The goals of this chapter include: 1) providing users with the ability to visualize the textural information in a geographic context (Polloni  and others, 1995),  2)  supplying maps in flexible scales for synthesis (Kenwood and others, 1996; Polloni  and  others, 1998 ), and 3) giving users the ability to identify and query geographic and attribute data (Polloni, 1998a, b). The primary effort is to deliver the textural data as geo-referenced points so that they can be used on basemaps for other digital data from along the U.S. east coast.  Project files are included that already have the inter-disciplinary data layers loaded as theme coverages  (Fig. 1).  The user can turn data layers on or off,  measure distances in user specified units,  and add, if available,  other  user specified themes as long as they are in the same coordinate system  (i.e. latitude and longitude in decimal degrees).    Coverages in state plane or other coordinate systems must be re-projected to be compatible with these data.

            One of the data layers provided here was originally produced for the Continental Margin Mapping Project (CONMAP; Klitgord and Hill, 1986; Escowitz, 1987) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). As part of CONMAP, syntheses of surficial sediment studies on the U.S. Atlantic continental margins were compiled in a series of standardized maps and digital databases to facilitate the transfer and use of the extensive information acquired by the USGS (Poppe and others, 1989; Poppe and others, 1994).  The maps, which are intended to be reproduced at a scale of 1:1,000,000, are on an Albers Conic Equal Area Projection with standard parallels at 29.5^oN and 45.5^oN, and are compatible with the U.S. National Atlas and the USGS geologic and tectonic maps.  Although combined for this report, the Atlantic margin was divided into the following four regions for the CONMAP series: Georges Bank Basin and Gulf of Maine, Baltimore Canyon Trough, Carolina Trough, and Blake Plateau Basin.  The sediment map from northern-most region was previously released in digital form as part of a marine geographic information system (GIS) library for Massachusetts Bay (Butman and Lindsay, 1999).

            Each sediment map in the CONMAP series is a compilation of grain-size data produced in the sedimentation laboratory of the Woods Hole Field Center of the Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the USGS and from both published and unpublished studies.  These studies are listed in alphabetical order in the data bibliography (Appendix A).  Sediment was classified using the Wentworth (1929) grain-size scale and the Shepard (1954) scheme of sediment classification. Certain grain-size categories are combined because of the paucity of some sediment textures; blank parts of the maps indicate areas where data are insufficient to infer sediment type.  Bathymetry is used as a guide in placing some of the contacts between different sediment types.  However, because the true boundaries between sediment types are probably highly irregular or gradational, because the extreme textural variability that characterizes some areas does not appear at this scale, and because the accuracy of the navigational systems used during the earlier studies is limited, all contacts should be considered to be inferred.  In summary, the CONMAP series is old and does not accurately depict small-scale sediment distributions.  This data layer is supplied primarily as a gross overview and to show general textural trends.

             As part of the Continental Margin Program (Emery and Schlee, 1968; Hathaway, 1971), the U.S. east-coast offshore was divided into 64 distinct marine geographic areas. These areas, which are designated by codes and corresponding descriptions (Fig. 2; Appendix B), are also included as a data layer. They are provided to help users visualize the sample locations and sediment distributions in smaller-scale regional contexts.

 

MAPPING TOOLS

 

            We have provided the GIS ArcExplorer version 1.1 software so that a user with a Windows 95/98 compatible operating system can down-load it to their own system and use it to display the coverages provided.   ArcExplorer can read ArcView shape files included on the CD-ROM and also, if connected to the WWW, can incorporate coverages which may be available on GIS web servers.   A manual for ArcExplorer version 1.1 is also provided in Adobe Acrobat (PDF) format.  The user must have the Adobe Acrobat software installed to read the ArcExplorer manual.  The user is encouraged to get the latest version of the ArcExplorer and Adobe Acrobat software directly from ESRI and Adobe, respectively, on the WWW. 

