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U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-041

A Laboratory Manual for X-Ray Powder Diffraction

KAOLINITE GROUP

Selected Bibliography


Abdel Rehim, A.M., 1976, Sintering of kaolinite with ammonium fluoride: Proceedings of the European Symposium on Thermal Analysis, no. 1, p. 340-343.

Alietti, Andrea, 1966, Identification of disordered kaolinites: Clay Minerals, v. 6, no. 3, p. 229-231.

Al-Saadi, N.A., 1977, Preparation of the method for the quantitative determination of chlorite, kaolinite, mica and montmorillonite in rock samples: Journal of the Geological Society of Iraq, Special issue 1977, p. 41-46.

Amigo, J.M., Bastida, J., Sanz, A., Signes, M., and Serrano, J., 1994, Crystallinity of Lower Cretaceous kaolinites of Teruel (Spain): Applied Clay Science, v. 9, no. 1, p. 51-69.

Amouric, Marc, and Olives, Juan, 1999, Transformations and interstratifications in clay minerals; HRTEM-AEM results and lattice energies calculations: Journal of Conference Abstracts, v. 4, no. 1, p. 641-642.

Attia, G.M., 1995, The first usage of an ultrasonic technique for identification of clay minerals, in Churchman, G J., Fitzpatrick, R.W., and Eggleton, R.A. (eds.) Clays; controlling the environment, CSIRO Publishing, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, p. 311-316.

Bain, J.A., and Morgan, D.J., 1983, Laboratory separation of clays by hydrocycloning: Clay Minerals, v. 18, no. 1, p. 33-47.

Banfield, J.F., and Eggleton, R.A., 1990, Analytical transmission electron microscope studies of plagioclase, muscovite, and K-feldspar weathering: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 38, no. 1, p. 77-89.

Banfield, J., Kogure, T., and Sano, Y., 1998, The structure, microstructure, growth mechanism, and dehydration behavior of halloysite: Mineralogical Journal, v. 20, no. 1, p. 20.

Barahona, E., Delgado Calvo-Flores, R., and Linares, J., 1987, Kaolinite formation and soil forming rate, in Rodriguez-Clemente, R., and Tardy, Y. (eds.) Geochemistry and mineral formation in the Earth surface, Cons. Super. Invest. Cient., Spain, p. 523-534.

Bassett, R.L., Kharaka, Y.K., and Langmuir, D., 1979, Critical review of the equilibrium constants for kaolinite and sepiolite: ACS Symposium Series, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, v. 93, p. 389-400.

Bayan, M.R., 1984, A comparison of methods for quantifying the commonly occurring minerals in soils and sediments: Doctoral Dissertation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 268 p.

Bayliss, P., and Warne, S.St.J., 1972, Differential thermal analysis of siderite-kaolinite mixtures: American Mineralogist, v. 57, no. 5-6, p. 960-966.

Berman, M., Bischof, L., and Huntington, J.F., 1999, Algorithms and software for the automated identification of minerals using field spectra or hyperspectral imagery: Proceedings of the Thematic Conference on Geologic Remote Sensing, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,, v. 13, p. 222-232.

Bickmore, B.R., Hochella, M.F., Jr., Bosbach, Dirk, and Charlet, Laurent, 1999, Methods for performing atomic force microscopy imaging of clay minerals in aqueous solutions: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 47, no. 5, p. 573-581.

Biscaye, P.E., 1964, Distinction between kaolinite and chlorite in Recent sediments by X-ray diffraction: American Mineralogist, v. 49, p. 1281-1289.

Blackwood, D.A, and Satterthwaite, J., 1986, Some applications of thermal analysis to bauxite and related materials using the derivatograph system: The journal of the Geological Society of Jamaica; proceedings of Bauxite symposium VI, Geol. Soc. Jamaica, Jamaica, p. 94-127.

Bremner, J.M., and Willis, J.P., 1993, Mineralogy and geochemistry of the clay fraction of sediments from the Namibian continental margin and the adjacent hinterland: Marine Geology, v. 115, no. 1-2, p. 85-116.

Bottrell, M.C., Schneck, W.M., and Hopen, T.J., 1989, Identification of commercial clays in asbestos-containing building materials using polarized light microscopy and microchemical tests: Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, v. 21, no. 3, p. 5.

Brindley, G.W., Santos, Persio deSouza, and Santos, Helena deSouza, 1963, Mineralogical studies of kaolinite-halloysite clays; Part 1, Identification problems: American Mineralogist, v. 48, p. 897-910.

Brookins, D.G. 1972, Kaolinite/calcite ratios in sandstone-type uranium deposits: Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, v. 4, no. 7, p. 457-458.

Cai Xiucheng, Chen Shiyue, Fu Yude, and Tang Rongbing, 1990, EPR parameter of order degree in natural kaolinite and its relation to weathering: Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 2, p. 143-149.

Cabrera, F., and Talibudeen, O., 1979, The release of aluminum from aluminosilicate minerals; II, Acid-base potentiometric titrations: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 27, no. 2, p. 113-118.

Calvert, C.S., Weed, S.B., and Buol, S.W., 1979, Estimation of amorphous material, 1:1 type layer silicates, and gibbsite dissolved in hot alkali treatment of soil clay: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 43, no. 4, p. 778-781.

Calvert, C.S., 1984, Simplified CSCl-hydrazine-dimethylsulpoxide intercalation of kaolinite: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 32, p. 125-130.

Carnicelli, Stefano, and Mirabella, Aldo, 1994, X-ray peak separation for improving semiquantitative estimates of halloysite in mixtures with kaolinite: Mineralogica et Petrographica Acta, v. 37, p. 353-359.

Carr, R.M., Chaiku, N., and Peake, B.M., 1977, An electron spin resonance study of some clay minerals: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 218, Wellington, New Zealand, p. 138-144.

Chawla, K.S., Baker, D.W., and Krizek, R.J., 1975, Fabric analysis of kaolinite by three complementary techniques: International clay conference; abstracts, Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex., Inst. Geol., Mexico, p. 37-38.

Chaikum, N., and Carr, R.M., 1987, Electron spin resonance studies of halloysites: Clay Minerals, v. 22, no. 3, p. 287-296.

Chester, R., and Elderfield, H., 1973, An infrared study of clay minerals; 2, The identification of kaolinite-group clays in deep-sea sediments: Chemical Geology, v. 12, no. 4, p. 281-288.

Chigira, M., 1982, Dry debris flow of pyroclastic fall deposits triggered by the 1978 Izu-Oshima-Kinkai earthquake; the "collapsing" landslide at Nanamawari, Mitaka-Iriya, southern Izu Peninsula: Journal of Natural Disaster Science, v. 4, no. 2, p. 1-32.

Colwell, J.B., Niem, A.R., and Niem, W.A., 1989, Sedimentology and clay mineralogy of Quaternary sediments from New Georgia Sound, Solomon Islands, in Vedder, J.G., and Bruns, T.R. (eds.), Geology and offshore resources of Pacific Island arcs; Solomon Islands and Bougainville, Papua New Guinea regions, Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Science Series, Houston, TX, v. 12, p. 203-225.

Churchman, G.J., 1970, Dehydration of halloysite: Newsletter - New Zealand Geochemical Group, Petone, New Zealand, no. 5, p. 5.

Churchman, G.J., Whitton, J.S., Claridge, G.G.C., and Theng, B.K.G., 1984, Intercalation method using formamide for differentiating halloysite form kaolinite: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 32, no. 4, p. 241-248.

Cicel, B., and Komadel, P., 1994, Structural formulae of layer silicates, in Amonette,J.E., and Zelazny, L.W. (eds.) Quantitative methods in soil mineralogy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, p. 114-136.

De, A.K., annd Bhattacherjee, S., 1985, An X-ray analysis of stacking disorder in kaolinite by fourth moment: Clay Minerals, v. 20, no. 2, p. 249-253.

