H.W. Authors: Schasse Digital transcription: Karen L. Meagher and Ralph A. Haugerud Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Publication series and number: Open-File Report 99-382 Release date: 1999 How to obtain database: see OBTAINING DATA FILES, above Point of contact for Ralph Haugerud further information: rhaugerud@usgs.gov Files in report: see INTRODUCTION, above minimum longitude: -124.125 maximum longitude: -120.5 minimum latitude: 45.5 maximum latitude: 47.25 Geographic parameters: name of area: southwest Washington state map projection: UTM zone 10 map units: meters horizontal datum: NAD27 nominal scale: 1:250,000 base map: see MAKING THE MAP DIGITAL, below accuracy: see MAP ACCURACY, below ------------------------------------------------------------------------ MAKING THE MAP DIGITAL Original mylars used to produce the printed version of Walsh and others (1987) were obtained with the cooperation of staff at Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources. Contact prints were made from these mylars. A contractor scanned the contact prints, vectorized the scans, attributed them, and delivered the attributed vectors as ARC-INFO coverages. These coverages were in units of scanner inches. We transformed these coverages from scanner inches into UTM (zone 10) meters, matching tics in the scans to calculated locations. A transformation report is given below: *************************************************************************** Arc: transform swwa swwa_utm affine Transforming coordinates for coverage swwa Scale (X,Y) = (6353.768,6351.697) Skew (degrees) = (-0.016) Rotation (degrees) = (1.853) Translation = (350925.467,5012888.687) RMS Error (input,output) = (0.004,22.923) Affine X = Ax + By + C Y = Dx + Ey + F A = 6350.445 B = -207.166 C = 350925.467 D = 205.479 E = 6348.317 F = 5012888.687 tic id input x input y output x output y x error y error ------ ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- 10 6.052 21.481 384899.312 5150478.000 7.690 21.146 12 6.500 30.215 385959.000 5206037.500 -13.352 4.447 13 12.480 29.923 423972.344 5205431.000 10.258 -19.049 14 12.083 21.187 423265.969 5149871.000 3.935 3.606 15 18.118 20.939 461632.906 5149506.500 12.748 31.231 16 18.453 29.676 461986.062 5205067.000 -23.775 8.594 17 24.154 20.716 500000.000 5149385.000 21.749 -18.908 18 24.433 29.461 500000.000 5204945.500 -19.860 -11.815 25 29.954 11.797 538717.312 5093951.000 -12.672 -15.596 26 36.044 11.657 577434.500 5094315.500 -31.001 -20.811 27 42.140 11.558 616151.500 5094923.500 -13.912 -4.017 31 48.238 11.498 654868.250 5095774.500 11.231 16.600 33 30.191 20.542 538367.062 5149506.500 25.995 -9.705 34 36.224 20.407 576734.000 5149871.000 -0.243 12.260 35 30.414 29.286 538013.938 5205067.000 -13.647 -14.605 36 36.403 29.150 576027.625 5205431.000 33.635 -10.730 37 42.264 20.304 615100.688 5150478.000 10.491 -8.177 38 42.381 29.055 614041.000 5206037.500 1.011 7.335 39 48.303 20.247 653466.875 5151328.500 10.343 17.943 40 48.361 28.995 652053.750 5206887.000 -20.624 10.250 **************************************************************************** Transformation reports for all coverages (contacts and faults, vents, and folds) were identical, strongly suggesting that at least two of the coverages had been transformed to common coordinates prior to our receiving them. Visual inspection of plots made from the coverages suggests that the root-mean-square error of 23 meters given in the transformation report above may approximate the spatial precision of the digitization process. We carefully checked the attributes of all lines and polygons, trying to remain faithful to the intent of Walsh and others (1987). Identities of several small polygons on the published paper map were ambiguous; these we identified by consulting the appropriate 1:100,000-scale compilation map (see list in Walsh and others, 1987) or, failing that, consulting with T.J. Walsh and J. Eric Schuster. Some fault segments on the published map are symbolized as normal or strike-slip. Most map readers will carry this meaning to adjoining fault segments, but the extent to which such meaning carries along a fault is commonly ambiguous. We took a conservative approach, classifying most fault segments as fault and no more. The Description of Map Units was scanned from the published map, processed with optical character recognition software, proofed, and reformatted to file swwa.dmu. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ MAP ACCURACY We don't really know how accurate this map is. Locational accuracy of features on geologic maps is rarely defined and this map is no exception. The circa-23 meters spatial precision of the digitization process provides a lower bound on the error with which features are located by this map. Many geologists understand that well-located (continuous line) contacts and faults should be within a millimeter or so on the map of where the feature would be located if the map had no locational error. At 1:250,000 scale, a millimeter on the map corresponds to 250 meters on the ground. This may approximate the accuracy with which features are located on this map. Presence or absence of faults in a given area on this map should be interpreted with some caution. Sophisticated users of the map will note that the abundance of mapped faults in the Willapa Hills (southwest portion of map) and Columbia Plateau (southeast corner) relative to the southern Cascade Range (east-central part of map) corresponds to the quality of outcrop and depth of geologic knowledge of these areas, not necessarily to a real contrast in the density of faults. The accuracy with which earth materials are classified by this map is unquantified. Familiarity with some of the geology shown on this map; knowledge of source materials used in compiling the map; subsequent, more detailed geologic study in some areas; and knowledge of the terrain in parts of southwest Washington suggests that the map is reasonably good and that some areas contain significant errors. Misclassification of the age of material is likely to be more common than misclassification of lithology. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A NOTE ON YOUNG FAULTS Walsh and others (1987) show faults separating pre-Quaternary bedrock from unconsolidated Quaternary deposits in several locations. Walsh (oral communication, 1997) reports that these are locations where young strata have been deposited against pre-existing fault-line scarps; nowhere are they intended to indicate displacement on faults after deposition of Quaternary strata. The only faults for which Walsh and others (1987) intended Quaternary activity to be understood are those on the north side of Toppenish Ridge (Township 9-10N, Range 17-18E, approximately 46.25N, 121W - 120.5W). ------------------------------------------------------------------------ COVERAGES, TABLES, AND DATA DICTIONARIES 1) Coverage SWWAG (geologic units, contacts, and faults) Arc Attribute Table (SWWAG.AAT) ITEM TYPE(1) WIDTH(2) comment FNODE# B 4 index# of start node (3) TNODE# B 4 index# of end node (3) LPOLY# B 4 index# of left polygon (3) RPOLY# B 4 index# of right polygon (3) LENGTH F 4 length of arc in meters (3) SWWAG# B 4 record# (3) SWWAG-ID B 4 should be unique for each feature LTYPE C 32 values are plain text; see below notes:(1) types are B: binary integer, C: character, F: floating point (2) width is in bytes (both input and output widths) (3) item defined automatically by ARC-INFO values of LTYPE in SWWAG: contact fault fault dashed fault dotted ll strike-slip fault ll strike-slip fault dashed ll strike-slip fault dotted map boundary normal fault normal fault dashed normal fault dotted rl strike-slip fault rl strike-slip fault dashed rl strike-slip fault dotted thrust fault thrust fault dashed thrust fault dotted ll = left-lateral; rl = right-lateral; dashed = approximately located; dotted = concealed Polygon Attribute Table (SWWAG.PAT) ITEM TYPE(1) WIDTH(2) comment AREA F 4 area of polygon in sq meters (3) PERIMETER F 4 perimeter of polygon in meters (3) SWWAG# B 4 record# (3) SWWAG-ID B 4 should be unique for each feature FORMATION C 7 see swwa.dmu notes: (1) types are B: binary integer, C: character, F: floating point (2) width is in bytes (both input and output widths) (3) item defined automatically by ARC-INFO FORMATION corresponds to the label on each map-unit polygon, with the following conventions: PL composite P and L for Pliocene # bar-M for Miocene @ vertical bar-O for Oligocene _C subscript C Full text names of map units and unit descriptions, placed in the complete Description of Map Units hierarchy, are in swwa.dmu--see DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS, below. 