 

            Separate project files are included for both ArcExplorer 1.1 and ArcView 3.1.   If you have loaded ArcExplorer 1.1, you can use the project file GEOCST.AEP.   This mapping tool will display the data selected in a geographic coordinate system.  If you have ArcView version 3.1 or later on a Windows 95/98 system, you should be able to use the EASTCST.APR project file and have the coverages appear on your screen in an Lambert Equal-Area Azimuthal projection and GEOCST.APR to view them in an unprojected geographic display.  The images (GLORIA and Elevated Shaded Relief) are both projected only in Lambert Equal-Area Azimuthal and thus are only visible in that projection.  For UNIX systems we have provided the EASTCSTU.APR and GEOCSTU.APR project files.  All project files are available in the root directory of the CD-ROM.  For best results, exit from your browser, activate the mapping tool and open the appropriate project file.

 

 

DATA LAYERS

 

            Although the data assembled on this CD-ROM comes from a variety of sources,  we have translated the data layers to be compatible with the desktop mapping tools ArcExplorer and ArcView from ESRI.   The data layers provide texture data and interpretations for integration and viewing;  additional layers (e.g. coastline, bathymetry, state boundaries) have been included for regional reference purposes (Fig. 1).  All data has available metadata for source and quality definition.  All data with attributes can be queried to display as much as is available in the individual records.

 

Data Layers included on this CD-ROM:

 

Sediment Texture Database - point data with attributes (Hastings and others, 2000, Chapter 2 this report)

CONMAP Sediment Maps - USGS CONMAP series, nominal scale 1:1,000,000 (Poppe and others, 1989)

CONMAP Series Bounds - USGS CONMAP Series  bounds (Escowitz, 1987)

Bathymetry   – NOAA/NOS bathymetry server data (Twichell and Polloni, 1993)

Coastline - NOAA ec80 series coastline, nominal scale 1:80,000 (NOAA/NOS, 1994)

Marine Geographic Areas - U.S. East Coast marine region divided into 64 geographic areas (Fig. 2; Appendix B; Hathaway, 1971)

State Bounds - USGS 1:100,000 scale national atlas coverage (ESRI sample data)

EEZ boundary - offshore limit of the U.S. east-coast Exclusive Economic Zone, nominal scale 1:1,000,000 (Twichell and Polloni, 1993)

GLORIA Sidescan Imagery - U.S. east-coast GLORIA sidescan sonar imagery (Groome and others, 1997)

Elevated Shaded Relief - five-fold vertically exaggerated shaded relief map of the conterminous U.S. (Groome and others, 1997)

 

The following table lists the available datalayers and the associated documentation.

 

Data Layer	shape-file or image	metadata	source agency
Coastlines	ec80*.shp,gc80*.shp	coastlines	NOAA
CONMAP Sediment Maps	conmapsg.shp	conmapsm	USGS,WHFC
CONMAP Series Bounds	conmapsg.shp	conmapsb	USGS,WHFC
Elevated shaded relief	usa_dem.tif	usadem	USGS
GLORIA Sidescan imagery	atl_mos.tif	atlmos	USGS,WHFC
Marine Geographic Areas	polyarea.shp	polyarea	USGS,WHFC
NOAA Bathymetry	bathy.shp	bathy	NOAA,USGS
Sediment Database	ecst0500.shp	ecst0500	USGS,WHFC
US EEZ Boundary	useez.shp	useez	US State Department

 

 

GIS PROCEDURES

 

