By Larry D. Cunningham
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-348 in Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF):
Download a copy of Adobe Acrobat Reader version 5.0 for free.
This report describes the flow of columbium in the United States in 1998 with emphasis on the extent to which columbium (niobium) was recycled/reused. Columbium was mostly recycled from products of columbium-bearing steels and superalloys; little was recovered from products specifically for their columbium content. In 1998, about 1,800 metric tons of columbium was recycled/reused, with about 55% derived from old scrap. The columbium recycling rate was calculated to be 22%, and columbium scrap recycling efficiency, 50%.