Clay Mineral Identification Flow Diagram <--------------------- X-Rays of Oriented Aggregates -------------------> Treated with Electron Micrograph X-rays of randomly Air Dried ethylene glycol Heated to 400 C Heated to 550 C if required oriented powders RESULT --------- ------------------ --------------- --------------- ------------------- ------------------- ~29Å _______ Expands to 31-32Å _____ May disappear or ______ Increase in intensity _________________________________________________ Regularly interstratified | with rational sequence give 24Å spacing. of 24Å spacing. chlorite-montmorillonite or | of higher orders cholorite-vermiculite (corrensite) | |________ Expands but gives _____ May give irrational ___ May give irrational ___________________________________________________ Randomly interstratified irrational sequence. sequence. sequences. May show chlorite-montmorillonite Peaks may be broad. increase in intensity of 12-14Å peak. ~14Å _______ No change _____________ No change _____________ Increase in intensity _________________________ 060 near 1.54Å ________ Chlorite ||| |______________________________ 060 near 1.50Å ________ Dioctahedral chlorite ||| |||________ No change or __________ Collapses to ~10Å _____ No change or slight ___________________________ 060 near 1.54Å ________ Vermiculite || slight increase additional collapse ||_________________________________ Slight collapse ~12Å __ Additional collapse ~11Å ______________________ 060 near 1.50Å ________ Dioctahedral vermiculite | |__________ Expands to 17Å ________ Collapses to ~10Å _____ No change or slight ___________________________ 060 near 1.50Å ________ Montmorillonite | additional collapse |__________ Collapses to ~10Å _____ No change or slight ___________________________ 060 near 1.52Å ________ Nontronite with very weak 5Å additional collapse peak | |_____________________________ 060 near 1.54Å ________ Trioctahedral montmorillonite or vermiculite >10 - 14Å _____ No change _____________ Collapses to ~10Å _____ Collapses to 10Å ______________________________ 060 near 1.54Å ________ Regularly interstratified ||| - rational sequence illite-vermiculite ||| of higher orders ||| |_______________ No change _____________ No change or slight ___________________________ 060 near 1.54Å ________ Regularly interstratified ||| increase in intensity illite-chlorite |||______ No change _____________ Collapses to ~10Å _____ Collapses to 10Å ______________________________ 060 near 1.54Å ________ Randomly interstratified || - irrational sequence illite-vermiculite || |_____ No change _____________ No change or slight ___________________________ 060 near 1.54Å ________ Randomly interstratified || increase in intensity illite-chlorite ||_______ Expands to higher _____ Collapses to ~10Å _____ Collapses to 10Å ______________________________ 060 near 1.50Å ________ Interstratified | spacing | illite-montmorillonite | |_________________________________ 060 near 1.54Å ________ Interstratified trioctahedral | illite-montmorillonite |________ No change _____________ Slight collapse _______ Further collapse ______________________________ 060 near 1.50Å ________ Interstratified dioctahedral illite-vermiculite 12 - 12.5Å ___ No change _____________ Destroyed or __________ Destroyed _____________ Fibrous morphology ____ Check hkl's ___________ Sepiolite reduced in intensity against standard 10.5Å ________ No change _____________ Destroyed - - may _____ Destroyed _____________ Fibrous morphology ____ Check hkl's ___________ Palygorskite survive slightly against standard lower temperature ~10Å ________ Symmetrical ___________ No change _____________ No change _____________________________________ 060 near 1.50Å; _______ Illite (and/or mica), || - no change || check hkl's against muscovitic, || || standards for various polymorphs || || polymorphs || || || ||______________________________________ 060 between ___________ Glauconite or celadonite || | 1.51Å - 1.52Å (Roscoelite if V bearing) || | 5Å peak very weak || |_______________________________________ 060 near 1.54Å ________ Biotite, various polymorphs ||_________ Unsymmetrical _________ No change or __________________________________________________________ 060 variable __________ Interstratified illite-montmorillonite | slight shift slight sharpening or illite-vermiculite | either way |__________ Expands to ~11Å _______ Collapses to ~7Å ______ Destroyed _____________ Tubular morphology ____ 060 near 1.49Å ________ Endellite 7Å _________ Increases in __________ Collapses to 7Å _______ Destroyed _____________ Tubular morphology ____ 060 near 1.49Å; _______ Halloysite | spacing or no change hk bands present |__________ No change _____________ No change _____________ No change _____________ Fibrous morphology ____ Check hkl's ___________ Chrysotile | | against standard | |_______________ Platy morphology ______ Check hkl's ___________ Antigorite | against standard |_______________ Destroyed _____________ Platy morphology ______ 060 near 1.49Å; _______ Disordered kaolinite | | | hk bands present; (fireclay) | | | moderately broad 001's | | |_______ 060 near 1.54Å _______ Chlorite | | (Check increase in intensity | | of 14Å spacing) | |_________ 060 near 1.50Å _______ Dioctahedral chlorite | (Check increase in intensity | of 14Å spacing) |__________________ Hexagonal _____________ hkl's resolved _______ Kaolinite morphology ||___________ Dickite |____________ Nacrite