            A set of project files for ArcExplorer and ArcView are included so that the user can use them directly.  The project files have links to the data layers provided on the CD-ROM and these links can be switched on and off.  ArcExplorer has been included on this CD-ROM for off-loading to a users computer system.  Instructions for set-up on the users computer system are included in the ArcExplorer user manual.  To install the ArcExplorer software, click on the highlighted "ArcExplorer version 1.1" software link.   Windows will inform the user that this may be downloaded or  run from its current location.  The application will install if the user selects the run from current location and follow the instructions for the complete install.  If you have a browser that only has an option to download (ie NETSCAPE), then the user must download the file (Aeclient.exe, 7Mbyte) and execute the file under their operating system. Aeclient will install ArcExplorer 1.1 and provide a shortcut for the user to restart the software.  Once ArcExplorer is loaded, the user may use the project file (geocst.aep) to add the primary set of data themes.  Other data themes that are in the same coordinate system may be added at this time.  If the user has ArcView, the project file (eastcst.apr) can be used. Both project files have been edited to act with relative file address pathing.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 

            We would like to thank Laura Hayes, Tammy Middleton, and Ericka Hammar-Klose for their consultations and able assistance given whenever the moment arose.

 

REFERENCES CITED

 

Butman, B., and Lindsay, J., 1999, A marine GIS library for Massachusetts Bay: focusing on disposal sites, contaminated sediments, and sea-floor mapping: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-439, CD-ROM.

Emery, K.O. and Schlee, J.S., 1968, The Atlantic continental shelf and slope, a program for study: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 481, 11 p.

Escowitz, E.C., 1987, U.S. Geological Survey's Continental Margin Mapping Project (CONMAP), U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-314, p. 15.

 

Groome, M.G., Gutmacher, C.E., and Stevenson, A.J., 1997, Atlas of GLORIA sidescan-sonar imagery of the Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States:EEZ-View: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-540, CD-ROM.

 

Klitgord, K.D., and Hill, G.W., 1986, Continental Margin Mapping Project, U.S. Atlantic margin; a synthesis of geologic and geophysical data interpretations: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 70, p. 608.

 

Hathaway, J.C., 1971, Data File - Continental Margin program, Atlantic Coast of the United States: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report, Reference Number 71-15, 491 p.

 

Polloni, C.F., Schmuck, E.A., Denny, J.F., Prisloe, M.P., and Babb, I.G., 1995. Marine Geologic Atlases on CD-ROM, A Method of Assembling, Integrating and Displaying Information: Northeastern Section GSA Abstracts with Programs, Cromwell, CT, Vol. 27, no. 1, p. 74.

 

Polloni, Christopher, Tripp, B., and Truesdale, P., 1998.  An Illustrated Environmental Bibliography for Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts.  U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-50 CD-ROM.

 

Polloni, Chris, 1998a,  Mapping tools for CDs and the Web, GRIPS' 98, session chair, in session listing of the SIGCAT'98 CD/DVD Conference and EXPO, Baltimore, MD, May 17-22, 1998.

 

Polloni, Chris, 1998b, HTML - XML: An Effective Authoring tool for today's CDs: in Session listing of the SIGCAT'98 CD/DVD Conference and EXPO, Baltimore, MD, May 17-22, 1998.

 

Poppe, L.J., Schlee, J.S., Butman, B., and Lane, C.M., 1989, Map showing the distribution of surficial sediment, Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1986-A, 1 sheet, scale 1:1,000,000.

 

Poppe, L.J., Schlee, J.S., Knebel, H.J., 1994, Map showing distribution of surficial sediments on the mid-Atlantic continental margin, Cape Cod to Albemarle Sound: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous investigations Series Map I-1987-D, 1 sheet, scale 1:1,000,000.

 

Shepard, F.P., 1954, Nomenclature based on sand-silt-clay ratios: Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v.24, p. 151-158.

 

 

Schruben, P., 1999, Color shaded relief map of the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-11,  https://pubs.usgs.gov/openfile/of99-011/.

 

Twichell, D.C. and Polloni, C.F., 1993, CD-ROM Atlas of the Deepwater Parts of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone in the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Eastern Caribbean Sea: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-15 CD-ROM.

 

Wentworth, C.K., 1929, A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments: Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v. 30, p. 377-392.

 

FIGURE CAPTIONS

 

Figure 1.  Graphic shows the integration of georeferenced displays included on this CD-ROM.  Individual data layers can be turned on or off and rearranged.

