U.S. Geological Survey

Whole Rock Geochemical Data For Paleozoic Sedimentary Rocks of the western Brooks Brooks Range, Alaska

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Frequently-anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
Whole Rock Geochemical Data For Paleozoic Sedimentary Rocks of the western Brooks Brooks Range, Alaska
Abstract:
This report presents geochemical analyses for 210 unaltered and unmineralized rock samples of Paleozoic age in the western Brooks Range of northern Alaska. These data form the basis for a study by Slack et al. (2004a) on the provenance and depositional history of the Paleozoic strata, and on their metallogenic significance relative to the formation of large stratabound Zn- Pb-Ag deposits in the Red Dog mining district. Principal rock types that were analyzed include shale, siltstone, sandstone, chert, bedded siliceous rock, and calcareous radiolarite; selected samples of limestone, phosphate, and argillite, and one siderite concretion, were also analyzed. Note that the phosphate samples are from the central Brooks Range, east of the Red Dog district. The geochemical analyses are presented here in Microsoft Excel and .dbf spreadsheet formats in order to facilitate calculations and plotting of data. A related geochemical database on altered and mineralized rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district is available in Slack and others (2004b).
Supplemental_Information:
Data for elements, oxides, and other components are presented either in weight percent or parts per million, except for Au and Pd that are in parts per billion. Qualified values (shown by the '<' symbol) represent values less than the specified minimum detection limit (MDL). In some cases, the MDL for a particular element or component is not uniform, which reflects changing analytical conditions or matrix effects, or use of newer ICP-MS instruments that have higher precision and lower MDLs. For statistical treatment of data and other calculations, it is recommended that qualified values be substituted by one-half the analytical detection limit (Sanford and others, 1993). Note that the abbreviation "n.a." refers to a lack of analysis for the specified element or component.

Values for the magnitude of the Ce and Eu anomalies are also presented. The magnitude of the Ce anomaly, Ce/Ce*, is calculated as: Ce[CN]/((La[CN])**0.667 * (Nd[CN])**0.333) where Ce[CN], La[CN], and Nd[CN] represent normalization of Ce, La, and Nd respectively to average chondrites using the data of Nakamura (1974). The magnitude of the Eu anomaly, Eu/Eu*, is calculated as: Eu[CN]/(Sm[CN]*Gd[CN])**0.5 with chondrite normalization of Eu, Sm, and Gd represented respectively as Eu[CN], Sm[CN], and Gd[CN]. For those samples without ICP-MS analyses for Gd, the Eu/Eu* values were calculated by a curve-fitting Excel macro program using INAA data for La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, and Lu.

In these formulae, two asterisks (**) are used to represent exponentiation; one alone indicates multiplication.
  1. How should this data set be cited?

    Slack, John F. , Schmidt, Jeanine M. , and Dumoulin, Julie A. , 2004, Whole Rock Geochemical Data For Paleozoic Sedimentary Rocks of the western Brooks Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1371, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?

    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -163.899950
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -151.864400
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 68.634480
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 63.381070

  3. What does it look like?

    <http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1371/reddog.png> (PNG)
    Index map showing general location of the study area, 790x570 pixels, 53k bytes

  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?

    Calendar_Date: 2004
    Currentness_Reference: publication date

  5. What is the general form of this data set?

    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: table

  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?

    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?

      This is a Point data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):

      • Entity point (210)

    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?

      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitude and longitude values are specified in decimal degrees.

      The horizontal datum used is North American Datum of 1927.
      The ellipsoid used is Clarke 1866.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378206.4.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/294.98.

  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?

    brooks.dbf
    Samples for which geochemical analyses have been conducted

    SAMPLE_NO
    Sample number

    Textual identifier without further scientific significance

    STRATIGRAP
    Stratigraphic unit sampled

    ValueDefinition
    Hunt Fork Shale 
    Kanayut Conglomerate 
    Kayak Shale 
    Kuna Formation 
    Kuna Formation (Kivalina unit) 
    Lisburne Group (drowned shelf facies) 
    Lisburne Group (shelf facies) 
    Lisburne Group (Zebra Creek facies) 
    Noatak Sandstone 
    Siksikpuk Formation 

