USGS Open-File Report 2005-1190 Figure Captions Figure 1-Oblique aerial photograph looking northwest of Meteor Crater, Arizona; photo by David J. Roddy, USGS, Branch of Astrogeology. Figure 2-1963 photograph of Eugene M. Shoemaker; NASA Figure 3-(a) Hopi Buttes Volcanic Field near Dilkon, Arizona; view toward the west. Pines and junipers for scale; Photo credit: Louis J. Maher, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin, Madison Figure 3-(b) Map showing Hopi Buttes and the surrounding area; data source: http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/hopibuttes/ Figure 4-(a) Telescopic photograph of Copernicus Crater (~1 b.y. old; 93-km diameter) on the lunar frontside Figure 4-(b) Pat Bridges working on original airbrush, shaded-relief map of Copernicus at the Air Force Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC) in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1959; photo courtesy of Pat Bridges. Figure 5-The historic Monte Vista Hotel located at 100 N. San Francisco Street in downtown Flagstaff, Arizona. Figure 6-Gene Shoemaker with Ed Chao (USGS, Washington, D.C.) in 1960 following their discovery of a new high- temperature/high-pressure phase of quartz, Coesite, (see Levy, 2000, p. 82). Figure 7-(a) shaded relief map/poster of the San Francisco Volcanic Field in Northern Arizona (San Francisco Volcanic Field, 2001, Grand Canyon Association Publication in conjunction with the staff at the U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff Field Center, Flagstaff, Arizona) Figure 7-(b) enlarged portion of (a) showing the details of the area just north and east of Flagstaff where many of the geologic training field-training exercises (described in this work) were carried out for NASA's Astronauts. Figure 8-Aerial view (August 1968) of downtown Flagstaff, Arizona, showing the location of the old Arizona Bank building (dark roof); presently, Bank of America) on Birch Street; USGS photo packet P656. Figure 9- May 1964 photograph of the design prototype of the Surveyor Lunar Roving Vehicle (SLRV) built by the Bendix Aerospace Corporation. The Bendix SLRV is shown here being tested on the rugged (aa) Bonita lava flow adjacent to Sunset Crater just northeast of Flagstaff. Also tested at that time (in a one-on-one competition with the Bendix vehicle) was a wire-wheeled version of the SLRV built by General Motors. The SLRV was eventually dropped from the Surveyor Program after disappointing field tests of both vehicles in the Flagstaff area by the USGS. Figure 10-Branch of Astrogeology's 30-inch telescope on Anderson Mesa (south of Flagstaff, Arizona); (a) telescope under construction; key presentation of housing building on 29 January 1964; USGS photo P879B, F1200 Figure 10-(b) completed telescope building, summer 1964; USGS P879B, F 1219 Figure 10-(c) geologist Elliot Morris at eyepiece of newly completed telescope, USGS photo P879B, F1221. Figure 11-Astronaut geologic training trip (5-6 and 12-13 March 1964) to Grand Canyon, Arizona; (a) l.-to r., Donald "Deke" Slayton, Jim McDivitt, Dale Jackson (USGS), NASA photo S-64-13809, 12 March 1964 Figure 11-(b) Neil Armstrong on mule, NASA photo S-64-14760 5 March 1964 Figure 11-(c) James Lovell; NASA photo S-64-13799; 12 March 1964 Figure 11-(d) Gus Grissom; NASA photo S-64-1711; 12 March 1964 Figure 11-(e) l. to r., Wally Schirra, Ed White, Al Chidester (USGS, Branch of Astrogeology, Flagstaff, Arizona), Frank Borman, NASA photo S-64-13859, 13 March 1964 Figure 11-(f) Gordon Cooper, NASA photo S-64-13818, 13 March 1964 Figure 11-(g) l.-to-r.. Jack McCauley (USGS, Branch of Astrogeology, Flagstaff, Arizona), Tom Stafford, John Young, and Frank Letey, NASA photo S-64-13871, 12 March 1964). Figure 12-Astrogeology staff at the Museum of Northern Arizona in spring 1964; (l to r) Eugene Phillippi, Elliot Morris, Carl Roach, Dale Jackson, Gene Shoemaker, Don Elston, Judy Rockwell, Ed Chao, Charles "Chuck" Marshall, Taylor, Wayne Lowry, Ray Batson, John "Jack" McCauley, Harold "Hal" Masursky, Frank Cuttitta, and Russell "Russ" Wahmann; USGS photo P879A, F1091. Figure 13-Surveyor test-camera set up with GM personnel on Bonita Lava flow in 1964; USGS photo, P879B, F651112. Figure 14-Twenty-nine NASA astronauts visited Flagstaff, Arizona for early geologic training on 30 April-1 June 1964 and 21-22 May 1964. They came up from Tucson after viewing the Moon on the then new McMath Solar Telescope at Kitt Peak Observatory); (a) NASA S-64-23729- astronauts C.C. Williams, Frank Borman, Gene Cernan with trainer Dale Jackson (USGS) at Sunset Crater, NASA photo S-64-23729, 30 April 1964 Figure 14-(b) astronaut Al Shepard with Flagstaff Mayor Rollin Wheeler at Pulliam airport; USGS photo P883b, F7106 Figure 14-(c) astronaut Scott Carpenter with Flagstaff Mayor Rollin Wheeler; USGS photo P883b, F7105. Figure 15-Astronaut trip on 3-6 June 1964 to Philmont (Boy Scout Ranch), near Cimarron, New Mexico; (a) Joel Watkins (USGS) (right) discusses gravity meter data with Dave Scott (left), Neil Armstrong and Roger Chaffee; NASA photo S-64- 23868 Figure 15-(b) (l to r) Marty Kane, Alan Bean, Neil Armstrong, Bill Anders (suspenders), person in hat (unidentified), Roger Chaffee, Joel Watkins (right side); NASA photo Figure 15-(c) Gordon Cooper (left) with Marty Kane (USGS) with Worden gravity meter; NASA photo Figure 15-(d) Gordon Cooper (left) operates a GT-2 timer while Joel Watkins (USGS) observes; NASA photo. Figure 16-The Branch of Astrogeology's very first spacesuit test AS-1 15-20 June 1964 at Sunset Crater National Monument, just northeast of Flagstaff, Arizona off U.S. 89 N.; Photographs below were are all taken by Paul Long (Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, Arizona); (a) Test support van alongside Bonita Lava Flow with staff preparing Branch of Astrogeology suited test subject (either G. Shoemaker, G. Phillippi, or J. Harbour) Figure 16-(b) Suit engineers handling communication lines for suited subject's arduous climb onto Bonita Lava Flow Figure 16-(c) suited subject standing on edge of Bonita Lava Flow with early concept of Lunar Staff with sun compass on top Figure 16-(d) an exhausted Gene Phillippi in Gemini suit resting near the Bonita Lava Flow during test Figure 16-(e) suited subject investigation the base of a cinder cone (Sunset Crater?) holding the Lunar Staff Figure 16-(f) Hal Stephens (stationed at the USGS' Menlo Park Center at that time), photographer, working with his movie camera with which he was documenting the test Figure 16-(g) suited test subject at support van Figure 16-(h) close-up of suited test subject holding Lunar Staff Figure 16-(i) close-up of suited test subject working with Sun compass on Staff Figure 16-(j) kneeling suited test subject collecting sample near Bonita Lava Flow; San Francisco Peaks in background. Figure 17-Proposed U.S. Geological Survey Building Floor plan (Building-One) on McMillan Mesa, Flagstaff, Arizona (1964), USGS photo P879, F1036. Figure 18-Branch of Astrogeology's military surplus Burroughs Electro-Data computer installed in September 1964 in a specially-modified, and air-conditioned, room built for it at Arizona State College (ASC) (now Northern Arizona University, NAU) in Flagstaff, Arizona; (a) General view showing the large size of the early computer and its control console; USGS photo P789c, F1253 Figure 18-(b)View showing the banks of hundreds of glass vacuum tubes which powered this early mainframe computer that arrived at ASC in September 1964; USGS photo P879c, F1247. The computer never really became fully functional before it was scrapped. Figure 19-Plywood LM mockup on flatbed truck; being used during Branch of Astrogeology Apollo test 5 (27 September to 1 October 1965) in Hopi Buttes Test Site (80 miles northeast of Flagstaff, USGS photo P46 F9657c; see 1965). Figure 20-Nearly completed Center of Astrogeology Building (referred to as Building-One; and later, the G.K. Gilbert Building) atop McMillan Mesa in Flagstaff, Arizona. This building, constructed late in 1964, reverted to City property after 30 years in 1994, and was condemned by the City of Flagstaff as unsafe in 2000. Building-One was demolished in September 2002 to make room for the much larger and more appropriate Eugene M. Shoemaker Building (formal dedication 26 September 2002) constructed through the General Services Administration; (a) front north-facing view (from old Cedar Avenue); USGS photo Figure 20-(b) aerial view