 

Figure 2.  Index map showing the locations of the area codes. Descriptions of the area codes are given in Appendix B.

 

APPENDIX A.  DATA BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

            The following references were used to construct the U.S. east-coast surficial sediment maps in the CONMAP series and respective data layer. Each supplied basic data and control-point locations or interpretations.

 

Ayers, M.W., and Pilkey, 1980, Piston core and surficial sediment investigations of the Florida-Hatteras slope and inner Blake Plateau, In: P. Popenoe (ed.) Environmental Geologic Studies on the Southeastern Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf 1977-1978, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-582, Chapter 5, 89 p.

 

Batten, R.W., 1962, The sediments of the Beauford Inlet area, North Carolina: Southeastern Geology, v. 3, p. 191-206.

 

Bennett, R.H., Freeland, G.L., Lambert, D.N., Sawyer, W.B., and Keller, G.H., 1980, Geotechnical properties of surficial sediments in a megacorridor--U.S. Atlantic Slope, Rise, and deep-sea basin: Marine Geology, v. 38, no. 1, p. 123-140.

 

Bothner, M.H., 1977, Texture and clay mineralogy in hydrostatically-damped gravity cores, in Folger D.W., ed., Middle Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies: Report to the Bureau of Land Management, No. 08550-MU5-33, 6 p.

 

Bothner, M.H., Aruscavage, P.J., Ferrebee, W.M., and Baedecker, P.A., 1980, Trace metal concentrations in sediment cores from the continental shelf off the southeastern United States: Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, v. 10, p. 523-541.

 

Bothner, M.H., Rendigs, R.R., Campbell, E., Doughten, M.W., Aruscavage, P.J., Dorrzapf, A.F., Johnson, R.G., Parmenter, C.M., Pickering, M.J., Brewster, D.C., and Brown, F.W., 1984, The Georges Bank monitoring program 1983; analysis of trace metals in bottom sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 915, 36 p.

 

Byrne, R.J., Hobbs, C.H., and Carron, M.J., 1982, Baseline sediment studies to determine distribution, physical properties, sedimentation budgets and rates in the Virginia portion of the Chesapeake Bay: Final Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, R806001010, 155 p.

 

Coch, N.K., 1986, Sediment characteristics and facies distributions, in Coch N.K. and Bokuniewicz H.J., eds., Sedimentation in the Hudson System: The Hudson River and Contigenous Waterways: Northeastern Geology, Special Issue, v. 8, no. 3, p. 109-129.

 

Cohee, G.V., 1937, Ocean bottom sediments off the mid-Atlantic coast: Unpublished PhD dissertation, Champaign-Urbana, IL, University of Illinois, 250 p.

 

Cornell University, 1953, Final Report, New York Harbor: US Navy Hydrographic Office, Contract N6 no. 084-033, v. 4A-F.

 

DeFalco, P., 1967, Geology of Raritan Bay: U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Conference on pollution of Raritan Bay and adjacent interstate waters, Third Session, New York 1967, Proc., v. 2, p. 760-815.

 

Doyle, L.J., Wall, F.M., and Schroeder, P., 1980, Sediments and sedimentary processes as interpreted from piston cores and grab samples from the continental slope of the southeastern United States, In: P. Popenoe (ed.) Environmental Geologic Studies on the Southeastern Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf, 1977-1978, U.S. geological Survey Open-File Report 81-582, Chapter 4, 45 p.

 

Duane, D.B., 1968, Sand deposits on the continental shelf and slope - a presently exploitable resource: National Symposium Ocean Science and engineering Atlantic Shelf transcripts, Philadelphia, PA, p. 289-297. 

 

Emery, K.O., 1968, Relict sediments on continental shelves of world: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 52, p. 445-464.

 

Ferrebee, W.M., and McElroy, D.K., 1981, Samples from the eastern continental margin collected by the U.S. geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-467, 3 p.