    SAMPLE_DES
    Description of the sample

    Plain descriptive text

    SAMPLE_TYP
    Type of sampled material

    ValueDefinition
    Drill core 
    Outcrop 

    LATITUDE
    Latitude in decimal degrees

    Range of values
    Minimum:63.38107
    Maximum:68.63448

    LONGITUDE
    Longitude in decimal degrees

    Range of values
    Minimum:-163.89995
    Maximum:-151.8644

    ANALYTICAL
    Name of the organization whose laboratory provided the analysis

    ValueDefinition
    Activation Laboratories 
    U.S. Geological Survey 

    SIO2
    Silica as SiO2 in percent by weight

    Range of values
    Minimum:5.42
    Maximum:97.63

    TIO2
    Titanium Oxide in percent by weight

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.009
    Maximum:1.18

    AL2O3
    Aluminum oxide in percent by weight

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.16
    Maximum:23.6

    FE2O3
    Iron oxide in percent by weight (total iron reported as Fe2O3)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.07
    Maximum:45.8
    Units:percent by weight

    MNO
    Manganese oxide in percent by weight

    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:1.016
    Units:percent by weight

    MGO
    Magnesium oxide in percent by weight

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.02
    Maximum:15.11
    Units:percent by weight

    CAO
    Calcium oxide in percent by weight

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:51.09
    Units:percent by weight

    NA2O
    Sodium oxide in percent by weight

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.02
    Maximum:1.97
    Units:percent by weight

    K2O
    Potassium oxide in percent by weight

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.06
    Maximum:4.28
    Units:percent by weight

    P2O5
    Phosphate as P2O5 in percent by weight

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.02
    Maximum:30.91
    Units:percent by weight

    LOI
    Loss on ignition in percent by weight

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:39.04
    Units:percent by weight

    TOTAL
    Total of major element analysis, including LOI

    Range of values
    Minimum:57.06
    Maximum:99.77
    Units:percent by weight

    F
    Fluorine (F) in percent by weight

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.005
    Maximum:6.43
    Units:percent by weight

    TOTAL_C
    Total carbon in percent by weight

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:23.2
    Units:percent by weight

    CO2
    Carbon dioxide in percent by weight

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:38
    Units:percent by weight

    CORG
    Organic carbon in percent by weight

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.02
    Maximum:22.38
    Units:percent by weight

    S
    Sulfur (S) in percent by weight

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:4.06
    Units:percent by weight

    SO4
    Sulfate (SO4) in percent by weight

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.05
    Maximum:4.55
    Units:percent by weight

    RB
    Rubidium (Rb) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:1
    Maximum:256
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    CS
    Cesium (Cs) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.1
    Maximum:53.6
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    SR
    Strontium (Sr) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:9
    Maximum:1900
    Resolution:1

    BA
    Barium (Ba) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:39
    Maximum:39500
    Resolution:1

    Y
    Yttrium (Y) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:1.5
    Maximum:339.8
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    LA
    Lanthanum (La) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:1.61
    Maximum:170.09
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    CE
    Cerium (Ce) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:1.46
    Maximum:165
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    PR
    Praseodymium (Pr) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.38
    Maximum:30.79
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ND
    Neodymium (Nd) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:1.47
    Maximum:133.15
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    SM
    Samarium (Sm) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.25
    Maximum:39.9
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    EU
    Europium (Eu) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ValueDefinition
    n.a. 

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.028
    Maximum:9.78
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    GD
    Gadolinium (Gd) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.24
    Maximum:30.01
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    TB
    Terbium (Tb) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.03
    Maximum:5.98
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    DY
    Dysprosium (Dy) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.22
    Maximum:31.58
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    HO
    Holmium (Ho) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.05
    Maximum:6.81
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ER
    Erbium (Er) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.18
    Maximum:23.74
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    TM
    Thulium (Tm) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.03
    Maximum:4.118
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    YB
    Ytterbium (Yb) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.13
    Maximum:25
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    LU
    Lutetium (Lu) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.02
    Maximum:4.222
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    CE_CE
    Cerium anomaly (dimensionless). The magnitude of the Ce anomaly, Ce/Ce*, is calculated as: Ce[CN]/((La[CN])**0.667 * (Nd[CN])**0.333) where Ce[CN], La[CN], and Nd[CN] represent normalization of Ce, La, and Nd respectively to average chondrites using the data of Nakamura (1974). Here two asterisks (**) are used to represent exponentiation; one alone indicates multiplication.

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.0877
    Maximum:1.3357
    Units:(ratio, no units)

    EU_EU
    Europium anomaly (dimensionless). The magnitude of the Eu anomaly, Eu/Eu*, is calculated as: Eu[CN]/(Sm[CN]*Gd[CN])**0.5 with chondrite normalization of Eu, Sm, and Gd represented respectively as Eu[CN], Sm[CN], and Gd[CN]. Here two asterisks (**) are used to represent exponentiation; one alone indicates multiplication.

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.2138
    Maximum:0.9055
    Units:(ratio, no units)

    ZR
    Zirconium (Zr) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:5
    Maximum:621
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    HF
    Hafnium (Hf) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.1
    Maximum:14.8
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    NB
    Niobium (Nb) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.1
    Maximum:20.5
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    TA
    Tantalum (Ta) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:1.9
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    TH
    Thorium (Th) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.22
    Maximum:21.78
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    U
    Uranium (U) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.58
    Maximum:162.12
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    V
    Vanadium (V) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:15
    Maximum:1720
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    SC
    Scandium (Sc) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.5
    Maximum:27.1
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    CR
    Chromium (Cr) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:8
    Maximum:1690
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    CO
    Cobalt (Co) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:49
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    NI
    Nickel (Ni) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:8
    Maximum:621
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    MO
    Molybdenum (Mo) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:2
    Maximum:88
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    CU
    Copper (Cu) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:7
    Maximum:590
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ZN
    Zinc (Zn) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:4
    Maximum:1300
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    CD
    Cadmium (Cd) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.3
    Maximum:100
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    PB
    Lead (Pb) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:2
    Maximum:180
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    AG
    Silver (Ag) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.1
    Maximum:32.1
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    AU
    Gold (Au) in ppb (parts per billion by weight)

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:2
    Maximum:34
    Units:ppb (parts per billion by weight)

    GA
    Gallium (Ga) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:1
    Maximum:33
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    GE
    Germanium (Ge) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:4.99
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    TL
    Thallium (Tl) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.03
    Maximum:1.84
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    SB
    Antimony (Sb) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.1
    Maximum:19
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    AS
    Arsenic (As) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.5
    Maximum:68.2
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    BI
    Bismuth (Bi) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.08
    Maximum:3.4
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    SE
    Selenium (Se) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:1
    Maximum:44
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    SN
    Tin (Sn) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:1
    Maximum:7
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    W
    Tungsten (W) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.5
    Maximum:16.1
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    BE
    Beryllium (Be) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    Range of values
    Minimum:1
    Maximum:3
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    LI
    Lithium (Li) in ppm (parts per million by weight)

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:3
    Maximum:200
    Units:ppm (parts per million by weight)

    PD
    Palladium (Pd) in ppb (parts per billion by weight)

    ValueDefinition
    n.a.no analytic result available

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.5
    Maximum:36
    Units:ppb (parts per billion by weight)

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)

  2. Who also contributed to the data set?

    I.L. Tailleur and J.M. Kurtak donated phosphorite samples for analysis.

  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?

    John F Slack
    USGS ER GD
    Mail Stop 954 USGS National Center
    12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
    Reston, VA 20192-0002
    USA

    703-648-6337 (voice)
    703-648-6383 (FAX)
    jfslack@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

These data form the basis for a study by Slack et al. (2004a) on the provenance and depositional history of the Paleozoic strata, and on their metallogenic significance relative to the formation of large stratabound Zn-Pb-Ag deposits in the Red Dog mining district.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?

  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?

    Date: 2004 (process 1 of 1)
    Geochemical analyses were obtained mostly on samples from natural outcrops; some samples are of diamond drill core 3.5 or 4.5 cm in diameter. Samples were cut using water-cooled diamond saws in order to remove oxidized and(or) weathered surfaces. A small number of samples contain veins composed of quartz with or without associated carbonate and sulfides; these veins were also cut out before analysis. All samples were pulverized in an alumina ceramic mortar, which in some cases may have produced very minor contamination by trace amounts of Al, Ba, and(or) rare earth elements (REE).

