Table 2. Geotechnical characteristics of soil samples Study Area Sample number "Depth, m" "Depth, ft" Gravel (%) >4.75 mm Sand (%) 4.75-0.075 mm Silt (%) 0.075-0.005 mm Clay (%) <0.005 mm D50 mm Cu D60/D10 "Fines, <0.075 mm" Liquid limit (%) Plastic limit (%) Plasticity Index Liquidity Index Water content (%) USC Soil description "Density, (g/cm3)" State 1 ALC046-0210 2.10 0.64 0 11 53 36 0.014 - 89 43 18 25 0.24 23.94 CL Lean CLAY - California 1 ALC046-0280 2.80 0.85 0 38 38 24 0.034 - 62 28 15 13 0.78 25.13 CL Sandy lean CLAY - California 1 ALC046-0510 5.10 1.55 0 41 36 23 0.041 - 59 40 25 15 -0.32 20.215 CL Sandy lean CLAY 2.07 California 1 ALC046-0565 5.65 1.72 0 51 37 12 0.077 36 49 27 18 9 0.46 22.14 SC Clayey SAND 2.08 California 1 ALC050-0410 4.10 1.25 0 10 67 23 0.018 - 90 30 17 13 0.48 23.3 CL Lean CLAY 2.01 California 1 ALC050-0495 4.95 1.51 1 58 29 12 0.107 37 41 28 20 8 0.49 23.9 SC Clayey SAND 2.04 California 1 ALC050-0620 6.20 1.89 0 41 33 26 0.042 - 59 28 17 11 0.17 18.85 CL Sandy lean CLAY 2.09 California 1 ALC050-0830 8.30 2.53 0 43 36 21 0.054 - 57 37 23 14 0.05 23.75 CL Sandy lean CLAY 2.04 California 1 ALC052-0100 1.00 0.30 1 44 31 24 0.052 - 55 28 14 14 0.21 17 CL Sandy lean CLAY 1.53 California 1 ALC052-0150 1.50 0.46 5 47 33 15 0.084 - 48 - - - - 13 SM Silty SAND 1.68 California 1 ALC052-a0200 2.03 0.62 4 54 28 14 0.130 - 42 - - - - - SM Silty SAND - California 1 ALC052-b0200 2.06 0.63 3 57 31 9 0.150 46 40 - - - - 15 SM Silty SAND 1.9 California 1 ALC052-0260 2.60 0.79 5 62 26 7 0.220 54 33 - - - - 12.7 SM Silty SAND 1.81 California 1 ALC052-0450 4.50 1.37 1 30 45 24 0.025 - 69 24 16 8 0.66 21.3 CL Sandy lean CLAY 2.05 California 1 ALC052-0500 5.00 1.52 0 18 45 37 0.013 - 82 - - - - 24.9 CL Lean CLAY with sand 1.96 California 1 ALC071-0100 1.00 0.30 0 28 51 21 0.036 - 72 30 19 11 0.39 23.3 CL Lean CLAY with sand 1.89 California 1 ALC071-0150 1.50 0.46 6 53 23 18 0.153 - 41 - - - - 17.1 SM Silty SAND 1.83 California 1 ALC071-0250 2.50 0.76 0 18 48 34 0.013 - 82 - - - - 21.9 CL Lean CLAY with sand 1.95 California 1 ALC075-0200 2.00 0.61 1 24 49 26 0.024 - 75 33 16 17 0.13 18.2 CL Lean CLAY with sand - California 1 ALC075-0310 3.10 0.94 0 61 26 13 0.140 - 39 28 19 9 0.41 22.7 SC Clayey SAND - California 1 ALC075-0600 6.00 1.83 0 10 50 40 0.009 - 90 41 