De, P.K., 1973, Electron microscopic investigation of kink-band phenomena in shear induced consolidated kaolinite: Indian Geotechnical Journal, v. 3, no. 2, p. 129-142.

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., 1975, An introduction to rock-forming minerals: Longman Group Ltd., London, 528 p.

Delvaux, B., Mestdagh, M.M., Vielvoye, L., and Herbillon, A.J., 1989, XRD, IR and ESR study of experimental alteration of Al-nontronite into mixed-layer kaolinite/smectite: Clay Minerals, v. 24, no. 4, p. 617-630.

Dillard, J.G., and Koppelman, M.H., 1975, An XPS study of the interaction of metal ions with marine clay minerals: Eos, v. 56, no. 12, p. 1004.

Dixon, J.B., 1977, Kaolinite and serpentine group minerals, in Dixon, J.B., Weed, S.B., Kittrick, J.A., Milford, M.H., and White, J.L. (eds.) Minerals in soil environments, Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, Wis., p. 357-403.

Donini, J.C., and Michaelian, K.H., 1986, Near-infrared photoacoustic FTIR spectroscopy of clay minerals and coal: Infrared Physics, v. 26, no. 3, p. 135-153.

Drever, J.I., 1969, Electrophoresis and the study of clay minerals in Recent sediments (part I and II): Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, v. 30, no. 1, p. 245B.

Dubrawski, J.V., and Warne, S.S.J., 1986, The application of differential scanning calorimetry to mineralogical analysis: Thermochimica Acta, v. 107, p. 51-59.

Dunn, J.G., 1993, Applications of thermal methods of analysis to minerals, in Griffin, Brendon, Graham, Jim, and Linge, Harry, 1993, Mineralogy in the service of mankind; programme and abstracts, International Congress on Applied Mineralogy, p. 213-216.

Durovic, S., and Dornberger-Schiff, K., 1979, New fully descriptive polytype symbols for basic types of clay minerals: Eighth conference on clay mineralogy and petrology, Univ. Karlova, Prague, Czechoslovakia, p. 19-25.

Dusseault, M.B., Scafe, D.W., and Scott, J.D., 1989, Oil sands mine waste management; clay mineralogy, moisture transfer and disposal technology: Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority Journal of Research, v. 5, no. 4, p. 303-320.

Eggleton, R.A., 1987, Noncrystalline Fe-Si-Al-oxyhydroxides: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 35, no. 2, p. 29-37.

Elverhoei, A., and Roenningsland, T.M., 1978, Semiquantitative calculation of the relative amounts of kaolinite and chlorite by X-ray diffraction: Marine Geology, v. 27, no. 1-2, p. M19-M23.

Fagan, Roxane, and Longstaffe, F.J., 1995, Hydrogen and oxygen isotope studies of kaolinite at 60 degrees C using doubly-labelled water: Program with Abstracts - Geological Association of Canada; Mineralogical Association of Canada; Canadian Geophysical Union, Joint Annual Meeting, v. 20, p. 30.

Faraj, B.S.M., and Mackinnon, I.D.R., 1992, Micrinite in Southern Hemisphere sub-bituminous and bituminous coals; redefined as fined grained kaolinite: Annual Meeting of the Society for Organic Petrology. Abstracts and Program, v. 9, p. 22-24.

Fenner, P., and Hartung, J.R., 1969, Laboratory processing of halloysite: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 17, no. 1, p. 42-44.

Ferguson, I.J., Ristau, J.P., Maris, V.G., and Hosain, Ifti, 1999, Geophysical imaging of a kaolinite deposit at Sylvan, Manitoba, Canada: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 41, no. 1, p. 105-129.

Ferrell, R.E., Jr., Maciasz, G.M., and LeBlanc, W.S., 1995, Clay mineral petrography with digital X-ray and backscattered electron imagery, in Churchman, G J., Fitzpatrick, R.W., and Eggleton, R.A. (eds.) Clays; controlling the environment, CSIRO Publishing, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, p. 285-290.

Fertl, W.H., and Chilingarian, G.V., 1988, Determination of volume, type, and distribution modes of clay minerals from well logging data: Proceedings - SPE Symposium on Formation Damage Control, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, v. 8, p. 13-28.

Fieldes, M., Furkert, R.J., and Wells, N., 1972, Rapid determination of constituents of whole soils using infrared absorption: New Zealand Journal of Science, v. 15, no. 4, p. 615-627.

Fordham, A.W., 1973, The location of iron-55, strontium-85 and iodide-125 sorbed by kaolinite and dickite particles: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 21, no. 3, p. 175-184.

Fripiat, J.J., 1979, The application of NMR to the study of clay minerals, in Stucki, J.W., and Banwart, W.L. (eds.), Advanced chemical methods for soil and clay minerals research, NATO ASI Series. Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, no. 63, p. 245-313.

Fripiat, J.J., 1980, The application of NMR to the study of clay minerals: NATO ASI Series. Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht-Boston, no. 63, p. 245-313.

Frost, R.L., 1997, The structure of the kaolinite minerals; a FT-Raman study: Clay Minerals, v. 32, no. 1, p. 65-77.

Gal, M., Amiel, A.J., and Ravikovitch, S., 1974, Clay mineral distribution and origin in the soil types of Israel: Journal of Soil Science, v. 25, no. 1, p. 79-89.

Gata, G., 1975, Determination of the specific surface area of clay minerals and clay fractions from sediments and soils: Studii Tecnice si Economice - Institutul de Geologie si Geofizica. Seria I, Mineralogie-Petrografie, Institutul de Geologie si Geofizica, Bucharest, Romania, no. 13, 
p. 13-19.

Ghabru, S.K., St. Arnaud, R J., and Mermut, A.R., 1988, Use of high gradient magnetic separation in detailed clay mineral studies: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, v. 68, no. 3, p. 645-655.

Gilkes, R.J., 1994, Transmission electron microscope analysis of soil materials, in Amonette,J.E., and Zelazny, L.W. (eds.) Quantitative methods in soil mineralogy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, p. 177-204.

Girgis, L.G., Yehia, N., Abd-Allah, A., and Ibrahim, N., 1987, Refractory aspects of some Iraqi fire-clays: Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research, A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, v. 5, no. 3, p. 417-431.

Gladwell, D.R., Lawrence, P.M., and Dancziger, M., 1985, Application of rapid, semiquantitative clay mineral determination at the Cortez gold mine, Nevada: Geophysics, v. 50, no. 2, p. 304-305.

Gold, C.M., Cavell, P.A., and Smith, D.G.W., 1983, Clay minerals in mixtures; sample preparation, analysis, and statistical interpretation: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 31, no. 3, p. 191-199.

Gohshi, Y., 1981, Chemical state analysis of Al by high resolution X-ray spectroscopy: Spectrochimica Acta. Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, v. 36, no. 7, p. 763-765.

Graham, J., and Cardile, C.M., 1993, Application of Rietveld analysis to bauxite and DSP, in Griffin, Brendon, Graham, Jim, and Linge, Harry, 1993, Mineralogy in the service of mankind; programme and abstracts, International Congress on Applied Mineralogy, p. 84-87.

Gonzalez G.S., and Sanchez C.M., 1968, Differentiation of kaolinite from chlorite by treatment with dimethyl-sulphoxide: Clay Minerals, v. 7, no. 4, p. 447-450.

Green, D.H., and Esquivel-Sirvent, R., 1999, Acoustic behavior at the fluid/solid transition of kaolinite suspensions: Geophysics, v. 64, no. 1, p. 88-92.

Greenbaum, David, 1998, Minerals from space; the use of remote sensing to identify mineral deposits: Earthwise, v. 12, p. 21.

Hall, P.L., 1980, The application of electron spin resonance spectroscopy to studies of clay minerals; I, Isomorphous substitutions and external surface properties: Clay Minerals, v. 15, no. 4, p. 321-335.

Hancock, J.D., and Sharp, J.H., 1972, Method of comparing solid-state kinetic data and its application to the decomposition of kaolinite, brucite, and BaCO (sub 3): Journal of the American Ceramic Society, v. 55, no. 2, p. 74-77.

Hauff, P.L., Kruse, F.A., and T.M., 1990, Characterization of interstratified kaolinite/smectite clays using infrared reflectance spectroscopy (1.2-2.5 mu m): Chemical Geology, v. 84, no. 1-4, p. 267-270.

Hauff, Phoebe, and Thiry, Medard, 1991, A method combining SWIR and XRD for the identification of clay minerals; I, Interstratified kaolinite/smectite clays: Program and Abstracts - 28th Annual Clay Minerals Conference, Clay Minerals Society, v. 28, p. 69.

Heller-Kallai, L., and MacKenzie, R.C., 1987, Effect of volatiles from kaolinite on calcite dissolution; DTA evidence: Clay Minerals, v. 22, no. 3, p. 349-350.

Helmy, A.K., Peinemann, N., Andreoli, C.Y., 1984, Use of the (02, 11) X-ray diffraction reflections to identify clays: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 32, no. 3, p. 231-232.

Herron, M.M., 1986, Mineralogy from geochemical well logging: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 34, no. 2, p. 204-213.

Hillier, S., 1999, Use of an air brush to spray dry samples for X-ray powder diffraction: Clay Minerals, v. 34, no. 1, p. p. 127-135.

Hogg, C.S., Malden, P.J., and Meads, R.E., 1975, Identification of iron-containing impurities in natural kaolinites using the Mossbauer effect: Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, v. 40, no. 309, p. 89-96.

Hosterman, J.W., and Loferski, P.J., 1981,Sample preparation of X-ray diffraction analysis and clay mineralogy of Devonian shale from the Appalachian Basin, Report DOE/METC-2287/112, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 9 p.

Huang, S.L., 1978, The influence of the dispersion method on peak intensity of kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite clay standards: Master's Thesis, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 98 p.

Huang Shiming, 1984, Identification of expansive soils by specific surface area values: Fifth international conference on Expansive soils, National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia, v. 84, p. 1-3.

Hubbard, R.K., Asmussen, L.E., Perkins, H.F., and Allison, H.L., 1988, Application of ground-penetrating radar to coastal plain soils with variable texture and clay mineralogy: International Symposium on Geotechnical Applications of Ground-penetrating Radar, v. 2, p. 17.

Huffman, G.P., and Huggins, F.E., 1984, Analysis of the inorganic constituents in low-rank coals, in Schobert, H.H. (ed.) The chemistry of low-rank coals, American Chemical Society Symposium Series, v. 264, p. 159-174.

Hughes, Randall, and Bohor, Bruce, 1970, Random clay powders prepared by spray-drying: American Mineralogist, v. 55, no. 9-10, p. 1790-1786.

Ishida, Tomoyuki, Makino, Tomoyuki, and Wang, Changjun, 2000, Dielectric-relaxation spectroscopy of kaolinite, montmorillonite, allophane, and imogolite under moist conditions: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 48, no. 1, p. 75-84.

Jakhanwal, M.P., Singh, R.B., and Singh, U.P., 1985, Acoustical properties of a kaolinite related to its engineering properties: Proceedings of the International conference on construction in glacial tills and boulder clays, Eng. Tech. Press, Edinburgh, p. 103-112.

Jehan, K., Qaiser, M.A., and Khan, A.H., 1970, Quantitative estimation of kaolinite in clays by differential thermal analysis: Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, v. 13, no. 1-2, p. 169-173.

Jonas, K., and Solymar, K., 1976, Study of the heteromorph nature of bauxite minerals by infrared differential spectroscopy: Comite International pour l'Etude des Bauxites, des Oxydes et des Hydroxydes d'Aluminium, Travaux, no. 13, p. 391-400.

Jonasz, Miroslaw, 1987, Nonspherical sediment particles; comparison of size and volume distributions obtained with an optical and a resistive particle counter: Marine Geology, v. 78, no. 1-2, p. 137-142.