2) Coverage SWWAS (Structure) Arc Attribute Table (SWWAS.AAT) ITEM TYPE(1) WIDTH(2) comment FNODE# B 4 index# of start node (3) TNODE# B 4 index# of end node (3) LPOLY# B 4 index# of left polygon (3) RPOLY# B 4 index# of right polygon (3) LENGTH F 4 length of arc in meters (3) SWWAS# B 4 record# (3) SWWAS-ID B 4 should be unique for each feature LTYPE C 32 values are plain text; see below notes:(1) types are B: binary integer, C: character, F: floating point (2) width is in bytes (both input and output widths) (3) item defined automatically by ARC-INFO values of LTYPE in swwas: anticline anticline dashed anticline dotted away monocline away monocline dotted plunging anticline plunging anticline dashed plunging anticline dotted plunging syncline plunging syncline dashed plunging syncline dotted syncline syncline dashed syncline dotted towards monocline towards monocline dotted Dashed = trace of axis approximately located Dotted = trace of axis concealed Plunging structures digitized with plunge in direction of end (TO) node Towards monoclines are monoclines with dipping limb facing towards axis Away monoclines have dipping limb facing away from axis There are no points or polygons in coverage SWWAS. 3) Coverage SWWAV (Vents) Point Attribute Table (SWWAV.PAT) ITEM TYPE(1) WIDTH(2) comment AREA F 4 = 0 for all features(3) PERIMETER F 4 = 0 for all features (3) SWWAV# B 4 record# (3) SWWAV-ID B 4 should be unique for each feature PTYPE C 13 = vent for all features notes: (1) types are B: binary integer, C: character, F: floating point (2) width is in bytes (both input and output widths) (3) item defined automatically by ARC-INFO ------------------------------------------------------------------------ DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS Map units on geologic maps are commonly classified in a hierarchy that is usually organized by rock type and age. The Geologic Map of Washington - Southwest Quadrant is no exception. swwa.dmu is a tab-delimited ASCII file that describes the geologic units on this map and places them in their hierarchy. A single line is present in swwa.dmu for each map unit and each heading in the hierarchy. Each line consists of 7 elements, separated by tab characters. File swwa.dmu Element Description 1 ID number (line number in file) 2 ID number of parent entry 3 rank in hierarchy 4 FORMATION (values equivalent to FORMATION item in SWWAG.AAT) 5 full unit name--bold face in formatted Description of Map Units 6 age--blank for all entries in this file 7 full unit description For example, entry 60 is FORMATION = En, full name = Middle to upper Eocene nearshore sedimentary rocks. Its parent entry is 59, which has full name = Nearshore, a third-rank heading. The parent entry of "Nearshore" is 55, EOCENE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, a second rank heading. The parent of 55 is 1, SEDIMENTS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, which has a parent of 0, indicating it is at the top of the hierarchy. File swwa.dmu can be readily converted into a queryable database file, but not an INFO file because most unit descriptions are longer than the 320-character maximum size of INFO items. File swwa.dmu also can readily be transformed into a standard formatted DMU--indeed, this is how we created DMU.doc and its offspring dmu*.prn. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ IMPORTING DATA INTO ARC-INFO To import these data into ARC-INFO, run the following commands in ARC. (Or, run macro imptswwa.aml, which comprises these commands.) &sys gzip -d swwadb.tar &sys tar -xvf swwadb.tar import cover swwag swwag import cover swwas swwas import cover swwav swwav ------------------------------------------------------------------------ MAKING A MAP FROM THE DATA A digital representation of the base map used by Walsh and others (1987) is not available. Instead, we provide digital topography and instructions necessary to plot a map with a shaded-relief base. The digital elevation model (DEM) is a composite of quadrangle-format 10-meter and 30-meter DEMs, resampled at 60-meter intervals. The original DEMs are available from the U.S. Geological Survey (http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov). The technique we use to make the geology-on-shaded relief map requires the GRID module of ARC-INFO. A map can be made from the database by (1) Importing digital geologic map data into ARC (above); but use file swwaplt.tar.gz (gzip -d swwaplt.tar; tar -xvf swwaplt.tar). 2) Importing cover swwaclip into ARC Arc: import cover swwaclip swwaclip (3) Running macro imptswwazg.aml from the ARC prompt to convert BIL files for DEM swwazg to an ARC grid (4) Running macro mkswwa.aml from the ARC prompt. This will take awhile. The macro Loads text file swwa.unit into INFO file SWWA.UNIT which describes symbolization of map units Sets up a relation between the geologic unit coverage and SWWA.UNIT Dissolves the geologic map to a geologic polygon coverage (swwapcov) Prepares a line coverage of faults, swwafcov, for more-pleasing symbolization of ornamented fault lines Creates a clipgrid (swwaclipg) from cover SWWACLIP Converts geologic polygon coverage to hue (swwahg) and saturation (swwasg) grids Prepares a shaded-relief image from the DEM (swwashdg) Converts the shaded-relief image to a value grid (swwavg) (5) When this preparatory work has been done, run macros plotswwa1.aml and plotswwa2.aml from ARCPLOT to plotswwa1.aml: Plot a base-plus-geologic unit color layer with the GRIDCOMPOSITE HSV command Plot overlay patterns (uses inkjetpat.shd and fnt035 for patterns) Plot contacts Plot faults Plot volcanic vents Plot polygon labels Draw a lat-long graticule Draw a title box plotswwa2.aml: Plot encapsulated Postscript files of the Description of Map Units (DMU) Plot key-boxes for the DMU Draw text for a line-and-vent legend Note that mkswwa.aml must be run PRIOR to and DURING the same ARC session as plotswwa1.aml or plotswwa2.aml in order to set up the sym relation! Macro mkswwa.aml is designed to test for output grids (e.g. grid swwahg, swwavg) and covers (e.g. swwapcov) and, if they are not present, build the output. If you wish to rebuild an output grid or cover, you must first delete it, or mkswwa will not create a new version. The encapsulated Postscript files for the DMU were prepared from Microsoft WinWord (6.0) file DMU.doc, choosing the printer to be a Linotype 500, printing to a file, setting the Postscript type to EPS, and setting the pagesize at 4.5" wide by 16" high in TWO locations (Control Panel - Printers - properties (right mouse button) AND Word - Print - Page Setup). Positioning of DMU key-boxes is made easier by drawing a 1" cyan grid over the relevant portion of the map. (Enable &call plotgrid, line 21 in plotswwa2.aml.) Shades and patterns we provide are similar to, but not identical with, those of Walsh and others (1987). These shades and patterns have been optimized for an HP650C plotter. If the map is prepared with these shades and patterns and output to other devices it will not look the same! For plotting on other devices and at other scales it may be necessary to modify the shades and patterns and (or) modify the macros mkswwa.aml, plotswwa1.aml, and plotswwa1.aml. We chose not to plot fold axes, though this may be easily done. The techniques used to generate a geology-on-shaded relief map are further elaborated by Haugerud and Greenberg (1998). ------------------------------------------------------------------------ REFERENCES CITED Haugerud, R., and Greenberg, H.M., 1998, Recipes for Digital Cartography: Cooking with DEMs, in Soller, D.R., editor, Digital Mapping Techniques '98--Workshop Proceedings: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 98-487. See http://pubs.usgs.gov/openfile/of98-487/haug2.html Walsh, T.J., Korosec, M.A., Phillips, W.M., Logan, R.L., and Schasse, H.W., 1987, Geologic map of Washington - southwest quadrant: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources, map GM-34, 28 p., 1 pl., scale 1:250,000, and accompanying explanatory sheet.