Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Peter Larkins Originator: Bradley Reed Originator: Gilpin R. Robinson, Jr. Publication_Date: 20061008 Title: Digital Data Set of Orchards Where Arsenical Pesticides Were Likely Used in Clarke and Frederick Counties, Virginia and Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2006-1330 Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1330/ Description: Abstract: This data set shows orchard locations in Clarke and Frederick Counties, Virginia and Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia where arsenical pesticides were likely used. The orchard locations are based on air photos and topographic maps prepared using information from the time period of extensive use of arsenical pesticides between the 1920s and 1960s. An orchard's presence in this data set does not necessarily indicate the use of arsenical pesticides on the site or that elevated arsenic and metal concentrations are present. Arsenical pesticides may have been used on part, or none, of the land and, under current land use, the land may have been remediated and no longer contain elevated arsenic and metal concentrations in soil. The data set was created to be used in an assessment of soil contamination related to past use of arsenical pesticides in orchards in the northern part of the Great Valley region, Virginia and West Virginia. Previous studies have documented that elevated concentrations of arsenic, lead, and sometimes copper occur in the soils of former apple orchards (Veneman et al., 1983; Jones and Hatch, 1937). Arsenical pesticide use was most extensive and widespread in agricultural applications from the 1920s to the late 1950s, and largely ceased agricultural use by the early 1960s in the nation. During this time period, lead arsenate was the most extensively used arsenical pesticide (Peryea, 1998), particularly in apple orchards. Other metal-bearing pesticides, such as copper acetoarsenite (Paris Green), Bordeaux Blue (a mixture of copper sulfate and calcium hydroxide), and organic mercury fumigants were used to a lesser degree in orchards (Peryea, 1998; Shepard, 1939; Veneman et al., 1983). During the time arsenical pesticides were extensively used, federal and state pesticide laws did not require farmers to keep accurate records of the quantity, location, and type of arsenical pesticides used on their property, thus the quantity and distribution of this past arsenical pesticide use is not known in the region. Based on estimates from other areas (D'Angelo et al., 1996), cumulate application over the period of arsenical pesticide use may have been as much as 22.4 g/m2 of arsenic and 100 g/m2 of lead in orchard areas. In minimally disturbed orchard soils, arsenic and lead are largely retained in the top few centimeters of the soil horizon; intra-soil redistribution of these metals occurs but appears to be limited (Veneman et al. 1983; Peryea, 1998). Surface concentrations of arsenic and lead in undisturbed orchard soils where arsenical pesticides were used commonly exceed 20 mg/kg As and 100 mg/kg Pb (Veneman et al., 1983; Jones and Hatch, 1937). The digital data set of orchard locations was used to aid assessment of the likely occurrence and distribution of arsenical pesticide residues in surface soils. Most areas of orchard cultivation were sited in areas overlying carbonate bedrock in the Valley and Ridge province. This data set needed to be created since there was no reliable and complete land cover data set identifying areas under orchard cultivation during the time period of extensive use of arsenical pesticides in the study area as of the time of the study. The spatial database of orchard areas was compiled using twenty-seven USGS 7.5 minute series topographical maps covering the study area of Clarke and Frederick Counties, Virginia, and Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia. These maps were published between 1943 and 1972 at 1:24,000 scale, with the oldest topographic map available from the US Geological Survey map archive for each area being chosen, going back only as far as the 1920s when use of arsenical pesticides started. Orchard areas on the topographic maps were traced in order to aid in the digitization of the sites. The topographic maps were then scanned and geographically referenced using ERDAS Imagine version 8.7, a raster editing program, turning them into rectified images using the 1983 North American Datum. Orchard areas were then digitized from these rectified images using ArcGIS version 9.1 to create the spatial database of orchards, which was then projected into the Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 18 North projection. The orchard data set includes several descriptive attributes that identify each orchard's polygon. The values for area were calculated using the XTools Pro version 3 extension for ArcGIS desktop. References Cited D'Angelo, D., S.A.Norton, M.C.Loiselle. 1996. Historical Uses and Fate of Arsenic in Maine. Water Research Institute Completion Report 1986. University of Maine, Orono, Maine. Jones, J.S., M.B. Hatch. 1937. The significance of inorganic spray residue accumulations in orchard soils. Soil Sci. 44:37-61. Peryea, F.J. 1998. Historical use of lead arsenate insecticides, resulting soil contamination and implications for soil remediation [Online]. Proc. 16th World Congress of Soil Science, 25th, Montpellier, France. 24-25 Aug. 1998. Available at http://natres.psu.ac.th/Link/SoilCongress/en/symt25.htm (Verified 11 Sept. 2006). Shepard, H.H. 1939. The chemistry and toxicology of insecticides. Burgess, Minneapolis, MN. Veneman, P.L.M., Jr., J.R. Murray, J.H. Baker. 1983. Spatial distribution of pesticide residues in a former apple orchard. J. Environ. Qual. 12:101-104. Purpose: To develop a spatial database of orchards so that the orchard locations could be viewed and manipulated in a Geographic Information System for purposes of determining the geochemical, hydrological, and wildlife ecosystem effects that the use of arsenical pesticies may or may not have had in the study area of Clarke and Frederick Counties, Virginia and Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1943 Ending_Date: 1972 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -78.508468 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -77.735064 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 39.614227 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 39.010346 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: Orchard Theme_Keyword: arsenical pesticide Theme_Keyword: geochemistry Theme_Keyword: hydrology Theme_Keyword: wildlife habitat Theme_Keyword: groundwater Theme_Keyword: water chemistry Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: Great Valley Region Place_Keyword: Virginia Place_Keyword: West Virginia Place_Keyword: Clarke County, VA Place_Keyword: Frederick County, VA Place_Keyword: Berkeley County, WV Place_Keyword: Jefferson County, WV Place_Keyword: City of Winchester Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: The spatial accuracy of the orchard polygons is limited to the scale of the 7.5' topographical maps used to digitize them. All of the topographical maps used for this study have a scale of 1:24,000. The topographic maps used meet National Map Accuracy Standards with a spatial accuracy of ±40 feet. Since the orchards were digitized from these maps after they were scanned and georeferenced, a second level of error was introduced. For this reason, spatial accuracy may be considered to be ±60 feet, as calculated by taking the root mean square error of two standards errors of ±40 feet. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Gilpin R Robinson Contact_Organization: USGS ER GD Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192-0002 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-648-6113 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703-648-6383 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: grobinso@usgs.gov Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.1.0.722 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The spatial accuracy of the orchard polygons is limited to the scale of the 7.5' topographical maps used to digitize them. All of the topographical maps used for this study have a scale of 1:24,000. The topographic maps used meet National Map Accuracy Standards with a spatial accuracy of ±40 feet. Since the orchards were digitized from these maps after they were scanned and georeferenced, a second level of error was introduced. For this reason, spatial accuracy may be considered to be +/-60 feet, as calculated by taking the root mean square error of two standards errors of +/-40 feet. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 1943 to 1972 Title: 7.5' Topographical Maps Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map Source_Scale_Denominator: 24000 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1943 Ending_Date: 1972 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date of the topo maps Source_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS topographic maps Source_Contribution: Orchard polygons digitized from various topographic maps published during this time period Process_Step: Process_Description: Tracing of orchard areas on 7.5', 1:24,000 scale USGS topographic maps ranging in publication date from 1943 to 1972. For each topo map, the oldest available was chosen, going back only as far as the 1920s when use of arsenical pesticides began. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS map archive Process_Step: Process_Description: Digitization of polygon features. Orchard features based upon the oldest available USGS 7.5' topographic map were digitized into polygons. Polygons were drawn by topographic map and by county, meaning that orchard areas that cross over either the topographic map or the county boundaries are split based upon their location. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS map archive Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: G-polygon Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 1277 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 18 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -75.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 0.000128 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.000128 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Orchards Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Polygonal area designated on maps as orchards Attribute: Attribute_Label: FID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: USGS_Quad Attribute_Definition: The quad in which the orchard area is located and from which it was digitized Attribute_Definition_Source: Bradley Reed Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 1943 Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 1972 Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Information: Attribute_Value_Accuracy: 1:24,000 Attribute: Attribute_Label: State Attribute_Definition: The state in which the orchard site is located Attribute: Attribute_Label: County Attribute_Definition: The county in which the orchard site is located Attribute: Attribute_Label: Area Attribute_Definition: The area of the orchard site in meters squared Attribute: Attribute_Label: Quad_Year Attribute_Definition: The publication year of the USGS quadrangle in which the orchard site is located Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 1943 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: 2 quadrangles had this pulication year closest to 1920 Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 1953 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: 2 quadrangles had this pulication year closest to 1920 Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 1955 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: 4 quadrangles had this pulication year closest to 1920 Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 1958 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: 2 quadrangles had this pulication year closest to 1920 Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 1965 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: 7 quadrangles had this pulication year closest to 1920 Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 1966 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: 6 quadrangles had this pulication year closest to 1920 Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 1968 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: 1 quadrangles had this pulication year closest to 1920 Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 1972 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: 1 quadrangles had this pulication year closest to 1920 Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 1943 Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 1972 Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: PO Box 25286, Denver Federal Center City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS (1-888-275-8747) Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ask@usgs.gov Resource_Description: Downloadable Data Distribution_Liability: Although this data set has been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy of the data and related materials. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of this data, software, or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Shapefile Format_Version_Number: 1.0 Format_Information_Content: Orchards File_Decompression_Technique: zipped Transfer_Size: 0.339 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1330/shapefile/ofr-2006-1330.zip Fees: None. This dataset is provided by USGS as a public service. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20061215 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Peter N Schweitzer Contact_Organization: USGS ER GD Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192-0002 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-648-6533 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703-648-6252 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pschweitzer@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998