 

Field, M.E, and Pilkey, O.H., 1971, Deposition of deep-sea sands: comparison of two areas of the Carolina continental rise: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 41, p. 526-536.

 

Folger, D.W., 1972, Characteristics of estuarine sediments of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 742, 94 p.

 

Folger, D.W., O’Hara, C.J., Robb, J.M., 1975, Maps showing bottom sediments on the continental shelf off the northeastern United States - Cape Ann, Massachusetts to Casco Bay, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-839, scales 1:125,000 and 1:250,000.

 

Frank, W.M., and Friedman, G.M., 1973, Continental shelf sediments off New Jersey: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 43, no. 1, p. 224-237.

 

Freeland, G.L., Stanley, D.J., Swift, D.J.P., and Lambert, D.N., 1981, The Hudson shelf valley --Its role in shelf sediment transport: Marine Geology, v. 42, p. 399-427.

 

Fritz, S.J., and Pilkey, O.H., 1975, Distinguishing bottom and turbidity current coarse layers on the continental rise: Journal sedimentary Petrology, v. 45, p. 57-62.

 

Garrison, L.E., and McMaster, R.L., 1966, Sediments and geomorphology of the sediments off southern New England: Marine Geology, v. 4, p. 273-289.

 

Ginsburg, R.N., 1956, Environmental relationships of grain size and constituent particles in some south Florida carbonate sediments: Bulletin American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 40, p. 2384-2427.

 

Goodell, H.G., 1967, The sediments and sedimentary geochemistry of the southeastern shelf: Journal Geology, v. 75, p. 665-692.

 

Gorsline, D.S., 1963, Bottom sediments of the Atlantic shelf and slope off the southeastern Unite

d States: Journal Geology, v. 71, p. 422-440.

 

Hathaway, J.C., 1971, Data File - Continental Margin program, Atlantic Coast of the United States: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report, Reference Number 71-15, 491 p.

 

Hollister, C.D., 1973, Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States - texture of surface sediments from New Jersey to southern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 529-M, 23 p.

 

Johnson, F.K., 1959, The sediments of Newport River estuary, Moorehead City, North Carolina: University of North carolina, unpublished Masters Thesis, 36 p.

 

Jones, C.R., and Schubel, J.R., 1980, Distributions of surficial sediment and eelgrass in Great South Bay, New York--from Smith Point, West to Wantagh State Parkway: State University of New York at Stoney Brook Marine Sciences Research Center Special Report 39, Reference 80-6, 19 p.

 

Kerhin, R.T., Halka, J.P., Wells, D.V., Hennessee, E. L., Blakeslee, P.J., Zoltan, N., and Cuthbertson, R.H., 1988, The sediments of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland: Physical Characteristics and sediment budget: Maryland Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 48, 82 p.

 

Klasik, J.A., and Pilkey, O.H., 1975, Processes of sedimentation on the Atlantic continental rise off the southeastern U.S., Marine Geology, v. 19, p. 69-89.

 

Knebel, H.J., 1981, Processes controlling the characteristics of the surficial sand sheet, U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf: Marine Geology, v. 42, p. 349-368.

 

Maciolek, N., Grassle, J.F., Hecker, B., Boehm, P.D., Brown, B., Dade, B., Steinhauer, W.G., Baptiste, E., Ruff, R.E, Petrecca, R., 1986, Study of biological processes on the mid-Atlantic slope and rise: Final Report to the Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, MMS 86-0004, 314 p.

 

Maciolek, N., Hecker, B., Butman, C.A., Grassle, J.F., Dade, W.B., Boehm, P.D., Steinhauer, W.G., Starczk, V., Baptiste, E., Ruff, R.E., and Brown, B., 1986, Study of the biological processes on the North Atlantic Slope and Rise: Final Report to the Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, MMS 86-0022, 201 p.

 

Martens, J.H.C., 1935, Beach sands between Charleston, South Carolina, and Miami, Florida: Bulletin Geological Society America, v. 46, p. 1563-1596.

 

McKinney, T.F., and Friedman, G.M., 1970, Continental shelf sediments of Long Island, New York: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 40, no. 1, p. 213-248.

 

McMaster, R.L., 1960, Sediments of Narragansett Bay system and Rhode Island Sound, Rhode Island: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 30, no. 2, p. 249-274.

 

Milligan, D.B., 1962, Marine geology of the Florida Straits: Unpublished Masters Thesis, Florida State University, 120 p.

 

Milliman, J.D., Pilkey, O.H., and Blackwater, B.W., 1968, Carbonate sediments on the continental shelf, Cape Hatteras to Cape Romain: Southeastern Geology, v. 9, p. 245-267.

 

Moore, J.R., 1963, Bottom sediment studies, Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 33, no. 3, p. 511-558.

 

Nichols, M.M., 1964, Characteristics of sedimentary environments in Moriches Bay, in Miller, R.L., ed., Papers in Marine Geology- Shepard Commemorative Volume: New York, Macmillan Co., p. 363-383.

 

Pels, R.J., 1967, Sediments of Albemarle Sound, North Carolina: Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 73 p.

 

Pickett, T.E., and Ingram, R.L., 1969, The modern sediments of Pamlico Sound, North Carolina: Southeastern Geology, v. 11, p. 53-83.

 

Pilkey, O.H., 1964, The size distribution and mineralogy of the carbonate fraction of the United States south Atlantic shelf and upper slope sediments: Marine Geology, v. 2, p. 121-136.

 

Pilkey, O.H.,  and Frankenberg, D., 1964, The relict-Recent sediment boundary on the Georgia continental shelf: Georgia Academy Science Bulletin, v. 22, p. 37-40.

 

Pilkey, O.H., Blackwelder, B.W., Doyle, L.J., Estes, E., and Terlecky, P.M., 1969, Aspects of carbonate sedimentation on the Atlantic Continental Shelf off the southern United States: Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v. 39, p. 744-768.

 

Pilkey, O.H., Keer, F., and Keer, S., 1980, Surficial sediments of the U.S. Atlantic  southeastern United States continental shelf, in Popenoe, P., ed., Environmental Studies -- Southeastern United States Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf; U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-146, 40 p.

 

Reid, R.N., 1982, Sediment granulometry, organic carbon, and nitrogen, in Reid, R.N., O'Reilly, J.E. and Zdanowicz, V.S., eds., Contaminants in New York Bight and Long Island Sound Sediments and Demersal Species and Contaminant Effects on Benthos, Summer 1980: NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC-16, p. 7-13.

 

Rowe, G.T., and Clifford, C.H., 1978, Sediment data from short cores taken in the northwest Atlantic Ocean: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report 78-46, 56 p.

 

Schlee, J.S., 1973, Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States - sediment texture of the northeastern part: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 529-L, 64 p.

 

Schlee, J.S., Folger, D.W., and O'Hara, C.J., 1973, Bottom sediments of the continental shelf off the northeastern United States--Cape Cod to Cape Ann, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-746.

 

Shepard, F.P., 1932, Sediments of continental shelves: Bulletin Geological Society America, v. 43, p. 1017-1040.

 

Stanley, D.J., and Wear, C.M., 1978, The "Mud-line"--an erosion-deposition boundary on the upper continental slope: Marine Geology, v. 28, p. M19-M29.

 

Stetson, H.C., 1938, The sediments of the continental shelf off the eastern United States: papers in Physical Oceanography and Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, v. 5, p. 1-46.

 

Stow, D.A.V., 1976, Deep water sands and silts on the Nova Scotian continental margin:: Maritime Sediments, v. 12, p. 81-90.

 

Swift , D.J.P., Pelletier, B.R., Lyall, A.K., and Miller, J.A., 1969, Sediments of the Bay of Fundy - a preliminary report: Maritime Sediments, v. 5, p. 95-100.