with snow (winter 1965); USGS photo P879A, F1064 Figure 20-(c) view of San Francisco Peaks through north- facing foyer windows; USGS photo P879, F1015 Figure 20-(d) Meteor Crater model in foyer (early 1965); USGS photo P879, F1011 Figure 20-(e) Tektite display in foyer (early 1965); USGS photo packet P879, F1014. Figure 21-(a) Current exterior view of the machine shop that was located at 1733 N. West Street in the Sunnyside area of East Flagstaff-after it was relocated from the Museum of Northern Arizona; digital photo-G. Schaber, 6 May 2002 Figure 21-(b) interior view of-the Branch of Astrogeology's well-equipped machine shop West Street as it appeared in 1968; USGS photo (1968) P698C F968294. Figure 22-Oblique view of the four-by-six-foot plaster model of the lunar surface constructed by the Branch of Astrogeology following Ranger VII. The topographic relief model was derived from Ranger VII final frame 979; USGS photo. Figure 23-Mobile Laboratory (MOLAB) or Mobile Geologic Laboratory (MGL) designed for NASA by General Motors in 1965 for NASA as a prototype, extended lunar mission vehicle; (a) (l to r) Hal Stephens, Ivo Lucchitta, Bill Tinnin, Bob Sutton and two others (unidentified) standing in front of MOLAB; USGS photo Figure 23-(b) MOLAB in Hopi Buttes (1967), USGS photo P243, F26757c Figure 23-(c) MOLAB at Merriam Crater (northeast of Flagstaff, Arizona) in 1966; USGS photo. Figure 24-Gene Shoemaker and Don Elston participating in Apollo Extension Systems experiment simulations at the Marshall Spaceflight Center, Huntsville, Alabama on 26 April 1964; (a) Gene Shoemaker in suit Figure 24-(b) Don Elston in suit Figure 24-(c) Gene Shoemaker sampling rocks in suit) Figure 24-(d) Don Elston sampling rocks in suit. Photo credit for all four photographs is unknown, but probably Marshall Space Flight Center. Figure 25-NASA portrait photograph of Harrison "Jack" Schmitt in Apollo spacesuit Figure 26-(a) Sketch showing the Branch of Astrogeology's Early Apollo radio/TV links from the field to the ADF in 1967; USGS photo P475, F1167319 Figure 26-(b) Photo of Branch of Astrogeology geologist Bob Sutton (l) and Harrison "Jack" Schmitt; taken January 1966 in Astrogeology's original Command Data, Reception and Analysis facility (CDRA) on fifth floor of the Arizona Bank Building, USGS photo P231 F16774. Figure 27-Floor plan of the planned interior of the Apollo Data Facility (ADF) that was built for the Branch of Astrogeology by the Flagstaff construction firm of Buttrum and Jamison (in January 1967) at 2720 N. Fourth Street in East Flagstaff, Arizona. This facility, conceived and developed by the USGS, Branch of Surface Planetary Exploration in Flagstaff, Arizona, was a working precursor to the Science Support Room-concept at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Mission Control Building, in Houston during the Apollo missions); USGS photo P475, F1167321 (see Fig. 44). Figure 28-One of several mobile vans (simulating the proposed Houston "science backroom") that were constructed by the Branch of Astrogeology in Flagstaff to be used during Apollo and Advanced (Apollo Applications Program0 geologic field exercises in the mid-1960's to early 1970's; (a) outside view of mobile Apollo Data Facility trailer; USGS photo P609 F66894 Figure 28-(b) inside view of interior of ADF trailer (under construction); USGS photo P609, F66896. Figure 29-(a) Schematic diagram of the three-legged Apollo Tool Carrier Figure 29-(b) an early NASA prototype of the three-legged Apollo Tool Carrier Figure 29-(c) the Apollo 12 Tool Carrier prototype being carried by Apollo 12 astronaut Pete Conrad during field test at Flagstaff in October 1969. Figure 30-(a) Aerial photograph showing the location of the Branch of Surface Planetary Exploration's petrology laboratory ("Rock Lab" at 16-18 Mike's Pike in downtown Flagstaff, Arizona); USGS photo P656 (1965) Figure 30-(b) current appearance of the front of the old Rock Lab building at 16-18 Mike's Pike; now occupied (at the time of this writing) by Flag Tee Factory; digital photo G. Schaber 13 May 2002. Figure 31-Apollo Extension Test 1 and Apollo Test 5, 20 Sept. to 1 Oct. 1965, at Apollo Mesa Dike in the Hopi Buttes Volcanic Field, Territory of the Navajo Nation, Arizona (south of Dilkon); (a) Joe O'Connor in early version of Apollo spacesuit; USGS photo P45, F96547c Figure 31-(b) Gordon Swann in suit holding Apollo Lunar Staff prototype; tool carrier in front; USGS photo P45, F96565c Figure 31-(c) Gordon Swann in Apollo suit with thermal outer garment carrying Luna staff and tool carrier; USGS photo P46, F96591c Figure 31-(d) Gordon Swann kneeling down with tool carrier and Lunar staff; USGS photo P46, F965109c Figure 31-(e) view of Chezhin Chotah Butte from inside the LM mockup through one of two triangular windows from which the crew described the "landing site" before egression onto the surface (see Fig. 19) Figure 31-(f) microwave system used to send TV pictures from field to the ADF in the Arizona Bank Building in Flagstaff about 85 miles away; USGS photo P46, F96580c Figure 31-(g) Prototype miniaturized X-ray diffractometer that was originally designed and built by Phillips Electronics for use on NASA's Surveyor lunar lander spacecraft. It was never flown because of weight constraints. The diffractometer was loaned to the Branch of Astrogeology by JPL in 1966; USGS photo P103a F666457 Figure 31-(h) X-ray diffraction pattern from Surveyor diffractometer shown above; USGS photo P477, F11663337. Figure 32-Dedication of the Branch of Astrogeology headquarters Building of the Center of Astrogeology on McMillan Mesa, Flagstaff, Arizona on 18 October 1965; (a) gathering of USGS, NASA, and local City dignitaries on the south side of the new Headquarters for the Branch of Astrogeology; USGS photo P52, F106534 Figure 32-(b) David Schleicher in space suit demonstrating the use of the Lunar Staff for the dignitaries gathered at the dedication; USGS photo P5232, F106532 Figure 32-(c) Gene Shoemaker, William Pecora (USGS Director), Hal James (Chief Geologist), and two other dignitaries, standing in front of the MOLAB vehicle with David Schleicher in Pre-Apollo space suit and mockup of Lunar Staff concept; USGS photo P52, F106540 Figure 32-(d) David Schleicher (in spacesuit) with William Pecora in front of MOLAB vehicle; USGS photo P52, F106542. Figure 33- Schematic diagram of the alpha-source miniaturized x-ray analyzer designed by Dave Dahlem for testing by the Advanced Lunar Studies Group at the Branch of Astrogeology in Flagstaff; USGS photo P47, F116731 (also see Fig. 41d-f). Figure 34- Prototype, semi-automatic rock cutting and thin- sectioning machine that was designed and built in 1965 for the Apollo Applications Program (AAP) and Advanced Lunar Programs Groups at the USGS in Flagstaff in 1965 by Paul Cary in Grand Junction, Colorado. Branch of Astrogeology personnel arranged for NASA to provide Paul with a $6,000 grant to hand-build the prototype machine for used in geologic laboratory and field training of the astronauts. Paul later formed "Petrolab", a very successful company that produced automatic, rock thin-section machines; USGS photo F12653. Figure 35- Lunar Module (LM) simulator and various Astrogeology support vehicles located on the south side of Meteor Crater during AAP Test 2; 16-18 November 1965; USGS photo F11651. Figure 36-Apollo Applications Program (AAP) Test 3 between Rock Lab and ADF in Arizona Bank Building on 7-9 December 1965; (a) television camera set up over petrographic microscope in Mike's Pike Rock lab for remote thin section interpretation from ADF; USGS photo P54, F12659 Figure 36-(b) Gerald G. Schaber in the Rock Lab during test; USGS photo P54, F126515 Figure 36-(c) Walt Roeder (Head of the Branch of Astrogeology's Film Documentation Unit) filming George Ulrich making thin sections using semi-automatic thin section machine (see Fig. 34); USGS photo P54, F12652. Figure 37-Diagram showing the nationwide distribution of Branch of Astrogeology offices and the number of staff personnel in 1965; USGS photo. Figure 38-Early Apollo TV resolution test at Meteor Crater, Arizona 23 February 1966; (a) John M'Gonigle, USGS, Branch of Astrogeology (Flagstaff, Arizona) on rim of Meteor Crater by TV camera used for test; USGS photo P73, F266127 Figure 38-(b) Tim Hait (USGS, Branch of Astrogeology (Flagstaff, Arizona) holding resolution chart during Early Apollo TV camera-resolution test; USGS photo