Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 2010 Title: DH_USGS_backscatter1m: Composite sidescan-sonar mosaic collected by the U.S. Geological Survey offshore of Massachusetts between Duxbury and Hull (UTM Zone 19N GeoTIFF) Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2009-1072 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1072/GIS/raster/backscatter/DH_USGS_backscatter1m.zip Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1072/html/appendix1.html Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Walter A. Barnhardt Originator: Seth D. Ackerman Originator: Brian D. Andrews Originator: Wayne E. Baldwin Publication_Date: 2010 Title: Geophysical and Sampling Data from the Inner Continental Shelf: Duxbury to Hull, Massachusetts. Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2009-1072 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1072/ Description: Abstract: These data were collected under a cooperative agreement with the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Woods Hole Science Center (WHSC). Initiated in 2003, the primary objective of this program is to develop regional geologic framework information for the management of coastal and marine resources. Accurate data and maps of sea-floor geology are important first steps toward protecting fish habitat, delineating marine resources, and assessing environmental changes due to natural or human impacts. The project is focused on the inshore waters (5-30 m deep) of Massachusetts between the New Hampshire border and Cape Cod Bay. Data collected for the mapping cooperative have been released in a series of USGS Open-File Reports (http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/coastal_mass/html/current_map.html). This spatial dataset is from the study area located between Duxbury and Hull Massachusetts, and consists of high-resolution geophysics (bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and seismic reflection) and ground validation (sediment samples, video tracklines and bottom photographs). The data were collected during four separate surveys conducted between 2003 and 2007 (NOAA survey H10993 in 2003, USGS-WHSC survey 06012 in 2006, and USGS-WHSC surveys 07001 and 07003 in 2007) and cover more than 200 square kilometers of the inner continental shelf. Purpose: This GeoTIFF (Tagged Image File Format) contains approximately 186 square-km of Klein 3000 sidescan-sonar data that were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey during two surveys (USGS surveys 06012 and 07001) offshore of Massachusetts, between Duxbury and Hull. These data are used to define the sea-floor morphology as part of the Massachusetts Sea-floor Mapping Project. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20060804; 20070422 Ending_Date: 20060820; 20070502 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.833187 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.590966 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 42.348435 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 42.074860 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: General Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program Theme_Keyword: CMGP Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Science Center Theme_Keyword: WHSC Theme_Keyword: Seafloor Theme_Keyword: Marine Geology Theme_Keyword: WHSC field activity serial number 06012 Theme_Keyword: WHSC field activity serial number 07001 Theme_Keyword: sidescan Theme_Keyword: sidescan-sonar Theme_Keyword: side scan sonar Theme_Keyword: sonar Theme_Keyword: backscatter Theme_Keyword: GeoTIFF image Theme_Keyword: grey scale Theme_Keyword: mosaic Theme_Keyword: Klein Theme_Keyword: Klein 3000 Theme_Keyword: k3k Theme_Keyword: R/V Megan T. Miller Theme_Keyword: R/V Rafael Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: oceans and coastal Theme_Keyword: oceans and estuaries Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: General Place_Keyword: North America Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: Atlantic Ocean Place_Keyword: Massachusetts Place_Keyword: Boston South Shore Place_Keyword: Massachusetts Bay Place_Keyword: Cape Cod Bay Place_Keyword: Nantasket Beach Place_Keyword: Hull Bay Place_Keyword: Scituate Place_Keyword: Marshfield Place_Keyword: Brant Rock Place_Keyword: Duxbury Beach Place_Keyword: Duxbury Bay Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2315 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1072/GIS/browse_jpg/big/DH_USGS_backscatter1m.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: grey scale image of sidescan-sonar mosaic Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.1850 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: W.W. Danforth Originator: T.F. O'Brien Originator: W.C. Schwab Publication_Date: 1991 Title: USGS image processing system: near real-time mosaicking of high-resolution sidescan-sonar data Series_Information: Series_Name: Sea Technology Issue_Identification: Jan. 1991 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Arlington, VA Publisher: Sea Technology Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: William W. Danforth Publication_Date: 1997 Title: XSonar/ShowImage: A complete system for rapid sidescan-sonar processing and display. Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 97-686 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: V.F. Paskevich Publication_Date: 1992 Title: Digital mapping of sidescan sonar data with the Woods Hole Image Processing System software Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 92-536 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Valerie Paskevich Publication_Date: 1996 Title: MAPIT: An improved method for mapping digital sidescan sonar data using the Woods Hole Image Processing System (WHIPS) Software Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 96-281 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Valerie Paskevich Originator: Jane Denny Originator: Seth Ackerman Publication_Date: Unpublished Title: The Ultimate Guide to Mosaicking Sidescan Sonar Data in PCI Geomatica v.10.0.3 Series_Information: Series_Name: none Issue_Identification: none Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: Unpublished, U.S. Geological Survey Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Walter A. Barnhardt Originator: Brian D. Andrews Originator: Bradford Butman Publication_Date: 2006 Title: High-Resolution Mapping of the Inner Continental Shelf: Nahant to Gloucester, Massachusetts Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2005-1293 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1293/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Seth D. Ackerman Originator: Bradford Butman Originator: Walter A. Barnhardt Originator: William W. Danforth Originator: James M. Crocker Publication_Date: 2006 Title: High-Resolution Geologic Mapping of the Inner Continental Shelf: Boston Harbor and Approaches, Massachusetts Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2006-1008 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1008/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Walter A. Barnhardt Originator: Brian D. Andrews Originator: Seth D. Ackerman Originator: Wayne E. Baldwin Originator: Christopher J. Hein Publication_Date: 2009 Title: High-Resolution Geological Mapping of the Inner Continental Shelf: Cape Ann to Salisbury Beach, Massachusetts Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2007-1373 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1373/ Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Image pixel values contain acoustic reflectivity values normalized to an 8-bit data range (0-255). Low-backscatter is represented by dark tones (low values) and high-backscatter is represented by bright tones (high values). Logical_Consistency_Report: This image represents mainline sidescan sonar data; no crossline data were included in this image. Gaps may occur along-track and between adjacent lines. Completeness_Report: Only the subset of sidescan-sonar backscatter data collected during field activities 06012 and 07001 that are within the study area between Duxbury and Hull have been included in this spatial dataset. Approximately 125 square-km of additional sidescan-sonar backscatter data were collected south of Brant Rock, Massachusetts during these field activities will be published in a subsequent data release focused on Cape Cod Bay. Some sections of sonar data with excess noise were clipped during processing. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Field activity 06012: The Klein 3000 was towed from the stern A-frame of the R/V Megan T. Miller. Position data were provided by the Z-Surveyor Extreme for real-time kinematic (RTK) navigation and recorded to the raw data files (XTF) via SonarPro (version 9.6) on the sonar acquisition computer. During some portions of the survey, technical difficulties caused the GPS systems to malfunction; in some instances the acquisition systems fell back on the RTK Float or the autonomous GPS navigation; but in some cases surveying was halted until a reliable GPS signal could be achieved. Layback positions, which account for the linear distance between the shipboard RTK-GPS receiver and the towed sonar vehicle were measured by a cable counter on the winch that was used to deploy the sidescan-sonar towfish. Layback offsets were directly applied into the acquisition software so the navigation recorded in the XTF data reflect the position including the layback offset. A conservative estimate of positional accuracy is estimated to be 10 m although when the system was recording RTK navigation the positional accuracy is likely <1 m as RTK-GPS provides horizontal positional accuracies on the decimeter scale. Positional uncertainty arises because the layback calculations do not account for fish motion behind the vessel, which is caused by sea state and vessel speed induced changes in the angle and scope of the tow cable. Field activity 07001: The Klein 3000 was towed from the port side aft on the R/V Rafael. Position data were provided by the Ashtech Extreme for real-time kinematic (RTK) navigation and recorded to the raw data files (XTF) via SonarPro (version 10.0) on the sonar acquisition computer. A conservative estimate of positional accuracy is estimated to be 10 m although when the system was recording RTK navigation the positional accuracy is likely <1 m as RTK-GPS provides horizontal positional accuracies on the decimeter scale. Layback was fixed and figured into the navigation during acquisition. Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 10 meters Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation: The RTK-GPS is accurate to <1 meter, however, the layback of the towfish adds additional uncertainty due to changes in angle and scope of the tow cable in response to sea state and vessel speed. Therefore, a conservative estimate of the positional accuracy of this system is estimated to be approximately 10 meters. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Type_of_Source_Media: disc Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20060804; 20070422 Ending_Date: 20060820; 20070502 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Contribution: Data acquisition at sea: Sidescan sonar data were collected with a Klein 3000 dual frequency (132/445 kHz) sidescan sonar towfish on the R/V Megan T. Miller (06012) and the R/V Rafael (07001). During survey 06012 the sonar was towed from the stern A-frame of the R/V Megan T. Miller; a cable counter measured the towfish layback and automatically adjusted the layback parameter in the acquisition software (SonarPro version 9.6). During survey 07001, the sonar was towed from the port side aft on the R/V Rafael; layback was fixed and SonarPro version 10.0 was used on the acquisition computer. Tracklines are generally spaced 100m apart (200m in the northern area where the USGS data overlaps with NOAA multibeam echo-sounder data). Data were acquired roughly parallel to the shoreline at an average speed of 5 knots. Process_Step: Process_Description: Within XSonar Software (version: 1.1) a median filtering routine (4 pixels across track by 3 pixels along track) was applied to the raw sidescan-sonar data (XTF) to remove speckle noise. The data were further processed to correct for fish altitude, slant and beam artifacts, and then merged with the navigation (Danforth, 1997). Adjacent sidescan sonar lines were mapped out separately from XSonar into north-heading and south-heading sonar mosaics at 1 meter/pixel resolution. Sidescan areas were defined within the survey trackline planning scheme such that the sonar images mapped in XSonar would have the same line orientation and keep the working mosaics to a manageable filesize. Process_Date: 2006;2007;2008 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700x2315 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: A PCI Geomatica (version: 10.0.3) project was created for each subarea of the Duxbury to Hull survey area. The north and south-heading working mosaics were imported into PCI Geomatica to be digitally mosaicked together using PCI's OrthoEngine and procedures described in Paskevich (1996) and Paskevich and others (Unpublished, 2007). The mosaicking process produces an enhanced, geographically correct, sidescan-sonar mosaic with 1 meter/pixel resolution. The subareas were tone-adjusted within PCI's OrthoEngine mosaicking tools (to account for tonal-variation as a result of changes to the acquisition parameters or variations introduced as a result of processing); then mosaicked together into a composite backscatter image for the entire survey area. The composite mosaic was exported as a GeoTIFF image. Process_Date: 2007;2008;2009 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700x2315 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Most of the NODATA area in the GeoTIFF image (outside the survey bounds) have a backscatter pixel value of 255. But as a result of the mosaicking process, some areas of NODATA have a backscatter pixel value of 254. Using Adobe Photoshop CS2 (version 9.0.2), all of the NODATA areas were selected and made to have a single NODATA value, such that all NODATA in the final mosaic will have a pixel value of 255. All backscatter data within the survey area have a value of <255, although some small data gaps (NODATA) do occur within the survey area as well. A two-pixel median filter was applied to TIFF image to eliminate speckle noise in the final mosaic and small gaps of < 1 meter. Process_Date: 2008;2009 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700x2315 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: A TIFF World File (TFW) was created using Mentor Software GeoTiffExaminer (no version) to define the spatial extent of the TIFF image. GeoTiffExaminer was also used to transfer the spatial information to the TIFF, creating a GeoTIFF image Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: DH_USGS_backscatter1m.tfw Process_Date: 2009 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: DH_USGS_backscatter1m.tif Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700x2315 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Row_Count: 30000 Column_Count: 19400 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 19 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -69.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 1.000000 Ordinate_Resolution: 1.000000 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: There are no attributes associated with a GeoTIFF image. Image pixel values contain acoustic reflectivity values normalized to an 8-bit data range (0-255) with the data range 0-254. Low-backscatter is represented by dark tones (low values) and high-backscatter is represented by bright tones (high values). The background color is set to 255 and can be turned off without removing data values. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2315 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov Resource_Description: Downloadable Data Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: WinZip Format_Version_Number: 9.0 Format_Information_Content: This WinZip file contains a geographic GeoTIFF image of side-scan sonar data from the Duxbury to Hull survey area. File_Decompression_Technique: use WinZip or pkUnzip Transfer_Size: 132 Mbytes Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1072/GIS/raster/backscatter/DH_USGS_backscatter1m.zip Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded via the World Wide Web (WWW) Offline_Option: Offline_Media: DVD-ROM Recording_Capacity: Recording_Density: 4.75 Recording_Density_Units: Gbytes Recording_Format: UDF Fees: none Technical_Prerequisites: This zip file contains a GeoTIFF image with an accompanying world file. To utilize this data, the user must have an image viewer, image processing or GIS software package capable of importing a GeoTIFF image. A free spatial data viewer, ArcExplorer, capable of displaying the data is available from ESRI at www.esri.com. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20091029 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2315 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile