Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: United States Geological Survey Center for Coastal and Watershed Studies Publication_Date: 2006 Title: Biscayne National Park LIDAR GeoTIFF Edition: First Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: Biscayne National Park USGS-NPS-NASA EAARL Submarine Topography Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: USGS Other_Citation_Details: The USGS, in cooperation with the National Park Service (NPS) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), provide the coastal management community with digital elevation products. The USGS processes aircraft lidar data provided by NASA, develops software tools and algorithms to use and analyze the data, and makes products available to the coastal management community. Description: Abstract: Lidar is a remote sensing technique that uses laser light to detect, range, or identify remote objects based on light reflected by the object or emitted through it subsequent fluorescence. Airborne ranging lidar is now being applied in coastal environments to produce accurate, cost-efficient elevation datasets with high data density. The USGS in cooperation with NASA and NPS is using airborne lidar to measure the submerged topography of the north Florida reef tract; secondarily, the data will be assessed for its potential in terms of benthic characterization. Elevation measurements were collected over Biscayne National Park using the NASA Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL), a pulsed laser ranging system mounted onboard an aircraft to measure subaerial and submarine coastal topography. With the NASA EAARL lidar system, submarine data is generally acquired to a maximum of approximately 1.5 secchi depths (a measure of water clarity). The system uses a high frequency laser beam directed at the earth's surface through an opening in the bottom of the aircraft's fuselage. The laser system records the time difference between emission of the laser beam and the reception of the reflected laser signal in the aircraft. The Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar, developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) in Virginia, measures ground elevation with a vertical resolution of roughly 15 centimeters. A sampling rate of up to 3 kHz results in an extremely dense spatial elevation data set. The EAARL system is typically flown at 300 m altitude AGL, resulting in a 240 m swath for each flightline. Data collection occurred with approximately 50% overlap between flightlines, resulting in about one laser sounding per square meter. The data were processed by the USGS Center for Coastal and Watershed Studies to produce 1­meter resolution raster images that can be easily ingested into a Geographic Information System (GIS). The data were organized as 2 km by 2 km data tiles in 32­bit floating­point integer GeoTiff format. Purpose: One objective of this research is the creation of techniques for the surveying of coral reefs for the purposes of habitat mapping, ecological monitoring, change detection, and event assessment (e.g., bleaching, hurricanes, disease outbreaks, etc.). As part of this project, data from an innovative instrument developed at NASA Wallops Flight Facility, the NASA Experimental Airborne Advanced Research Lidar (EAARL), was used. This sensor has the potential to make significant contributions in this realm for measuring water depth and conducting cross-environment surveys. High spectral resolution, water-column correction, and low costs were found to be key factors in providing accurate and affordable imagery to managers of coastal tropical habitats. Supplemental_Information: Raw lidar data is not in a format that is generally usable by Park Service resource managers and scientists for scientific analysis. Converting dense lidar elevation data into a readily usable format without loss of essential information requires specialized processing. The USGS converts raw lidar data into a GIS-compatible map product to be provided to National Park Service GIS specialists, managers, and scientists. The primary tool used in the conversion process is Airborne Lidar Processing System (ALPS), a multi-tiered processing system developed by a USGS/NASA collaborative project for the use of subaerial and submarine lidar in coastal change assessment. Specialized processing algorithms are used to convert raw waveform lidar data acquired by the EAARL to georeferenced spot (x,y,z) returns for submarine topography. These data are then converted to the NAD83 horizontal and NAVD88 vertical datum (using the Geoid 99 model). The final products are 2x2-km map tiles written out in a standard geotiff format with associated metadata information. These tiles are created for visual interpretation and regional quantitative analysis. Metadata files include the standard FGDC format. The flights over Biscayne National Park constituted the first survey of a coral reef ecosystem using the NASA EAARL instrument. An acquisition artifact, a subtle NW/SE striation perpendicular to the flight line, is present in some data tiles. Subsequent refinements in the acquisition and processing of the data have substantially reduced the presence of these artifacts in datasets derived from later surveys. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20010710 Ending_Date: 20010714 Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20010904 Ending_Date: 20010907 Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20020802 Ending_Date: 20020809 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Unknown Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.205184 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.185194 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 25.332470 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 25.314302 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: LIDAR Theme_Keyword: Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar Theme_Keyword: digital elevation model Theme_Keyword: elevation change Theme_Keyword: laser altimetry Theme_Keyword: derived surface Theme_Keyword: coastal resource management Theme_Keyword: submerged topography Theme_Keyword: Airborne Lidar Processing System Theme_Keyword: benthic cover types Theme_Keyword: bare earth elevations Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: Biscayne National Park Place_Keyword: Atlantic Coast Place_Keyword: Florida Place_Keyword: United States East Coast Place_Keyword: Northern Florida Reef Tract Place_Keyword: Coastal Florida Access_Constraints: Any use of these data signifies a user's agreement to comprehension and compliance of the USGS Standard Disclaimer. Ensure all portions of metadata are read and clearly understood before using these data in order to protect both user and USGS interests. See section 6.3 Distribution Liability. Use_Constraints: Although the USGS is making these data sets available to others who may find the data of value, USGS does not warrant, endorse, or recommend the use of these data for any given purpose. The user assumes the entire risk related to the use of these data. These data sets are not for navigational purposes. USGS is providing these data "as is", and USGS disclaims any and all warranties, whether expressed or implied, including (without limitation) any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. In no event will USGS be liable to you or to any third party for any direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, special, or exemplary damages or lost profits resulting from any use or misuse of these data. Acknowledgement of the U.S. Geological Survey Center for Coastal and Watershed Studies as a data source would be appreciated in products developed from these data, and such acknowledgement as is standard for citation and legal practices for data source is expected by users of this data. Sharing new data layers developed directly from these data would also be appreciated by USGS staff. Users should be aware that comparisons with other data sets for the same area from other time periods may be inaccurate due to inconsistencies resulting from changes in photo interpretation, mapping conventions, and digital processes over time. These data are not legal documents and are not to be used as such. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Dr. John C. Brock Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey, Center for Coastal and Watershed Studies Contact_Position: Research Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: Florida Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext3088 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2031 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbrock@usgs.gov Hours_of_Service: Monday-Friday, 8-5, EST Data_Set_Credit: The USGS Center for Coastal and Watershed Studies would like to acknowledge NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for their cooperation and assistance in the development of the data. The National Park Service also contributed by editing the lidar tiles to remove processing artifacts. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows 2000 Version 5.0 (Build 2195) Service Pack 4; ESRI ArcCatalog 8.3.0.800 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Brock, J.C.; Wright, C.W.; Sallenger, A.H; Krabill, W.B., and Swift, R.N Publication_Date: 2003 Title: Basis and Methods of NASA Ariborne Topographic Mapper Lidar Surveys for Coastal Studies Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article Publication_Information: Publication_Place: West Palm Beach, FL; Miami, FL; St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: Journal of Coastal Research, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, US Geological Survey Citation_Information: Originator: Wright, C.W. and J. Brock Publication_Date: 2002 Title: EAARL: A lidar for mapping shallow coral reefs and other coastal environments Edition: 20-22, May 2002 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: proceedings article Publication_Information: Publication_Place: West Palm Beach, FL; Miami, FL; St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: Journal of Coastal Research, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, US Geological Survey Citation_Information: Originator: John Brock and Asbury Sallenger, US Geological Survey Publication_Date: 2001 Title: Airborne Topographic Lidar Mapping for Coastal Science and Resource Management Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: USGS Open File Report Publication_Information: Publication_Place: West Palm Beach, FL; Miami, FL; St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: Journal of Coastal Research, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, US Geological Survey Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Nayegandhi, A.; Brock, J.C.; Wright, C.W.; Clayton, T.D.; Mosher, L.A. Publication_Date: May 23-28, 2004 Title: Processing and Filtering 'Bare Earth' Topographic Data Acquired by NASA's Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: CD-ROM Other_Citation_Details: Published as Abstract and Presented at the ASPRS Annual Conference, Denver, CO, May 23-28, 2004. Proceedings on CDROM. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Nayegandhi, A.; Brock, J.C.; Wright C.W. Title: Small-footprint, waveform-resolving lidar estimation of submerged and sub-canopy topography in coastal environments. Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: In Preparation Other_Citation_Details: In Preparation. Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The expected accuracy of the measured variables are as follows: attitude within 0.07 degree, 3-cm nominal ranging accuracy, and vertical elevation accuracy of +/-20 cm for the "first return" surface. Quality checks are built into the data-processing software. Completeness_Report: Several regions of the dataset are labeled as "No Data", which corresponds to a cell value of -100 m in the GeoTiff file. These "No Data" areas are a result of the survey not covering a particular region, optical water depth of greater than 1.5 Secchi disc depths, or the manual removal of lidar processing artifacts. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Raw elevation measurements have been determined to be within 1 meter horizontal accuracy. Processing steps (grid interpolation) may introduce additional error which has not been tested at the time of this publication. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Elevations of the DEM are vertically consistent with the point elevation data, +/-20 cm. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: The data are collected using a Cessna 310 aircraft. The NASA Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL) laser scanner collects the data using a green (532nm) raster scanning laser, while a digital camera acquires a visual record of the flight. The data are stored on hard drives and archived at the USGS office in St. Petersburg and the NASA office at Wallops Flight Facility. The navigational data are processed at Wallops Flight Facility. The navigational and raw data are then downloaded into the Airborne Lidar Processing System (ALPS). Data are converted from units of time to x,y,z points for elevation. The derived surface data can then be converted into raster data (geotiffs). Process_Date: 2002-2004 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey Center for Coastal and Watershed Studies Contact_Person: Amar Nayegandhi Contact_Position: Computer Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: Florida Postal_Code: 33701- Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-803-8747 Hours_of_Service: 8:00am to 5:00pm Monday thru Friday, EST Contact_Instructions: Call Survey for Details Process_Step: Process_Description: The raster dataset was opened in ERDAS IMAGINE for editing. An Area of Interest (AOI) polygon was drawn around regions of poor data quality. Poor data quality was determined visually by locating gaps in the data as well as artifacts of the lidar processing. Pixels within the AOI polygons were given a raster value of -100 to correspond with other areas of No Data. The file was resaved as a GeoTIFF. Process_Date: November 2005 - January 2006 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: National Park Service South Florida / Caribbean Network Inventory and Monitoring Program Contact_Person: Judd Patterson Contact_Position: Research Assistant Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 18001 Old Cutler Road, Suite 419 City: Palmetto Bay State_or_Province: Florida Postal_Code: 33157 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: (305) 252-0347 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (305) 253-0463 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Row_Count: 2000 Column_Count: 2000 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 17 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -81.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 1.000000 Ordinate_Resolution: 1.000000 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Altitude_Resolution: .01 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: This Digital Elevation Model is an GeoTIFF derived from point data. It is raster data consisting of cells. Each cell has an elevation value associated with it. Cell size is 1 meter by 1 meter. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: This Digital Elevation Model is an GeoTIFF derived from point data referenced to WGS84, NAD83 UTM eastings and northings (m). The variables measured by EAARL are: distance between aircraft and GPS satellites (m), attitude information (roll, pitch, heading in degrees), scan angle (degrees), second of the epoch (sec), and 1-ns time-resolved return intensity waveform (digital counts). It is raster data consisting of cells. Each cell has an elevation value associated with it. Cell size is 1 meter by 1 meter. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey Contact_Person: Jerry Butcher Contact_Position: Windows System Administrator Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing Address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-803-8747 ext3049 Resource_Description: Biscayne National Park Digital Map Atlas DVD Distribution_Liability: The United States Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. These data and related graphics are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such. The information contained in these data is dynamic and may change over time. The data are not better than the original sources from which they were derived. It is the responsibility of the data user to use the data appropriately and consistent within the limitations of geospatial data in general and these data in particular. The related graphics are intended to aid the data user in acquiring relevant data; it is not appropriate to use the related graphics as data. The United States Geological Survey gives no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data. It is strongly recommended that these data are directly acquired from an USGS server and not indirectly through other sources which may have changed the data in some way. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the United States Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the utility of the data on another system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies both to individual use of the data and aggregate use with other data. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: TIFF Transfer_Size: 15.291 Digital_Transfer_Option: Offline_Option: Offline_Media: DVD-ROM Ordering_Instructions: Call USGS for details Custom_Order_Process: Call USGS for Details Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20060321 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: Florida Postal_Code: 33704 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-803-8747 Contact_Instructions: Call Survey for Details Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile