Lineament Analysis of Mineral Areas of Interest in Afghanistan: Manually Delineated Lineaments

Metadata:

• Identification_Information
• Data_Quality_Information
• Spatial_Data_Organization_Information
• Spatial_Reference_Information
• Entity_and_Attribute_Information
• Distribution_Information
• Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Hubbard, Bernard

Originator: Mack, Thomas J.

Originator: Thompson, Allyson

Publication_Date: 2012

Title:

Lineament Analysis of Mineral Areas of Interest in Afghanistan: Manually Delineated Lineaments

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data

Series_Information:

Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report

Issue_Identification: 2012-1048

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Reston, VA

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Larger_Work_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Hubbard, Bernard

Originator: Mack, Thomas J.

Originator: Thompson, Allyson

Publication_Date: 2012

Title: Lineament Analysis of Mineral Areas of Interest in Afghanistan

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data

Series_Information:

Series_Name: Open-File Report

Issue_Identification: 2012-1048

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Reston, VA

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: <http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1048/>

Description:

Abstract:

This digital dataset presents lineaments for selected mineral areas of interest (Peters and others, 2007) in Afghanistan. For this dataset, lineaments were to be defined as photolinear features that are possibly the result of underlying zones of high-angle bedrock fractures, fracture zones, faults, or bedding plane weaknesses. Mapped lineaments were derived from 30-meter (m) resolution, shaded relief, digital elevation models (DEM), illuminated from four angles, and from 14.25-m resolution natural coverage mosaic images for the entire country of Afghanistan. Visual interpretation of optical remote-sensing data can be subjective; however, criteria and procedures were followed to promote objective lineament rendering. The visual lineament surface expression can be caused by highlights and shadows, due to localized topographic relief, or by surface differences caused by natural vegetation growth or related soil tonal differences.

Purpose:

Water wells in bedrock aquifers are generally more productive where boreholes intersect fractures, or fracture zones, or are located in areas of more highly fractured bedrock. Lineament identification and analysis have long been used as a reconnaissance tool in identifying favorable groundwater resources in carbonate bedrock environments (Lattman and Parizek, 1964; Siddiqui and Parizek, 1971). More recently, lineament analysis has been used for identifying areas of greater well yields in other bedrock settings including crystalline bedrock (Mabee and other, 1994; Moore and others, 2002). Lineaments provide an indication of areas that warrant further investigation for optimal bedrock well placement. Lineaments may also indicate areas of preferential flow and storage of groundwater, and areas with a greater density of lineaments may indicate greater secondary porosity. The purpose of this coverage is to map lineaments that may be useful for locating potential groundwater resources in 24 selected areas of mineral interest in Afghanistan (Peters and others, 2007). Mapped lineaments range in length from greater than 0.6 kilometers (km) to less than 14 km, with features less than 0.1 km excluded from the trend analysis included in the accompanying report. Only portions of the country within and slightly near 24 mineralized areas of interest (AOIs) highlighted by Peters and others (2007; 2011) were mapped, with areas ranging from 478 to 9,750 square kilometers. These data were compiled for inclusion in "Bidding Packages" developed for the Task Force for Business and Stability Operations (TFBSO) of the Department of Defense in an interagency agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey of the Department of the Interior. They can be used by potential investors, along with other information, in assessing mineral and hydrologic resources at AOIs identified by the TFBSO and the Government of Afghanistan, Afghanistan Geological Survey of the Afghanistan Ministry of Mines.

Supplemental_Information:

The following references provided background information for the study and its methodology:
Clark, S.F., Jr., Moore, R.B., Ferguson, E.W., and Picard, M.Z., 1996, Criteria and methods for fracture-trace analysis of the New Hampshire bedrock aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-479, 12 p.
Davis, P.A., 2006, Calibrated Landsat ETM+ Mosaics of Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1345, 18 p. Accessed at: <http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1345/>.
Doebrich, J.L., and Wahl, R.L., 2006, Geologic and mineral resource map of Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1038, scale 1:850,000, 1 sheet.
Lattman, L.H., and Parizek, R.R., 1964, Relationship between fracture traces and the occurrence of ground water in carbonate rocks: Journal of Hydrology, v. 2, p. 73-91.
Mabee, S.B., Hardcastle, K.C., and Wise, D.U., 1994, A method of collecting and analyzing lineaments for regional-scale fractured- bedrock aquifer studies: Groundwater, v. 32, no. 6, p. 884-894.
Moore, R.B., Schwarz, G.E., Clark, S.F., Jr., Walsh, G.J., and Degnan, J.R., 2002, Factors related to well yield in the fractured- bedrock aquifer of New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1660, 2 pls., 51 p.
Peters, S.G., Ludington, S.D., Orris, G.J., Sutphin, D.M., Bliss, J. D., and Rytuba, J.J., 2007, Preliminary non-fuel mineral assessment of Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1214, p. 810.
Siddiqui, S.H., and Parizek, R.R., 1971, Hydrogeologic factors influencing well yields in folded and faulted carbonate rocks in central Pennsylvania: Water Resources Research, v. 7, no. 5, p. 1,295-1,312.

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 19990816

Ending_Date: 20011005

Currentness_Reference: ground condition

Status:

Progress: Complete

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned

Spatial_Domain:

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate: 60.829686

East_Bounding_Coordinate: 71.481522

North_Bounding_Coordinate: 37.846190

South_Bounding_Coordinate: 29.380327

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Sabins (1997)

Theme_Keyword: lineaments, faults, fractures, groundwater

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none

Place_Keyword: Afghanistan

Access_Constraints: none

Use_Constraints: none

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Person: Thomas J. Mack

Contact_Position: Research Hydrologist

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical address

Address:

U.S. Geological Survey 331 Commerce Way

City: Pembroke

State_or_Province: NH

Postal_Code: 03275

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (603) 226-7805

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (603) 226-7894

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: tjmack@usgs.gov

Native_Data_Set_Environment:

Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.1850

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Edited by Peters, Stephen G.

Originator: Ludington, Stephen D.

Originator: Orris, Greta J.

Originator: Sutphin, David M.

Originator: Bliss, James D.

Originator: Rytuba, James J.

Publication_Date: 2007

Title:

Preliminary Non-Fuel Mineral Resource Assessment of Afghanistan 2007

Series_Information:

Series_Name: Open-File Report

Issue_Identification: 2007-1214

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Other_Citation_Details:

Shapefile boundaries of 24 mineralized areas of interest (AOI), revised 2011

Online_Linkage: <http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1214/>

Online_Linkage: <http://afghanistan.cr.usgs.gov/>

Online_Linkage: <http://mapdss2.er.usgs.gov>

Data_Quality_Information:

Attribute_Accuracy:

Attribute_Accuracy_Report:

The mapped lineaments have no important attributes other than their geospatial position and intersections to help identify potential groundwater resources.

Logical_Consistency_Report:

Efforts were made to apply lineament criteria in a uniform manner during examination of the areas of interest to improve identification objectivity. Field reconnaissance trips by Thomas Mack (U.S. Geological Survey) in 2009 and 2010 provided additional familiarity with lineaments in various terrains, in several mineral areas of interest in Afghanistan. However, visual lineament identification is inherently subjective, particularly with respect to one observer, and in some locations it is possible that cultural features, such as irrigation canals and roads, topographic ridges, or other nonfracture-related features, may be mistaken for lineaments. As such, lineaments require comparison with other data, and field investigation, to confirm their nature and relation to water-filled bedrock fracture zones.

Completeness_Report:

Lineaments presented here were observed only within the mineral areas of interest defined by a previous study; their extent within Afghanistan outside these areas of interest was not determined as part of this study.

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

Horizontal accuracy is based on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data and Landsat images from which the lineament maps were derived. No attempt was made to compare horizontal map accuracy with those of published maps and (or) orthorectified base imagery from other sources.

Lineage:

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Davis, Philip A.

Publication_Date: 2006

Title:

Calibrated Landsat ETM+ Nonthermal-Band Image Mosaics of Afghanistan

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image

Series_Information:

Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report

Issue_Identification: 2006-1345

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Reston, VA

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: <http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1345/>

Type_of_Source_Media: Digital imagery

Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 2006

Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Davis, 2006

Source_Contribution:

The following Natural-Color Landsat Image Mosaic of Afghanistan Map Series 14.25-m images (Davis, 2006) were used:

Q2962_14m_UTM_NC
Q2964_14m_UTM_NC
Q3062_14m_UTM_NC
Q3064_14m_UTM_NC
Q3162_14m_UTM_NC
Q3164_14m_UTM_NC
Q3262_14m_UTM_NC
Q3264_14m_UTM_NC
Q3266_14m_UTM_NC
Q3268_14m_UTM_NC
Q3360_14m_UTM_NC
Q3362_14m_UTM_NC
Q3364_14m_UTM_NC
Q3366_14m_UTM_NC
Q3368_14m_UTM_NC
Q3460_14m_UTM_NC
Q3462_14m_UTM_NC
Q3464_14m_UTM_NC
Q3466_14m_UTM_NC
Q3468_14m_UTM_NC
Q3470_14m_UTM_NC
Q3560_14m_UTM_NC
Q3564_14m_UTM_NC
Q3564_14m_UTM_NC
Q3568_14m_UTM_NC
Q3570_14m_UTM_NC
Q3664_14m_UTM_NC
Q3666_14m_UTM_NC
Q3668_14m_UTM_NC
Q3670_14m_UTM_NC
Q3764_14m_UTM_NC
Q3770_14m_UTM_NC

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Lineaments were mapped using one observer, drawn at a map scale of 1:100,000, and two data platforms: 30-m DEM data (Philip Davis, USGS, written commun., 2009) and 14.25-m natural-color Landsat mosaics (Davis, 2006). Shaded relief images were generated from the 30-m DEM using an illumination at azimuth angles of 180, 225, 270, and 315° with a solar elevation of 45°, for use in identifying lineaments. Linear features were drawn at each azimuth angle and then further identified using natural color mosaic images. Features identified at multiple azimuth angles or platforms were only drawn once. In many instances features identified in one azimuth angle, or platform, were not be apparent in another angle or platform. Similarly, features identified using natural color mosaics, particularly linear vegetation patterns, may not be apparent using the DEM data.

Process_Date: 2011

Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Person: Thomas J. Mack

Contact_Position: Research Hydrologist

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical address

Address:

U.S. Geological Survey 331 Commerce Way

City: Pembroke

State_or_Province: NH

Postal_Code: 03275

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (603) 226-7805

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (603) 226-7894

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: tjmack@usgs.gov

Cloud_Cover: 0

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:

Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector

Point_and_Vector_Object_Information:

SDTS_Terms_Description:

SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String

Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 11701

Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Planar:

Map_Projection:

Map_Projection_Name: Transverse Mercator

Transverse_Mercator:

Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600

Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: 66.000000

Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 34.000000

False_Easting: 0.000000

False_Northing: 0.000000

Planar_Coordinate_Information:

Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair

Coordinate_Representation:

Abscissa_Resolution: 30

Ordinate_Resolution: 30

Planar_Distance_Units: meters

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984

Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984

Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000

Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:

Overview_Description:

Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:

This line-vector coverage has no important attributes other than the spatial position and intersection of lineaments for targeted groundwater-resource potential assessment.

Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:

Further notes on the procedure may be obtained at <http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1048/>

Distribution_Information:

Distributor:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: USGS Information Services

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing

Address: Box 25286, Denver Federal Center

City: Denver

State_or_Province: Colorado

Postal_Code: 80255-0046

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 1-303-202-4695

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: infoservices@usgs.gov

Resource_Description: USGS Open-File Report 2012-1048

Distribution_Liability:

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic Code). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Format_Name: Shapefile

Format_Version_Number: 1.0

File_Decompression_Technique: no compression applied

Transfer_Size: 0.982

Digital_Transfer_Option:

Online_Option:

Computer_Contact_Information:

Network_Address:

Network_Resource_Name: <http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1048/>

Fees: none

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20110919

Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Person: Thomas J. Mack

Contact_Position: Research Hydrologist

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical address

Address:

U.S. Geological Survey 331 Commerce Way

City: Pembroke

State_or_Province: NH

Postal_Code: 03275

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (603) 226-7805

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (603) 226-7894

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: tjmack@usgs.gov

Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata

Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998