    Prior to analysis all samples were fused with lithium metaborate/ tetraborate to insure nearly complete acid digestion of resistate minerals such as zircon, monazite, rutile, chromite, and barite. Most samples were analyzed by Activation Laboratories (ACT Labs) in Ancaster, Ontario, using methods described on their web site: www. actlabs.com. Major elements, most trace elements, and REE were determined by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), using an approach similar to that of Jenner and others (1990). REE in some barite samples were analyzed by high-resolution, magnetic sector ICP-MS using an ion exchange technique in order to eliminate Ba interference on Eu. Volatiles and related components (total C, CO2, Corg, S, SO4) were determined using conventional methods as described in Jackson and others (1987). Fluorine was analyzed by the ion selective electrode technique (Jackson and others, 1987). Data for Sc, Cr, Co, Au, Sb, As, and Se in most samples were obtained by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) (Hoffman, 1992), which provides more precise results than by ICP-MS. Au concentrations in most samples of semimassive and massive sulfide were also obtained by flame atomic absorption (Aruscavage and Crock, 1987) by XRAL Laboratories of Denver, CO, using on splits of the same rock powders that were earlier run for major and trace elements, and REE.

    A smaller group of samples was analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey in laboratories at Denver, Colorado, Reston, Virginia, and Menlo Park, California. Major elements were determined by X-ray fluorescence using the methods of Taggart and others ( 1987). Concentrations of volatiles and fluorine were determined by the same procedures as outlined above, except that separate determinations of organic carbon were not made. Where data for CO2 are available, organic carbon contents were calculated by percent difference using results for total carbon. Minor elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectometry (Lichte and others, 1987), except for Rb, Cs, Ba, Zr, Hf, Ta, Th, U, Sc, Cr, Co, Ni, Mo, Zn, Au, Sb, and As and REE (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu) that were determined by INAA (Baedecker and McKown, 1987).

  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?

    Slack, John F. , Kelley, Karen D. , and Clark, Jeffrey L. , 2004, Whole rock geochemical data for altered and mineralized rocks, Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district, western Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1372, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?

    Precision and accuracy for concentrations 100x the minimum detection limit (MDL) was generally better than ±5 % relative, and in many cases such as for major elements was better than ±1 % relative. For concentrations approximately 10x the MDL, precision and accuracy were about ±10-20 % relative depending on the method used.

  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?

  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?

  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?

    Data are available for most elements in most samples. The code "n.a." is used to indicate an unavailable analysis; it occurs in only 21 fields: 

    Database
field                  Percent   Chemical
label     # missing    missing   species
-----------------------------------------
LOI          65          30%      (loss on ignition)
F            50          23%      F
TOTAL_C       3           1%      (total carbon)
CO2          31          14%      (carbon dioxide)
CORG         31          14%      (organic carbon)
S            30          14%      S
SO4          63          30%      (sulfate)
PR           66          31%      Pr
GD           66          31%      Gd
DY           66          31%      Dy
HO           66          31%      Ho
ER           66          31%      Er
TM           66          31%      Tm
CD          110          52%      Cd
AU           23          10%      Au
GE           65          30%      Ge
TL           66          31%      Tl
SE           23          10%      Se
W            66          31%      W
LI          103          49%      Li
PD          121          57%      Pd

  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?

    Multiple standards were analyzed together with the submitted rock samples. Analyses by ACT Labs included data on 8 to 10 compositionally different standards with well-defined elemental concentrations. In addition to these standards, analyses were routinely obtained on duplicate samples and Ohio black shale SDO-1 (<http://minerals.cr.usgs.gov/geochem/ohioshale.html>).

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?

Access_Constraints: none
Use_Constraints: none

  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)

    USGS Information Services
    Box 25286 Denver Federal Center
    Denver, CO 80225
    USA

    1-888-ASK-USGS (voice)
    303-202-4693 (FAX)
    ask@usgs.gov

  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?

    USGS Open-File Report 2004-1371

  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?

    Although all data published in these grids have been used by the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to the accuracy of the data and related materials. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials.

    Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 21-Oct-2004
Metadata author:
Peter N. Schweitzer
Mail Stop 954 National Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
USA

(703) 648-6533 (voice)
(703) 648-6560 (FAX)
<pschweitzer@usgs.gov>

Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)

Generated by mp version 2.8.17 on Thu Oct 21 15:36:41 2004