20 21 0.22 24.7 CL Lean CLAY - California 1 ALC075-0950 9.50 2.90 6 51 30 13 0.118 - 43 - - - - 15.2 SM Silty SAND - California 1 ALC076-0330 3.30 1.01 1 26 46 26 0.023 - 72 38 22 16 0.26 26.2 CL Lean CLAY with sand - California 1 ALC076-0680 6.80 2.07 8 64 19 9 0.326 130 28 - - - - 16.3 SM Silty SAND - California 1 ALC077-0140A 1.40 0.43 6 59 22 14 0.190 124 36 - - - - - SM Silty SAND - California 1 ALC077-0140B 1.30 0.40 3 49 29 20 0.078 - 49 - - - - 21.8 SM Silty SAND - California 1 ALC077-0450 4.50 1.37 0 18 45 37 0.012 - 82 45 18 27 0.13 21.4 CL Lean CLAY with sand - California 1 ALC077-0800 8.00 2.44 5 28 33 34 0.027 - 67 35 16 19 0.02 16.4 CL Sandy lean CLAY - California 1 ALC077-0870 8.70 2.65 2 48 33 17 0.074 - 50 - - - - 18 CL Sandy lean CLAY - California 3a CHN003-0210 2.10 6.89 0 61 24 15 0.099 - 39 - - - - 16.6 SM Silty SAND 1.99 Arkansas 3a CHN003-0350 3.50 11.48 0 84 11 5 0.142 3.6 16 - - - - 22.9 SM Silty SAND - Arkansas 3a CHN005-0220 2.20 7.22 0 46 43 11 0.070 - 54 - - - - 25 ML Sandy SILT 1.8 Arkansas 3a CHN005-0350 3.50 11.48 0 63 31 6 0.099 8.3 37 - - - - 20.5 SM Silty SAND - Arkansas 5b RCD006-1000-A 10.09 3.08 0 2 94 4 0.042 3.2 98 28 28 0 - 28.8 ML SILT 2.11 North Dakota 5b RCD006-1000-B 10.27 3.13 0 3 96 1 0.038 2.7 97 26 - 0 - 26.3 ML SILT 2.11 North Dakota 5b RCD006-1000-C 10.38 3.16 0 55 38 7 0.081 9.5 45 - - - - - SM Silty SAND 2.11 North Dakota 5b RCD040-0475-A 4.86 1.48 0 1 87 12 0.026 7.8 99 28 25 3 0.80 27.4 ML SILT 1.97 North Dakota 5b RCD040-0475-B 5.07 1.54 0 1 88 11 0.025 6.6 99 29 25 4 0.08 25.3 ML SILT 1.97 North Dakota 7a VHC012 2.30 0.70 0 97 2 1 0.380 2.1 3 - - - - - SP SAND - Indiana 7a VHC012 6.80 2.07 3 90 - - 0.374 3.1 7 - - - - - SP-SM SAND with silt - Indiana 7a VHC012 7.00 2.13 0 3 84 13 0.019 - 97 29 23 6 -0.17 22 ML SILT - Indiana 7a VHC012 7.70 2.35 0 3 77 20 0.017 - 97 31 21 10 0.23 23.3 CL Lean CLAY - Indiana 7a VHC016 2.70 0.82 0 1 87 12 0.021 - 99 - - - - 26.4 ML SILT - Indiana 7a VHC016 3.30 1.01 0 2 75 23 0.017 - 98 26 20 6 0.12 20.7 CL-ML Silty CLAY - Indiana 7a VHC016 5.20 1.58 0 1 90 9 0.022 4.5 99 29 25 4 0.00 25 ML SILT - Indiana 7a VHC016 6.30 1.92 0 2 80 18 0.018 - 98 30 21 9 0.30 23.7 CL Lean CLAY - Indiana 7a VHC016 7.00 2.13 0 4 76 20 0.021 - 96 - - - - - CL Lean CLAY - Indiana 7a VHC017 2.50 0.76 0 1 90 9 0.025 5.2 99 27 24 3 -0.33 23 ML SILT - Indiana 7a VHC017 4.20 1.28 0 0 93 7 0.025 4.1 100 28 26 2 -0.55 24.9 ML SILT - Indiana 7a VHC017 5.00 1.52 0 1 85 14 0.019 - 99 29 24 5 -0.50 21.5 ML SILT - Indiana 7a VHC017 7.25 2.21 0 13 69 18 0.024 - 87 32 21 11 0.45 25.9 CL Lean CLAY - Indiana 7a VHC024 1.80 0.55 0 3 90 7 0.027 4.4 97 26 25 1 -4.20 20.8 ML SILT - Indiana 7a VHC024 2.30 0.70 0 1 79 20 0.013 - 99 25 23 2 - 46 ML SILT - Indiana 7a VHC024 3.50 1.07 0 5 86 9 0.022 2.8 95 26 25 1 -1.90 23.1 ML SILT - Indiana 7a VHC024 5.50 1.68 0 1 91 8 0.026 4.8 99 31 27 4 -0.40 25.4 ML SILT - Indiana 7a VHC024 6.20 1.89 0 2 80 18 0.016 6.2 98 28 22 6 - 4.7 CL-ML Silty CLAY - Indiana 8a CNC034-0400A 4.11 1.25 0 1 44 55 0.004 - 99 73 26 47 1.55 43.3 CH Fat CLAY - Arkansas 8a CNC034-0400B 4.35 1.33 0 1 80 19 0.021 - 99 35 24 11 6.82 28.5 CL Lean CLAY 1.83 Arkansas 8a CNC034-0250A 2.63 0.80 0 3 71 26 0.028 - 97 40 21 19 4.00 28.4 CL Lean CLAY - Arkansas 8a CNC034-0250B 2.89 0.88 0 2 35 63 0.003 - 98 48 28 20 3.50 36.8 CL Lean CLAY 1.89 Arkansas 8a MSC052-0300A1 3.06 0.93 0 84 15 1 0.239 5.4 16 - - - - - SM Silty SAND - Arkansas 8a MSC052-0300B1 3.17 0.96 0 86 13 1 0.128 2.2 14 - - - - - SP-SM SAND with silt - Arkansas 8a MSC052-0300C1 3.25 0.99 0 50 46 4 0.073 3.0 50 - - - - - MLS Sandy SILT 1.66 Arkansas 8a MSC052-0300A2 3.08 0.94 0 93 7 0 0.245 2.5 7 - - - - - SP-SM SAND with silt - Arkansas 8a MSC052-0300B2 3.24 0.99 0 82 17 1 0.135 2.8 18 - - - - - SM Silty SAND - Arkansas 8a MSC052-0300C2 3.34 1.02 0 53 43 4 0.079 3.4 47 - - - - - SM Silty SAND - Arkansas 8a MSC052-0300D2 3.38 1.03 0 94 6 0 0.269 - 6 - - - - - SP-SM SAND with silt 1.6 Arkansas 8a PST016-0300A1 3.03 0.92 0 63 32 5 0.088 4.9 37 - - - - - SM Silty SAND - Missouri 8a PST016-0300B1 3.11 0.95 0 39 55 6 0.062 7.3 61 - - - - - MLS Sandy SILT - Missouri 8a PST016-0300C1 3.21 0.98 0 85 13 2 0.129 2.4 15 - - - - - SM Silty SAND 1.76 Missouri 8a PST016-0300B2 3.08 0.94 0 52 45 3 0.077 2.8 48 - - - - - SM Silty SAND - Missouri 8a PST016-0300C2 3.20 0.98 0 89 - - 0.125 1.8 11 - - - - - SP-SM SAND with silt 1.72 Missouri 8b CNC033-0400A 4.09 1.25 0 33 63 4 0.058 4.8 67 25 25 0 - 31.1 ML Sandy SILT - Arkansas 8b CNC033-0400B 4.34 1.32 0 8 80 12 0.039 11.0 92 33 23 10 6.90 32.0 CLS Lean CLAY 2.00 Arkansas 8b MSC004 2.55 0.78 0 28 64 8 0.053 6.7 72 - - - - 32.9 ML SILT with sand - Mississippi 8b MSC004 5.80 1.77 0 66 31 3 0.107 3.4 34 - - - - 28.1 SM Silty SAND - Mississippi 8b MSC004 5.90 1.80 0 44 48 8 0.048 7.6 56 - - - - - ML SILT with sand - Mississippi 8b MSC004 7.45 2.27 0 51 45 4 0.077 4.6 49 - - - - - SM Silty SAND - Mississippi 8b MSC004 7.55 2.30 0 86 - - 0.166 - 14 - - - - - SM Silty SAND - Mississippi 8c CNC010-0700A 7.10 2.16 0 33 61 6 0.056 6.1 67 27 26 1 41.00 25.0 ML Sandy SILT - Arkansas 8c CNC010-0700B 7.32 2.23 0 28 67 5 0.057 6.2 72 27 27 0 - 22.4 ML SILT with sand 1.69 Arkansas 9 UNN007-0300 3.00 9.84 0 22 60 18 0.048 - 78 - - - - 27.3 CL Lean CLAY with sand 2.07 Arkansas 9 UNN007-0400 4.00 13.12 0 29 51 20 0.041 - 71 - - - - 25.1 CL Lean CLAY with sand 2.05 Arkansas 9 UNN010-0160 1.60 5.25 0 58 34 8 0.083 - 42 - - - - 7.9 SM Silty SAND 1.43 Arkansas 9 UNN010-0230 2.30 7.55 0 49 40 11 0.074 - 51 - - - - 17.2 ML Sandy SILT 1.55 Arkansas 9 UNN010-0340 3.40 11.16 0 78 18 4 0.118 3.6 22 - - - - 5.8 SM Silty SAND 1.47 Arkansas 10 HPD001-0280 2.80 9.19 0 14 81 5 0.056 3.5 86 - - - - 7 ML SILT 1.46 Arkansas 10 HPD001-0410 4.10 13.45 0 3 85 12 0.035 - 97 - - - - 22.7 ML SILT 1.78 Arkansas 10 LFE002-0260 2.60 8.53 0 2 90 8 0.035 5.4 98 26 25 1 -10.1 14.9 ML SILT 1.7 Arkansas 10 LFE002-0350 3.50 11.48 0 5 85 10 0.035 7.3 95 25 23 2 -0.2 22.6 ML SILT 1.82 Arkansas 10 MLR005-0235 2.35 7.71 0 29 65 6 0.055 3.3 71 23 23 0 - 16.8 ML SILT with sand 1.72 Arkansas 10 MLR005-0365 3.65 11.98 0 21 76 3 0.058 2.9 79 23 23 0 - 23.4 ML SILT with sand 1.9 Arkansas 10 MLR010-0220 2.20 7.22 0 17 82 1 0.055 2.5 83 23 23 0 - 17.9 ML SILT with sand 1.69 Arkansas 10 MLR010-0300 3.00 9.84 0 6 90 4 0.042 3.6 94 25 24 1 4.5 28.5 ML SILT 1.97 Arkansas 13 RCD053-0600-A 6.13 1.87 0 2 29 69 0.002 - 98 85 29 56 0.38 50.3 CH Fat CLAY 1.78 North Dakota 13 RCD053-0600-B 6.38 1.95 0 1 32 67 0.002 - 99 82 31 51 0.31 46.8 CH Fat CLAY 1.78 North Dakota 13 RCD059-0350-A 3.64 1.11 0 1 59 40 0.009 - 99 70 27 43 0.20 35.6 CH Fat CLAY 1.84 North Dakota 13 RCD059-0350-B 3.90 1.19 0 1 43 56 0.004 - 99 62 25 37 0.31 36.6 CH Fat CLAY 1.84 North Dakota 13 RCD059-0600-A 6.14 1.87 0 0 46 54 0.005 - 100 60 24 36 0.63 46.8 CH Fat CLAY 1.9 North Dakota 13 RCD059-0600-B 6.38 1.95 0 1 45 54 0.004 - 99 57 25 32 0.38 37.0 CH Fat CLAY 1.9 North