P73, F166115; (c) inside view of the electronics van used during the Early Apollo TV resolution test at Meteor Crater, February 1966; USGS photo P76, F266148; (d) Walt Roeder (left camera), Jim McCord (right camera) and John M'Gonigle from the Branch of Astrogeology's Film Documentation Unit making movie for NASA of Early Apollo TV resolution test at Meteor Crater; USGS photo P73, F266125. Figure 38-(c) inside view of the electronics van used during the Early Apollo TV resolution test at Meteor Crater, February 1966; USGS photo P76, F266148 Figure 38-(d) Walt Roeder (left camera), Jim McCord (right camera) and John M'Gonigle from the Branch of Astrogeology's Film Documentation Unit making movie for NASA of Early Apollo TV resolution test at Meteor Crater; USGS photo P73, F266125. Figure 39-AAP Test-5 at French Butte (Hopi Buttes; Navajo Nation) on 14-18 March 1966 utilized ADF trailer, Trespasser, LEM TV, Magnetometer, Rock Lab Trailer in field; (a) Astrogeology's eight-wheeled "Trespasser" Vehicle with magnetometer boom; USGS photo P82, F36644 Figure 39-(b) James Crossan, surveyor for the USGS, Branch of Astrogeology (Flagstaff) shown plane-table surveying Trespasser stations during test; USGS photo P82, F33639 Figure 39-(c) Walt Roeder, cinematographer with the USGS, Branch of Astrogeology, shown film-documenting the test at French Butte for NASA; USGS photo P82, F36636. Figure 40-(a) Hawkins-designed, prototype, Apollo stereometric camera as fabricated (in February 1966) by machinist W.E. Fahey and colleagues with the Branch of Astrogeology (Flagstaff); showing details of film canister and wind-reel side; USGS photo P68, F26661 Figure 40-(b) stereometric camera showing details of mechanism on opposite side; USGS photo P68, F26663 Figure 40-(c) Dave Schleicher and Robert Sutton working in the field with an early, USGS-built, prototype Apollo Stereo Camera in May or June 1966. Figure 41-AAP Test 6 was carried out on the southeast side of Chezhin-Chotah Butte in the Hopi Buttes Volcanic Field, Arizona, 9-20 May 1966 to test Post-Apollo (Apollo Applications Program) analytical instrumentation and the telemetry from the field to personnel located in the Apollo Data Facility (5th floor of Arizona Bank Building) in Flagstaff; (a), Diagram showing of improved AAP, field-to- Flagstaff ADF audio, television--and recently FM/FM telemetry--links set up by the Branch of Astrogeology's Electronics Support Unit; USGS photo P475, F1167323 Figure 41-(b) general overview of test site showing complex of test and support vehicles from the Branch of Astrogeology; photo G. Schaber Figure 41-(c) Trespasser vehicle used during test; film documentation van in background; photo G. Schaber Figure 41-(d) alpha-source (Californium) x-ray analyzer used in field during test to telemeter instrument spectra to the ADF facility at the Arizona Bank Building in downtown Flagstaff; USGS photo P103A, F666462 Figure 41-(e) multi-channel analyzer used in conjunction with the alpha-source X-ray spectrometer, shown in d; USGS photo P103A, F666463 Figure 41-(f) An actual spectra obtained in the field setting from the alpha-source x-ray analyzer; USGS photo P477, F1167332 Figure 41-(g) Gerald G. Schaber in analytical van in field during test working with television-equipped petrographic microscope sending images of thin sections (made during the field test) via television link to personnel located in the ADF in the Arizona Bank Building in Flagstaff; USGS photo P103, F666442; also see Fig. 31a, b. Figure 41-(h) laser ranging-tracking subsystem for Lunar Surveying Staff provided for AAP test 6 (May 1966) by Northrop Space Laboratories; USGS P103, F-666393. Figure 42-Suited Early Apollo Test 8 in Hopi Buttes, Arizona 21-27 May 1966 immediately following AAP test 6; (a) general scene of what the branch referred to as "Apollo" dike where Early Apollo suited Test 8 was held in Hopi Buttes, Arizona 23-27 May 1966; USGS photo P105, F666587c Figure 42-(b) liquid oxygen (LOX) wagon (provided by Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas) used to fill breathing tanks on spacesuits used by Astrogeology personnel (Gordon Swann and Joe, O'Connor) during test; USGS photo P109, F666761c (c) Joe O'Connor in Apollo suit at Hopi Buttes during AAP test 8 using TV camera on early prototype Lunar Staff. Kenna Edmonds (Astrogeology's time-and-motion specialist) shown on right; USGS photo P105, F666530c Figure 42-(c) Joe O'Connor in Apollo suit at Hopi Buttes during AAP test 8 using TV camera on early prototype Lunar Staff. Kenna Edmonds (Astrogeology's time-and-motion specialist) shown on right; USGS photo P105, F666530c Figure 42-(d) Joe-Connor in Apollo suit with prototype Apollo stereometric camera on staff; simulated LM ascent stage in background; USGS photo P105, F666544c Figure 42-(e) Joe O'Connor working with early design of Apollo Tool carrier (Chimney Butte in background); USGS photo P105, F666539c Figure 42-(f) prototype of the Apollo Stereo Camera being admired by Branch of Astrogeology geologist David Schleicher and photographer/film maker Walt Roeder, head of the Branch's Film Documentation Unit; photo G. Schaber Figure 42-(g) seismic shot carried out by the Branch's In Situ Geophysics group in Chezhin-Chotah Butte area during AAP Test 6. Figure 43-Bell Aerospace's Lunar Flying Vehicle (simulated Lunar Flying Vehicle, or LFV) being demonstrated for NASA and USGS personnel in Hopi Buttes, Arizona, on 2-3 August 1966; (a) Bell Aerospace's "Rocket Man" shown just before take off using their simulated LFV Vehicle; USGS photo P141, F866261CPR Figure 43-(b) Bell's Rocket Man shown just after lift off with the LRV; USGS photo P141, F866259 Figure 43-(c) Rocket Man shown coming back down after 21 second flight around a dike at the test site: USGS P 141, F-866257CPR Figure 43-(d) Rocket Man shown coming back down Figure 43-(e) Gene Shoemaker with Bell Aerospace rocket belt strapped on (only for show as he was not allowed to take off); Thor Karlstrom shown to right in plaid shirt and hat; USGS photo Figure 43-(f) close-up of a happy Gene wearing the rocket belt; USGS photo P141, F866252. Figure 44-(a) Present-day exterior view of the Apollo Data Facility (ADF) building constructed by Flagstaff's Buttrum and Jamison Contracting Company on North Fourth Street in East Flagstaff, Arizona; digital photo by G. Schaber, 6 May 2002 Figure 44-(b) second, larger, building (2717 N. Fourth Street) built adjacent to the ADF (2717 N. Fourth Street) at the same time to house some of the Branch support groups, including photogrammetry, surveying, photography, and cartography from late 1967 through 1973; digital photo by G. Schaber 6 may 2002. Figure 45-Construction phases of the Branch of Astrogeology's lunar Roving vehicle (LRV) called "Explorer;" (a) aerial view of the old Byrd Building at 1980 Huntington Road in Flagstaff, Arizona where the Branch of Astrogeology's "Explorer" simulated Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) was designed and constructed in spring 1967 by Putty Mills, Dick Wiser and Bill Tinnin of the Branch's Field Test Support Group in Flagstaff; USGS aerial photo Figure 45-(b) present day appearance of the front entrance of the old Byrd Building at 1980 E. Huntington Drive, Flagstaff, Arizona, where Grover was constructed; currently occupied by Border Products Corporation; digital photo G. Schaber, 13 May 2002 Figure 45-(c) Putty Mills welding frame of new Explorer vehicle in shop on Huntington Road; USGS photo P309, F5673 Figure 45-(d) Dick Wiser shown working on the basic frame work during the construction of the Explorer vehicle; USGS photo P309, F56711A Figure 45-(e) details of the differential and rear wheels of Explorer; USGS photo P329, F567128 Figure 45-(f) Explorer frame with power plant engine installed; USGS photo P329, F567127 Figure 45-(g) details of the joy stick steering console and front seat (originally single seat, later double seats); USGS photo P329, F567126 Figure 45-(h) Bill Tinnin driving completed Explorer onto trailer during early field check of vehicle; USGS photo (November 1967). Figure 46-Shoemaker-led astronaut training trip to Meteor Crater 16-19 May 1967; (a) Gene Shoemaker describing the geology of the rim ejecta of Meteor Crater to large group of astronauts during field trip on 16-19 May 1967; NASA S- 67-31470 Figure 46-(b) Gene Shoemaker and group of astronauts by museum at Meteor Crater discussing Gene's geologic map of the Crater; USGS photo P324, F567108PR Figure 46-(c) Shoemaker lecturing to astronaut group on rim crest of Meteor Crater during field trip 16-19 May 1967; USGS photo P324, F56773PR. Figure 47-The Branch of Astrogeology's hand-constructed Explorer vehicle being field tested (June 1967) on the extremely blocky S.P. Lava Flow north of Flagstaff just west of Hank's Trading Post on U.S. Highway 89 North; (a) Putty Mills, Astrogeology's Field Test Support Unit, driving Explorer on S.P. Lava Flow P358 F667141; USGS photo P358, F667141 Figure 47-(b) Putty Mills driving Explorer vehicle on S.P. Flow; photo USGS P 358, F-667145 Figure 47-(c) Personnel from Astrogeology's Documentation Unit filming (for NASA) the June 1967 testing of Explorer on S.P. Lava Flow; USGS photo P358, F667153. The Explorer vehicle could be tested on top of the rugged S.P. Lava Flow because of a remarkable, crude, bulldozer "road" that was constructed onto the flow in 1965 by Red Bailey and a local contractor in order to transport the In Situ Geophysics Group's drilling rig to the top of the flow to facilitate drilling through the lava flow into the bedrock below Figure 47-(d) The drilling rig belonging to the Branch of Astrogeology's In Situ Geophysics Group shown sitting on the bulldozer road on top of S.P. Lava Flow north of Flagstaff, Arizona in 1965 Figure 47-(e) (l to r)- Red Bailey (USGS) and Bud Floyd, E.T. Failing Company sales/service representative, standing by drilling rig on top of S.P. Lava Flow in 1965. The Survey's Bob Elmer is drilling. Figure 48-Construction on 27-28 July 1967 of Cinder Lake Crater Field # 1 just northeast of Flagstaff, Arizona (a) backhoe digging of 47 holes to precise depths, and in which to bury precisely-measured explosives at each surveyed crater site; red bailey back to camera P447, F106754 Figure 48-(b) loading of holes with dynamite (312.5 pounds) and ammonium nitrate (13,492 pounds) (trade name Nitro- Carbo-Nitrate; mixture of common agricultural fertilizer and fuel oil) (l-r) unknown, George Ulrich and Red Bailey; USGS photo P447, F106757 Figure 48-(c) one of several test explosions at Cinder Lake to establish the relationship between amount of ammonium nitrate and dynamite vs. crater size; USGS photo P447, F106756 Figure 48-(d) large explosion carried out at the request of Gene Shoemaker (who witnessed the blast with others) following the construction of Crater Field #1 using left- over explosives Figure 48-(e) final appearance of first stage Cinder Lake Crater Field #1 with simulated Lunar Module ascent stage (LM) sitting atop a ramp made for that purpose to approximate the actual height of the Apollo ascent stage windows; USGS photo P448, F106763 Figure 48-(f) comparison of the first stage of Cinder Lake Crater Field (top) and the small area of the Apollo 11 landing site that was to be simulated, as shown on a Lunar Orbiter frame; USGS photo P421, F867187 Figure 48-(g) crater field #1 after an additional 96 craters were added 3-12 October 1967Ñfor a total of 143 craters for the entire (expanded) crater Field #1 Figure 48-(h) geologic map made of Cinder lake Crater Field # 1 by Branch of Surface Planetary Exploration personnel for use in planning astronaut EVA traverses; USGS photo P549, F36846A. Figure 49-Transportation (courtesy of the U.S. Air Force) of the Branch of Astrogeology's MOLAB/MGL, Explorer lunar concept vehicles, and various display panels to the July 1967 Boy Scout World Jamboree at Philmont Scout Ranch near Cimarron, New Mexico; (a) Explorer and MOLAB on tarmac waiting to be loaded aboard a U.S. Air force C-124 cargo plane for the trip to Philmont Boy Scout Ranch; NASA photo Figure 49-(b) MOLAB being loaded aboard the rear of the giant C-124 Globemaster II aircraft; NASA photo Figure 49-(c) MOLAB after loading in C-124; NASA photo. Figure 50-Suited test (with liquefied air backpacks) at Cinder Lake Crater Field #1 on 24-26 October 1967; (a) Astrogeology geologists Tim Hait (with towel around neck) and Dave Schleicher bending over in suit, being helped into their spacesuits prior to a traverse exercise; background l to r are John Running and Red Bailey; USGS photo P466, F1167151c Figure 50-(b) Tim Hait and David Schleicher in spacesuit during first Apollo Field Test-13 at Cinder Lake Crater Field #1 with simulated LM ascent stage mockup on ramp in background; USGS photo P463, F11067199 Figure 50-(c) Hait and Schleicher investigating small crater during Apollo Field Test-13 at Cinder Lake Crater Field #1; USGS photo P466 F 116779CPR) Figure 50-(d) Astronaut subject (Hait or Schleicher) on Explorer vehicle with Red Bailey (upper right) and Putty Mills (?) on back of vehicle; USGS photo P466c F1167153CPR Figure 50-(e) Close up view of suited subject (Hait or Schleicher) driving Explorer vehicle during test; also in vehicle are Putty Mills (left) and Red Bailey (right); USGS photo P464F, F116743PR. Figure 51-(a) Display by the USGS Branch of Astrogeology set up at the Arizona State Fair in Phoenix, Arizona 3-12 November 1967; (a) MOLAB and display panels inside Fair building; USGS photo P487, F1167407PR Figure 51-(b) Lunar Orbiter and Surveyor display panels at Fair; USGS photo P487, F1167415PR Figure 51-(c) Mars Exploration display panel at Fair; USGS photo P487, F1167416PR Figure 51-(d) Miss Navajo (for 1967) shown during Fair standing by the Branch of Astrogeology's "Explorer" lunar concept vehicle; USGS photo F1167402PR. Figure 52-(a) six members of the USGS Branch of Astrogeology Surveyor Project Television Experiment team members in January 1968. Shown (l-to-r) are Ray Batson, R.A. Henry (seated), Henry Holt, Ken Stice (seated) Gene Shoemaker and Elliot Morris; USGS photo P503, F1685PR Figure 52-(b) Ray Jordan (seated at analytical stereoplotter) and other members of the Surveyor Project Television Experiment Team from Flagstaff; (l-to-r in back) Ray Batson, Henry Holt, Gene Shoemaker and Elliot Morris; USGS photo P503, F1687PR. Figure 53-(a) Early Apollo demonstration test (14,15 and 21 March 1968) for NASA with Astrogeology's Tim Hait in suit; shown working with Lunar Staff concept; Gordon Swann at far left; USGS photo P564, F368172c Figure 53-(b) Tim Hait taking drive tube soil ample on wall of crater at Cinder Lake Crater Field #1 during Apollo Demonstration test; tool carrier prototype in foreground; USGS photo P564, F36819c Figure 53-(c) Tim Hait in suit carrying tool carrier; with usual entourage of observers and support personnel; USGS photo P564, F368178 Figure 53-(d) Tim Hait with tool carrier; USGS photo P557, F36883. Figure 54-(a) Views of typical work stations within the new ADF on Fourth Street in East Flagstaff during the 3-5 June 1968 ADF test; USGS photo P620, F668301c Figure 54-(b) blackboard and drafting/plotting tables for plotting on maps inside the ADF; USGS photo P620, F668300c Figure 54-(c) overhead projector and screen for real-time sketching during field traverses; USGS photo P620, F668297c Figure 54-(d) Flagstaff Superior Court Reporters Keith Welsh (at typewriter) and Don Thacker (hidden from full view) at Stenography machine; they both were used with the USGS Apollo Geology Field Experiment Team during all Apollo lunar-landing missions at Mission control, Houston; USGS photo P599, F66811. Figure 55-Gyrocompass-powered navigational system installed on Explorer vehicle at Flagstaff in July 1968; (a) Dick Wiser from the Branch of Surface Planetary Exploration's Field Test Support Group (Flagstaff) driving Explorer with gyrocompass navigation X-Y plotting board installed in front; USGS photo P629, F76846 Figure 55-(b) Close-up of navigation X-Y plotting board on Explorer; USGS photo P629, F76845 Figure 55-(c) View of gyroscope and other electronics that control navigation system; USGS photo P629f, F76843. Figure 56-Construction of Cinder Lake Crater Field #2 on 27 July 1968; (a) aerial view of firing of sequence one of 354 craters during construction of Cinder Lake Crater Field # 2; USGS photo 768227-3 Figure 56-(b) surface view of the firing of sequence two (61 craters) of "intermediate age" during the construction of Cinder Lake Crater Field 2; USGS photo P642 F768215 Figure 56-(c) aerial view of the firing of sequence three of 11 craters in Cinder Lake Crater Field 2; USGS photo P645, F768228-8 Figure 56-(d) post-explosions aerial view of the completed Cinder Lake Crater Field 2, showing very light ejecta caused by excavation of clay beds immediately below black, basaltic, cinders deposited during the last eruption from nearby Sunset Crater in 1064 AD; USGS photo P645, F768228. Figure 57-Explosion on 1 August 1968 of large test crater on the surface of Black Point Lava Flow; Black Point Flow, located along the Little Colorado River on U.S. 89 N. north of Flagstaff, Arizona, in part of the Spider Web Ranch managed by Flagstaff's Babbitt family; USGS photo P669, F868147. Figure 58-Explorer geophysics test at Cinder Lake Crater Field, Arizona in December 1968; (a) John Hendricks, being fitted in Disney "space suit" by Bill Tinnin (Field Test Support Unit of SPE Branch); USGS photo P726c, F126846c Figure 58-(b) John Hendricks (in suit) along with l-to-r, Dick Wiser, Bill Tinnin and Putty Mills (all Field Test Support Unit of SPE Branch) standing by Explorer vehicle with San Francisco Peaks in background; USGS photo P726c, F126845c Figure 58-(c) John Hendricks attending to Explorer vehicle; USGS photo P726c F126842c. Figure 59-Gene and Carolyn are shown at the going away party thrown for them by the City of Flagstaff when they left for Caltech in the fall of 1969. Gene had recently accepted the position of Chairman of the Geology Division; USGS photo. Figure 60-January 1969 field exercise at Cinder Lake Crater Field with MOLAB/MGL and Explorer vehicle for the National Geographic Society; (a) MOLAB and suited test subject on Explorer at Cinder Lake Crater field for January 1969 exercise. Explorer vehicle had magnetometer boom attached; USGS photo P741, F16960PR Figure 60-(b) Explorer vehicle negotiating a crater in the Crater Field; USGS photo P741, F16924CPR Figure 60-(c) Explorer in bottom of large crater; General view of Cinder Lake Crater Field with Explorer for scale; USGS photo P741, F16946c. Figure 61-Members of the Apollo 11 Lunar Geology Experiment (LGE) Team from Flagstaff, Arizona in the Science Operations Room (SOR) at Mission Control in Houston, Texas during the historic Apollo 11 Moon landing on 20 July 1969; (a) Gene Shoemaker (Principal Investigator) discussing the landing site with several unidentified personnel from Flight Control; USGS photo P942, F17035 Figure 61-(b) Dave Dahlem (standing by blackboard), Bob Sutton (white shirt seated in back), Ray Batson( right back row) and several other persons, unidentified; USGS photo P942, F17031 Figure 61-(c) the SOR filled with USGS LGE Team members during the Apollo 11 landing; back row (l to r) Bob Sutton (seated) Red Bailey standing at backboard, Dave Dahlem (white shirt sitting on table in front of Bailey), Gordon Swann (bending over table on right); front row, Ray Batson (center seated with head set); photo source unknown Figure 61-(d) (l-r): Dave Schleicher, Gerald Schaber (by screen), Dave Dahlem (seated) and Red Bailey (standing at right) Figure 61-(e) LGE Team member Gerald Schaber standing at his landing site plot board in the SOR; photo source unknown. Shown on Schaber's plot table is a schematic representation of the LM vertical plan, with concentric and radial grids representing distance from the LM landing point. A television camera mounted over top of the map plot board allowed Flight Director Gene Kranz and the other flight operations personnel in the Mission Control room (directly across the hall from the SOR) to bring up Schaber's display wherever he desired and project it on any of six or so 10 X 10 foot screens in the front of the Mission Control Room. Figure 62-CBS Television coverage of the Apollo 11 lunar landing (20-21 July 1969) at the Center of Astrogeology in Flagstaff, in addition to other sites around Flagstaff (a) CBS Television vans parked behind the Center of Astrogeology building on McMillan Mesa; USGS photo P858PR, F76969PR Figure 62-(b) Jack McCauley (left) talking with CBS anchor George Herman in foyer of the Center of Astrogeology headquarters on McMillan Mesa in Flagstaff; USGS photo P862PR, F769236 Figure 62-(c) Jack McCauley and George Herman in Foyer of Center of Astrogeology Headquarters; USGS photo P860PR, F769173PR Figure 62-(d) Thor Karlstrom (left) and George Herman; USGS photo P860PR, F769174PR Figure 62-(e) (l-to r) Terry Offield, Jack McCauley, Elliot Morris, George Herman (CBS) Howard Pohn, and David Roddy in Branch Chief's office in Center of Astrogeology headquarters building; USGS photo P860PR, F769186PR Figure 62-(f) (l-to-r) Jack McCauley, Thor Karlstrom (standing), Bob Regan CBS assistant (unidentified) and Al Chidester in Branch Chief's office during Apollo 11 mission; USGS photo P860PR, FF769188PR Figure 62-(g) (back l-to-r) Thor Karlstrom, Bob Regan (seated), Jim Lovelace (middle back), and George Ulrich. Nearest seated person not identified; USGS photo P860PR, F769131PR Figure 62-(h) CBS camera crews at Cinder Lake Crater Field for live broadcasts during Apollo 11 mission; USGS photo P858PR, F76974PR Figure 62-(i) MGL vehicle with CBS camera crew on top; USGS photo P858PR, F76976 Figure 62-(j) Tim Hait being interviewed by CBS anchor George Herman (probably prior to Apollo 11) in Cinder Lake Crater Field near Flagstaff. Apollo lunar tool carried on ground; USGS photo P858PR, F76987PR Figure 62-(k) David Roddy (right) being interviewed by George Herman of CBS at Meteor Crater during the Apollo 11 mission; USGS photo P862PR, F769225 Figure 62-(l) Dave Roddy with George Herman of CBS being filmed at rim of Meteor Crater; USGS photo P862PR, F769221 Figure 62-(m) television microwave relay towers set up behind the Center of Astrogeology headquarters building on McMillan Mesa for live TV broadcasts during Apollo 11; USGS photo P858PR, F76979. Figure 63-Lunar Orbiter photo showing location of Apollo 11 LM landing site, and nearby West crater; USGS photo P854a, F2702. Figure 64-Apollo 11 Landing Site Map compiled by G. Schaber, R. Batson, and T. Hait, August 1969 that was presented to President Richard Nixon; USGS photograph P854c, F27042. Figure 65-LGE Team members working on the Apollo 11 45-Day Mission Report in the experimenters trailer complex located at the back of the MSC campus in Houston following Apollo 11 July-August 1969); (a) Bob Sutton; USGS photo P954a, F27013 Figure 65-(b) Ray Sabala (draftsman); USGS photograph P954a F27011 Figure 65-(c) Gerald Schaber; USGS photo P954a, F27012. Figure 66-Lunar Receiving Laboratory (MSC/Houston) mug shot of Apollo 11 rock 10046 that was used to count impact craters down to micron size; USGS photograph P954a F2704. Figure 67-Field testing (29-30 September 1969) in the Cinder Lake Crater Field of two Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) concept vehicles built by Bendix Aerospace Corporation and Grumman Aerospace: (a) Astronaut Harrison "Jack" Schmitt and an unidentified right seat passenger driving the Bendix LRV concept vehicle; USGS photo P916c, F116929 Figure 67-(b) black and white photo of the Bendix LRV concept vehicle; test-support van in background; USGS photo P899, F106953 Figure 67-(c) Grumman LRV concept vehicle with Grumman engineer driving (?); USGS photo P916c, F116943 Figure 67-(d) Jack Schmitt getting the "feel" of the Grumman LRV concept vehicle; USGS photo P916c, F116939 Figure 67-(e) Gordon Swann giving briefing to attendees at LRV demonstration and testing at Cinder Lake Crater Field; USGS photo P899, F106962. Figure 68-Apollo 12 astronauts Alan Bean (left) and Charles Conrad at the Center of Astrogeology Headquarters in Flagstaff, Arizona on 9-10 October 1969 for a briefing prior to their final geology training exercise at the nearby Cinder Lake Crater Field before their trip to the Moon the following month (November 1969); NASA photo S-69- 54560. Figure 69-NASA Certificate of Appreciation to the U.S. Geological Survey presented in October 1969 following the historic Apollo 11 lunar landing; USGS photo packet P1075c. Figure 70-(a, b) Examples of two color Apollo 12 traverse maps from the Apollo 12 Lunar Data package hand-colored at the Kennedy Space Center a few days before the mission by personnel (Ray Sabala and James Vandivier) from the Center of Astrogeology (Flagstaff) at the request of the Apollo 12 crew (Conrad and Bean). USGS photos (a) P941c, F17024 Figure 70-(b) P941c, F17023c). Figure 71-Branch of Astrogeology personnel manning the ADF facility at 2720 N. Fourth Street in east Flagstaff during the Apollo 12 mission (November 1969); (a) Al Chidester checking out landing site maps; USGS photo P929, F169132 Figure 71-(b) (l-to-r), Al Chidester, Ivo Lucchitta, and John M'Gonigle; USGS photo P929, F1169136 Figure 71-(c) George Ulrich and unidentified person; USGS photo P929, F169125 Figure 71-(d) Thor Karlstrom; USGS photo P929 F1169134 Figure 71-(e) overview of the interior of the large data recording and analysis room at the CRDA on Fourth Street during Apollo 12 mission (see a); USGS photo P929, F11669143. Figure 72-Construction of the Black Canyon Crater Field in Verde Valley, Arizona (south of Flagstaff) on 24-26 February 1970; (a) USGS geologist Bob Philpott preparing sticks of dynamite; USGS photo P965, F27096 Figure 72-(b) buried charges connected with Primacord prior to final tie off and final shot; USGS photo P965, F27098PR Figure 72-(c) firing of shot two sequence (out of three) of 52 craters; USGS photo P978, F270185PR Figure 72-(d) aerial view of the Black Canyon Crater Field after shooting; photo courtesy of Red Bailey. Figure 73-Apollo 13 field test at the Black Canyon Crater Field, Verde Valley, Arizona on 15-16 March 1970; (a) Professor Lee Silver (Caltech and USGS-back to camera) talking to Apollo 13 astronauts Jim Lovell (left) and Fred Haise; Red Bailey and Walt Roeder in background; P991, F370140PR Figure 73-(b) Charles Duke (left) and Dave Roddy (USGS Flagstaff) chatting during break in traverse exercises; USGS photo P991, F370157PR Figure 73-(c) Charles Duke (left) and John Young (backup Apollo 13 LMP and CDR) with tool carrier; Dave Roddy (right side) taking notes on the crew's progress and efficiency; USGS photo P991, F370164PR. Figure 74-Marshall Spaceflight Center's 6-wheel Amphicat, all-terrain vehicle used in support of their Astrionics Laboratory during a test of a navigational system at Merriam Crater (northeast of Flagstaff, Arizona) on 19, 23- 24 March 1970; (a) Amphicat vehicle with its trailer containing a potable generator and other equipment; USGS photo P998, F370233 Figure 74-(b) side view of Amphicat vehicle without trailer; USGS photo P998, F370241 Figure 74-(c) close up of navigational instrumentation and X-Y plotting board; USGS photo P998, F370237 Figure 74-(d) details of gyrocompass and other navigation- system components; USGS photo P998, F370238. Figure 75-Several phases in the construction of the "Grover" simulated LRV vehicle at the Branch of Surface Planetary Exploration's vehicle shop at 1720 East Street in the Sunnyside area of east Flagstaff, Arizona; (a) garage facility at 1720 East Street as it appeared in May 2002; photo by G. Schaber Figure 75-(b)-Putty Mills grinding a part for the Grover; USGS photo P1012 F470107 Figure 75-(c) Putty Mills (welding face mask)) and Dick Wiser welding a part for Grover; USGS photo P1012 F470111 Figure 75-(d) Bill Tinnin (left) and Dick Wiser working on one of the wheel assemblies for Grover; USGS photo P1012 F470106 Figure 75-(e) Grover at the framing stage with batteries for electric wheel motors installed; USGS photo P1012a, F- 470112 Figure 75-(f) Grover with seat framing and additional structures added; USGS photo P1012c F470130 Figure 75-(g) East Street (1720 East Street) facility in East Flagstaff with MGL, Explorer and Grover vehicles all in front; also present (to right) is the canvas version of Astrogeology's simulated Apollo LM ascent stage shelter used during field tests; USGS photo P1041, F7702 Figure 76-David Roddy briefing Apollo 15 Commander David Scott and others on the rim viewing platform below the museum at Meteor Crater during a 4-5 June 1970 Apollo 15 trip to the crater; photo, US Atomic Energy Commission. Figure 77-(a) completed Grover LRV field vehicle (late April 1970) at the Branch of Surface Planetary Exploration's Vehicle Field Support facility where it was constructed; left front view; USGS photo P1012f, F470155 Figure 77-(b) completed Grover in right rear view at East Street facility; USGS photo Figure 77-((c) left side view of completed Grover in front of East Street facility; "Explorer" (Astrogeology's earlier LRV simulator) shown to right of building; USGS photo (1970) Figure 77-(d) Grover in its current location on display in the Foyer of the new Shoemaker Building constructed at the USGS Flagstaff Field Center, and dedicated 26 September 2002. Figure 78-The Apollo 16 prime and backup crews were the first to check out the newly-completed Grover vehicle on 2 September 1970 at the Branch of Surface Planetary Exploration's Field Test Support facility on East Street in East Flagstaff, Arizona; (a) (l to r) in background: John Young, Bill Tinnin, and Putty Mills (hand on Grover's console); Charles Duke (sunglasses), Fred Horz (MSC/NASA), unidentified, Anthony "Tony" England. Sitting on Grover is Fred Haise (left) and Gerald Carr (right); USGS photo F97044 Figure 78-(b) Putty Mills (left) describing steering on Grover to Apollo LM Pilot Charles Duke (behind Putty Mills), two unidentified persons (center and right center) and Apollo l6 Commander John Young (on right); USGS photo Figure 78-(c) Putty Mills (light shirt) showing power supply for electric motors that drive wheel to Charles Duke; USGS photo Figure 78-(d) Charles Duke (left) and John Young (behind console) testing out Grover; USGS photo Figure 78-(e) Astronauts Tony England (left) and Fred Haise checking out Grover; USGS photo F97056. Figure 79-The 360-degree FOV Hycon Camera was tested on Grover at Merriam Crater northeast of Flagstaff in September 1970, supported in the field by personnel of the USGS' SPE Branch in Flagstaff; (a) Hycon camera mounted on the rear deck of Grover; USGS photo Figure 79-(b) color photograph of Grover at Merriam Crater during test of Hycon Camera system. Putty Mills driving Grover; USGS photo P1087a, F970130c Figure 79-(c) color photograph of Grover at Merriam Crater with Putty Mills (colored shirt) and unidentified person; USGS photo P1087a, F970125c Figure 79-(d) photo-calibration test panel set up during test of Hycon Camera during test; USGS photo P1086b F970115 Figure 79-(e) additional participants and on-lookers supporting in field during Hycon Camera exercise at Merriam Crater; l to r are Jim McCord, unidentified, George Ulrich, Jim Crossan, Ray Jordan, Bill Tinnin, Frank Shafer, two unidentified persons, and Bud Dahl ; USGS photo P1086a F97096. Figure 80-Color photograph of Grover as it appeared in October 1970, compete with low-gain and high-gain antennae, cameras, etc.; USGS photo P4702g, F470160c. Figure 81-The Apollo 15 prime and backup crews participated in a two-day exercise on 2-3 November 1970 at Cinder Lake Crater Field in Flagstaff, Arizona; (a) Walt Roeder with camera on left; Dave Scott on Grover holding map; Jim Irwin to Scott's right also on Grover; Jack Schmitt standing to Scott's left with sunglasses. Behind Schmitt is Gordon Swann, and to his right is professor Lee Silver; Bill Tinnin is closest to camera bending over Grover; and Dick Wiser on right bending over Grover; USGS photo F117036PR Figure 81-(b) (l-to-r) Jim Irwin, Bill Phinney (MSC/Houston), Lee Silver (Caltech and USGS) and Dave Scott; NASA photo S-70-53304 Figure 81-(c) Jim Irwin (left) and Dave Scott taking samples at Cinder Lake Crater Field during test; Grover is seen in background; USGS photo F117045 Figure 81-(d) Grover parked on rim of large crater in Cinder Lake Crater Field; Jim Irwin (l) and Dave Scott (r); NASA photo AP15-S70-53283 [1]. Figure 82-The final geologic training for the Apollo 14 crew was held at the SPE Branch's new Black Canyon Crater Field in Verde Valley, Arizona on 16 November 1970; (a) Al Shepard (l) and Ed Mitchell pulling the Modular Equipment Transport (MET) (referred to as the "Golf Cart by the crew) on a blocky surface in the Black Canyon Crater Field. The MET idea was conceived by Al Shepard for their use (to carry all of the tools, cameras, sample bags, rocks, and Al's "Golf club") for the trek up to Cone Crater during their upcoming Apollo 14 mission; NASA photo S-70-56096 Figure 82-(b) Al Shepard (red jacket) and Ed Mitchell setting the gnomon on the ground in preparation for taking photographs; MET on left; NASA photo S-70-56085 Figure 82-(c) Close-up view of Shepard placing the USGS- designed gnomon (with its photometric calibration chart) on the ground; NASA photo S-70-56100 Figure 82-(d) Jules Bergman (ABC Science Reporter) and an unidentified media-type interviewing Al Shepard (left) and Ed Mitchell during a break in their traverse activities during the 19 November 1970 exercise at the Black Canyon Crater Field. Bergman leaning on the MET; NASA photo S-70- 54155 Figure 82-(e) Jules Bergman (ABC Science Reporter) interviewing