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A Laboratory Manual for X-Ray Powder Diffraction
INTRODUCTION
This CD-ROM (Compact Disc-Read Only Memory) has been produced in accordance with the ISO 9660 CD-ROM Standard and is therefore capable of being read on any computing platform that has appropriate CD-ROM driver software installed. The disk has been tested on systems utilizing the following operating systems: Windows 98/NT, Macintosh and Unix. Access to the data and information contained on this CD-ROM was developed using the HyperText Markup Language (HTML) utilized by the World Wide Web (WWW) project. Development of the CD-ROM documentation and user interface in HTML allows the user to access the information using WWW information browsers (i.e., Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape). To access the information contained on this disk with a WWW client browser, open the file 'index.htm' at the top-level directory of this CD-ROM with your browser.
The HTML documentation is written utilizing some HTML 3.0 enhancements. The disk should be viewable by all WWW browsers but may not properly format on some older WWW browsers. Also, there are some links to U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) websites and to those of other organizations on this CD-ROM. These links are only accessible if access to the Internet is available when browsing the CD-ROM, and if those linked sites are operating.
BACKGROUND
The main purpose of this CD-ROM publication is to provide the user with the X-ray powder diffraction methods used at the U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Field Center in Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
There are three top-level files and four top-level directories contained on this CD-ROM. The top-level files are:
1.) index.htm - This file is intended to be the starting point for CD-ROM access. It is written in the Hyper-Text Markup Language utilized by the World Wide Web (WWW) project and must be opened with a WWW browser. Once opened, the user may browse the CD-ROM's contents as they would browse pages from the WWW.
2.) readme.htm (this file) - Contains a description of this CD-ROM and may be viewed by the user with any World Wide Web browser.
3.) readme.txt (ASCII version of this file) - This file contains a description of this CD-ROM and may be viewed or printed by the user with any system program capable of opening an ASCII text file.
There are four main directories on this CD-ROM. These directories include:
1. Directory htmldocs/ - This directory contains the HTML files and supporting graphics to allow the user access to the CD-ROM via any World Wide Web browser. This directory includes the following directories and various unspecified sub-directories.
biblios/ - bibliographies for specific chapters
clays/ - contains the HTML formatted pages for the individual chapters of the "Individual Clay Minerals" section
flow/ - contains the HTML formatted pages of the "Clay Mineral Identification Flow Diagram" section
icons/ - images used as icons in the HTML pages
images/ - contains full-scale versions of the browse graphics and other images used in the formatting of the HTML pages
methods/ - contains the HTML formatted pages for the individual chapters of the "Methods" section
2. Directory tables/ - Contains a table generated using the Bragg equation that converts degrees two theta to interplanar spacings for copper (CU) K alpha weighted-mean, K alpha 1, and K alpha 2 radiation. The conversion table is supplied in Microsoft Excel and ASCII formats.
3. Directory template/ - Templates (or conversion tables) that may be used to convert X-ray powder diffraction patterns from strip recorders in degrees two theta to d-spacings.
4. Directory software/ - This directory contains the software and documentation for a computer program that calculates centrifugation times for separating the silt and clay fractions.
Software Requirements
This CD-ROM (Compact Disc-Read Only Memory) has been produced in accordance with the ISO 9660 CD-ROM Standard and is therefore capable of being read on any computing platform that has appropriate CD-ROM driver software installed. No specific software is required to access this CD-ROM, nor is any software provided as part of the CD-ROM. Access to the data and information contained on this CD-ROM was developed using the HyperText Markup Language (HTML) utilized by the World Wide Web (WWW) project. Development of the CD-ROM documentation and user interface in HTML allows the user to access the information by using a variety of WWW information browsers to facilitate browsing and locating information and data. To access the information contained on this disk with a WWW client browser, open the file 'index.htm' at the top-level directory of this CD-ROM with your selected browser. The HTML documentation is written utilizing some HTML 3.0 enhancements. The disk should be viewable by all WWW browsers but may not properly format on some older WWW browsers. For those people who wish to access the disk and do not have a World Wide Web browser available, they may do so by accessing the disk via their computer's operating system. Please see the earlier notes describing the disk layout and directory contents.
DISCLAIMER
This Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) publication was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference therein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. Any views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Although all data and software published on this CD-ROM have been used by the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to the accuracy of the data and related materials and/or the functioning of the software. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of this data, software, or related materials.