Dakota 13 RCD072-0400-A 4.13 1.26 0 1 29 70 0.002 - 99 82 29 53 0.28 44.0 CH Fat CLAY 1.9 North Dakota 13 RCD072-0400-B 4.38 1.34 0 1 33 66 0.003 - 99 70 27 43 0.19 35.1 CH Fat CLAY 1.9 North Dakota 13 RCD072-0600-A 6.13 1.87 0 1 73 26 0.008 - 99 38 25 13 0.66 33.6 ML SILT 1.96 North Dakota 13 RCD072-0600-B 6.38 1.94 0 0 75 25 0.010 - 100 38 27 11 0.55 33.1 ML SILT 1.96 North Dakota 13 RCD073-0600-A 6.16 1.88 0 0 32 68 0.003 - 100 69 27 42 0.23 36.6 CH Fat CLAY 1.89 North Dakota 13 RCD073-0600-B 6.41 1.95 0 0 46 64 0.004 - 100 65 26 39 0.28 37.0 CH Fat CLAY 1.89 North Dakota 14 BZA009-A0205 2.05 6.73 0 5 86 9 0.043 8.0 95 - - - - 22.3 ML SILT 2.02 Texas 14 BZA010-0195 1.95 6.40 0 22 69 9 0.052 9.5 78 24 22 2 -0.15 21.7 Ml SILT with sand 2 Texas 15 ALC037-0400 4.00 1.22 0 20 50 30 0.025 - 80 36 17 19 0.25 21.7 CL Lean CLAY with sand - California 15 ALC037-0600 6.00 1.83 1 29 45 25 0.025 - 70 38 20 18 0.37 26.7 CL Sandy lean CLAY - California 15 ALC037-1100 11.00 3.35 1 39 41 19 0.046 - 60 35 18 17 -0.08 16.6 CL Sandy lean CLAY - California 15 ALC039-0100 1.00 0.30 10 22 42 26 0.040 - 68 - - - - 26.2 CL Sandy lean CLAY 1.34 California 15 ALC039-0200 2.00 0.61 0 82 16 2 0.176 5.8 18 - - - - 5 SM Silty SAND 1.58 California 15 ALC039-0300 3.00 0.91 0 85 13 2 0.218 60.3 15 - - - - 23.1 SM Silty SAND 1.99 California 15 ALC039-0500 5.00 1.52 0 9 50 41 0.008 - 91 48 17 31 0.26 25.2 CL Lean CLAY 1.97 California 16a MSC034-0400A 4.11 1.25 0 10 25 65 0.002 - 90 88 32 56 1.04 46.7 CH Fat CLAY - Arkansas 16a MSC034-0400B 4.30 1.31 0 14 25 61 0.002 - 86 81 31 50 1.10 47.3 CH Fat CLAY - Arkansas 16a MSC034-0400C 4.46 1.36 0 4 23 73 0.001 - 96 93 28 65 1.05 42.6 CH Fat CLAY 1.78 Arkansas 16a MSC034-0800A 8.08 2.46 0 90 - - 0.435 8.1 10 - - - - 15.0 SP-SM SAND with silt - Arkansas 16a MSC034-0800B 8.23 2.51 0 35 32 33 0.033 - 65 49 18 31 1.52 32.1 CLS Sandy lean CLAY - Arkansas 16a MSC034-0800C 8.42 2.57 0 29 38 33 0.030 - 71 51 19 32 1.63 35.2 CH Fat CLAY with sand 2.04 Arkansas 16a PST004-0350A 3.62 1.10 0 7 27 66 0.002 - 93 77 27 50 1.32 38.2 CH Fat CLAY - Missouri 16a PST004-0350B 3.84 1.17 0 11 32 57 0.003 - 89 77 26 51 1.24 39.7 CH Fat CLAY - Missouri 16a PST004-0350C 3.96 1.21 0 67 - - 0.109 - 33 - - - - - SM Silty SAND - Missouri 16a PST004-0650A 6.57 2.00 0 94 6 0 0.350 3.6 6 - - - - - SP-SM SAND with silt - Missouri 16a PST004-0650B 6.67 2.03 0 25 73 2 0.054 - 75 - - - - - ML SILT with sand - Missouri 16a PST004-0650C 6.77 2.06 0 5 57 38 0.012 - 95 57 23 34 2.12 54.5 CH Fat CLAY - Missouri 16a PST004-0650D 6.93 2.11 0 91 9 0 0.263 45.7 9 - - - - - SP-SM SAND with silt - Missouri 16a PST004-0950A 9.56 2.91 0 92 8 0 0.390 4.5 8 - - - - - SP-SM SAND with silt - Missouri 16a PST004-0950B 9.67 2.95 0 97 3 0 0.470 2.7 3 - - - - - SP SAND - Missouri 16a PST004-0950C 9.80 2.99 3 93 4 0 0.460 3.2 4 - - - - - SP SAND 2.09 Missouri 16b CGD001-0190 1.90 6.23 0 93 - - 0.213 2.7 7 - - - - 15.1 SP-SM SAND with silt 1.84 Arkansas 16b CGD001-0250 2.50 8.20 0 81 18 1 0.169 3.2 19 - - - - 27.2 SM Silty SAND 1.76 Arkansas 16b CGD001-0290 2.90 9.51 0 97 - - 0.270 1.9 3 - - - - 4.4 SP SAND 1.6 Arkansas 16b CGD001-0365 3.65 11.98 2 89 - - 0.230 3.3 9 - - - - 17.9 SP-SM SAND with silt 1.88 Arkansas 16b CGD003-0190 1.90 6.23 0 74 18 8 0.109 17.1 26 - - - - 22.4 SM Silty SAND 1.99 Arkansas 16b CGD003-0220 2.20 7.22 0 69 22 9 0.097 18.0 31 - - - - 22.2 SM Silty SAND 1.96 Arkansas 16b CGD003-A0305 3.05 10.01 0 96 - - 0.309 2.3 4 - - - - 19.1 SP SAND 1.84 Arkansas 16b CGD003-B0305 3.05 10.01 0 84 15 1 0.196 - 16 - - - - - SM Silty SAND - Arkansas 16b CGD003-A0360 3.60 11.81 0 95 - - 0.216 1.7 5 - - - - 24.1 SP SAND 2.22 Arkansas 16b CGD003-B0360 3.60 11.81 0 97 - - 0.235 1.8 3 - - - - - SP SAND - Arkansas 16b CGD006-A0160 1.60 5.25 0 4 76 20 0.014 - 96 36 23 13 0.32 27.1 CL Lean CLAY 1.9 Arkansas 16b CGD006-0245 2.45 8.04 0 5 88 7 0.033 3.5 95 29 25 4 0.10 25.4 ML SILT 1.88 Arkansas 16b CGD011-0210 2.10 6.89 0 7 73 20 0.017 - 93 44 22 22 0.21 26.7 CL Lean CLAY 2.01 Arkansas 16b CGD011-0260 2.60 8.53 0 3 88 9 0.032 6.3 97 29 26 3 -0.20 25.4 ML SILT 2.01 Arkansas 16b DKN013-0350A 3.62 1.10 0 90 - - 0.140 2.1 10 - - - 23.4 SP-SM SAND with silt - Missouri 16b DKN013-0350B 3.82 1.17 0 93 7 0 0.156 2.2 7 - - - - 25.6 SP-SM SAND with silt 2.04 Missouri 16b DKN013-0600A1 6.01 1.83 0 75 - - 0.108 - 25 - - - - - SM Silty SAND - Missouri 16b DKN013-0600A2 6.07 1.85 0 74 22 4 0.142 8.3 26 - - - - - SM Silty SAND - Missouri 16b DKN013-0600B 6.16 1.88 0 92 8 0 0.330 3.7 8 - - - - - SP-SM SAND with silt - Missouri 16b DKN013-0600C 6.25 1.90 0 96 4 0 0.340 3.0 4 - - - - - SP SAND 1.95 Missouri