Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Christopher J. Fridrich Originator: Ren Thompson Originator: Janet Slate Originator: Michael Machette Publication_Date: 2008 Title: Preliminary Geologic Map of the southern Funeral Mountains and adjacent ground-water discharge sites, Inyo County, California and Nye County, Nevada Edition: version 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: USGS Open File Report Issue_Identification: OFR 0000 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Denver, Colorado Publisher: US Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1366/ Description: Abstract: This map covers the southern part of the Funeral Mountains, and parts of four adjacent structural basins-a total area of ~950 square kilometers. Map boundaries were drawn to include all of the known proximal hydrogeologic features that may affect the flow of groundwater that discharges from the springs of the Furnace Creek wash area, in the west-central part of the map. These springs provide the major potable water supply for Death Valley National Park. The hydrogeologic features covered by this map include: (1) the springs discussed above, (2) an active seep and much larger Pleistocene ground-water discharge deposits on the northeastern side of the mountains, (3) the exposed extent of the Paleozoic rocks that constitute the Paleozoic carbonate aquifer, where saturated, (4) the exposed extent of the alluvial conglomerates that constitute the Funeral Formation aquifer, where saturated. The map also shows the structural data that was collected so that bedding and fault surfaces could be projected to depth. Purpose: This map was made, in cooperation with, and as part of a program by, the Inyo County, CA Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Project, to investigate interbasin flow under the southern Funeral Mountains. Understanding interbasin flow is key to assessing the potential that radionuclides from the proposed high-level nuclear-waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, could leak into, and through, the Paleozoic carbonate aquifer, to discharge from the springs of the Furnace Creek wash area, ~50 km southeast of the proposed repository. The geologic map data have been used, along with measured formation thicknesses, to generate a structure contour (subsurface) map on the base of the Paleozoic carbonate and Funeral Formation aquifer system. This subsurface map is included in this report. Both the geologic surface map and the derivative subsurface map have been used by Inyo County, CA as an input to the design of a hydrologic drilling program, and as the basis for a computer model of the ground-water flow that feeds the Furnace Creek springs (Bredehoeft and others, 2005; 2008). Supplemental_Information: Compilation Scale: 1:50,000 DATASETS INCLUDED IN THIS GEOSPATIAL DATABASE: south_funeralmt.mdb rasters-Beatty, DeathValley1: basemaps sfuneralmt_geo: geologic unit polygons sfuneralmt_lines: faults and contacts sfuneralmt_folds: folds sfuneralmt_pnts: bedding sfuneralmt_features: wells, springs, and data points Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2008 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -116.886644 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -116.372985 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 36.560076 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 36.307196 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: AGI Glosssary of Geology Theme_Keyword: interbasin flow Theme_Keyword: Paleozoic carbonate aquifer Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: U.S. Board on Geographic Names (BGN) Place_Keyword: Death Valley National Park Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: users of this geospatial database and geologic information derived there from should acknowledge the US Geological Survey as the source data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Christopher J. Fridrich Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: MS 980, Box 25046 Address: Denver Federal Center City: Lakewood State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303) 236-7950 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (303) 236-0214 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: fridrich@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1366/ Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Graphical representation of the map Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PDF Data_Set_Credit: Tom Adamson, Debra Block, Lyndsay Hazen, Darren Van Sistine Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.2.0.1324 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Data were entered by GIS technician and authors and checked by the geologist that made the field observations. The attributes of this geospatial data set consist of text identifiers and numeric codes that indicate the identity of the geologic unit or type of geologic feature and determine how each feature is colored or symbolized. To check attribute accuracy a color check plot was visually compared to the geologist's original compilation. Logical_Consistency_Report: Map elements were visually checked for overshoots, undershoots, duplicate features, polygon closure, and other errors by the author and by the GIS technician(s) that created the digital database. Automated (ArcInfo) routines were also used to check the databases for polygon label errors, line or point attribution errors, sliver polygons, dangling arcs, intersection errors, and projection information. Check plots of the map were reviewed by at least two other geologists for consistency with basic geologic principles and general conformity to USGS mapping standards. Completeness_Report: Data are complete: no features that could be accurately represented at the compilation scale of 1:50,000 were eliminated or generalized. All geospatial database elements are attributed. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Whereas previous maps were locally used for guidance, all lines were drawn using a PG-2 Stereo Plotter and modern 1:80,000 diapositive airphotos. Accuracy of location of contacts, through use of the PG-2 Stereo Plotter, is generally ~5 to 10 meters; however, geological uncertainty in the location of some contacts may locally be as much as 50 m. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Bredehoeft, J. D. Originator: Fridrich, C. J. Originator: King, M., J. Publication_Date: 2005 Title: The lower carbonate aquifer as a barrier to radionuclide transport: Waste Management Conference Proceedings, February 27-to-March 3, 2005 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document Series_Information: Series_Name: Waste Management Conference Proceedings Issue_Identification: February 27-to-March 3, 2005 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2005 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Bredehoeft and others (2005) Source_Contribution: geologic features Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Bredehoeft, J.D. Originator: Fridrich, C.J. Originator: King, M.J. Publication_Date: 2008 Title: Groundwater flow under the Funeral Mountains, Death Valley National Park: 2008 High-Level Nuclear Waste Conference Proceedings, Las Vegas, NV Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document Series_Information: Series_Name: High-Level Nuclear Waste Conference Proceedings Issue_Identification: 2008 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2008 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Bredehoeft and others (2008) Source_Contribution: geologic features Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Cemen, Ibrihim Publication_Date: 1983 Title: Stratigraphy, geochronology, and structure of selected areas of the northern Death Valley region, eastern California-western Nevada, and implications concerning Cenozoic tectonics in the region: [PhD thesis] Series_Information: Series_Name: [PhD thesis] The Pennsylvania State University Issue_Identification: unpublished Publication_Information: Publication_Place: University Park, PA Publisher: Pennsylvania State University Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1983 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Cemen (1983) Source_Contribution: geologic features Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: McAllister, J. F. Publication_Date: 1970 Title: Geology of the Furnace Creek borate area, Death Valley, Inyo County, California Series_Information: Series_Name: Map Sheet Issue_Identification: 14 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Sacramento, CA Publisher: California Division of Mines and Geology Source_Scale_Denominator: 24,000 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1971 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: McAllister (1970) Source_Contribution: geologic features Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: McAllister, J.F. Publication_Date: 1971 Title: Preliminary geologic map of the Funeral Mountains in the Ryan quadrangle, Death Valley region, Inyo County Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 71-147 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Denver, CO Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Source_Scale_Denominator: 31,680 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1971 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: McAllister (1971) Source_Contribution: geologic features Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: McAllister, J.F. Publication_Date: 1973 Title: Geologic map and sections of the Amargosa Valley borate area-Inyo County, California Series_Information: Series_Name: Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Issue_Identification: I-782 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Denver, CO Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Source_Scale_Denominator: 24,000 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1973 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: McAllister (1973) Source_Contribution: geologic features Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Slate, J. L. Originator: Berry, M. E Publication_Date: 1999 Title: Preliminary surficial geologic map of the Beatty 30 x 60 minute quadrangle, Nevada-California Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 99-153, p. 78-80 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Denver, CO Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Source_Scale_Denominator: 100,000 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1999 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Slate and Berry (1999) Source_Contribution: geologic features Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Wright, L. A Originator: Troxel, B. W. Publication_Date: 1993 Title: Geologic map of the central and northern Funeral Mountains and adjacent areas, Death Valley region, southern California Series_Information: Series_Name: Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Issue_Identification: I-2305 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Denver, CO Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Source_Scale_Denominator: 48,000 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1993 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Wright