Al Shepard (l) and Ed Mitchell; USGS photo P1117b, F1170173 Figure 82-(f) entourage of media-types who were invited by NASA to observe this particular test; USGS photo P1117b, F1170177. Figure 83-The 5-12 December 1970 Apollo 15 (prime and backup) astronaut trip to the big Island of Hawaii; (a) Apollo 15 prime and backup crew arriving at Hilo, Hawaii Airport 5 December 1970; (l-r) Jim Irwin, Dick Gordon, Dave Scott, Harrison Schmitt, Bob Parker, and Joe Allen; photo G. Schaber (USGS) Figure 83-(b) "science backroom" during AP 15 5-12 December trip to Hawaii; (l-r) Jim Head (Bellcom, Inc., Washington, D.C.), Gerald Schaber, Bob Sutton (USGS, SPE Branch Flagstaff, Arizona); standing in back is Gary Lofgren (MSC/Houston, Texas); photo G. Schaber (USGS) Figure 83-(c) A second "science backroom" group during Hawaii exercise; (l-r) Lee Silver (Caltech and USGS, Pasadena, California), Gordon Swann (USGS, Flagstaff, Arizona) and astronaut Joe Allen; photo G. Schaber (USGS) Figure 83-(d) page of traverse photo geology-map package compiled by G. Schaber for the Hawaii exercise; photo Gerald Schaber (USGS) Figure 83-(e) during a break; (l-r) Bob Parker, Dick Gordon, Lee Silver and Harrison Schmitt; photo G. Schaber (USGS) Figure 83-(f) Dave Scott carrying Apollo gnomon (left hand) and rake tools with electric Hasselblad camera and simulated backpack; NASA S-70-56380 Figure 83-(g) Jim Irwin (l) and Dave Scott checking out traverse map during traverse in Hawaii; NASA AP15-S70-56431 [1] Figure 83-(h) Dave Scott carrying map and sample bag; NASA AP15-S70-56419 Figure 83-(i) Dave Scott adjusting mike, holding traverse map; NASA AP15-S70-56409. Figure 84- Apollo 15 metric photograph of Apollo 15 landing site at Apennine-Hadley; LM landing site, Hadley Rille, and the North Complex indicated; AP15 metric frame number unknown. Figure 85-(a) Astronauts David Scott and James Irwin (left front) at Taos, New Mexico, during a field test on 11-12 March 1971. Geologic instructor Lee Silver (Caltech and USGS) with white hat behind Irwin; NASA photo S-71-23771 Figure 85-(b) Jim Irwin (l) with scoop tool and Dave Scott observing; NASA AP15-S71-23772 Figure 85-(c) Jim Irwin (l) (with scoop tool and traverse map) and Dave Scott; NASA AP15-S71-23769 Figure 85-(d) (l-r) Jim Irwin, Dave Scott (using rangefinder) and Joe Allen (AP15 CapCom); NASA AP15-S71- 24015. Figure 86-Apollo 16 crew (Duke and Young) participating in a Grover field test at Merriam Crater (day one) and the Cinder Lake Crater Field (day two) near Flagstaff, Arizona on 29-30 June 1971. The field test was organized and directed by the Branch of Surface Planetary Exploration personnel. One of the purposes of this test was to test out the remote TV camera that had been recently rigged up on the Survey's "Grover" LRV vehicle by Johnny Nuttall (Electronics Group leader, Branch of Surface Planetary Exploration) for use during the planned traverses; (a) (l to r)-Charles Duke, John Young, and an unidentified NASA engineer on Grover at Merriam Crater (day one of test) Figure 86-(b) (l to r)- unidentified NASA engineer and Charles Duke taking soil sample by Grover vehicle at Merriam Crater; (c) (l-to-r)- unidentified NASA engineer and Charles Duke climbing ladder to canvas simulated Lunar Module (LM) during test at Cinder Lake Crater Field on day two of test. Figure 86-(c) (l-to-r)- unidentified NASA engineer and Charles Duke climbing ladder to canvas simulated Lunar Module (LM) during test at Cinder Lake Crater Field on day two of test. Figure 87-Final geology exercise for the Apollo 15 prime and backup crew at Coconino Point, Territory of the Navajo Nation, Arizona (north of Flagstaff, Arizona and south of the Grand Canyon) on 25 June 1971; (a) (l-to-r) Jim Irwin and Dave Scott checking out outcrop; NASA photo S-71-39711 Figure 87-(b) Jim Irwin (left) and Dave Scott during traverse using the USGS's Explorer vehicle; NASA photo Figure 87-(c) General overview of western base of the Coconino Point monocline that dominates the Coconino Point Test site. Dave Scott and Jim Irwin in center of photo; NASA photo Figure 87-(d) Jack Schmitt, standing on edge of an erosional canyon (showing layered rocks in far wall) that was used to simulate the large Hadley Rille at the Apollo 15 landing site Figure 87-(e) Jack Schmitt by Grover carrying Apollo scoop tool; NASA photo. Figure 88-Apollo 16 geologic training-exercises in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada 7-9 July 1971; (a) Charles Duke (left) and John Young studying traverse map prepared for them during geologic traverses at Sudbury. Both astronauts have electric Hasselblad cameras, similar to the ones they would use on the Moon, mounted on their chest plates; NASA photo S-71-39840 Figure 88-(b) close up of Charles Duke at Sudbury; geologist Fred Horz (MSC, Houston, Texas) (glasses) is in foreground; NASA S-71-39831 Figure 88-(c) close up of John Young at Sudbury; NASA photo S-71-39833 Figure 88-(d) Bill Muehlberger, PI of the Apollo 16 Lunar Geology Experiment, acting the part of astronaut along with Fred Haise; NASA photo S-71-39860 Figure 88-(e) Fred Haise preparing to take a photograph after setting up the gnomon on the ground in front of him. Fred is holding the Apollo rake tool in his left hand; NASA photo S-71-39844. Figure 89-Selected NASA photographs from Apollo 15 mission (launch 26 July, 1971; landing Hadley-Apennine); (a) LM and LRV-1 at KSC; before LRV stowage in LM; NASA AP15-S71-30542 Figure 89-(b) Dave Scott observes loading of foldable LRV-1 into LM at KSC; NASA AP15-KSV-71PC-345 Figure 89-(c) liftoff of AP 16 from Cape Kennedy; 26 July, 1971; NASA AP15-KSC-71PC-572 Figure 89-(d) view of Hadley Rille and LRV from station 2 (EVA-1); NASA AS15-85-11451 Figure 89-(e) Dave Scott on LRV prior to EVA-1; NASA AS15- 85-11471 Figure 89-(f) Jim Irwin working at LRV parked by LM; NASA AS15-86-11598 Figure 89-(g) final resting place for AP 15 LRV prior to liftoff; NASA AS15-88-11901. Figure 90-Apollo 16 geologic training trip to Taos, New Mexico on 9-10 September, 1971; (a) Charles Duke (l) and John Young in the Geological Survey's Grover vehicle; NASA AP16-S71-51600 Figure 90-(b) John Young (l) and Charles Duke during EVA training; Young holding Apollo tongs and Duke holding Apollo scoop tools; NASA As15-S71-51605 Figure 90-(c) Charles Duke (l) taking 500-mm Hasselblad photograph across gorge; John Young on edge of gorge; NASA AP16-S71-51614 Figure 90-(d) John Young (l) and Charles Duke on rim of gorge; Duke taking 500-mm-photograph across gorge with Hasselblad; Young looking at exercise map; NASA AP16,71-H- 1547 Figure 90-(e) Charles Duke (l) and John Young on Grover; Duke had traverse map in hand; NASA AP16-S71-51616 Figure 90-(f) Geologic mentor Lee Silver pointing out some geologic feature to astronauts; Charles Duke left of Silver; John Young in front of Lee Silver in blue shirt; others not identified; NASA AP16-S71-54564. Figure 91-Comparison between the "cement" model of Mt. Hadley (a) (inserted into an actual Apollo 15 surface photograph) with (see b below) the original photograph of Mt. Hadley taken by the Apollo 15 crew while on the surface at the Hadley Rille Site Figure 91-(b) the original photograph of Mt. Hadley taken by the Apollo 15 crew while on the surface at the Hadley Rille Site; both USGS photographs show remarkably similar "layers" sloping from the upper right to the lower left. This comparison convinced nearly everyone that the "layers" were in fact lighting artifacts, perhaps unique to the lunar surface. Figure 92-The 17-18 November 1971 exercises for the crew of Apollo 16 at the Coso Hills Naval Ordinance Test Range, California; (a) John Young (left side of vehicle) and Charles Duke on Grover during the Coso Hills exercises; NASA photo S-72-59354 Figure 92-(b) John Young (left) and Charles Duke inspecting the rocks at Coso as unidentified NASA employee observes; NASA photo S-71-59357 Figure 92-(c) Charles Duke (bending) looking at boulder; John Young standing holding Apollo pickup (clamp) and scoop geologic tools; NASA AP16-S71-59355 Figure 92-(d) John Young (left front seat) and Charles Duke in Grover vehicle during by lava flow; NASA AP16-S71-59354 Figure 92-(e) (l-r) John Young, unidentified astronaut, Dale Jackson (geologic trainer from USGS) and Charles Duke; Duke looking at cuff check list; NASA AP16-71-H-1785 Figure 92-(f) Ed Mitchell (l) and Fred Haise (AP 16 backups) prepare to document a sample; Haise