 

Tucholke, B.E., 1984, Marine Geology, In: Marine Geoscience Applications Inc. (Eds.), Environmental Summary of the U.S. Atlantic Continental Slope and Rise, 28-42^oN, Chap. 4, 183 p.

 

Tyler, S.A., 1934, A study of sediments from North Carolina and Florida coasts: Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v. 4, p. 3-11.

 

Twichell, D.C., McClennen, C.E., and Butman, B., 1981, Morphology and processes associated with the accumulation of the fine-grained sediment deposit on the southern New England shelf: Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v. 51, p. 269-280.

 

Uchupi, E., 1963, Sediments on the continental margin off eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 475-C, p. C132-C137.

 

Valentine, P.C., Cooper, R.A., and Uzmann, J.R., 1984, Submarine sand dunes and sedimentary environments in Oceanographer Canyon: Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v. 54, p. 704-715.

 

Weil, C.B., 1976, A model for the distribution, dynamics, and evolution of Holocene sediments and morphologic features of Delaware Bay: University of Delaware, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 311 p.

 

Wigley, R.L., 1961, Bottom sediments of Georges Bank: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 31, no. 2, p. 165-188.

 

APPENDIX B. U.S. EAST COAST MARINE GEOGRAPHIC AREAS

 

            List of the 64 geographic areas into which Hathaway (1971) assigned the offshore U.S. East Coast Marine Geographic areas and their corresponding numeric area codes.

 

Area Code      Geographic Area

1                      Scotian Shelf

2                      South of Nova Scotia

3                      Bay of Fundy

4                      Northern Maine Coast

5                      Northern Gulf of Maine

6                      Browns Bank

7                      Continental Slope South of Nova Scotia

8                      Northeast Channel

9                      Georges Basin Area

10                    Central Gulf of Maine

11                    Central Maine Coast

12                    Northern Massachusetts and New Hampshire Coast

13                    Southern Gulf of Maine

14                    Georges Bank

15                    Continental Slope South of Georges Bank

16                    Continental Slope South of Great South Channel

17                    Great South Channel

18                    Nantucket Shoals

19                    Nantucket and Vineyard Sounds and Buzzards Bay

20                    Cape Cod Bay

21                    Massachusetts Bay

22                    Narragansett Bay and Block Island Sound

23                    Shelf South of New England

24                    Slope South of New England

25                    Shelf South of Long Island

26                    Long Island Sound

27                    Shelf East of New Jersey

28                    Slope East of New Jersey

29                    Middle Atlantic Continental Rise

30                    New England Continental Rise

31                    New Jersey Coast

32                    Delaware Bay

33                    Delaware Coast

34                    Shelf East of Delaware

35                    Slope East of Delaware

36                    Chesapeake Bay

37                    Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds

38                    Shelf East of Virginia and North Carolina

39                    Slope East of Virginia and North Carolina

40                    Southern Continental Rise

41                    Blake Escarpment, Ridge, and Spur

42                    Florida-Hatteras Slope off North Carolina

43                    Shelf off North Carolina

44                    South Carolina Coast

45                    Shelf off South Carolina

46                    Florida-Hatteras Slope off South Carolina

47                    Northern Blake Plateau

48                    Inner Blake Plateau

49                    Florida Hatteras Slope off Georgia

50                    Shelf off Georia

51                    Georgia Coast

52                    Northern Florida Coast

53                    Northern Florida Shelf

54                    Florida-Hatteras Slope off Northern Florida

55                    Central Florida Coast

56                    Central Florida Shelf

57                    Florida-Hatteras Slope off entral Florida

58                    Northern Straits of Florida

59                    Bahama Banks

60                    Southern Straits of Florida

61                    Southern Florida-Hatteras Slope

62                    Shelf off Florida Keys

63                    Florida Bay

64                                        Outer Blake Plateau

 

 

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