Jongmans, A.G., van Oort, F., Denaix, L., and Jaunet, A.M., 1997, Mineral micro- and nano-variability revealed by combined micromorphology and in situ submicroscopy, in van der Meer, J,J.M., and Muecher, H.J. (eds.) Developments in Micromorphology, Catena, v. 35, no. 2-4, p. 259-279.

Keeling, J.L.; Janik, L., 1997, Northwestern Eyre Peninsula kaolin province; new analytical technique aids resource assessment: MESA Journal, Mines and Energy South Australia, Eastwood, South Australia, v. 4, p. 14-15.

Kirk, J.S., Longstaffe, F.J., and Bird, G.W., 1986, Mineral reactions in Cold Lake oil sands during steam flooding: Program with Abstracts - Geological Association of Canada; Mineralogical Association of Canada; Canadian Geophysical Union, Joint Annual Meeting, v. 11, p. 89.

Kirkman, J.H., 1974, Dimethyl sulphoxide treatment of standard clay minerals and clay fractions of selected New Zealand soils: New Zealand Journal of Science, v. 17, no. 4, p. 503-509.

Kodama, Hideomi, and Oinuma, K., 1963, Identification of kaolin minerals in the presence of chlorite by x-ray diffraction and infrared absorption spectra: Clays and clay minerals (Natl. Conf. Clays & Clay Minerals, 11th, p. 236-249.

Komarneni, S., Fyfe, C.A., and Kennedy, G.J., 1985, Order-disorder in 1:1 type clay minerals by solid-state (super 27) Al and (super 29) Si magic angle-spinning NMR spectroscopy: Clay Minerals, v. 20, no. 3, p. 327-334.

Korneva, T.A., and Yusupov, T.S., 1976, High-temperature behaviour of kaolinite after super-fine grinding: Proceedings of the European Symposium on Thermal Analysis, no. 1, p. 336-339.

Krizek, R.J., Edil, T.B., and Ozaydin, I.K., 1975, Preparation and identification of clay samples with controlled fabric: Engineering Geology, v. 9, no. 1, p. 13-38.

Kruse, F.A., and Hauff, P.L., Remote sensing clay mineral investigations for geologic applications using visible/infrared imaging spectroscopy: Sciences Geologiques. Memoire, v. 89, p. 43-51.

Kukolev, G.V., Nemets, I.I., and Semchenko, G.D., 1974, Infrared spectroscopic investigation of the effect of surface-active agents on the structure of kaolinite: Journal of Applied Spectroscopy, v. 17, no. 3, p. 1165-1167.

Lahann, R.W., 1976, The effect of trace metal extraction procedures on clay minerals: Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, v. 8, no. 6, p. 969.

Langer, A.M.; Kerr, P.F., 1967, Evaluation of kaolinite and quartz differential thermal curves with a new high temperature cell: American Mineralogist, v. 52, p. 509-523.

Lanier, W.P., and Jones, D.L., 1979, Scanning electron microscopy study of the textural relationships of kaolinite clay flocculated in increasingly saline solutions: Scanning Electron Microscopy, v. 1979, p. 525-529.

Lawie, D.C. 1997, Differentiation of transported and in-situ kaolinite XRD and spectral reflectance methods: Abstracts - Geological Society of Australia, v. 44, p. 43.

Lawrence, P.M., Cargill, G., Lett, R.E., and Groskopf, N., 1987, Pyrophyllite and kaolinite alteration; mineral discrimination by sample reflectance measurement: Proceedings of the Fifth thematic conference on remote sensing for exploration geology; mineral and energy exploration; technology for a competitive world; Volume 2, Environ. Res. Inst. Mich., Ann Arbor, MI, p. 775-784.

Lipsicas, M., 1984, Molecular motions and surface interactions in clay intercalates: A.I.P. Conference Proceedings, American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, v. 107, p. 191-202.

Livo, K.E., 1994, Use of remote sensing to characterize hydrothermal alteration of the Cripple Creek area, Colorado: Master's Thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 139 p.

Lorenz, P.B., 1969, Surface conductance and electrokinetic properties of kaolinite beds: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 17, no. 4, p. 223-231.