and Troxel (1993) Source_Contribution: geologic features Process_Step: Process_Description: The map data were digitized in ARC/INFO Workstation and polygon topology built. Text map unit descriptors were added to each coverage. Process_Date: 2008 Process_Step: Process_Description: Draft check plots of the geologic map and explanation were created and submitted for peer review. Geologists reviewed the plots for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. Revisions were made to the geospatial database as needed. Process_Date: 2008 Process_Step: Process_Description: First draft of metadata created by Lyndsay A. Hazen using FGDC ESRI in the ARC Catalog Software. Process_Date: 2008 Process_Step: Process_Description: The database files, metadata, and check plots were edited by the USGS Central Publications Group, and revisions made to the geospatial database as needed. Process_Date: 2008 Process_Step: Process_Description: Metadata imported. Process_Date: 2008 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 11 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -117.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 10 Ordinate_Resolution: 10 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1927 Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke 1866 Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.400000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.978698 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: This dataset includes the following feature classes: sfuneralmt_geo: geologic unit polygons sfuneralmt_lines: faults and contacts sfuneralmt_folds: folds sfuneralmt_pnts: bedding sfuneralmt_features: wells, springs, and data points sfuneralmt_geo Description of items: UNIT- Short geologic unit name SYMBOL-USGS Color Code DESCRIPTION-short geologic unit explanation sfuneralmt_geo COLUMNS TYPE LENGTH DOMAIN OBJECTID OBJECTID SHAPE GEOMETRY SYMBOL DOUBLE UNIT STRING 20 SHAPE_LENGTH DOUBLE SHAPE_AREA DOUBLE DESCRIPTION STRING 225 UNIT DESCRIPTION Cbb Banded Mountain Member of the Bonanza King Formation (Cambrian) Cbbl Lower part of the Banded Mountain Member of the Bonanza King Formation (Cambrian) Cbbu Upper part of the Banded Mountain Member of the Bonanza King Formation (Cambrian) Cbp Papoose Lake Member of the Bonanza King Formation (Cambrian) Cc Carrara Formation (Cambrian) Cnc Smoky and Halfpint Members, undivided of the Nopah Formation (Cambrian) Cnd Dunderberg Shale Member of the Nopah Formation (Cambrian) Cnh Halfpint Member of the Nopah Formation (Cambrian) Cns Smoky Member of the Nopah Formation (Cambrian) Cwu Upper member (Cambrian) of the Wood Canyon Formation Cz Zabriskie Quartzite (Cambrian) DSh Hidden Valley Dolomite (Devonian and Silurian) Dl Lost Burro Formation (Devonian) Mp Perdido Formation (Mississippian) Mt Tin Mountain Limestone (Mississippian) Mzx Fault breccia (Mesozoic) Oe Eureka Quartzite (Ordovician) Oes Ely Springs Dolomite (Ordovician) Op Pogonip Group, undivided (Ordovician) Opa Antelope Valley Formation of the Pogonip Group (Ordovician) Opg Goodwin Limestone of the Pogonip Group (Ordovician) Opn Ninemile Formation of the Pogonip Group (Ordovician) QTa Old alluvial deposits (Pleistocene and late Pliocene) QTf Funeral Formation (early Quaternary? to Pliocene) QTx Landslide deposits (Pleistocene and late Pliocene) Qai Alluvial deposits in mid-level terraces (Pleistocene) Qao Alluvial deposits in high terraces (Pleistocene) Qay Alluvial deposits in recently active channels (Holocene and Pleistocene) Qayo Alluvial deposits in recent low terraces (Holocene) Qayy Alluvial deposits in annually active channels (Holocene) Qc Colluvial deposits (Holocene to Pleistocene) Qls Landslide deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene) Qm Marl (Holocene and Pleistocene) Qp Playa sediments (Holocene and Pleistocene) Tab Volcanic part of the lower member of the Artist Drive Formation (Miocene) Tby Basalt (Pliocene) Tby- Basalt (Pliocene), oxidized Tf Playa and playa margin rocks of Furnace Creek Basin Tfb Basalt of the Greenwater Volcanics (upper Pliocene to upper Miocene) Tfc Basal Conglomerate (upper Miocene) of the Furnace Creek Formation Tfcu Upper and middle conglomerates (Pliocene) of the Furnace Creek Formation Tfg Gypsum-rich member (Pliocene) of the Furnace Creek Formation Tflx (Cb) Giant block breccias (upper Pliocene to upper Miocene) of the Furnace Creek Formation Tflx (DSh) Giant block breccias (upper Pliocene to upper Miocene) of the Furnace Creek Formation Tflx (Oe) Giant block breccias (upper Pliocene to upper Miocene) of the Furnace Creek Formation Tflx (Oes) Giant block breccias (upper Pliocene to upper Miocene) of the Furnace Creek Formation Tflx (Op) Giant block breccias (upper Pliocene to upper Miocene) of the Furnace Creek Formation Tfp Pyroclastic deposits of the Greenwater Volcanics (upper Pliocene to upper Miocene) Tfrx Rock-avalanche breccias (upper Pliocene to upper Miocene) of the Furnace Creek Formation Tft Travertine (Pliocene) of the Furnace Creek Formation Tfu Upper claystone (Pliocene) of the Furnace Creek Formation Tng Alluvial deposits of the Artist Drive equivalent (Miocene) Tnix Fault breccia (Miocene) Tnl Sedimentary part of the lower member of the Artist Drive Formation (Miocene) Tnlx Giant block breccias of the Artist Drive equivalent (Miocene) Tnlx (Cb) Giant block breccias of the Artist Drive equivalent (Miocene) Tnlx (Cbb) Giant block breccias of the Artist Drive equivalent (Miocene) Tnlx (Cn) Giant block breccias of the Artist Drive equivalent (Miocene) Tnlx (Cnd) Giant block breccias of the Artist Drive equivalent (Miocene) Tnlx (DSh) Giant block breccias of the Artist Drive equivalent (Miocene) Tnlx (Oav) Giant block breccias of the Artist Drive equivalent (Miocene) Tnlx (Oe) Giant block breccias of the Artist Drive equivalent (Miocene) Tnlx (Oes) Giant block breccias of the Artist Drive equivalent (Miocene) Tnlx (Og) Giant block breccias of the Artist Drive equivalent (Miocene) Tnlx (On) Giant block breccias of the Artist Drive equivalent (Miocene) Tnlx (Op) Giant block breccias of the Artist Drive equivalent (Miocene) Tnm Middle member of the Artist Drive Formation (Miocene) Tnp Playa deposits of the Artist Drive equivalent (Miocene) Tnrx Rock-avalanche breccias of the Artist Drive equivalent (Miocene) Tnu Upper member of the Artist Drive Formation (Miocene) Tog Conglomerate member of the Bat Mountain Formation (Miocene) Tok Kelley's Well Limestone (Miocene) Tos Rocks of Billie Mine (Miocene) Toss Yellow sandstone member of the Bat Mountain Formation (Miocene) Ttc Amargosa Valley Formation, undivided (Oligocene to lower Miocene) Ttg Conglomerate member of the Amargosa Valley Formation (Oligocene to lower Miocene) Ttl Limestone member of the Amargosa Valley Formation (Oligocene to lower Miocene) Ttr Red sandstone member of the Amargosa Valley Formation (Oligocene to lower Miocene) Zju Johnnie Formation (Neoproterozoic) Zsa A member of the Stirling Quartzite (Neoproterozoic) Zsb B member of the Stirling Quartzite (Neoproterozoic) Zsc C member of the Stirling Quartzite (Neoproterozoic) Zsd D member of the Stirling Quartzite (Neoproterozoic) Zse E member of the Stirling Quartzite (Neoproterozoic) Zwl Lower member (Neoproterozoic) of the Wood Canyon Formation Zwm Middle member (Neoproterozoic) of the Wood Canyon Formation af artificial fill sfuneralmt_lines Description of items: DESCRIPTION Short explanation of feature using digital cartographic standard FIELDS: TYPE LENGTH DOMAIN OBJECTID OBJECTID SHAPE GEOMETRY SHAPE_LENGTH DOUBLE DESCRIPTION STRING 100 DESCRIPTION key bed-certain contact-certain contact-approximately located contact-concealed detachment fault-certain detachment fault-concealed facies boundary fault-certain fault-approximately located fault-concealed landslide scarp normal fault-certain normal fault-approximately located normal fault-concealed oblique-slip fault-certain oblique-slip fault-approximately located oblique-slip fault-concealed right-lateral strike-slip fault-certain right-lateral strike-slip fault-approximately located right-lateral strike-slip fault-concealed thrust fault-certain thrust fault-approximately located thrust fault-concealed map boundary sfuneralmt_folds Description of items: DESCRIPTION - Short explanation of feature using digital cartographic standard COLUMNS TYPE LENGTH DOMAIN OBJECTID OBJECTID SHAPE/POINT GEOMETRY SHAPE_LENGTH DOUBLE DESCRIPTION STRING 50 DESCRIPTION overturned anticline-certain anticline-approximately located syncline-concealed syncline-certain syncline-approximately located plunging syncline-certain plunging syncline-approximately located anticline-concealed anticline-certain sfuneralmt_pnts Description of items: AZIMUTH - Compass direction of fault plane trend, in degrees (0 - 359) DIP-Angle of fault plane inclination, in degrees from horizontal (0 - 90) DESCRIPTION - Short explanation of feature using digital cartographic standard COLUMNS TYPE LENGTH DOMAIN OBJECTID OBJECTID SHAPE GEOMETRY AZIMUTH LONG DIP LONG DESCRIPTION STRING 100 DESCRIPTION inclined bedding - showing strike and dip overturned bedding - showing strike and dip vertical bedding - showing strike horizontal bedding fault-showing strike and dip sfuneralmt_features Description of items: x - x coordinate of point data y - y coordinate of point data DATA_TYPE: wells, springs or sample location DESCRIPTION-specific name of data type (well, spring, or sample location) COLUMNS TYPE LENGTH DOMAIN OBJECTID OBJECTID SHAPE GEOMETRY ID DOUBLE x DOUBLE y DOUBLE DATA_TYPE STRING DESCRIPTION STRING 50 DATA_TYPE well spring sample location DESCRIPTION wells: inyo blm#1, inyo blm#2 spring: Cow Creek Seeps, Nevares Spring,Salt Springs,Texas Springs,Travertine Springs,Navel Spring sampling location: A-M (including age) Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: none Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: USGS Information Services Address: Box 25286 City: Denver State_or_Province: Colorado Postal_Code: 80225-0046 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Resource_Description: USGS OFR-2008-1366 Distribution_Liability: This database, identified as OFR-2008-1366, has been approved for release and publication by the Director of the USGS. Although this database has been subjected to rigorous review and is substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, it is released on condition that neither the USGS nor the United States Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its authorized or unauthorized use. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Format_Name: ARCE,SHP Format_Version_Number: 9.2 File_Decompression_Technique: zip archive Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1366/ Fees: none Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20081029 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Lyndsay A. Hazen Contact_Position: Physical Science Technician Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Denver Federal Center Address: MS 980, Box 25046 DFC City: Denver State_or_Province: Colorado Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303)-236-7648 Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Access_Constraints: none Metadata_Use_Constraints: none