carrying gnomon, gripper, and scoop tools; NASA AP16-71-H-1786. Figure 93-Geologic training exercise at Boulder City, Nevada on 24 January 1972; (a) Jack Schmitt (l) and Gene Cernan looking over exercise traverse map; NASA AP17-72-H- 126; Figure 93-(b) Jack Schmitt (l) and Gene Cernan documenting a sample; NASA AP17-72-H-128. Figure 94- Geologic training exercise at the Nevada Test site for the AP 16 crew on 16-17 March 1972; (a) John Young standing by the Geological Survey's "Explorer" vehicle; NASA AP16-S72-31555 Figure 94- (b) Charles Duke (l) and John Young on Explorer vehicle; NASA AP16-S72-31183. Figure 95-Selected NASA Apollo 16 photographs including pre launch, launch, and lunar surface activities (launch: 16 April 1972; landing: Descartes highlands on 21 April); (a) crew suited up on LRV-2 before it is loaded on LM; 4 November 1971; NASA AP16-71-H-1739 Figure 95-(b) crew observes loading of LRV-2 into Apollo 16 LM at KSC on 12 November 1971 Figure 95-(c) first rollout of AP 16 at KSC on 13 December 1971; NASA AP16-rollout-NOID Figure 95-(d) liftoff of Apollo 16; 16 April 1972; NASA AP16-KSC-72PC-176 Figure 95-(e) John Young jumps off lunar surface to salute flag by LM and LRV-2; NASA AS16-113-18339 Figure 95-(f) John Young at station 1; EVA-1; gnomon on ground in front of Young; LRV behind; NASA AS16-109-17797 Figure 95-(g) drive tube in lunar surface at station 4-Eva- 2; LRV parked behind in small crater; NASA AS16-110-17951 Figure 95-(h) pan frame including LM and LRV; Eva-2; NASA AS16-107-17436 Figure 95-(i) Charles Duke sampling at station 11, EVA-3; good view of cuff checklist; NASA AS16-116-18649 Figure 95-(j) close-up of Charles Duke at LRV-EVA-3; NASA AS16-116-18718 Figure 95-(k) John Young exits Command Module (CM) in Pacific after return to Earth 27 April 1972; NASA AP16-S72- 36492. Figure 96-The Apollo 17 geologic exercise at Tonopah, Nevada on 6-7 September 1972; (a) backup crew John Young (right) and Charles Duke on the Survey's Grover vehicle; NASA photo S-72-488597; Figure 96-(b) Jack Schmitt (right front seat) and Gene Cernan on the Survey's Explorer vehicle; NASA photo S-72- 48936 Figure 96-(c) Jack Schmitt (left) and Gene Cernan examining a rock sample; NASA photo S-72-48859 Figure 96-(d) Gene Cernan (left front side) and Jack Schmitt on Grover; NASA photo S-72-48865 Figure 96-(e) Jack Schmitt (l) and Gene Cernan looking over Lunar Crater(a volcanic maar crater); NASA AP17-S72-48854. Figure 97-The final geologic field exercise for the Apollo 17 crew--and for the Apollo ProgramÑoccurred 2-3 November 1972 at Sunset Crater National Monument and the Cinder Lake Crater Field just northeast of Flagstaff, Arizona: (a) Gene Cernan (yellow jacket and "70's" pants) and Jack Schmitt on platform containing the Geological Survey's canvas simulation of the Lunar Module (LM) ascent stage. The astronauts, to describe their surrounding before egression onto the "lunar" surface, used the LM windows--at the same height above the surface as those on the actual LM--during the test. The snow-covered San Francisco Peaks are prominent in the background; NASA photo S-72-54547 Figure 97-(b) close-up of Gene Cernan (red jacket) and Jack Schmitt during test. Their pensive faces perhaps reflecting the fact that they (with a bit of luck) will be exploring the surface of the Taurus-Littrow Valley on the Moon within a month; NASA photo S-72-50713 Figure 97-(c) Gene Cernan (nearest) and Jack Schmitt on the Survey's Grover vehicle driving by part of the Bonita Lava Flow near Sunset Crater; NASA photo S-72-54502 Figure 97-(d) Schmitt and Cernan describing crater within the Cinder Lake Crater Field; NASA photo S-72-54471 Figure 97-(e) a relaxed moment for the last of the Apollo lunar explorers-Cernan (a veteran fighter pilot and military man) and Schmitt (a geologist) during their final geologic field exercise; NASA photo S-72-52835. Figure 98-Selected NASA Apollo 17 photographs from pre- launch activities through the end of Apollo 17 (launch 7 December 1972; landing in the Taurus-Littrow Valley on 11 December 1972; (a) rollout of Apollo 17 Saturn 5 from VAB; NASA AP17-KSC-72C-3229 Figure 98-(b) Apollo 17 Saturn 5 on launch pad 39-A; NASA AP17-KSC-72PC-445 Figure 98-(c) spectacular night launch of Apollo 17; 7 December 1972; NASA AP17-S72-55482 Figure 98-(d) Jack Schmitt poses by flag by LM; NASA AS17- 134-2038 Figure 98-(e) Jack Schmitt poses by flag with Earth overhead; NASA AS17-134-20384 Figure 98-(f) Gene Cernan test-driving LRV-3 near LM; NASA AS17-147-22527 Figure 98-(g) Jack Schmitt jumping into LRV at station 9; NASA AS17-134-20453 Figure 98-(h) the "orange soil" found at Shorty Crater; NASA AS17-137-20990 Figure 98-(i) Jack Schmitt at "Tracy's rock"; NASA AS17- 140-21496 Figure 98-(j) Jack Schmitt collecting soil tube sample by boulder at station 5; NASA AS17-145-22157 Figure 98-(k) Jack Schmitt at LRV with gold visor raised at station 6; NASA AS17-146-22296 Figure 98-(l) repaired LRV fender (that broke off) using several pages from the U.S. Geological Survey's Lunar Surface Map Package; NASA AS17-137-20979 Figure 98-(m) final resting place of LRV; LM in background; NASA AS17-143-21933 Figure 98-(n) likely the very last photograph taken of an astronaut on the lunar surface during the Apollo Era; NASA AS17-143-21941 Figure 98-(o) Taurus-Littrow landing site area after lunar surface ascent; Lunar Module ascent stage (LM) seen out window of Command/Service Moduel (CSM) below; 10 December 1972; NASA AS17-147-22465 Figure 98-(p) AP 17 LM ascent stage returning from Moon for docking with CSM; NASA AS17-149-22847 Figure 98-(q) Schmitt and Cernan photographed aboard CSM by Ron Evans during return home; NASA AS17-163-24149. Figure 99-Harrison "Jack" Schmitt returned to Flagstaff to visit with the USGS Astrogeology staff during March of 1973, just about three months following his return from the Taurus-Littrow Valley during Apollo 17 (December 1972); the following are all USGS photographs: (a) (l to r)-Ed Wolfe, Roger Carroll, Hugh Thomas, Jack Schmitt and Ray Sabala in Building Two on Switzer Mesa Figure 99-(b) (l to r)-Gerald G. Schaber and Jack Schmitt in Schaber's office in the Arizona Bank Building (Flagstaff, Arizona) Figure 99-(c) (l to r)-Jack Schmitt and Henry Holt at the Arizona Bank Building Figure 99-(d) (l to r)- Ray Sabala, Jack Schmitt and Hugh Thomas (seated) in Building Two on Switzer Mesa Figure 99-(e) (l to r)- Gordon Swann, R.A. Henry (seated), Hal Masursky, Jack Schmitt, Hal Stephens, and Baerbel Lucchitta Figure 99-(f) (l to r)- Jack Schmitt, Larry Soderblom, Ed Wolfe, Gordon Swann, Hal Masursky and V.S. "Steve" Reed in hallway of Building One on Switzer Mesa Figure 99-(g) ( l to r)- Ray Jordan, Sherman Wu (front), Jack Schmitt and Gary Nakata of SPE's Photogrammetry Group Figure 99-(h) (l to r)- Jack Schmitt, Ed Wolfe, Gordon Swann, Karl Zeller and Walt Roeder. Figure 100-Selected images from the historic impact on Jupiter's upper atmosphere by 21 larger fragments from Shoemaker-Levy-9 comet on 16-22 July 1994; (a) Gene and Carolyn at the 18-inch Schmitt telescope at Mt. Palomar in California Figure 100-(b) the "string of pearls" (as it was deemed) Shoemker-Levy-9 photographed by the Hubble Telescope's Wide-Field Planetary Camera-2 in May 1994 Figure 100-(c) Gene and Carolyn Shoemaker and others watching the TV monitors the day the many fragments of Shoemaker-Levy-9 struck the atmosphere of Jupiter releasing unimaginable energies and chaos Figure 100-(d) image of Jupiter with the Hubble Space Telescope Planetary Camera. Eight impacts sites are visible. From left to right are the H site the impact sites for tiny N, Q1, small Q2, and R, and on the far right limb the D/G complex. The smallest features in this image are less than 200 kilometers across; Courtesy of the Hubble Space Telescope Comet Team Figure 100-(e) Hubble color image of fragment G impact site; Courtesy of Hubble Space Telescope Jupiter Imaging Team Figure 100-(f) impact of Fragment G; photographed by Peter McGregor at Siding Springs Observatory, Australia. Figure 101-On 6 January 1998, a small polycarbonate capsule carrying an ounce of Gene Shoemaker's cremains traveled to the Moon aboard NASA's Lunar Prospector spacecraft. Wrapped around the capsule was a 1.5-inch- (3.8-cm-) square piece of brass foil laser-inscribed with a composite image designed to commemorate Shoemaker's scientific legacy; see text for description of features on the commemorative foil. 37 1