Lyon, R.J.P., and Tuddenham, W.M., 1960, Infrared determination of kaolin group minerals: Spectrochim. Acta, v. 16, no. 5, p. 611.

Ma, Chi, Eggleton, R.A., 1999, Surface layer types of kaolinite; a high-resolution transmission electron microscope study: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 47, no. 2, p. 181-191.

Mackinnon, I.D.R., Uwins, P.J.R., Yago, Anya, and Page, David, 1993, Kaolinite particle sizes in the <2 mu m range using laser scattering: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 41, no. 5, p. 613-623.

Madeira, J., Bedidi, A., Pouget, M., Cervelle, B., Flay, N., 1995, Spectral (MIR) determination of kaolinite and gibbsite contents, in lateritic soils Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie II. Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes, v. 321, no. 2, p. 119-127.

Malekani, K., and Rice, J.A., 1993, Characterization of clay mineral surface by (super 29) Si CPMAS solid state NMR: Agronomy Abstracts, v. 85, p. 230.

Martin P.M.T., Turrion, C., Roux, M.V., Saavedra, J., and Millan, A., 1985, Quantitative determination of minerals in clays from profiles in the west of central Spain by differential scanning colorimetry: Mineralogica et Petrographica Acta, v. 29, no. A, p. 455-460.

Martinec, P., Krajicek, J., and Weiss, Z., 1979, Quantitative analysis of a three-component system of kaolinite-illite-quartz: Eighth conference on clay mineralogy and petrology, Univ. Karlova, Prague, Czechoslovakia, p. 85-89.

Maynard, R.N., Millman, N., and Iannicelli, J., 1969, A method for removing titanium dioxide impurities from kaolin: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 17, no. 2, p. 59-62.

McCallister, D.L., 1986, Microwave drying of clays for X-ray diffraction analysis: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 50, no. 3, p. 807-809.

McHardy, W.J., and Birnie, A.C., 1987, Scanning electron microscopy, in Wilson, M.J. (ed.) A handbook of determinative methods in clay mineralogy, Chapman and Hall, New York, NY, p. 174-208.

Mekonnen, E.J., Nater, E.A., and Laird, D.A., 1993, Determining completion of excess salt removal from clays; method comparisons: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 57, no. 3, p. 874-877.

Mendelovici, E., and Sagarzazu, A., 1985, The use of RbCl disks for the infrared spectroscopy detection of hydrated and dehydrated halloysite in mixtures with kaolinite: Clay Minerals, v. 20, no. 4, p. 493-498.

Millette, J.R., Twyman, J.D., Hansen, E.C., Clark, P.J., and Pansing, M.F., 1979, Chrysotile, palygorskite and halloysite in drinking water: Scanning Electron Microscopy, v. 1979, part 1, p. 579-584.

Minnis, M.M., 1984, An automatic point-counting method for mineralogical assessment: American Association of Petroleum Bulletin, v. 68, no. 6, p. 744-752.

Moore, D.M., and Reynolds, R.C., 1997, X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals: 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 378 p.

Mucci, J.F., and Stearns, R.L., 1977, Use of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis in clay mineral ion exchange studies: Soil Science, v. 123, no. 4, p. 264-267.

Muller, J.P., Calas, G., Clozel, B., Ildefonse, P., Schmitt, J.M., and Durandau, A., 1989, Radiation-induced defects in kaolinite as a potential guide for uranium prospection in laterite-covered areas: Anais do Congresso Brasileiro de Geoquimica, XIII international geochemical exploration symposium, v. 2, p. 99-100.

Nadeau, P.H., 1987, Relationships between the mean area, volume and thickness for dispersed particles of kaolinites and micaceous clays and their application to surface area and ion exchange properties: Clay Minerals, v. 22, no. 3, p. 351-356.

Nadeau, P.H., and Tait, J.M., 1987, Transmission electron microscopy, in Wilson, M.J. (ed.) A handbook of determinative methods in clay mineralogy, Chapman and Hall, New York, NY, p. 209-247.

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